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Qiu C, Wang X, Zuo J, Li R, Gao C, Chen X, Liu J, Wei W, Wu J, Hu G, Song W, Xu N, Liu L. Systems engineering Escherichia coli for efficient production p-coumaric acid from glucose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:2147-2162. [PMID: 38666765 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
P-coumaric acid (p-CA), a pant metabolite with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, is extensively utilized in biomedicine, food, and cosmetics industry. In this study, a synthetic pathway (PAL) for p-CA was designed, integrating three enzymes (AtPAL2, AtC4H, AtATR2) into a higher l-phenylalanine-producing strain Escherichia coli PHE05. However, the lower soluble expression and activity of AtC4H in the PAL pathway was a bottleneck for increasing p-CA titers. To overcome this limitation, the soluble expression of AtC4H was enhanced through N-terminal modifications. And an optimal mutant, AtC4HL373T/G211H, which exhibited a 4.3-fold higher kcat/Km value compared to the wild type, was developed. In addition, metabolic engineering strategies were employed to increase the intracellular NADPH pool. Overexpression of ppnk in engineered E. coli PHCA20 led to a 13.9-folds, 1.3-folds, and 29.1% in NADPH content, the NADPH/NADP+ ratio and p-CA titer, respectively. These optimizations significantly enhance p-CA production, in a 5-L fermenter using fed-batch fermentation, the p-CA titer, yield and productivity of engineered strain E. coli PHCA20 were 3.09 g/L, 20.01 mg/g glucose, and 49.05 mg/L/h, respectively. The results presented here provide a novel way to efficiently produce the plant metabolites using an industrial strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zuo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Runyang Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Cong Gao
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guipeng Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Nan Xu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liming Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Li M, Chen J, He K, Su C, Wu Y, Tan T. Corynebacterium glutamicum cell factory design for the efficient production of cis, cis-muconic acid. Metab Eng 2024; 82:225-237. [PMID: 38369050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Cis, cis-muconic acid (MA) is widely used as a key starting material in the synthesis of diverse polymers. The growing demand in these industries has led to an increased need for MA. Here, we constructed recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum by systems metabolic engineering, which exhibit high efficiency in the production of MA. Firstly, the three major degradation pathways were disrupted in the MA production process. Subsequently, metabolic optimization strategies were predicted by computational design and the shikimate pathway was reconstructed, significantly enhancing its metabolic flux. Finally, through optimization and integration of key genes involved in MA production, the recombinant strain produced 88.2 g/L of MA with the yield of 0.30 mol/mol glucose in the 5 L bioreactor. This titer represents the highest reported titer achieved using glucose as the carbon source in current studies, and the yield is the highest reported for MA production from glucose in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Furthermore, to enable the utilization of more cost-effective glucose derived from corn straw hydrolysate, we subjected the strain to adaptive laboratory evolution in corn straw hydrolysate. Ultimately, we successfully achieved MA production in a high solid loading of corn straw hydrolysate (with the glucose concentration of 83.56 g/L), resulting in a titer of 19.9 g/L for MA, which is 4.1 times higher than that of the original strain. Additionally, the glucose yield was improved to 0.33 mol/mol. These provide possibilities for a greener and more sustainable production of MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Li
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayao Chen
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Keqin He
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Changsheng Su
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yilu Wu
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China.
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Liu X, Li K, Yu J, Ma C, Che Q, Zhu T, Li D, Pfeifer BA, Zhang G. Cyclo-diphenylalanine production in Aspergillus nidulans through stepwise metabolic engineering. Metab Eng 2024; 82:147-156. [PMID: 38382797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cyclo-diphenylalanine (cFF) is a symmetrical aromatic diketopiperazine (DKP) found wide-spread in microbes, plants, and resulting food products. As different bioactivities continue being discovered and relevant food and pharmaceutical applications gradually emerge for cFF, there is a growing need for establishing convenient and efficient methods to access this type of compound. Here, we present a robust cFF production system which entailed stepwise engineering of the filamentous fungal strain Aspergillus nidulans A1145 as a heterologous expression host. We first established a preliminary cFF producing strain by introducing the heterologous nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene penP1 to A. nidulans A1145. Key metabolic pathways involving shikimate and aromatic amino acid biosynthetic support were then engineered through a combination of gene deletions of competitive pathway steps, over-expressing feedback-insensitive enzymes in phenylalanine biosynthesis, and introducing a phosphoketolase-based pathway, which diverted glycolytic flux toward the formation of erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P). Through the stepwise engineering of A. nidulans A1145 outlined above, involving both heterologous pathway addition and native pathway metabolic engineering, we were able to produce cFF with titers reaching 611 mg/L in shake flask culture and 2.5 g/L in bench-scale fed-batch bioreactor culture. Our study establishes a production platform for cFF biosynthesis and successfully demonstrates engineering of phenylalanine derived diketopiperazines in a filamentous fungal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Kang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chuanteng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qian Che
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Dehai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Department for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Blaine A Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, United States.
| | - Guojian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Department for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China; Lab of Marine Medicinal Resources Discovery, Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266075, China.
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Zhu Z, Chen R, Zhang L. Simple phenylpropanoids: recent advances in biological activities, biosynthetic pathways, and microbial production. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:6-24. [PMID: 37807808 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00012e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2023Simple phenylpropanoids are a large group of natural products with primary C6-C3 skeletons. They are not only important biomolecules for plant growth but also crucial chemicals for high-value industries, including fragrances, nutraceuticals, biomaterials, and pharmaceuticals. However, with the growing global demand for simple phenylpropanoids, direct plant extraction or chemical synthesis often struggles to meet current needs in terms of yield, titre, cost, and environmental impact. Benefiting from the rapid development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, microbial production of natural products from inexpensive and renewable sources provides a feasible solution for sustainable supply. This review outlines the biological activities of simple phenylpropanoids, compares their biosynthetic pathways in different species (plants, bacteria, and fungi), and summarises key research on the microbial production of simple phenylpropanoids over the last decade, with a focus on engineering strategies that seem to hold most potential for further development. Moreover, constructive solutions to the current challenges and future perspectives for industrial production of phenylpropanoids are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Ruibing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Innovative Drug R&D Centre, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
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Mutz M, Brüning V, Brüsseler C, Müller M, Noack S, Marienhagen J. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the production of anthranilate from glucose and xylose. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14388. [PMID: 38206123 PMCID: PMC10832554 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthranilate and its derivatives are important basic chemicals for the synthesis of polyurethanes as well as various dyes and food additives. Today, anthranilate is mainly chemically produced from petroleum-derived xylene, but this shikimate pathway intermediate could be also obtained biotechnologically. In this study, Corynebacterium glutamicum was engineered for the microbial production of anthranilate from a carbon source mixture of glucose and xylose. First, a feedback-resistant 3-deoxy-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase from Escherichia coli, catalysing the first step of the shikimate pathway, was functionally introduced into C. glutamicum to enable anthranilate production. Modulation of the translation efficiency of the genes for the shikimate kinase (aroK) and the anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase (trpD) improved product formation. Deletion of two genes, one for a putative phosphatase (nagD) and one for a quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase (qsuD), abolished by-product formation of glycerol and quinate. However, the introduction of an engineered anthranilate synthase (TrpEG) unresponsive to feedback inhibition by tryptophan had the most pronounced effect on anthranilate production. Component I of this enzyme (TrpE) was engineered using a biosensor-based in vivo screening strategy for identifying variants with increased feedback resistance in a semi-rational library of TrpE muteins. The final strain accumulated up to 5.9 g/L (43 mM) anthranilate in a defined CGXII medium from a mixture of glucose and xylose in bioreactor cultivations. We believe that the constructed C. glutamicum variants are not only limited to anthranilate production but could also be suitable for the synthesis of other biotechnologically interesting shikimate pathway intermediates or any other aromatic compound derived thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mutz
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences, IBG‐1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Vincent Brüning
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences, IBG‐1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Christian Brüsseler
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences, IBG‐1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Moritz‐Fabian Müller
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences, IBG‐1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Stephan Noack
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences, IBG‐1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Jan Marienhagen
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences, IBG‐1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
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Liu Y, Wang J, Huang JB, Li XF, Chen Y, Liu K, Zhao M, Huang XL, Gao XL, Luo YN, Tao W, Wu J, Xue ZL. Advances in regulating vitamin K 2 production through metabolic engineering strategies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:8. [PMID: 37938463 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone, VK2, MK) is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that plays critical roles in inhibiting cell ferroptosis, improving blood clotting, and preventing osteoporosis. The increased global demand for VK2 has inspired interest in novel production strategies. In this review, various novel metabolic regulation strategies, including static and dynamic metabolic regulation, are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of both strategies are analyzed in-depth to highlight the bottlenecks facing microbial VK2 production on an industrial scale. Finally, advanced metabolic engineering biotechnology for future microbial VK2 production will also be discussed. In summary, this review provides in-depth information and offers an outlook on metabolic engineering strategies for VK2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China.
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Jun-Bao Huang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiang-Fei Li
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China.
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China.
| | - Xi-Lin Huang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Xu-Li Gao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Ya-Ni Luo
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Wei Tao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Zheng-Lian Xue
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China
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Kim HJ, Choi SS, Kim ES. CRISPR-Driven Genome Engineering for Chorismate- and Anthranilate-Accumulating Corynebacterium Cell Factories. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1370-1375. [PMID: 37463859 PMCID: PMC10619553 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2305.05031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to enhance the accumulation of chorismate (CHR) and anthranilate (ANT), key intermediates in the shikimate pathway, by modifying a shikimate over-producing recombinant strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum [19]. To achieve this, we utilized a CRISPR-driven genome engineering approach to compensate for the deletion of shikimate kinase (AroK) as well as ANT synthases (TrpEG) and ANT phosphoribosyltransferase (TrpD). In addition, we inhibited the CHR metabolic pathway to induce CHR accumulation. Further, to optimize the shikimate pathway, we overexpressed feedback inhibition-resistant Escherichia coli AroG and AroH genes, as well as C. glutamicum AroF and AroB genes. We also overexpressed QsuC and substituted shikimate dehydrogenase (AroE). In parallel, we optimized the carbon metabolism pathway by deleting the gntR family transcriptional regulator (IolR) and overexpressing polyphosphate/ATP-dependent glucokinase (PpgK) and glucose kinase (Glk). Moreover, acetate kinase (Ack) and phosphotransacetylase (Pta) were eliminated. Through our CRISPR-driven genome re-design approach, we successfully generated C. glutamicum cell factories capable of producing up to 0.48 g/l and 0.9 g/l of CHR and ANT in 1.3 ml miniature culture systems, respectively. These findings highlight the efficacy of our rational cell factory design strategy in C. glutamicum, which provides a robust platform technology for developing high-producing strains that synthesize valuable aromatic compounds, particularly those derived from the shikimate pathway metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Sun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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8
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Ba F, Ji X, Huang S, Zhang Y, Liu WQ, Liu Y, Ling S, Li J. Engineering Escherichia coli to Utilize Erythritol as Sole Carbon Source. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207008. [PMID: 36938858 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Erythritol, one of the natural sugar alcohols, is widely used as a sugar substitute sweetener in food industries. Humans themselves are not able to catabolize erythritol and their gut microbes lack related catabolic pathways either to metabolize erythritol. Here, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is engineered to utilize erythritol as sole carbon source aiming for defined applications. First, the erythritol metabolic gene cluster is isolated and the erythritol-binding transcriptional repressor and its DNA-binding site are experimentally characterized. Transcriptome analysis suggests that carbohydrate metabolism-related genes in the engineered E. coli are overall upregulated. In particular, the enzymes of transaldolase (talA and talB) and transketolase (tktA and tktB) are notably overexpressed (e.g., the expression of tktB is improved by nearly sixfold). By overexpression of the four genes, cell growth can be increased as high as three times compared to the cell cultivation without overexpression. Finally, engineered E. coli strains can be used as a living detector to distinguish erythritol-containing soda soft drinks and can grow in the simulated intestinal fluid supplemented with erythritol. This work is expected to inspire the engineering of more hosts to respond and utilize erythritol for broad applications in metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ba
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Ji
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Shuhui Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Qiu Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
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9
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Kim HJ, Seo SY, Park HS, Ko JY, Choi SS, Lee SJ, Kim ES. Engineered Escherichia coli cell factory for anthranilate over-production. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1081221. [PMID: 37007513 PMCID: PMC10050376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1081221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthranilate is a key platform chemical in high demand for synthesizing food ingredients, dyes, perfumes, crop protection compounds, pharmaceuticals, and plastics. Microbial-based anthranilate production strategies have been developed to overcome the unstable and expensive supply of anthranilate via chemical synthesis from non-renewable resources. Despite the reports of anthranilate biosynthesis in several engineered cells, the anthranilate production yield is still unsatisfactory. This study designed an Escherichia coli cell factory and optimized the fed-batch culture process to achieve a high titer of anthranilate production. Using the previously constructed shikimate-overproducing E. coli strain, two genes (aroK and aroL) were complemented, and the trpD responsible for transferring the phosphoribosyl group to anthranilate was disrupted to facilitate anthranilate accumulation. The genes with negative effects on anthranilate biosynthesis, including pheA, tyrA, pabA, ubiC, entC, and trpR, were disrupted. In contrast, several shikimate biosynthetic pathway genes, including aroE and tktA, were overexpressed to maximize glucose uptake and the intermediate flux. The rationally designed anthranilate-overproducing E. coli strain grown in an optimized medium produced approximately 4 g/L of anthranilate in 7-L fed-batch fermentation. Overall, rational cell factory design and culture process optimization for microbial-based anthranilate production will play a key role in complementing traditional chemical-based anthranilate production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Heung-Soon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Sun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eung-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Eung-Soo Kim,
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10
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Sun H, Luan G, Ma Y, Lou W, Chen R, Feng D, Zhang S, Sun J, Lu X. Engineered hypermutation adapts cyanobacterial photosynthesis to combined high light and high temperature stress. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1238. [PMID: 36871084 PMCID: PMC9985602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis can be impaired by combined high light and high temperature (HLHT) stress. Obtaining HLHT tolerant photoautotrophs is laborious and time-consuming, and in most cases the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we increase the mutation rates of cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 by three orders of magnitude through combinatory perturbations of the genetic fidelity machinery and cultivation environment. Utilizing the hypermutation system, we isolate Synechococcus mutants with improved HLHT tolerance and identify genome mutations contributing to the adaptation process. A specific mutation located in the upstream non-coding region of the gene encoding a shikimate kinase results in enhanced expression of this gene. Overexpression of the shikimate kinase encoding gene in both Synechococcus and Synechocystis leads to improved HLHT tolerance. Transcriptome analysis indicates that the mutation remodels the photosynthetic chain and metabolism network in Synechococcus. Thus, mutations identified by the hypermutation system are useful for engineering cyanobacteria with improved HLHT tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Sun
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Luan
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 116023, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yifan Ma
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjing Lou
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Rongze Chen
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 116023, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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11
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An N, Xie C, Zhou S, Wang J, Sun X, Yan Y, Shen X, Yuan Q. Establishing a growth-coupled mechanism for high-yield production of β-arbutin from glycerol in Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128491. [PMID: 36529444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel production has increased significantly in recent years, leading to an increase in the production of crude glycerol. In this study, a novel growth-coupled erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) formation strategy that can be used to produce high levels of β-arbutin using engineered Escherichia coli and glycerol as the carbon source was developed. In the strategy, E4P formation was coupled with cell growth, and a growth-driving force made the E4P formation efficient. By applying this strategy, efficient microbial synthesis of β-arbutin was achieved, with 7.91 g/L β-arbutin produced in shaking flask, and 28.1 g/L produced in a fed batch fermentation with a yield of 0.20 g/g glycerol and a productivity of 0.39 g/L/h. This is the highest β-arbutin production through microbial fermentation ever reported to date. This study may have significant implications in the large-scale production of β-arbutin as well as other aromatic compounds of importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shubin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yajun Yan
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xiaolin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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12
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Tariq H, Asif S, Andleeb A, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Flavonoid Production: Current Trends in Plant Metabolic Engineering and De Novo Microbial Production. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010124. [PMID: 36677049 PMCID: PMC9864322 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that represent a heterogeneous family of plant polyphenolic compounds. Recent research has determined that the health benefits of fruits and vegetables, as well as the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants, are based on the presence of various bioactive natural products, including a high proportion of flavonoids. With current trends in plant metabolite research, flavonoids have become the center of attention due to their significant bioactivity associated with anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial activities. However, the use of traditional approaches, widely associated with the production of flavonoids, including plant extraction and chemical synthesis, has not been able to establish a scalable route for large-scale production on an industrial level. The renovation of biosynthetic pathways in plants and industrially significant microbes using advanced genetic engineering tools offers substantial promise for the exploration and scalable production of flavonoids. Recently, the co-culture engineering approach has emerged to prevail over the constraints and limitations of the conventional monoculture approach by harnessing the power of two or more strains of engineered microbes to reconstruct the target biosynthetic pathway. In this review, current perspectives on the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of flavonoids in plants have been summarized. Special emphasis is placed on the most recent developments in the microbial production of major classes of flavonoids. Finally, we describe the recent achievements in genetic engineering for the combinatorial biosynthesis of flavonoids by reconstructing synthesis pathways in microorganisms via a co-culture strategy to obtain high amounts of specific bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnat Tariq
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Saaim Asif
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Anisa Andleeb
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, Eure et Loir Campus, Université d’Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (B.H.A.)
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (B.H.A.)
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13
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Sheng Q, Yi L, Zhong B, Wu X, Liu L, Zhang B. Shikimic acid biosynthesis in microorganisms: Current status and future direction. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108073. [PMID: 36464143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Shikimic acid (SA), a hydroaromatic natural product, is used as a chiral precursor for organic synthesis of oseltamivir (Tamiflu®, an antiviral drug). The process of microbial production of SA has recently undergone vigorous development. Particularly, the sustainable construction of recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum (141.2 g/L) and Escherichia coli (87 g/L) laid a solid foundation for the microbial fermentation production of SA. However, its industrial application is restricted by limitations such as the lack of fermentation tests for industrial-scale and the requirement of growth-limiting factors, antibiotics, and inducers. Therefore, the development of SA biosensors and dynamic molecular switches, as well as genetic modification strategies and optimization of the fermentation process based on omics technology could improve the performance of SA-producing strains. In this review, recent advances in the development of SA-producing strains, including genetic modification strategies, metabolic pathway construction, and biosensor-assisted evolution, are discussed and critically reviewed. Finally, future challenges and perspectives for further reinforcing the development of robust SA-producing strains are predicted, providing theoretical guidance for the industrial production of SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sheng
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lingxin Yi
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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14
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Liu C, Li S. Engineered biosynthesis of plant polyketides by type III polyketide synthases in microorganisms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1017190. [PMID: 36312548 PMCID: PMC9614166 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1017190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites occupy unique therapeutic niches in human medicine. A large family of plant specialized metabolites, namely plant polyketides, exhibit diverse and remarkable pharmaceutical properties and thereby great biomanufacturing potential. A growing body of studies has focused on plant polyketide synthesis using plant type III polyketide synthases (PKSs), such as flavonoids, stilbenes, benzalacetones, curcuminoids, chromones, acridones, xanthones, and pyrones. Microbial expression of plant type III PKSs and related biosynthetic pathways in workhorse microorganisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, and Yarrowia lipolytica, have led to the complete biosynthesis of multiple plant polyketides, such as flavonoids and stilbenes, from simple carbohydrates using different metabolic engineering approaches. Additionally, advanced biosynthesis techniques led to the biosynthesis of novel and complex plant polyketides synthesized by diversified type III PKSs. This review will summarize efforts in the past 10 years in type III PKS-catalyzed natural product biosynthesis in microorganisms, especially the complete biosynthesis strategies and achievements.
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15
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Metabolic Engineering of Shikimic Acid Biosynthesis Pathway for the Production of Shikimic Acid and Its Branched Products in Microorganisms: Advances and Prospects. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154779. [PMID: 35897952 PMCID: PMC9332510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The shikimate pathway is a necessary pathway for the synthesis of aromatic compounds. The intermediate products of the shikimate pathway and its branching pathway have promising properties in many fields, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Many important compounds, such as shikimic acid, quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, pyrogallol, catechol and so on, can be synthesized by the shikimate pathway. Among them, shikimic acid is the key raw material for the synthesis of GS4104 (Tamiflu®), an inhibitor of neuraminidase against avian influenza virus. Quininic acid is an important intermediate for synthesis of a variety of raw chemical materials and drugs. Gallic acid and catechol receive widespread attention as pharmaceutical intermediates. It is one of the hotspots to accumulate many kinds of target products by rationally modifying the shikimate pathway and its branches in recombinant strains by means of metabolic engineering. This review considers the effects of classical metabolic engineering methods, such as central carbon metabolism (CCM) pathway modification, key enzyme gene modification, blocking the downstream pathway on the shikimate pathway, as well as several expansion pathways and metabolic engineering strategies of the shikimate pathway, and expounds the synthetic biology in recent years in the application of the shikimate pathway and the future development direction.
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16
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Cofactor Self-Sufficient Whole-Cell Biocatalysts for the Relay-Race Synthesis of Shikimic Acid. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8050229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikimic acid (SA) is a key intermediate in the aromatic amino-acid biosynthetic pathway, as well as an important precursor for synthesizing many valuable antiviral drugs. The asymmetric reduction of 3-dehydroshikimic acid (DHS) to SA is catalyzed by shikimate dehydrogenase (AroE) using NADPH as the cofactor; however, the intracellular NADPH supply limits the biosynthetic capability of SA. Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is an efficient enzyme which is typically used for NAD(P)H regeneration in biocatalytic processes. In this study, a series of NADPH self-sufficient whole-cell biocatalysts were constructed, and the biocatalyst co-expressing Bmgdh–aroE showed the highest conversion rate for the reduction of DHS to SA. Then, the preparation of whole-cell biocatalysts by fed-batch fermentation without supplementing antibiotics was developed on the basis of the growth-coupled l-serine auxotroph. After optimizing the whole-cell biocatalytic conditions, a titer of 81.6 g/L SA was obtained from the supernatant of fermentative broth in 98.4% yield (mol/mol) from DHS with a productivity of 40.8 g/L/h, and cofactor NADP+ or NADPH was not exogenously supplemented during the whole biocatalytic process. The efficient relay-race synthesis of SA from glucose by coupling microbial fermentation with a biocatalytic process was finally achieved. This work provides an effective strategy for the biosynthesis of fine chemicals that are difficult to obtain through de novo biosynthesis from renewable feedstocks, as well as for biocatalytic studies that strictly rely on NAD(P)H regeneration.
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17
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Luo S, Ren X, Shi X, Zhong K, Zhang Z, Wang Z. Study on enhanced extraction and seasonal variation of secondary metabolites in Eucommia ulmoides leaves using deep eutectic solvents. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114514. [PMID: 34896977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been considered as a crucial field for the extraction of active ingredients from herbal medicine to use a green and efficient method in the medicinal and food industries. In recent years, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been obtaining increase attention in green chemistry area since its sustainability, safety and biodegradability. In this study, an efficient DES composed of choline chloride and L-(+)-ascorbic acid with a molar ratio of 2:1 performed higher efficacy on the extraction of target compounds (including iridoids, phenolic acids and flavonoids) in Eucommia ulmoides leaves than 50% methanol solution. Considering the extraction efficacy and time consumption, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was selected and the operational conditions, including power of microwave, liquid/solid ratio and irradiation time were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Water was used as anti-solvent to recover ten target analytes from DES with recovery yields of 97.59%, 94.91%, 96.09%, 90.66%, 95.16%, 87.33%, 86.57%, 82.15%, 89.28% and 80.75% for eucommiol (EU), aucubin (AU), geniposidic acid (GA), chlorogenic acid (CA), asperuloside (AP), rutin (RU), kaempferol-3-O-sambubioside (KS), isoquercitrin (IQ), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (KR) and astragaline (AS), respectively. By combining the DES-based MAE and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single mark (QAMS) methods, the contents of ten compounds in the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides were determined to clarify the relationship between the accumulation of secondary metabolites and the harvest period. It was found that the contents of main ingredients reached the highest during May to October. The period appears to be the best harvest period for Eucommia ulmoides leaves. This study provides a novel strategy for the harvesting, processing, and quality control of the raw materials from Eucommia ulmoides leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Luo
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaomei Ren
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiqing Shi
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kan Zhong
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zijia Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
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18
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Rodríguez-Valverde D, León-Montes N, Soria-Bustos J, Martínez-Cruz J, González-Ugalde R, Rivera-Gutiérrez S, González-y-Merchand JA, Rosales-Reyes R, García-Morales L, Hirakawa H, Fox JG, Girón JA, De la Cruz MA, Ares MA. cAMP Receptor Protein Positively Regulates the Expression of Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Klebsiella oxytoca Tilivalline Cytotoxin. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:743594. [PMID: 34659176 PMCID: PMC8515920 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.743594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella oxytoca is a resident of the human gut. However, certain K. oxytoca toxigenic strains exist that secrete the nonribosomal peptide tilivalline (TV) cytotoxin. TV is a pyrrolobenzodiazepine that causes antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis (AAHC). The biosynthesis of TV is driven by enzymes encoded by the aroX and NRPS operons. In this study, we determined the effect of environmental signals such as carbon sources, osmolarity, and divalent cations on the transcription of both TV biosynthetic operons. Gene expression was enhanced when bacteria were cultivated in tryptone lactose broth. Glucose, high osmolarity, and depletion of calcium and magnesium diminished gene expression, whereas glycerol increased transcription of both TV biosynthetic operons. The cAMP receptor protein (CRP) is a major transcriptional regulator in bacteria that plays a key role in metabolic regulation. To investigate the role of CRP on the cytotoxicity of K. oxytoca, we compared levels of expression of TV biosynthetic operons and synthesis of TV in wild-type strain MIT 09-7231 and a Δcrp isogenic mutant. In summary, we found that CRP directly activates the transcription of the aroX and NRPS operons and that the absence of CRP reduced cytotoxicity of K. oxytoca on HeLa cells, due to a significant reduction in TV production. This study highlights the importance of the CRP protein in the regulation of virulence genes in enteric bacteria and broadens our knowledge on the regulatory mechanisms of the TV cytotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodríguez-Valverde
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy León-Montes
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Soria-Bustos
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Martínez-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo González-Ugalde
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Rivera-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge A. González-y-Merchand
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto Rosales-Reyes
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lázaro García-Morales
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hidetada Hirakawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jorge A. Girón
- Centro de Detección Biomolecular, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. De la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Ares
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Dong J, He B, Wang R, Zuo X, Zhan R, Hu L, Li Y, He J. Characterization of the diastaphenazine/izumiphenazine C biosynthetic gene cluster from plant endophyte Streptomyces diastaticus W2. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:1168-1177. [PMID: 34487423 PMCID: PMC8966011 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two phenazine compounds, diastaphenazine and izumiphenazine C, with complex structures and promising antitumour activity have been isolated from the plant endophytic actinomycete Streptomyces diastaticus W2. Their putative biosynthetic gene cluster (dap) was identified by heterologous expression and gene knockout. There are twenty genes in the dap cluster. dap14‐19 related to shikimic pathway were potentially involved in the precursor chorismic acid biosynthesis, and dapBCDEFG were confirmed to be responsible for the biosynthesis of the dibenzopyrazine ring, the nuclear structure of phenazines. Two transcriptional regulatory genes dapR and dap4 played the positive regulatory roles on the phenazine biosynthetic pathway. Most notably, the dimerization of the dibenzopyrazine ring in diastaphenazine and the loading of the complex side chain in izumiphenazine C could be catalysed by the cyclase homologous gene dap5, suggesting an unusual modification strategy tailoring complex phenazine biosynthesis. Moreover, metabolite analysis of the gene deletion mutant strain S. albus::23C5Δdap2 and substrate assay of the methyltransferase Dap2 clearly revealed the biosynthetic route of the complex side chain in izumiphenazine C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Beibei He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruinan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiuli Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Linfang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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20
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Liu K, Li L, Yao W, Wang W, Huang Y, Wang R, Li P. Genetic engineering of Pseudomonas chlororaphis Lzh-T5 to enhance production of trans-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16451. [PMID: 34385485 PMCID: PMC8361184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (DHHA) is a cyclic β-amino acid used for the synthesis of non-natural peptides and chiral materials. And it is an intermediate product of phenazine production in Pseudomonas spp. Lzh-T5 is a P. chlororaphis strain isolated from tomato rhizosphere found in China. It can synthesize three antifungal phenazine compounds. Disruption the phzF gene of P. chlororaphis Lzh-T5 results in DHHA accumulation. Several strategies were used to improve production of DHHA: enhancing the shikimate pathway by overexpression, knocking out negative regulatory genes, and adding metal ions to the medium. In this study, three regulatory genes (psrA, pykF, and rpeA) were disrupted in the genome of P. chlororaphis Lzh-T5, yielding 5.52 g/L of DHHA. When six key genes selected from the shikimate, pentose phosphate, and gluconeogenesis pathways were overexpressed, the yield of DHHA increased to 7.89 g/L. Lastly, a different concentration of Fe3+ was added to the medium for DHHA fermentation. This genetically engineered strain increased the DHHA production to 10.45 g/L. According to our result, P. chlororaphis Lzh-T5 could be modified as a microbial factory to produce DHHA. This study laid a good foundation for the future industrial production and application of DHHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wentao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yujie Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Piwu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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21
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Süntar I, Çetinkaya S, Haydaroğlu ÜS, Habtemariam S. Bioproduction process of natural products and biopharmaceuticals: Biotechnological aspects. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 50:107768. [PMID: 33974980 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research have been put in place for developing sustainable routes of bioproduction of high commercial value natural products (NPs) on the global market. In the last few years alone, we have witnessed significant advances in the biotechnological production of NPs. The development of new methodologies has resulted in a better understanding of the metabolic flux within the organisms, which have driven manipulations to improve production of the target product. This was further realised due to the recent advances in the omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and secretomics, as well as systems and synthetic biology. Additionally, the combined application of novel engineering strategies has made possible avenues for enhancing the yield of these products in an efficient and economical way. Invention of high-throughput technologies such as next generation sequencing (NGS) and toolkits for genome editing Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) have been the game changers and provided unprecedented opportunities to generate rationally designed synthetic circuits which can produce complex molecules. This review covers recent advances in the engineering of various hosts for the production of bioactive NPs and biopharmaceuticals. It also highlights general approaches and strategies to improve their biosynthesis with higher yields in a perspective of plants and microbes (bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi). Although there are numerous reviews covering this topic on a selected species at a time, our approach herein is to give a comprehensive understanding about state-of-art technologies in different platforms of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Süntar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Etiler, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sümeyra Çetinkaya
- Biotechnology Research Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 06330 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Selcen Haydaroğlu
- Biotechnology Research Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 06330 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
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22
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Zhang Z, Liu L, Liu C, Sun Y, Zhang D. New aspects of microbial vitamin K2 production by expanding the product spectrum. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:84. [PMID: 33849534 PMCID: PMC8042841 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone, MK) is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin with critical roles in blood coagulation and bone metabolism. Chemically, the term vitamin K2 encompasses a group of small molecules that contain a common naphthoquinone head group and a polyisoprenyl side chain of variable length. Among them, menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is the most potent form. Here, the biosynthetic pathways of vitamin K2 and different types of MK produced by microorganisms are briefly introduced. Further, we provide a new aspect of MK-7 production, which shares a common naphthoquinone ring and polyisoprene biosynthesis pathway, by analyzing strategies for expanding the product spectrum. We review the findings of metabolic engineering strategies targeting the shikimate pathway, polyisoprene pathway, and menaquinone pathway, as well as membrane engineering, which provide comprehensive insights for enhancing the yield of MK-7. Finally, the current limitations and perspectives of microbial menaquinone production are also discussed. This article provides in-depth information on metabolic engineering strategies for vitamin K2 production by expanding the product spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimeng Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Linxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yumei Sun
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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23
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Developing an effective approach for microbial biosynthesis of hydroxyhydroquinone. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Hubrich F, Müller M, Andexer JN. Chorismate- and isochorismate converting enzymes: versatile catalysts acting on an important metabolic node. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2441-2463. [PMID: 33605953 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08078k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chorismate and isochorismate represent an important branching point connecting primary and secondary metabolism in bacteria, fungi, archaea and plants. Chorismate- and isochorismate-converting enzymes are potential targets for new bioactive compounds, as well as valuable biocatalysts for the in vivo and in vitro synthesis of fine chemicals. The diversity of the products of chorismate- and isochorismate-converting enzymes is reflected in the enzymatic three-dimensional structures and molecular mechanisms. Due to the high reactivity of chorismate and its derivatives, these enzymes have evolved to be accurately tailored to their respective reaction; at the same time, many of them exhibit a fascinating flexibility regarding side reactions and acceptance of alternative substrates. Here, we give an overview of the different (sub)families of chorismate- and isochorismate-converting enzymes, their molecular mechanisms, and three-dimensional structures. In addition, we highlight important results of mutagenetic approaches that generate a broader understanding of the influence of distinct active site residues for product formation and the conversion of one subfamily into another. Based on this, we discuss to what extent the recent advances in the field might influence the general mechanistic understanding of chorismate- and isochorismate-converting enzymes. Recent discoveries of new chorismate-derived products and pathways, as well as biocatalytic conversions of non-physiological substrates, highlight how this vast field is expected to continue developing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hubrich
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Microbiology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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25
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Sheng H, Jing Y, An N, Shen X, Sun X, Yan Y, Wang J, Yuan Q. Extending the shikimate pathway for microbial production of maleate from glycerol in engineered Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1840-1850. [PMID: 33512000 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Maleate is one of the most important unsaturated four-carbon dicarboxylic acids. It serves as an attractive building block in cosmetic, polymer, and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, industrial production of maleate relies mainly on chemical synthesis using benzene or butane as the starting materials under high temperature, which suffers from strict reaction conditions and low product yield. Here, we propose a novel biosynthetic pathway for maleate production in engineered Escherichia coli. We screened a superior salicylate 5-hydroxylase that can catalyze hydroxylation of salicylate into gentisate with high conversion rate. Then, introduction of salicylate biosynthetic pathway and gentisate ring cleavage pathway allowed the synthesis of maleate from glycerol. Further optimizations including enhancement of precursors supply, disruption of competing pathways, and construction of a pyruvate recycling system, boosted maleate titer to 2.4 ± 0.1 g/L in shake flask experiments. Subsequent scale-up biosynthesis of maleate in a 3-L bioreactor under fed-batch culture conditions enabled the production of 14.5 g/L of maleate, indicating a 268-fold improvement compared with the titer generated by the wildtype E. coli strain carrying the entire maleate biosynthetic pathway. This study provided a promising microbial platform for industrial level synthesis of maleate, and demonstrated the highest titer of maleate production in microorganisms so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huakang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yijie Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Yan
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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26
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Sun X, Li X, Shen X, Wang J, Yuan Q. Recent advances in microbial production of phenolic compounds. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Cai M, Wu Y, Qi H, He J, Wu Z, Xu H, Qiao M. Improving the Level of the Tyrosine Biosynthesis Pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through HTZ1 Knockout and Atmospheric and Room Temperature Plasma (ARTP) Mutagenesis. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:49-62. [PMID: 33395268 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have been conducted on the expression of multiple aromatic compounds by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The concentration of l-tyrosine, as a precursor of such valuable compounds, is crucial for the biosynthesis of aromatic metabolites. In this study, a novel function of HTZ1 was found to be related to tyrosine biosynthesis, which has not yet been reported. Knockout of this gene could significantly improve the ability of yeast cells to synthesize tyrosine, and its p-coumaric acid (p-CA) titer was approximately 3.9-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain BY4742. Subsequently, this strain was selected for random mutagenesis through an emerging mutagenesis technique, namely, atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP). After two rounds of mutagenesis, five tyrosine high-producing mutants were obtained. The highest production of p-CA was 7.6-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain. Finally, transcriptome data of the htz1Δ strain and the five mutants were analyzed. The genome of mutagenic strains was also resequenced to reveal the mechanism underlying the high titer of tyrosine. This system of target engineering combined with random mutagenesis to screen excellent mutants provides a new basis for synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Hang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Jiaze He
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Zhenzhou Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Haijin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Mingqiang Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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28
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Sato N, Kishida M, Nakano M, Hirata Y, Tanaka T. Metabolic Engineering of Shikimic Acid-Producing Corynebacterium glutamicum From Glucose and Cellobiose Retaining Its Phosphotransferase System Function and Pyruvate Kinase Activities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:569406. [PMID: 33015020 PMCID: PMC7511668 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.569406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of aromatic compounds by microbial production is a promising and sustainable approach for producing biomolecules for various applications. We describe the metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum to increase its production of shikimic acid. Shikimic acid and its precursor-consuming pathways were blocked by the deletion of the shikimate kinase, 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase, shikimate dehydratase, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate phosphatase genes. Plasmid-based expression of shikimate pathway genes revealed that 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase, encoded by aroG, and DHQ synthase, encoded by aroB, are key enzymes for shikimic acid production in C. glutamicum. We constructed a C. glutamicum strain with aroG, aroB and aroE3 integrated. This strain produced 13.1 g/L of shikimic acid from 50 g/L of glucose, a yield of 0.26 g-shikimic acid/g-glucose, and retained both its phosphotransferase system and its pyruvate kinase activity. We also endowed β-glucosidase secreting ability to this strain. When cellobiose was used as a carbon source, the strain produced shikimic acid at 13.8 g/L with the yield of 0.25 g-shikimic acid/g-glucose (1 g of cellobiose corresponds to 1.1 g of glucose). These results demonstrate the feasibility of producing shikimic acid and its derivatives using an engineered C. glutamicum strain from cellobiose as well as glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kishida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mariko Nakano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hirata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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29
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Common problems associated with the microbial productions of aromatic compounds and corresponding metabolic engineering strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 41:107548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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30
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Li Z, Wang H, Ding D, Liu Y, Fang H, Chang Z, Chen T, Zhang D. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of chemicals derived from the shikimate pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 47:525-535. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The shikimate pathway is indispensable for the biosynthesis of natural products with aromatic moieties. These products have wide current and potential applications in food, cosmetics and medicine, and consequently have great commercial value. However, compounds extracted from various plants or synthesized from petrochemicals no longer satisfy the requirements of contemporary industries. As a result, an increasing number of studies has focused on this pathway to enable the biotechnological manufacture of natural products, especially in E. coli. Furthermore, the development of synthetic biology, systems metabolic engineering and high flux screening techniques has also contributed to improving the biosynthesis of high-value compounds based on the shikimate pathway. Here, we review approaches based on a combination of traditional and new metabolic engineering strategies to increase the metabolic flux of the shikimate pathway. In addition, applications of this optimized pathway to produce aromatic amino acids and a range of natural products is also elaborated. Finally, this review sums up the opportunities and challenges facing this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Li
- grid.33763.32 0000 0004 1761 2484 Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education); SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
| | - Huiying Wang
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
| | - Dongqin Ding
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.410726.6 0000 0004 1797 8419 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China
| | - Yongfei Liu
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
| | - Huan Fang
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
| | - Zhishuai Chang
- grid.33763.32 0000 0004 1761 2484 Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education); SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Tao Chen
- grid.33763.32 0000 0004 1761 2484 Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education); SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.410726.6 0000 0004 1797 8419 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China
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31
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Lin D, Huang Y, Zhao J, Wu Z, Liu S, Qin W, Wu D, Chen H, Zhang Q. Evaluation of seed nitrate assimilation and stimulation of phenolic-linked antioxidant on pentose phosphate pathway and nitrate reduction in three feed-plant species. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:267. [PMID: 32517649 PMCID: PMC7285455 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil and water pollution due to nitrate are becoming increasingly serious worldwide. The government also put forward relevant governance policies, and a large number of scholars studied chemical physics and other methods to remove nitrate in water, but the cost was substantial. Studies have found that planting systems including grasses have the potential to remove nitrates. However, there are few studies on nitrate linked pathway and nitrate assimilation during its early growth. RESULTS We have evaluated three different feed-plant species with three levels of overnight seed nitrate treatments along with a control. The activity of different enzymes from 2 weeks old shoots was measured to get a comprehension of proline-associated pentose phosphate pathway coupled with nitrate assimilation and phenolic-linked antioxidant response system in these species under nitrate treatments. All three feed-plant species showed high nitrate tolerance during germination and early growth stages. It is perceived that the accumulation of total soluble phenolics and total antioxidant activity was high in all three feed-plant species under high nitrate treatments. In terms of high G6PDH activity along with low SDH activity in alfalfa, there may be a shift of carbon flux in this species under high nitrate treatments. Higher activity of these enzymes along with higher SOD and GPX activity was observed in alfalfa. The efficient mechanism of nitrate stress tolerance of alfalfa also correlated with higher photochemical efficiency. Perennial ryegrass also showed excellent potential under high nitrate treatments by adopting an efficient mechanism to counter nitrate-induced oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Under the condition of nitrate treatment, the germination rates of the three feed-plant species are still ideal, and they have good enzyme activity and have the potential to remove nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derong Lin
- School of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 China
| | - Yichen Huang
- School of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 China
| | - Shuliang Liu
- School of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 China
| | - Wen Qin
- School of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 China
| | - Dingtao Wu
- School of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 China
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32
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Choi GS, Choo HJ, Kim BG, Ahn JH. Synthesis of acridone derivatives via heterologous expression of a plant type III polyketide synthase in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:73. [PMID: 32197639 PMCID: PMC7085191 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acridone alkaloids are heterocyclic compounds that exhibit a broad-range of pharmaceutical and chemotherapeutic activities, including anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and antimicrobial effects. Certain plant species such as Citrus microcarpa, Ruta graveolens, and Toddaliopsis bremekampii synthesize acridone alkaloids from anthranilate and malonyl-CoA. RESULTS We synthesized two acridones in Escherichia coli. Acridone synthase (ACS) and anthraniloyl-CoA ligase genes were transformed into E. coli, and the synthesis of acridone was examined. To increase the levels of endogenous anthranilate, we tested several constructs expressing proteins involved in the shikimate pathway and selected the best construct. To boost the supply of malonyl-CoA, genes coding for acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) from Photorhabdus luminescens were overexpressed in E. coli. For the synthesis of 1,3-dihydroxy-10-methylacridone, we utilized an N-methyltransferase gene (NMT) to supply N-methylanthranilate and a new N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA ligase. After selecting the best combination of genes, approximately 17.3 mg/L of 1,3-dihydroxy-9(10H)-acridone (DHA) and 26.0 mg/L of 1,3-dihydroxy-10-methylacridone (NMA) were synthesized. CONCLUSIONS Two bioactive acridone derivatives were synthesized by expressing type III plant polyketide synthases and other genes in E. coli, which increased the supplement of substrates. This study showed that is possible to synthesize diverse polyketides in E. coli using plant polyketide synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Sik Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Choo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, 33 Dongjin-ro, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangman-do, 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Braga A, Faria N. Bioprocess Optimization for the Production of Aromatic Compounds With Metabolically Engineered Hosts: Recent Developments and Future Challenges. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:96. [PMID: 32154231 PMCID: PMC7044121 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common route to produce aromatic chemicals - organic compounds containing at least one benzene ring in their structure - is chemical synthesis. These processes, usually starting from an extracted fossil oil molecule such as benzene, toluene, or xylene, are highly environmentally unfriendly due to the use of non-renewable raw materials, high energy consumption and the usual production of toxic by-products. An alternative way to produce aromatic compounds is extraction from plants. These extractions typically have a low yield and a high purification cost. This motivates the search for alternative platforms to produce aromatic compounds through low-cost and environmentally friendly processes. Microorganisms are able to synthesize aromatic amino acids through the shikimate pathway. The construction of microbial cell factories able to produce the desired molecule from renewable feedstock becomes a promising alternative. This review article focuses on the recent advances in microbial production of aromatic products, with a special emphasis on metabolic engineering strategies, as well as bioprocess optimization. The recent combination of these two techniques has resulted in the development of several alternative processes to produce phenylpropanoids, aromatic alcohols, phenolic aldehydes, and others. Chemical species that were unavailable for human consumption due to the high cost and/or high environmental impact of their production, have now become accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Braga
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Miranda PHDS, Lourenço EMG, Morais AMS, de Oliveira PIC, Silverio PSDSN, Jordão AK, Barbosa EG. Molecular modeling of a series of dehydroquinate dehydratase type II inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and design of new binders. Mol Divers 2019; 25:1-12. [PMID: 31820222 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-10020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), is still responsible for a large number of fatal cases, especially in developing countries with alarming rates of incidence and prevalence worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a remarkable ability to develop new resistance mechanisms to the conventional antimicrobials treatment. Because of this, there is an urgent need for novel bioactive compounds for its treatment. The dehydroquinate dehydratase II (DHQase II) is considered a key enzyme of shikimate pathway, and it can be used as a promising target for the design of new bioactive compounds with antibacterial action. The aim of this work was the construction of QSAR models to aid the design of new potential DHQase II inhibitors. For that purpose, various molecular modeling approaches, such as activity cliff, QSAR models and computer-aided ligand design were utilized. A predictive in silico 4D-QSAR model was built using a database comprising 86 inhibitors of DHQase II, and the model was used to predict the activity of the designed ligands. The obtained model proved to predict well the DHQase II inhibition for an external validation dataset ([Formula: see text] = 0.72). Also, the Activity Cliff analysis shed light on important structural features applied to the ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H de S Miranda
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Estela M G Lourenço
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Alexander M S Morais
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Pedro I C de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioinformática, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandro K Jordão
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Euzébio G Barbosa
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioinformática, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Liu Q, Yu T, Li X, Chen Y, Campbell K, Nielsen J, Chen Y. Rewiring carbon metabolism in yeast for high level production of aromatic chemicals. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4976. [PMID: 31672987 PMCID: PMC6823513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of bioactive plant compounds using microbial hosts is considered a safe, cost-competitive and scalable approach to their production. However, microbial production of some compounds like aromatic amino acid (AAA)-derived chemicals, remains an outstanding metabolic engineering challenge. Here we present the construction of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae platform strain able to produce high levels of p-coumaric acid, an AAA-derived precursor for many commercially valuable chemicals. This is achieved through engineering the AAA biosynthesis pathway, introducing a phosphoketalose-based pathway to divert glycolytic flux towards erythrose 4-phosphate formation, and optimizing carbon distribution between glycolysis and the AAA biosynthesis pathway by replacing the promoters of several important genes at key nodes between these two pathways. This results in a maximum p-coumaric acid titer of 12.5 g L−1 and a maximum yield on glucose of 154.9 mg g−1. Microbial production of aromatic amino acid (AAA)-derived chemicals remains an outstanding metabolic engineering challenge. Here, the authors engineer baker’s yeast for high levels p-coumaric acid production by rewiring the central carbon metabolism and channeling more flux to the AAA biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanli Liu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kate Campbell
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Guo X, Li Z, Wang X, Wang J, Chala J, Lu Y, Zhang H. De novo phenol bioproduction from glucose using biosensor‐assisted microbial coculture engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3349-3359. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringXiamen University Siming South Road, Xiamen Fujian China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, RutgersThe State University of New Jersey Piscataway New Jersey
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, RutgersThe State University of New Jersey Piscataway New Jersey
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, RutgersThe State University of New Jersey Piscataway New Jersey
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, RutgersThe State University of New Jersey Piscataway New Jersey
| | - Juan Chala
- Department of Biochemistry, RutgersThe State University of New Jersey Piscataway New Jersey
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringXiamen University Siming South Road, Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, RutgersThe State University of New Jersey Piscataway New Jersey
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Fries A, Mazzaferro LS, Grüning B, Bisel P, Stibal K, Buchholz PCF, Pleiss J, Sprenger GA, Müller M. Alteration of the Route to Menaquinone towards Isochorismate-Derived Metabolites. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1672-1677. [PMID: 30866142 PMCID: PMC6618250 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chorismate and isochorismate constitute branch-point intermediates in the biosynthesis of many aromatic metabolites in microorganisms and plants. To obtain unnatural compounds, we modified the route to menaquinone in Escherichia coli. We propose a model for the binding of isochorismate to the active site of MenD ((1R,2S, 5S,6S)-2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxycyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate (SEPHCHC) synthase) that explains the outcome of the native reaction with α-ketoglutarate. We have rationally designed variants of MenD for the conversion of several isochorismate analogues. The double-variant Asn117Arg-Leu478Thr preferentially converts (5S,6S)-5,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylate (2,3-trans-CHD), the hydrolysis product of isochorismate, with a >70-fold higher ratio than that for the wild type. The single-variant Arg107Ile uses (5S,6S)-6-amino-5-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylate (2,3-trans-CHA) as substrate with >6-fold conversion compared to wild-type MenD. The novel compounds have been made accessible in vivo (up to 5.3 g L-1 ). Unexpectedly, as the identified residues such as Arg107 are highly conserved (>94 %), some of the designed variations can be found in wild-type SEPHCHC synthases from other bacteria (Arg107Lys, 0.3 %). This raises the question for the possible natural occurrence of as yet unexplored branches of the shikimate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fries
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
- INCITAP-CONICET, Departamento de QuímicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de La PampaAvenida Uruguay 1516300Santa RosaLa PampaArgentina
| | - Laura S. Mazzaferro
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
- INCITAP-CONICET, Departamento de QuímicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de La PampaAvenida Uruguay 1516300Santa RosaLa PampaArgentina
| | - Björn Grüning
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Philippe Bisel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Karin Stibal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Patrick C. F. Buchholz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical BiochemistryUniversity of StuttgartAllmandring 3170569StuttgartGermany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical BiochemistryUniversity of StuttgartAllmandring 3170569StuttgartGermany
| | - Georg A. Sprenger
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of StuttgartAllmandring 3170569StuttgartGermany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
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Zhou Y, Li Z, Wang X, Zhang H. Establishing microbial co-cultures for 3-hydroxybenzoic acid biosynthesis on glycerol. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:389-395. [PMID: 32625017 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Converting renewable feedstocks to aromatic compounds using engineered microbes offers a robust approach for sustainable, environment-friendly, and cost-effective production of these value-added products without the reliance on petroleum. In this study, rationally designed E. coli-E. coli co-culture systems were established for converting glycerol to 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (3HB). Specifically, the 3HB pathway was modularized and accommodated by two metabolically engineered E. coli strains. The co-culture biosynthesis was optimized by using different cultivation temperatures, varying the inoculum ratio between the co-culture strains, recruitment of a key pathway intermediate transporter, strengthening the critical pathway enzyme expression, and adjusting the timing for inducing pathway gene expression. Compared with the E. coli mono-culture, the optimized co-culture showed 5.3-fold improvement for 3HB biosynthesis. This study demonstrated the applicability of modular co-culture engineering for addressing the challenges of aromatic compound biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Piscataway NJ USA
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Piscataway NJ USA
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Piscataway NJ USA
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Piscataway NJ USA
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Huccetogullari D, Luo ZW, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for production of aromatic compounds. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:41. [PMID: 30808357 PMCID: PMC6390333 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering has been enabling development of high performance microbial strains for the efficient production of natural and non-natural compounds from renewable non-food biomass. Even though microbial production of various chemicals has successfully been conducted and commercialized, there are still numerous chemicals and materials that await their efficient bio-based production. Aromatic chemicals, which are typically derived from benzene, toluene and xylene in petroleum industry, have been used in large amounts in various industries. Over the last three decades, many metabolically engineered microorganisms have been developed for the bio-based production of aromatic chemicals, many of which are derived from aromatic amino acid pathways. This review highlights the latest metabolic engineering strategies and tools applied to the biosynthesis of aromatic chemicals, many derived from shikimate and aromatic amino acids, including L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan. It is expected that more and more engineered microorganisms capable of efficiently producing aromatic chemicals will be developed toward their industrial-scale production from renewable biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Huccetogullari
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zi Wei Luo
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center and Bioinformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Qian S, Li Y, Cirino PC. Biosensor-guided improvements in salicylate production by recombinant Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:18. [PMID: 30696431 PMCID: PMC6350385 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salicylate can be biosynthesized from the common metabolic intermediate shikimate and has found applications in pharmaceuticals and in the bioplastics industry. While much metabolic engineering work focused on the shikimate pathway has led to the biosynthesis of a variety of aromatic compounds, little is known about how the relative expression levels of pathway components influence salicylate biosynthesis. Furthermore, some host strain gene deletions that improve salicylate production may be impossible to predict. Here, a salicylate-responsive transcription factor was used to optimize the expression levels of shikimate/salicylate pathway genes in recombinant E. coli, and to screen a chromosomal transposon insertion library for improved salicylate production. Results A high-throughput colony screen was first developed based on a previously designed salicylate-responsive variant of the E. coli AraC regulatory protein (“AraC-SA”). Next, a combinatorial library was constructed comprising a series of ribosome binding site sequences corresponding to a range of predicted protein translation initiation rates, for each of six pathway genes (> 38,000 strain candidates). Screening for improved salicylate production allowed for the rapid identification of optimal gene expression patterns, conferring up to 123% improved production of salicylate in shake-flask culture. Finally, transposon mutagenesis and screening revealed that deletion of rnd (encoding RNase D) from the host chromosome further improved salicylate production by 27%. Conclusions These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the salicylate sensor-based screening platform to rapidly identify beneficial gene expression patterns and gene knockout targets for improving production. Such customized high-throughput tools complement other cell factory engineering strategies. This approach can be generalized for the production of other shikimate-derived compounds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1069-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Qian
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, TX, 77204-4004, USA
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, TX, 77204-4004, USA
| | - Patrick C Cirino
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, TX, 77204-4004, USA.
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41
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Yang S, Cao Y, Sun L, Li C, Lin X, Cai Z, Zhang G, Song H. Modular Pathway Engineering of Bacillus subtilis To Promote De Novo Biosynthesis of Menaquinone-7. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:70-81. [PMID: 30543412 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7), a valuable vitamin K2, plays an important role in the prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular calcification. We chose B. subtilis 168 as the chassis for the modular metabolic engineering design to promote the biosynthesis of MK-7. The biosynthetic pathway of MK-7 was categorized into four modules, namely, the MK-7 pathway (Module I), the shikimate (SA) pathway (Module II), the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway (Module III), and the glycerol metabolism pathway (Module IV). Overexpression of menA (Module I) resulted in 6.6 ± 0.1 mg/L of MK-7 after 120 h fermentation, which was 2.1-fold that of the starting strain BS168NU (3.1 ± 0.2 mg/L). Overexpression of aroA, aroD, and aroE (Module II) had a negative effect on the synthesis of MK-7. Simultaneous overexpression of dxs, dxr, yacM, and yacN (Module III) enabled the yield of MK-7 to 12.0 ± 0.1 mg/L. Moreover, overexpression of glpD (Module IV) resulted in an increase of the yield of MK-7 to 13.7 ± 0.2 mg/L. Furthermore, deletion of dhbB reduced the consumption of the intermediate metabolite isochorismate, thus promoting the yield of MK-7 to 15.4 ± 0.6 mg/L. Taken together, the final resulting strain MK3-MEP123-Gly2-Δ dhbB with simultaneous overexpression of menA, dxs, dxr, yacM-yacN, glpD and deletion of dhbB enabled the yield of MK-7 to 69.5 ± 2.8 mg/L upon 144 h fermentation in a 2 L baffled flask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Liming Sun
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Congfa Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xue Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhigang Cai
- Chifeng Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, China
| | - Guoyin Zhang
- Chifeng Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, China
| | - Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Production of methylparaben in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 46:91-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Since the 1930s, parabens have been employed widely as preservatives in food, pharmaceutical, and personal care products. These alkyl esters of benzoic acid occur naturally in a broad range of plant species, where they are thought to enhance overall fitness through disease resistance and allelopathy. Current manufacture of parabens relies on chemical synthesis and the processing of 4-hydroxybenzoate as a precursor. A variety of bio-based production platforms have targeted 4-hydroxybenzoate for a greener alternative to chemical manufacturing, but parabens have yet to be made in microbes. Here, we deploy the plant enzyme benzoic acid carboxyl methyltransferase together with four additional recombinant enzymes to produce methylparaben in Escherichia coli. The feasibility of a tyrosine-dependent route to methylparaben is explored, establishing a framework for linking paraben production to emerging high-tyrosine E. coli strains. However, our use of a unique plant enzyme for bio-based methylparaben biosynthesis is potentially applicable to any microbial system engineered for the manufacture of 4-hydroxybenzoate.
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Ni J, Liu H, Tao F, Wu Y, Xu P. Remodeling of the Photosynthetic Chain Promotes Direct CO
2
Conversion into Valuable Aromatic Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15990-15994. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Hong‐Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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Zhang R, Li C, Wang J, Yang Y, Yan Y. Microbial production of small medicinal molecules and biologics: From nature to synthetic pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2219-2231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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45
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Ni J, Liu H, Tao F, Wu Y, Xu P. Remodeling of the Photosynthetic Chain Promotes Direct CO2Conversion into Valuable Aromatic Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Hong‐Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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Mohammadi Nargesi B, Trachtmann N, Sprenger GA, Youn JW. Production of p-amino-L-phenylalanine (L-PAPA) from glycerol by metabolic grafting of Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:149. [PMID: 30241531 PMCID: PMC6148955 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-proteinogenic aromatic amino acid, p-amino-L-phenylalanine (L-PAPA) is a high-value product with a broad field of applications. In nature, L-PAPA occurs as an intermediate of the chloramphenicol biosynthesis pathway in Streptomyces venezuelae. Here we demonstrate that the model organism Escherichia coli can be transformed with metabolic grafting approaches to result in an improved L-PAPA producing strain. RESULTS Escherichia coli K-12 cells were genetically engineered for the production of L-PAPA from glycerol as main carbon source. To do so, genes for a 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase (pabAB from Corynebacterium glutamicum), and genes encoding a 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate mutase and a 4-amino-4-deoxyprephenate dehydrogenase (papB and papC, both from Streptomyces venezuelae) were cloned and expressed in E. coli W3110 (lab strain LJ110). In shake flask cultures with minimal medium this led to the formation of ca. 43 ± 2 mg l-1 of L-PAPA from 5 g l-1 glycerol. By expression of additional chromosomal copies of the tktA and glpX genes, and of plasmid-borne aroFBL genes in a tyrR deletion strain, an improved L-PAPA producer was obtained which gave a titer of 5.47 ± 0.4 g l-1 L-PAPA from 33.3 g l-1 glycerol (0.16 g L-PAPA/g of glycerol) in fed-batch cultivation (shake flasks). Finally, in a fed-batch fermenter cultivation, a titer of 16.7 g l-1 L-PAPA was obtained which is the highest so far reported value for this non-proteinogenic amino acid. CONCLUSION Here we show that E. coli is a suitable chassis strain for L-PAPA production. Modifying the flux to the product and improved supply of precursor, by additional gene copies of glpX, tkt and aroFBL together with the deletion of the tyrR gene, increased the yield and titer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Trachtmann
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Georg A. Sprenger
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jung-Won Youn
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Bilal M, Wang S, Iqbal HMN, Zhao Y, Hu H, Wang W, Zhang X. Metabolic engineering strategies for enhanced shikimate biosynthesis: current scenario and future developments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7759-7773. [PMID: 30014168 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Shikimic acid is an important intermediate for the manufacture of the antiviral drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) and many other pharmaceutical compounds. Much of its existing supply is obtained from the seeds of Chinese star anise (Illicium verum). Nevertheless, plants cannot supply a stable source of affordable shikimate along with laborious and cost-expensive extraction and purification process. Microbial biosynthesis of shikimate through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches represents a sustainable, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly route than plant-based methods. Metabolic engineering allows elevated shikimate production titer by inactivating the competing pathways, increasing intracellular level of key precursors, and overexpressing rate-limiting enzymes. The development of synthetic and systems biology-based novel technologies have revealed a new roadmap for the construction of high shikimate-producing strains. This review elaborates the enhanced biosynthesis of shikimate by utilizing an array of traditional metabolic engineering along with novel advanced technologies. The first part of the review is focused on the mechanistic pathway for shikimate production, use of recombinant and engineered strains, improving metabolic flux through the shikimate pathway, chemically inducible chromosomal evolution, and bioprocess engineering strategies. The second part discusses a variety of industrially pertinent compounds derived from shikimate with special reference to aromatic amino acids and phenazine compound, and main engineering strategies for their production in diverse bacterial strains. Towards the end, the work is wrapped up with concluding remarks and future considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Songwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Recent advances in metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for bioproduction of value-added aromatic chemicals and natural products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8685-8705. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kallscheuer N, Marienhagen J. Corynebacterium glutamicum as platform for the production of hydroxybenzoic acids. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:70. [PMID: 29753327 PMCID: PMC5948850 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydroxybenzoic acids are industrially relevant aromatic compounds, which also play key roles in the microbial carbon metabolism, e.g., as precursors for the synthesis of cofactors or metal-chelating molecules. Due to its pronounced resistance to aromatics Corynebacterium glutamicum represents an interesting platform for production of these compounds. Unfortunately, a complex catabolic network for aromatic molecules prevents application of C. glutamicum for microbial production of aromatic compounds other than aromatic amino acids, which cannot be metabolized by this microorganism. Results We completed the construction of the platform strain C. glutamicum DelAro5, in which the deletion of altogether 27 genes in five gene clusters abolished most of the peripheral and central catabolic pathways for aromatic compounds known in this microorganism. The obtained strain was subsequently applied for the production of 2-hydroxybenzoate (salicylate), 3-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate and protocatechuate, which all derive from intermediates of the aromatic amino acid-forming shikimate pathway. For an optimal connection of the designed hydroxybenzoate production pathways to the host metabolism, C. glutamicum was additionally engineered towards increased supply of the shikimate pathway substrates erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate by manipulation of the glucose transport and key enzymatic activities of the central carbon metabolism. With an optimized genetic background the constructed strains produced 0.01 g/L (0.07 mM) 2-hydroxybenzoate, 0.3 g/L (2.2 mM) 3-hydroxybenzoate, 2.0 g/L (13.0 mM) protocatechuate and 3.3 g/L (23.9 mM) 4-hydroxybenzoate in shaking flasks. Conclusion By abolishing its natural catabolic network for aromatic compounds, C. glutamicum was turned into a versatile microbial platform for aromatics production, which could be exemplarily demonstrated by rapidly engineering this platform organism towards producing four biotechnologically interesting hydroxybenzoates. Production of these compounds was optimized following different metabolic engineering strategies leading to increased precursor availability. The constructed C. glutamicum strains are promising hosts for the production of hydroxybenzoates and other aromatic compounds at larger scales. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0923-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Kallscheuer
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan Marienhagen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany. .,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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Schoenenberger B, Wszolek A, Meier R, Brundiek H, Obkircher M, Wohlgemuth R. Recombinant AroL-Catalyzed Phosphorylation for the Efficient Synthesis of Shikimic Acid 3-Phosphate. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700529. [PMID: 29697210 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Shikimic acid 3-phosphate, as a central metabolite of the shikimate pathway, is of high interest as enzyme substrate for 5-enolpyruvoyl-shikimate 3-phosphate synthase, a drug target in infectious diseases and a prime enzyme target for the herbicide glyphosate. As the important substrate shikimic acid 3-phosphate is only accessible via a chemical multi-step route, a new straightforward preparative one-step enzymatic phosphorylation of shikimate using a stable recombinant shikimate kinase has been developed for the selective phosphorylation of shikimate in the 3-position. Highly active shikimate kinase is produced by straightforward expression of a synthetic aroL gene in Escherichia coli. The time course of the shikimate kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation is investigated by 1 H- and 31 P-NMR, using the phosphoenolpyruvate/pyruvate kinase system for the regeneration of the ATP cofactor. This enables the development of a quantitative biocatalytic 3-phosphorylation of shikimic acid. After a standard workup procedure, a good yield of shikimic acid 3-phosphate, with high HPLC- and NMR purity, is obtained. This efficient biocatalytic synthesis of shikimic acid 3-phosphate is superior to any other method and has been successfully scaled up to multi-gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Wszolek
- Enzymicals, Walther-Rathenau-Strasse 49a, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Roland Meier
- Sigma-Aldrich, Member of Merck Group, Industriestrasse 25, CH-9470, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Henrike Brundiek
- Enzymicals, Walther-Rathenau-Strasse 49a, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus Obkircher
- Sigma-Aldrich, Member of Merck Group, Industriestrasse 25, CH-9470, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wohlgemuth
- Sigma-Aldrich, Member of Merck Group, Industriestrasse 25, CH-9470, Buchs, Switzerland
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