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Farahani MV, Shariatpanahi SP, Goliaei B. A computational model elucidating mechanisms and variability in theta burst stimulation responses. J Comput Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s10827-024-00875-1. [PMID: 39120822 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-024-00875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is a form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with unknown underlying mechanisms and highly variable responses across subjects. To investigate these issues, we developed a simple computational model. Our model consisted of two neurons linked by an excitatory synapse that incorporates two mechanisms: short-term plasticity (STP) and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). We applied a variable-amplitude current through I-clamp with a TBS time pattern to the pre- and post-synaptic neurons, simulating synaptic plasticity. We analyzed the results and provided an explanation for the effects of TBS, as well as the variability of responses to it. Our findings suggest that the interplay of STP and STDP mechanisms determines the direction of plasticity, which selectively affects synapses in extended neurons and underlies functional effects. Our model describes how the timing, number, and intensity of pulses delivered to neurons during rTMS contribute to induced plasticity. This not only successfully explains the different effects of intermittent TBS (iTBS) and continuous TBS (cTBS), but also predicts the results of other protocols such as 10 Hz rTMS. We propose that the variability in responses to TBS can be attributed to the variable span of neuronal thresholds across individuals and sessions. Our model suggests a biologically plausible mechanism for the diverse responses to TBS protocols and aligns with experimental data on iTBS and cTBS outcomes. This model could potentially aid in improving TBS and rTMS protocols and customizing treatments for patients, brain areas, and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bahram Goliaei
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, P.O.Box, 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Phylactou P, Pham TNM, Narskhani N, Diya N, Seminowicz DA, Schabrun SM. Phosphene and motor transcranial magnetic stimulation thresholds are correlated: A meta-analytic investigation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 133:111020. [PMID: 38692474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is commonly delivered at an intensity defined by the resting motor threshold (rMT), which is thought to represent cortical excitability, even if the TMS target area falls outside of the motor cortex. This approach rests on the assumption that cortical excitability, as measured through the motor cortex, represents a 'global' measure of excitability. Another common approach to measure cortical excitability relies on the phosphene threshold (PT), measured through the visual cortex of the brain. However, it remains unclear whether either estimate can serve as a singular measure to infer cortical excitability across different brain regions. If PT and rMT can indeed be used to infer cortical excitability across brain regions, they should be correlated. To test this, we systematically identified previous studies that measured PT and rMT to calculate an overall correlation between the two estimates. Our results, based on 16 effect sizes from eight studies, indicated that PT and rMT are correlated (ρ = 0.4), and thus one measure could potentially serve as a measure to infer cortical excitability across brain regions. Three exploratory meta-analyses revealed that the strength of the correlation is affected by different methodologies, and that PT intensities are higher than rMT. Evidence for a PT-rMT correlation remained robust across all analyses. Further research is necessary for an in-depth understanding of how cortical excitability is reflected through TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Phylactou
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; The Gray Centre for Mobility and Activity, Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada.
| | - T N M Pham
- The Gray Centre for Mobility and Activity, Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - N Narskhani
- The Gray Centre for Mobility and Activity, Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - N Diya
- The Gray Centre for Mobility and Activity, Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - D A Seminowicz
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - S M Schabrun
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; The Gray Centre for Mobility and Activity, Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada
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3
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Hernández-Sauret A, Martin de la Torre O, Redolar-Ripoll D. Use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for studying cognitive control in depressed patients: A systematic review. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024:10.3758/s13415-024-01193-w. [PMID: 38773020 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-024-01193-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mental disorder and the leading cause of disease burden. Major depressive disorder is associated with emotional impairment and cognitive deficit. Cognitive control, which is the ability to use perceptions, knowledge, and information about goals and motivations to shape the selection of goal-directed actions or thoughts, is a primary function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Psychotropic medications are one of the main treatments for MDD, but they are not effective for all patients. An alternative treatment is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Previous studies have provided mixed results on the cognitive-enhancing effects of TMS treatment in patients with MDD. Some studies have found significant improvement, while others have not. There is a lack of understanding of the specific effects of different TMS protocols and stimulation parameters on cognitive control in MDD. Thus, this review aims to synthesize the effectiveness of the TMS methods and a qualitative assessment of their potential benefits in improving cognitive functioning in patients with MDD. We reviewed 21 studies in which participants underwent a treatment of any transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol, such as repetitive TMS or theta-burst stimulation. One of the primary outcome measures was any change in the cognitive control process. Overall, the findings indicate that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may enhance cognitive function in patients with MDD. Most of the reviewed studies supported the notion of cognitive improvement following TMS treatment. Notably, improvements were predominantly observed in inhibition, attention, set shifting/flexibility, and memory domains. However, fewer significant improvements were detected in evaluations of visuospatial function and recognition, executive function, phonemic fluency, and speed of information processing. This review found evidence supporting the use of TMS as a treatment for cognitive deficits in patients with MDD. The results are promising, but further research is needed to clarify the specific TMS protocol and stimulation locations that are most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hernández-Sauret
- Cognitive Neurolab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Rambla del Poblenou 156, Barcelona, Spain.
- Instituto Brain360, Unidad Neuromodulación y Neuroimagen, Calle Maó 9, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ona Martin de la Torre
- Cognitive Neurolab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Rambla del Poblenou 156, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto Brain360, Unidad Neuromodulación y Neuroimagen, Calle Maó 9, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Redolar-Ripoll
- Cognitive Neurolab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Rambla del Poblenou 156, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto Brain360, Unidad Neuromodulación y Neuroimagen, Calle Maó 9, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Quesada C, Fauchon C, Pommier B, Bergandi F, Peyron R, Mertens P, Garcia-Larrea L. Field recordings of transcranial magnetic stimulation in human brain postmortem models. Pain Rep 2024; 9:e1134. [PMID: 38375090 PMCID: PMC10876241 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to deliver a magnetic field (MF) in deep brain targets is debated and poorly documented. Objective To quantify the decay of MF in the human brain. Methods Magnetic field was generated by single pulses of TMS delivered at maximum intensity using a flat or angulated coil. Magnetic field was recorded by a 3D-magnetic probe. Decay was measured in the air using both coils and in the head of 10 postmortem human heads with the flat coil being positioned tangential to the scalp. Magnetic field decay was interpreted as a function of distance to the coil for 6 potential brain targets of noninvasive brain stimulation: the primary motor cortex (M1, mean depth: 28.5 mm), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC: 28 mm), secondary somatosensory cortex (S2: 35.5 mm), posterior and anterior insulae (PI: 38.5 mm; AI: 43.5 mm), and midcingulate cortex (MCC: 57.5 mm). Results In air, the maximal MF intensities at coil center were 0.88 and 0.77 T for the flat and angulated coils, respectively. The maximal intracranial MF intensity in the cadaver model was 0.34 T, with a ∼50% decay at 15 mm and a ∼75% MF decay at 30 mm. The decay of the MF in air was similar for the flat coil and significantly less attenuated with the angulated coil (a ∼50% decay at 20 mm and a ∼75% MF decay at 45 mm). Conclusions Transcranial magnetic stimulation coil MFs decay in brain structures similarly as in air, attenuation with distance being significantly lower with angulated coils. Reaching brain targets deeper than 20 mm such as the insula or Antérior Cingulate Cortex seems feasible only when using angulated coils. The abacus of MF attenuation provided here can be used to adjust modalities of deep brain stimulation with rTMS in future research protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Quesada
- NeuroPain Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UJM & UCBL, Lyon, France
- Physiotherapy Department, Sciences of Rehabilitation Institute (ISTR), University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Fauchon
- NeuroPain Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UJM & UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Pommier
- NeuroPain Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UJM & UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Florian Bergandi
- University of Medecine Jacques Lisfranc, Anatomy Laboratory, UJM, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Roland Peyron
- NeuroPain Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UJM & UCBL, Lyon, France
- Neurological Department & CETD, University Hospital, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Patrick Mertens
- NeuroPain Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UJM & UCBL, Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Saint-Etienne and Lyon, France
- CETD Neurological Hospital Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Luis Garcia-Larrea
- NeuroPain Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UJM & UCBL, Lyon, France
- CETD Neurological Hospital Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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5
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Albishi AM. Why do different motor cortical areas activate the same muscles? Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:2017-2024. [PMID: 37709903 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The cortex contains multiple motor areas, including the primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA). Many muscles are represented in both the M1 and SMA, but the reason for this dual representation remains unclear. Previous work has shown that the M1 and SMA representations of a specific human muscle can be differentiated according to their functional connectivity with different brain areas located outside of the motor cortex. It is our perspective that this differential functional connectivity may be the neural substrate that allows an individual muscle to be accessed by distinct neural processes, such as those implementing volitional vs. postural task control. Here, we review existing human and animal literature suggesting how muscles are represented in the M1 and SMA and how these brain regions have distinct functions. We also discuss potential studies to further elucidate the distinct roles of the SMA and M1 in normal and dysfunctional motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Albishi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences-Physical Therapy Division, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Finn ES, Poldrack RA, Shine JM. Functional neuroimaging as a catalyst for integrated neuroscience. Nature 2023; 623:263-273. [PMID: 37938706 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enables non-invasive access to the awake, behaving human brain. By tracking whole-brain signals across a diverse range of cognitive and behavioural states or mapping differences associated with specific traits or clinical conditions, fMRI has advanced our understanding of brain function and its links to both normal and atypical behaviour. Despite this headway, progress in human cognitive neuroscience that uses fMRI has been relatively isolated from rapid advances in other subdomains of neuroscience, which themselves are also somewhat siloed from one another. In this Perspective, we argue that fMRI is well-placed to integrate the diverse subfields of systems, cognitive, computational and clinical neuroscience. We first summarize the strengths and weaknesses of fMRI as an imaging tool, then highlight examples of studies that have successfully used fMRI in each subdomain of neuroscience. We then provide a roadmap for the future advances that will be needed to realize this integrative vision. In this way, we hope to demonstrate how fMRI can help usher in a new era of interdisciplinary coherence in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Finn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Dartmouth, NH, USA.
| | | | - James M Shine
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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7
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Vatrano M, Nemirovsky IE, Tonin P, Riganello F. Assessing Consciousness through Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation: Possibilities and Challenges. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1675. [PMID: 37629532 PMCID: PMC10455583 DOI: 10.3390/life13081675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback is a non-invasive therapeutic approach that has gained traction in recent years, showing promising results for various neurological and psychiatric conditions. It involves real-time monitoring of brain activity, allowing individuals to gain control over their own brainwaves and improve cognitive performance or alleviate symptoms. The use of electroencephalography (EEG), such as brain-computer interface (BCI), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), has been instrumental in developing neurofeedback techniques. However, the application of these tools in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) presents unique challenges. In this narrative review, we explore the use of neurofeedback in treating patients with DoC. More specifically, we discuss the advantages and challenges of using tools such as EEG neurofeedback, tDCS, TMS, and BCI for these conditions. Ultimately, we hope to provide the neuroscientific community with a comprehensive overview of neurofeedback and emphasize its potential therapeutic applications in severe cases of impaired consciousness levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vatrano
- S. Anna Institute, Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation, Via Siris, 11, 88900 Crotone, Italy;
| | - Idan Efim Nemirovsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Paolo Tonin
- S. Anna Institute, Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation, Via Siris, 11, 88900 Crotone, Italy;
| | - Francesco Riganello
- S. Anna Institute, Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation, Via Siris, 11, 88900 Crotone, Italy;
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8
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Jannati A, Oberman LM, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A. Assessing the mechanisms of brain plasticity by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:191-208. [PMID: 36198876 PMCID: PMC9700722 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique for focal brain stimulation based on electromagnetic induction where a fluctuating magnetic field induces a small intracranial electric current in the brain. For more than 35 years, TMS has shown promise in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders in adults. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the TMS technique with a focus on repetitive TMS (rTMS) protocols, particularly theta-burst stimulation (TBS), and relevant rTMS-derived metrics of brain plasticity. We then discuss the TMS-EEG technique, the use of neuronavigation in TMS, the neural substrate of TBS measures of plasticity, the inter- and intraindividual variability of those measures, effects of age and genetic factors on TBS aftereffects, and then summarize alterations of TMS-TBS measures of plasticity in major neurological and psychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, depression, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes. Finally, we discuss the translational studies of TMS-TBS measures of plasticity and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jannati
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lindsay M Oberman
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.
- Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Institut Guttmann, Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Boosting psychological change: Combining non-invasive brain stimulation with psychotherapy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104867. [PMID: 36122739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mental health disorders and substance use disorders are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and one of the most important challenges for public health systems. While evidence-based psychotherapy is generally pursued to address mental health challenges, psychological change is often hampered by non-adherence to treatments, relapses, and practical barriers (e.g., time, cost). In recent decades, Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have emerged as promising tools to directly target dysfunctional neural circuitry and promote long-lasting plastic changes. While the therapeutic efficacy of NIBS protocols for mental illnesses has been established, neuromodulatory interventions might also be employed to support the processes activated by psychotherapy. Indeed, combining psychotherapy with NIBS might help tailor the treatment to the patient's unique characteristics and therapeutic goal, and would allow more direct control of the neuronal changes induced by therapy. Herein, we overview emerging evidence on the use of NIBS to enhance the psychotherapeutic effect, while highlighting the next steps in advancing clinical and research methods toward personalized intervention approaches.
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10
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Siebner HR, Funke K, Aberra AS, Antal A, Bestmann S, Chen R, Classen J, Davare M, Di Lazzaro V, Fox PT, Hallett M, Karabanov AN, Kesselheim J, Beck MM, Koch G, Liebetanz D, Meunier S, Miniussi C, Paulus W, Peterchev AV, Popa T, Ridding MC, Thielscher A, Ziemann U, Rothwell JC, Ugawa Y. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: What is stimulated? - A consensus and critical position paper. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 140:59-97. [PMID: 35738037 PMCID: PMC9753778 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial (electro)magnetic stimulation (TMS) is currently the method of choice to non-invasively induce neural activity in the human brain. A single transcranial stimulus induces a time-varying electric field in the brain that may evoke action potentials in cortical neurons. The spatial relationship between the locally induced electric field and the stimulated neurons determines axonal depolarization. The induced electric field is influenced by the conductive properties of the tissue compartments and is strongest in the superficial parts of the targeted cortical gyri and underlying white matter. TMS likely targets axons of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The propensity of individual axons to fire an action potential in response to TMS depends on their geometry, myelination and spatial relation to the imposed electric field and the physiological state of the neuron. The latter is determined by its transsynaptic dendritic and somatic inputs, intrinsic membrane potential and firing rate. Modeling work suggests that the primary target of TMS is axonal terminals in the crown top and lip regions of cortical gyri. The induced electric field may additionally excite bends of myelinated axons in the juxtacortical white matter below the gyral crown. Neuronal excitation spreads ortho- and antidromically along the stimulated axons and causes secondary excitation of connected neuronal populations within local intracortical microcircuits in the target area. Axonal and transsynaptic spread of excitation also occurs along cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical connections, impacting on neuronal activity in the targeted network. Both local and remote neural excitation depend critically on the functional state of the stimulated target area and network. TMS also causes substantial direct co-stimulation of the peripheral nervous system. Peripheral co-excitation propagates centrally in auditory and somatosensory networks, but also produces brain responses in other networks subserving multisensory integration, orienting or arousal. The complexity of the response to TMS warrants cautious interpretation of its physiological and behavioural consequences, and a deeper understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of TMS will be critical for advancing it as a scientific and therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartwig R Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Klaus Funke
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aman S Aberra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Bestmann
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Chen
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network and Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Davare
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anke N Karabanov
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Nutrition and Exercise, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janine Kesselheim
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Mikkel M Beck
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Laboratorio di NeurologiaClinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - David Liebetanz
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Meunier
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS 4 UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Italy; Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di DioFatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Angel V Peterchev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Traian Popa
- Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Michael C Ridding
- University of South Australia, IIMPACT in Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan; Fukushima Global Medical Science Centre, Advanced Clinical Research Centre, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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11
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Peripheral Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation(rTMS) for Idiopathic Facial Nerve Palsy: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:7536783. [PMID: 35875789 PMCID: PMC9300274 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7536783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of peripheral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of idiopathic facial paralysis, to explore an ideal treatment scheme for idiopathic facial paralysis, and to provide evidence for clinical rehabilitation. Methods 65 patients with idiopathic facial nerve palsy with the first onset were recruited and randomly divided into rTMS group and control group. Both groups received conventional treatment, rTMS group received additional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the affected side once a day, 5 times a week for 2 weeks. House-Brackmann (HB) grading scale, Sunnybrook facial grading system (SFGS), and modified Portmann scale (MPS) were used to assess facial nerve function before and after treatment, and the time for patients to return to normal facial nerve function and adverse reaction (AR) was also the main observation index. Results After a 2-week intervention, HB, SFGS, and MPS increased in both groups (P < 0.01); the improvement of HB, SFGS, and MPS in rTMS group was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.01). The effective improvement rate of the TMS group after 2 weeks was 90.0%, and that of the control group was 53.3%, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusions Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a safe and effective noninvasive method for the treatment of idiopathic facial paralysis, which can significantly accelerate the recovery of facial nerve function and provide a new treatment idea for further improving the prognosis of patients with idiopathic facial paralysis.
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Mohammadi S, Rafii-Tabar H, Sasanpour P. A modeling study of the effect of an alternating magnetic field on magnetite nanoparticles in proximity of the neuronal microtubules: A proposed mechanism for detachment of tau proteins. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 222:106913. [PMID: 35738092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE It is known that the disintegration of microtubules in neurons occurs in response to the phosphorylation of the tau proteins that promotes the structural instability of the microtubules, as one of the factors underlying the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS In this study, the mechanical variations undergone by the tau protein's and microtubule's structures due to the action of intrinsic magnetite nanoparticles inside the brain tissue have been computationally modeled using the finite element (FEM) method. RESULTS The von Mises stress induced by magnetite nanoparticles, subject to an applied alternating magnetic field, leads to local heating and mechanical forces, prompting a corresponding deformation in, and displacement of, the microtubule and the tau protein. CONCLUSIONS The induction of these deformations would increase the probability of the microtubules' depolymerization, and hence their eventual structural disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simah Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hashem Rafii-Tabar
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; The Physics Branch of Iran Academy of Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Pezhman Sasanpour
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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The Use of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulations for the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA CARE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/traumacare2020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive procedure in which brain neural activity is stimulated by the direct application of a magnetic field to the scalp. Despite its wide and continuous usage for the management of psychiatric disorders, the use of rTMS for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is not well established and evaluated by researchers. This scoping review seeks to explore the relevant literature available regarding the use of rTMS as a mode of treatment for PTSD, to map evidence in support of the use of rTMS for PTSD, and recommendations on future clinical and research work. Five databases were searched (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Psych INFO, SCOPUS, and EMBASE) to identify empirical studies and randomized controlled trials aimed at the treatment of PTSD with rTMS. A total of 10 studies were eligible for this review. The search results are up to date as of the date of the electronic data search of 20 December 2020. The frequencies applied in the studies ranged from low (1 Hz) to high (10 Hz) at different thresholds. Nine reported significant positive outcomes and PTSD symptoms improvement. rTMS was reported as well tolerated with no significant side effects. The application of rTMS for PTSD looks promising despite the diversity in terms of its outcomes and its clinical significance. Studies with well-defined stimulation parameters need to be conducted in the future.
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Sanches C, Amzallag F, Dubois B, Lévy R, Truong DQ, Bikson M, Teichmann M, Valero-Cabré A. Evaluation of the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on language impairments in the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac050. [PMID: 35356034 PMCID: PMC8963324 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by bilateral atrophy of the prefrontal cortex, gradual deterioration of behavioural and executive capacities, a breakdown of language initiation and impaired search mechanisms in the lexicon. To date, only a few studies have analysed the modulation of language deficits in the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia patients with transcranial direct current stimulation, yet with inconsistent results. Our goal was to assess the impact on language performance of a single session of transcranial direct current stimulation on patients with the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Using a sham-controlled double-blind crossover design in a cohort of behavioural frontotemporal dementia patients (n = 12), we explored the impact on language performance of a single transcranial direct current stimulation session delivering anodal or cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation, over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, compared with sham stimulation. A Letter fluency and a Picture naming task were performed prior and following transcranial direct current stimulation, to assess modulatory effects on language. Behavioural frontotemporal dementia patients were impaired in all evaluation tasks at baseline compared with healthy controls. Computational finite element method (FEM) models of cortical field distribution corroborated expected impacts of left-anodal and right-cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and showed lower radial field strength in case of atrophy. However, none of the two tasks showed statistically significant evidence of language improvement caused by active transcranial direct current stimulation compared with sham. Our findings do not argue in favour of pre-therapeutic effects and suggest that stimulation strategies evaluating the modulatory role of transcranial direct current stimulation in the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia must carefully weigh the influence of symptom severity and cortical atrophy affecting prefrontal regions to ensure clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sanches
- Groupe de Dynamiques Cérébrales, Plasticité et Rééducation, FRONTLAB team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Amzallag
- Groupe de Dynamiques Cérébrales, Plasticité et Rééducation, FRONTLAB team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Groupe de Dynamiques Cérébrales, Plasticité et Rééducation, FRONTLAB team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for « PPA and rare dementias », Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Richard Lévy
- Groupe de Dynamiques Cérébrales, Plasticité et Rééducation, FRONTLAB team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for « PPA and rare dementias », Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Dennis Q. Truong
- Neural Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Neural Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Teichmann
- Groupe de Dynamiques Cérébrales, Plasticité et Rééducation, FRONTLAB team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for « PPA and rare dementias », Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Antoni Valero-Cabré
- Groupe de Dynamiques Cérébrales, Plasticité et Rééducation, FRONTLAB team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Laboratory for Cerebral Dynamics Plasticity and Rehabilitation, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Information Technology Research Program, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Ramalho BL, Moly J, Raffin E, Bouet R, Harquel S, Farnè A, Reilly KT. Face-hand sensorimotor interactions revealed by afferent inhibition. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:189-200. [PMID: 34796553 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reorganization of the sensorimotor cortex following permanent (e.g., amputation) or temporary (e.g., local anaesthesia) deafferentation of the hand has revealed large-scale plastic changes between the hand and face representations that are accompanied by perceptual correlates. The physiological mechanisms underlying this reorganization remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate sensorimotor interactions between the face and hand using an afferent inhibition transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol in which the motor evoked potential elicited by the magnetic pulse is inhibited when it is preceded by an afferent stimulus. We hypothesized that if face and hand representations in the sensorimotor cortex are functionally coupled, then electrocutaneous stimulation of the face would inhibit hand muscle motor responses. In two separate experiments, we delivered an electrocutaneous stimulus to either the skin over the right upper lip (Experiment 1) or right cheek (Experiment 2) and recorded muscular activity from the right first dorsal interosseous. Both lip and cheek stimulation inhibited right first dorsal interosseous motor evoked potentials. To investigate the specificity of this effect, we conducted two additional experiments in which electrocutaneous stimulation was applied to either the right forearm (Experiment 3) or right upper arm (Experiment 4). Forearm and upper arm stimulation also significantly inhibited the right first dorsal interosseous motor evoked potentials, but this inhibition was less robust than the inhibition associated with face stimulation. These findings provide the first evidence for face-to-hand afferent inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bia Lima Ramalho
- IMPACT and Trajectoires Teams, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Neurobiology II, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics Jamil Haddad, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julien Moly
- IMPACT and Trajectoires Teams, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Estelle Raffin
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - Romain Bouet
- University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team - DyCog, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CRNS-UMR5292, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition - LPNC, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5105, Grenoble, France.,IRMaGe, University Grenoble-Alpes, CHU Grenoble Alpes, INSERM US17, CNRS UMS3552, Grenoble, France
| | - Alessandro Farnè
- IMPACT and Trajectoires Teams, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-immersion, Mouvement and Handicap, Lyon, France.,Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Karen T Reilly
- IMPACT and Trajectoires Teams, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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Precise Modulation Strategies for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Advances and Future Directions. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1718-1734. [PMID: 34609737 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a popular modulatory technique for the noninvasive diagnosis and therapy of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Unfortunately, current modulation strategies are only modestly effective. The literature provides strong evidence that the modulatory effects of TMS vary depending on device components and stimulation protocols. These differential effects are important when designing precise modulatory strategies for clinical or research applications. Developments in TMS have been accompanied by advances in combining TMS with neuroimaging techniques, including electroencephalography, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. Such studies appear particularly promising as they may not only allow us to probe affected brain areas during TMS but also seem to predict underlying research directions that may enable us to precisely target and remodel impaired cortices or circuits. However, few precise modulation strategies are available, and the long-term safety and efficacy of these strategies need to be confirmed. Here, we review the literature on possible technologies for precise modulation to highlight progress along with limitations with the goal of suggesting future directions for this field.
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17
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Adu MK, Eboreime E, Sapara AO, Greenshaw AJ, Chue P, Agyapong VIO. The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a scoping review. Ment Illn 2021; 13:1-13. [PMID: 35432816 PMCID: PMC8936147 DOI: 10.1108/mij-05-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This paper aims to explore the relevant literature available regarding the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a mode of treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); to evaluate the evidence to support the use of rTMS as a treatment option for OCD. Design/methodology/approach The authors electronically conducted data search in five research databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Psych INFO, SCOPUS and EMBASE) using all identified keywords and index terms across all the databases to identify empirical studies and randomized controlled trials. The authors included articles published with randomized control designs, which aimed at the treatment of OCD with rTMS. Only full-text published articles written in English were reviewed. Review articles on treatment for conditions other than OCD were excluded. The Covidence software was used to manage and streamline the review. Findings Despite the inconsistencies in the published literature, the application of rTMS over the supplementary motor area and the orbitofrontal cortex has proven to be promising in efficacy and tolerability compared with other target regions such as the prefrontal cortex for the treatment of OCD. Despite the diversity in terms of the outcomes and clinical variability of the studies under review, rTMS appears to be a promising treatment intervention for OCD. Research limitations/implications The authors of this scoping review acknowledge several limitations. First, the search strategy considered only studies published in English and the results are up to date as the last day of the electronic data search of December 10, 2020. Though every effort was made to identify all relevant studies for the purposes of this review per the eligibility criteria, the authors still may have missed some relevant studies, especially those published in other languages. Originality/value This review brought to bare the varying literature on the application of rTMS and what is considered gaps in the knowledge in this area in an attempt to evaluate and provide information on the potential therapeutic effects of rTMS for OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medard Kofi Adu
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Ejemai Eboreime
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | | | - Andrew James Greenshaw
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Pierre Chue
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
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Sanches C, Stengel C, Godard J, Mertz J, Teichmann M, Migliaccio R, Valero-Cabré A. Past, Present, and Future of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Approaches to Treat Cognitive Impairment in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Time for a Comprehensive Critical Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:578339. [PMID: 33551785 PMCID: PMC7854576 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.578339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birth rates and increasing life expectancy experienced by developed societies have placed an unprecedented pressure on governments and the health system to deal effectively with the human, social and financial burden associated to aging-related diseases. At present, ∼24 million people worldwide suffer from cognitive neurodegenerative diseases, a prevalence that doubles every five years. Pharmacological therapies and cognitive training/rehabilitation have generated temporary hope and, occasionally, proof of mild relief. Nonetheless, these approaches are yet to demonstrate a meaningful therapeutic impact and changes in prognosis. We here review evidence gathered for nearly a decade on non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), a less known therapeutic strategy aiming to limit cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative conditions. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, two of the most popular NIBS technologies, use electrical fields generated non-invasively in the brain to long-lastingly enhance the excitability/activity of key brain regions contributing to relevant cognitive processes. The current comprehensive critical review presents proof-of-concept evidence and meaningful cognitive outcomes of NIBS in eight of the most prevalent neurodegenerative pathologies affecting cognition: Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Primary Progressive Aphasias (PPA), behavioral variant of Frontotemporal Dementia, Corticobasal Syndrome, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and Posterior Cortical Atrophy. We analyzed a total of 70 internationally published studies: 33 focusing on Alzheimer's disease, 19 on PPA and 18 on the remaining neurodegenerative pathologies. The therapeutic benefit and clinical significance of NIBS remains inconclusive, in particular given the lack of a sufficient number of double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials using multiday stimulation regimes, the heterogeneity of the protocols, and adequate behavioral and neuroimaging response biomarkers, able to show lasting effects and an impact on prognosis. The field remains promising but, to make further progress, research efforts need to take in account the latest evidence of the anatomical and neurophysiological features underlying cognitive deficits in these patient populations. Moreover, as the development of in vivo biomarkers are ongoing, allowing for an early diagnosis of these neuro-cognitive conditions, one could consider a scenario in which NIBS treatment will be personalized and made part of a cognitive rehabilitation program, or useful as a potential adjunct to drug therapies since the earliest stages of suh diseases. Research should also integrate novel knowledge on the mechanisms and constraints guiding the impact of electrical and magnetic fields on cerebral tissues and brain activity, and incorporate the principles of information-based neurostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sanches
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, FRONTLAB Team, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U 1127, Institut du Cerveau, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Stengel
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, FRONTLAB Team, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U 1127, Institut du Cerveau, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Godard
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, FRONTLAB Team, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U 1127, Institut du Cerveau, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Justine Mertz
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, FRONTLAB Team, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U 1127, Institut du Cerveau, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Marc Teichmann
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, FRONTLAB Team, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U 1127, Institut du Cerveau, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Rare or Early Onset Dementias, Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Raffaella Migliaccio
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, FRONTLAB Team, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U 1127, Institut du Cerveau, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Rare or Early Onset Dementias, Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Antoni Valero-Cabré
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, FRONTLAB Team, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U 1127, Institut du Cerveau, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Laboratory for Cerebral Dynamics Plasticity & Rehabilitation, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Information Technology Research Program, Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
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Mathias B, Sureth L, Hartwigsen G, Macedonia M, Mayer KM, von Kriegstein K. Visual Sensory Cortices Causally Contribute to Auditory Word Recognition Following Sensorimotor-Enriched Vocabulary Training. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:513-528. [PMID: 32959878 PMCID: PMC7727387 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a rise in the use of "learning by doing" pedagogical methods in praxis, little is known as to how the brain benefits from these methods. Learning by doing strategies that utilize complementary information ("enrichment") such as gestures have been shown to optimize learning outcomes in several domains including foreign language (L2) training. Here we tested the hypothesis that behavioral benefits of gesture-based enrichment are critically supported by integrity of the biological motion visual cortices (bmSTS). Prior functional neuroimaging work has implicated the visual motion cortices in L2 translation following sensorimotor-enriched training; the current study is the first to investigate the causal relevance of these structures in learning by doing contexts. Using neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and a gesture-enriched L2 vocabulary learning paradigm, we found that the bmSTS causally contributed to behavioral benefits of gesture-enriched learning. Visual motion cortex integrity benefitted both short- and long-term learning outcomes, as well as the learning of concrete and abstract words. These results adjudicate between opposing predictions of two neuroscientific learning theories: While reactivation-based theories predict no functional role of specialized sensory cortices in vocabulary learning outcomes, the current study supports the predictive coding theory view that these cortices precipitate sensorimotor-based learning benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mathias
- Chair of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Research Group Neural Mechanisms of Human Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leona Sureth
- Research Group Neural Mechanisms of Human Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela Macedonia
- Research Group Neural Mechanisms of Human Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Information Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Katja M Mayer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina von Kriegstein
- Chair of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Research Group Neural Mechanisms of Human Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Agadagba SK, Li X, Chan LLH. Excitation of the Pre-frontal and Primary Visual Cortex in Response to Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation in Retinal Degeneration Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:572299. [PMID: 33162879 PMCID: PMC7584448 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.572299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration (rd) is one of the leading causes of blindness in the modern world today. Various strategies including electrical stimulation are being researched for the restoration of partial or complete vision. Previous studies have demonstrated that the effectiveness of electrical stimulation in somatosensory, frontal and visual cortices is dependent on stimulation parameters including stimulation frequency and brain states. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of applying a prolonged electrical stimulation on the eye of rd mice with various stimulation frequencies, in awake and anesthetized brain states. We recorded spontaneous electrocorticogram (ECoG) neural activity in prefrontal cortex and primary visual cortex in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) after prolonged (5-day) transcorneal electrical stimulation (pTES) at various frequencies (2, 10, and 20 Hz). We evaluated the absolute power and coherence of spontaneous ECoG neural activities in contralateral primary visual cortex (contra Vcx) and contralateral pre-frontal cortex (contra PFx). Under the awake state, the absolute power of theta, alpha and beta oscillations in contra Vcx, at 10 Hz stimulation, was higher than in the sham group. Under the anesthetized state, the absolute power of medium-, high-, and ultra-high gamma oscillations in the contra PFx, at 2 Hz stimulation, was higher than in the sham group. We also observed that the ultra-high gamma band coherence in contra Vcx-contra PFx was higher than in the sham group, with both 10 and 20 Hz stimulation frequencies. Our results showed that pTES modulates rd brain oscillations in a frequency and brain state-dependent manner. These findings suggest that non-invasive electrical stimulation of retina changes patterns of neural oscillations in the brain circuitry. This also provides a starting point for investigating the sustained effect of electrical stimulation of the retina to brain activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Agadagba
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Leanne Lai Hang Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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21
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Kasten FH, Herrmann CS. Discrete sampling in perception via neuronal oscillations-Evidence from rhythmic, non-invasive brain stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 55:3402-3417. [PMID: 33048382 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A variety of perceptual phenomena suggest that, in contrast to our everyday experience, our perception may be discrete rather than continuous. The possibility of such discrete sampling processes inevitably prompts the question of how such discretization is implemented in the brain. Evidence from neurophysiological measurements suggest that neural oscillations, particularly in the lower frequencies, may provide a mechanism by which such discretization can be implemented. It is hypothesized that cortical excitability is rhythmically enhanced or reduced along the positive and negative half-cycle of such oscillations. In recent years, rhythmic non-invasive brain stimulation approaches such as rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) are increasingly used to test this hypothesis. Both methods are thought to entrain endogenous brain oscillations, allowing them to alter their power, frequency, and phase in order to study their roles in perception. After a brief introduction to the core mechanisms of both methods, we will provide an overview of rTMS and tACS studies probing the role of brain oscillations for discretized perception in different domains and will contrast these results with unsuccessful attempts. Further, we will discuss methodological pitfalls and challenges associated with the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian H Kasten
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Cluster of Excellence "Hearing for All", European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany.,Neuroimaging Unit, European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph S Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Cluster of Excellence "Hearing for All", European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany.,Neuroimaging Unit, European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
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22
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Leung V, Stambaugh M, Abbasi S, Asbeck P, Gough D, Makale M, Murphy KT. A Compact Battery-Powered rTMS Prototype. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:3852-3855. [PMID: 33018841 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the design and testing of a compact, battery-powered repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) prototype. This device generates a 10 Hz magnetic pulse train with peak flux density of 100 mT at 2 cm distance. Circuit component design, including the inductor, switched LC resonator, and boost converter, are discussed in the context of weight and size reduction, and performance optimization. The experimental approach and rationale together with acquired results validating the rTMS prototype design are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive feasibility demonstration of an inexpensive, lightweight, and portable rTMS device able to generate therapeutic levels of current, pulse rise time, and number of pulses. The generated magnetic field was kept to 0.1 Tesla for safety and testing considerations, but nevertheless was very close to therapeutic intensity, with driving circuitry scalable to support much stronger fields.Clinical Relevance- This feasibility study of a compact, battery-powered rTMS prototype test platform aims to enable broader and more convenient rTMS treatment at home, in a small clinic, vessel, or field hospital, and potentially, on an ambulatory basis.
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23
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Cui X, Ren W, Zheng Z, Li J. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improved Source Memory and Modulated Recollection-Based Retrieval in Healthy Older Adults. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1137. [PMID: 32636777 PMCID: PMC7316954 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Source memory is one of the cognitive abilities that are most vulnerable to aging. Luckily, the brain plasticity could be modulated to counteract the decline. The repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a relatively non-invasive neuro-modulatory technique, could directly modulate neural excitability in the targeted cortical areas. Here, we are interested in whether the application of rTMS could enhance the source memory performance in healthy older adults. In addition, event-related potentials (ERPs) were employed to explore the specific retrieval process that rTMS could affect. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the rTMS group or the sham group. The rTMS group received 10 sessions (20 min per session) of 10 Hz rTMS applying on the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (i.e., F4 site), and the sham group received 10 sessions of sham stimulation. Both groups performed source memory tests before and after the intervention while the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during the retrieval process. Behavioral results showed that the source memory performance was significantly improved after rTMS compared with the sham stimulation; ERPs results showed that during the retrieval phase, the left parietal old/new effect, which reflected the process of recollection common to both young and old adults, increased in the rTMS group compared with the sham stimulation group, whereas the late reversed old/new effect specific to the source retrieval of older adults showed similar attenuation after intervention in both groups. The present results suggested that rTMS could be an effective intervention to improve source memory performance in healthy older adults and that it selectively facilitated the youth-like recollection process during retrieval. This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) with the identifier chictr-ire-15006371.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Center on Aging Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weicong Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Center on Aging Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Center on Aging Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Center on Aging Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Pommier B, Quesada C, Nuti C, Peyron R, Vassal F. Is the analgesic effect of motor cortex stimulation somatotopically driven or not? Neurophysiol Clin 2020; 50:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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25
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Moretti J, Poh EZ, Rodger J. rTMS-Induced Changes in Glutamatergic and Dopaminergic Systems: Relevance to Cocaine and Methamphetamine Use Disorders. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:137. [PMID: 32210744 PMCID: PMC7068681 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder and methamphetamine use disorder are chronic, relapsing disorders with no US Food and Drug Administration-approved interventions. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation tool that has been increasingly investigated as a possible therapeutic intervention for substance use disorders. rTMS may have the ability to induce beneficial neuroplasticity in abnormal circuits and networks in individuals with addiction. The aim of this review is to highlight the rationale and potential for rTMS to treat cocaine and methamphetamine dependence: we synthesize the outcomes of studies in healthy humans and animal models to identify and understand the neurobiological mechanisms of rTMS that seem most involved in addiction, focusing on the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems. rTMS-induced changes to neurotransmitter systems include alterations to striatal dopamine release and metabolite levels, as well as to glutamate transporter and receptor expression, which may be relevant for ameliorating the aberrant plasticity observed in individuals with substance use disorders. We also discuss the clinical studies that have used rTMS in humans with cocaine and methamphetamine use disorders. Many such studies suggest changes in network connectivity following acute rTMS, which may underpin reduced craving following chronic rTMS. We suggest several possible future directions for research relating to the therapeutic potential of rTMS in addiction that would help fill current gaps in the literature. Such research would apply rTMS to animal models of addiction, developing a translational pipeline that would guide evidence-based rTMS treatment of cocaine and methamphetamine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Moretti
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Eugenia Z Poh
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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26
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Janssens SEW, Sack AT, Jessen S, de Graaf TA. Can processing of face trustworthiness bypass early visual cortex? A transcranial magnetic stimulation masking study. Neuropsychologia 2020; 137:107304. [PMID: 31838099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As a highly social species, we constantly evaluate human faces to decide whether we can trust someone. Previous studies suggest that face trustworthiness can be processed unconsciously, but the underlying neural pathways remain unclear. Specifically, the question remains whether processing of face trustworthiness relies on early visual cortex (EVC), required for conscious perception. If processing of trustworthiness can bypass EVC, then disrupting EVC should impair subjective (conscious) trustworthiness perception while leaving objective (forced-choice) trustworthiness judgment intact. We applied double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to right EVC, at different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) from presentation of a face in either the left or right hemifield. Faces were slightly rotated clockwise or counterclockwise, and were either trustworthy or untrustworthy. On each trial, participants discriminated 1) trustworthiness, 2) stimulus rotation, and 3) reported subjective visibility of trustworthiness. At early SOAs and specifically in the left hemifield, performance on the rotation task was impaired by TMS. Crucially, though TMS also impaired subjective visibility of trustworthiness, no effects on trustworthiness discrimination were obtained. Thus, conscious perception of face trustworthiness (captured by subjective visibility ratings) relies on intact EVC, while objective forced-choice trustworthiness judgments may not. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that objective trustworthiness processing can bypass EVC. For basic visual features, extrastriate pathways are well-established; but face trustworthiness depends on a complex configuration of features. Its potential processing without EVC is therefore of particular interest, further highlighting its ecological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanice E W Janssens
- Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre (MBIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Alexander T Sack
- Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre (MBIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Brain+Nerve Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Jessen
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tom A de Graaf
- Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre (MBIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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27
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Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Fronto-Parietal Networks: Modulation by Mental State. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2020; 5. [PMID: 32613082 PMCID: PMC7328938 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treats neuropsychiatric disorders, but effects of stimulation are highly state-dependent and in most therapeutic applications, mental state is not controlled. This exploratory proposal will test the broad hypothesis that when TMS, specifically intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), is applied during a controlled mental state, network changes will be facilitated, compared to stimulation when mental state is uncontrolled. We will focus on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the associated fronto-parietal network (FPN), which subserves cognitive control, an important neural and behavioral target of therapeutic TMS. After a baseline functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session, iTBS will be administered to 40 healthy subjects in three sessions over three days in a within-subjects, cross-over design: (1) dlPFC stimulation by iTBS alone, (2) dlPFC stimulation by iTBS while simultaneously performing a cognitive task, and (3) vertex (control) iTBS stimulation. Immediately after each iTBS session, we will measure blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activation during a cognitive control task (“n-back” task) and during the resting state, using BOLD connectivity and arterial spin labeling (ASL). We will test hypotheses that persisting neural changes and performance enhancement induced by iTBS to the dlPFC, compared to iTBS to the vertex, will affect the FPN, and these effects will be modulated by whether or not subjects receive iTBS when they are engaged in a cognitive control task. Demonstrating this interaction between iTBS and mental state will lay critical groundwork for future studies to show how controlling mental state during TMS can improve therapeutic effects.
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28
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Erbay MF, Zayman EP, Erbay LG, Ünal S. Evaluation of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Efficiency in Major Depressive Disorder Patients: A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. Psychiatry Investig 2019; 16:745-750. [PMID: 31550877 PMCID: PMC6801313 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.07.17.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). This study evaluated the antidepressant effect of rTMS and examined how it affected N-asetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), lactate (Lac), myoinositol (mIns), glutamate (Glu), glutathione (GSH), and glutamine (Gln) metabolite levels in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of MDD patients who were not receiving antidepressant medication. METHODS In total, 18 patients (10 female, 8 male) were evaluated. Each patient underwent H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) before and within 3 days of completion of TMS therapy. All patients completed 20 sessions of rTMS directed at the left DLPFC over a 2-week period. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) scores of patients were calculated, and their responses to treatment were assessed within 1-3 days of completion of TMS. RESULTS We found statistically significant differences in HAMD scores before and after rTMS. Moreover, the peak metabolite ratios of NAA/Cr, GSH/Cr, and Gln/Cr were significantly higher after rTMS compared to those before rTMS. CONCLUSION Increased understanding of the mechanism of action of TMS will improve its application and may stimulate development of new-generation therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Süheyla Ünal
- Department of Psychiatry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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29
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Song D, Chang D, Zhang J, Peng W, Shang Y, Gao X, Wang Z. Reduced brain entropy by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in healthy young adults. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 13:421-429. [PMID: 29629499 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Entropy indicates system irregularity and the capacity for information processing. Recent research has identified interesting voxel-wise entropy distribution patterns in normal brain and its changes due to aging and brain disorders. A question of great scientific and clinical importance is whether brain entropy (BEN) can be modulated using non-invasive neuromodulations. The purpose of this study was to address this open question using high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). BEN was calculated from resting state fMRI at each voxel acquired before and after applying 20 Hz rTMS or SHAM (control) stimulation. As compared to SHAM, 20 Hz rTMS reduced BEN in medial orbito-frontal cortex and subgenial anterior cingulate cortex (MOFC/sgACC), suggesting a reduced information processing therein, probably as a result of the enhanced top-down regulation by the left DLPFC rTMS. No significant changes were observed to the functional connectivity (FC) between the left DLPFC (the target site) to the rest of the brain, suggesting that rTMS may not affect FC though it might use FC to transfer its effects or the ad hoc information. Our data proved that rTMS can modulate BEN and BEN can be used to monitor rTMS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Song
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou Road, Building 7, Zhejiang, Province, 310005, Hangzhou, China
| | - Da Chang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou Road, Building 7, Zhejiang, Province, 310005, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou Road, Building 7, Zhejiang, Province, 310005, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou Road, Building 7, Zhejiang, Province, 310005, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqi Shang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou Road, Building 7, Zhejiang, Province, 310005, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou Road, Building 7, Zhejiang, Province, 310005, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou Road, Building 7, Zhejiang, Province, 310005, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Radiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3401 N Broad Street, 1st Floor, Radiology, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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30
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Caldwell DJ, Ojemann JG, Rao RPN. Direct Electrical Stimulation in Electrocorticographic Brain-Computer Interfaces: Enabling Technologies for Input to Cortex. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:804. [PMID: 31440127 PMCID: PMC6692891 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocorticographic brain computer interfaces (ECoG-BCIs) offer tremendous opportunities for restoring function in individuals suffering from neurological damage and for advancing basic neuroscience knowledge. ECoG electrodes are already commonly used clinically for monitoring epilepsy and have greater spatial specificity in recording neuronal activity than techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG). Much work to date in the field has focused on using ECoG signals recorded from cortex as control outputs for driving end effectors. An equally important but less explored application of an ECoG-BCI is directing input into cortex using ECoG electrodes for direct electrical stimulation (DES). Combining DES with ECoG recording enables a truly bidirectional BCI, where information is both read from and written to the brain. We discuss the advantages and opportunities, as well as the barriers and challenges presented by using DES in an ECoG-BCI. In this article, we review ECoG electrodes, the physics and physiology of DES, and the use of electrical stimulation of the brain for the clinical treatment of disorders such as epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease. We briefly discuss some of the translational, regulatory, financial, and ethical concerns regarding ECoG-BCIs. Next, we describe the use of ECoG-based DES for providing sensory feedback and for probing and modifying cortical connectivity. We explore future directions, which may draw on invasive animal studies with penetrating and surface electrodes as well as non-invasive stimulation methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We conclude by describing enabling technologies, such as smaller ECoG electrodes for more precise targeting of cortical areas, signal processing strategies for simultaneous stimulation and recording, and computational modeling and algorithms for tailoring stimulation to each individual brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Caldwell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rajesh P N Rao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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31
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Trevizol AP, Blumberger DM. An Update on Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:747-762. [PMID: 31206624 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has emerged as an evidenced-based treatment for major depression that does not respond to standard first-line therapies. The majority of data support the use of high-frequency (10 Hz) treatment delivered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Intermittent theta burst stimulation is a new emerging treatment that reduces the time required to deliver treatment and can increase capacity and access to this treatment. This review will comprehensively cover recent advancements in the field of rTMS for depression, including stimulation parameters and targets aimed at enhancing outcomes. In addition, efforts to use modern neuroscience tools to personalize this treatment and optimize outcomes will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson P Trevizol
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Banerjee S, Grover S, Sridharan D. Unraveling Causal Mechanisms of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Visuospatial Attention with Non-invasive Brain Stimulation. J Indian Inst Sci 2019; 97:451-475. [PMID: 31231154 PMCID: PMC6588534 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-017-0046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Attention is a process of selection that allows us to intelligently navigate the abundance of information in our world. Attention can be either directed voluntarily based on internal goals-"top-down" or goal-directed attention-or captured automatically, by salient stimuli-"bottom-up" or stimulus-driven attention. Do these two modes of attention control arise from same or different brain circuits? Do they share similar or distinct neural mechanisms? In this review, we explore this dichotomy between the neural bases of top-down and bottom-up attention control, with a special emphasis on insights gained from non-invasive neurostimulation techniques, specifically, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS enables spatially focal and temporally precise manipulation of brain activity. We explore a significant literature devoted to investigating the role of fronto-parietal brain regions in top-down and bottom-up attention with TMS, and highlight key areas of convergence and debate. We also discuss recent advances in combinatorial paradigms that combine TMS with other imaging modalities, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging or electroencephalography. These paradigms are beginning to bridge essential gaps in our understanding of the neural pathways by which TMS affects behavior, and will prove invaluable for unraveling mechanisms of attention control, both in health and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjna Banerjee
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Shrey Grover
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Devarajan Sridharan
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
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33
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Yeh N, Rose NS. How Can Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Be Used to Modulate Episodic Memory?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2019; 10:993. [PMID: 31263433 PMCID: PMC6584914 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to synthesize the existing literature on how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to modulate episodic memory. Given the numerous parameters of TMS protocols and experimental design characteristics that can be manipulated, a mechanistic understanding of how changes in the combination of parameters (e.g., frequency, timing, intensity, targeted brain region, memory task) modulate episodic memory is needed. To address this, we reviewed 59 studies and conducted a meta-analysis on 245 effect sizes from 37 articles on healthy younger adults (N = 1,061). Analyses revealed generally more beneficial effects of 1-Hz rTMS vs. other frequencies on episodic memory. Moderation analyses revealed complex interactions as online 20-Hz rTMS protocols led to negative effects, while offline 20-Hz rTMS led to enhancing effects. There was also an interaction between stimulation intensity and frequency as 20-Hz rTMS had more negative effects when applied below- vs. at-motor threshold. Conversely, 1-Hz rTMS had more beneficial effects than other frequencies when applied below- vs. at- or above-motor threshold. No reliable aggregate or hypothesized interactions were found when assessing stimulation site (frontal vs. parietal cortex, left vs. right hemisphere), stimulated memory process (during encoding vs. retrieval), the type of retrieval (associative/recollection vs. item/familiarity), or the type of control comparison (active vs. sham or no TMS) on episodic memory. However, there is insufficient data to make strong inference based on the lack of aggregate or two-way interactions between these factors, or to assess more complex (e.g., 3-way) interactions. We reviewed the effects on other populations (healthy older adults and clinical populations), but systematic comparison of parameters was also prevented due to insufficient data. A database of parameters and effects sizes is available as an open source repository so that data from studies can be continuously accumulated in order to facilitate future meta-analysis. In conclusion, modulating episodic memory relies on complex interactions among the numerous moderator variables that can be manipulated. Therefore, rigorous, systematic comparisons need to be further investigated as the body of literature grows in order to fully understand the combination of parameters that lead to enhancing, detrimental or null effects on episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Yeh
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Nathan S Rose
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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34
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Mai S, Braun J, Probst V, Kammer T, Pollatos O. Changes in emotional processing following interoceptive network stimulation with rTMS. Neuroscience 2019; 406:405-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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35
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Seo H, Jun SC. Relation between the electric field and activation of cortical neurons in transcranial electrical stimulation. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:275-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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36
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Riddle J, Hwang K, Cellier D, Dhanani S, D'Esposito M. Causal Evidence for the Role of Neuronal Oscillations in Top-Down and Bottom-Up Attention. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:768-779. [PMID: 30726180 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Beta and gamma frequency neuronal oscillations have been implicated in top-down and bottom-up attention. In this study, we used rhythmic TMS to modulate ongoing beta and gamma frequency neuronal oscillations in frontal and parietal cortex while human participants performed a visual search task that manipulates bottom-up and top-down attention (single feature and conjunction search). Both task conditions will engage bottom-up attention processes, although the conjunction search condition will require more top-down attention. Gamma frequency TMS to superior precentral sulcus (sPCS) slowed saccadic RTs during both task conditions and induced a response bias to the contralateral visual field. In contrary, beta frequency TMS to sPCS and intraparietal sulcus decreased search accuracy only during the conjunction search condition that engaged more top-down attention. Furthermore, beta frequency TMS increased trial errors specifically when the target was in the ipsilateral visual field for the conjunction search condition. These results indicate that beta frequency TMS to sPCS and intraparietal sulcus disrupted top-down attention, whereas gamma frequency TMS to sPCS disrupted bottom-up, stimulus-driven attention processes. These findings provide causal evidence suggesting that beta and gamma oscillations have distinct functional roles for cognition.
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Stein ER, Gibson BC, Votaw VR, Wilson AD, Clark VP, Witkiewitz K. Non-invasive brain stimulation in substance use disorders: implications for dissemination to clinical settings. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 30:6-10. [PMID: 30684906 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With expanding knowledge of how neural circuitry is disrupted in substance use disorders (SUD), non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have emerged as potential strategies to directly modulate those neural circuits. There is some evidence supporting the two most common forms of NIBS, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), in the treatment of SUD. Yet results of recent studies have been mixed and critical methodological issues must be addressed before strong conclusions can be drawn. This review highlights recent evidence of NIBS for SUD, addressing the impact of stimulation on relevant clinical and cognitive outcomes in substance-using populations. Additionally, we aim to bring a clinical perspective to the opportunities and challenges of implementing neuromodulation in SUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R Stein
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, United States.
| | | | - Victoria R Votaw
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, United States
| | - Adam D Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, United States
| | - Vincent P Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, United States
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, United States
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Miyauchi E, Ide M, Tachikawa H, Nemoto K, Arai T, Kawasaki M. A novel approach for assessing neuromodulation using phase-locked information measured with TMS-EEG. Sci Rep 2019; 9:428. [PMID: 30674902 PMCID: PMC6344580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation therapies such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are used to treat several neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Recent work has highlighted the use of combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) to evaluate the therapeutic effects of neuromodulation; particularly, the phase locking factor (PLF) and phase locking value (PLV) can reportedly assess neuromodulation-induced functional changes in cortical networks. To examine changes in TMS-induced PLV and PLF before and after ECT, and their relationship with depression severity in patients with MDD, TMS-EEG and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; depression severity) were implemented before and after ECT in 10 patients with MDD. Single-pulse TMS was applied to the visual and motor areas to induce phase propagation in the visuo-motor network at rest. Functional changes were assessed using PLF and PLV data. Pre-ECT TMS-induced alpha band (9–12 Hz) PLV was negatively correlated with depression severity, and increments of post-ECT from pre-ECT TMS-induced alpha band PLV were positively correlated with the reduction in depression severity. Moreover, we found a negative correlation between pre-ECT TMS-induced PLF at TMS-destination and depression severity. Finally, differences in post-ECT TMS-induced PLF peak latencies between visual and motor areas were positively correlated with depression severity. TMS-EEG-based PLV and PLF may be used to assess the therapeutic effects of neuromodulation and depressive states, respectively. Furthermore, our results provide new insights about the neural mechanisms of ECT and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Miyauchi
- Department of Intelligent Interaction Technology, Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ide
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Tachikawa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nemoto
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Arai
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawasaki
- Department of Intelligent Interaction Technology, Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.
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Maeng LY, Murillo MF, Mu M, Lo MC, de la Rosa M, O'Brien JM, Freeman DK, Widge AS. Behavioral validation of a wireless low-power neurostimulation technology in a conditioned place preference task. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:026022. [PMID: 30620935 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aafc72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurostimulation technologies are important for studying neural circuits and the connections that underlie neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, current methods come with limitations such as the restraint on movement imposed by the wires delivering stimulation. The objective of this study was to assess whether the e-Particle (EP), a novel wireless neurostimulator, could sufficiently stimulate the brain to modify behavior without these limitations. APPROACH Rats were implanted with the EP and a commercially available stimulating electrode. Animals received rewarding brain stimulation, and performance in a conditioned place preference (CPP) task was measured. To ensure stimulation-induced neuronal activation, immediate early gene c-fos expression was also measured. MAIN RESULTS The EP was validated in a commonly used CPP task by demonstrating that (1) wireless stimulation via the EP induced preference behavior that was comparable to that induced by standard wired electrodes and (2) neuronal activation was observed in projection targets of the stimulation site. SIGNIFICANCE The EP may help achieve a better understanding of existing brain stimulation methods while overcoming their limitations. Validation of the EP in a behavioral model suggests that the benefits of this technology may extend to other areas of animal research and potentially to human clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y Maeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States of America
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Sedgmond J, Lawrence NS, Verbruggen F, Morrison S, Chambers CD, Adams RC. Prefrontal brain stimulation during food-related inhibition training: effects on food craving, food consumption and inhibitory control. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181186. [PMID: 30800367 PMCID: PMC6366210 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity using non-invasive brain stimulation has been shown to reduce food craving as well as food consumption. Using a preregistered design, we examined whether bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the DLPFC could reduce food craving and consumption in healthy participants when administered alongside the cognitive target of inhibitory control training. Participants (N = 172) received either active or sham tDCS (2 mA; anode F4, cathode F3) while completing a food-related Go/No-Go task. State food craving, ad-lib food consumption and response inhibition were evaluated. Compared with sham stimulation, we found no evidence for an effect of active tDCS on any of these outcome measures in a predominantly female sample. Our findings raise doubts about the effectiveness of single-session tDCS on food craving and consumption. Consideration of individual differences, improvements in tDCS protocols and multi-session testing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Sedgmond
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Natalia S. Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Frederick Verbruggen
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sinead Morrison
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Christopher D. Chambers
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Rachel C. Adams
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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Helekar SA, Convento S, Nguyen L, John BS, Patel A, Yau JM, Voss HU. The strength and spread of the electric field induced by transcranial rotating permanent magnet stimulation in comparison with conventional transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 309:153-160. [PMID: 30194040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weak or low intensity transcranial stimulation of the brain, such as low field magnetic stimulation and electrical stimulation, can produce significant functional and therapeutic neuromodulatory effects. NEW METHOD We have recently developed a portable wearable multifocal brain stimulator called transcranial rotating permanent magnet stimulator (TRPMS) that uses rapidly spinning high field strength permanent magnets attached to a cap. It produces oscillatory stimuli of different frequencies and patterns. Here we compared the strengths and spatial profiles of the changing magnetic fields of a figure-of-eight transcranial magnetic stimulator (TMS) coil, a TRPMS prototype, and a scaled-up version of TRPMS. We measured field strengths and directions of voltages induced in a magnetic field sensor oriented along all three orthogonal axes. RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The spatial spread of the TRPMS-induced electric field is more restricted, and its shape and strength vary less with the orientation of the inductance than TMS. The maximum voltage induced by the current prototype is ∼7% of the maximal TMS output at depths corresponding to the human cerebral cortex from the scalp surface. This field strength can be scaled up by a factor ∼8 with a larger diametrically magnetized magnet. These comparative data allow us to estimate that intracortical effects of TRPMS could be stronger than other low intensity stimulation methods. CONCLUSIONS TRPMS might enable greater uniformity, consistency and focality in stimulation of targeted cortical areas subject to significant anatomical variability. Multiple TRPMS microstimulators can also be combined to produce patterned multifocal spatiotemporal stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Helekar
- Speech and Language Center, Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - S Convento
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - L Nguyen
- Speech and Language Center, Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - B S John
- Speech and Language Center, Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - A Patel
- Speech and Language Center, Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - J M Yau
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - H U Voss
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
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Assaf M, Rabany L, Zertuche L, Bragdon L, Tolin D, Goethe J, Diefenbach G. Neural functional architecture and modulation during decision making under uncertainty in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01015. [PMID: 29931835 PMCID: PMC6085921 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) might be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Cognitive models of GAD highlight the role of intolerance of uncertainty (IU) in precipitating and maintaining worry, and it has been hypothesized that patients with GAD exhibit decision-making deficits under uncertain conditions. Improving understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits associated with IU may lead to the identification of novel rTMS treatment targets and optimization of treatment parameters. The current report describes two interrelated studies designed to identify and verify a potential neural target for rTMS treatment of GAD. METHODS Study I explored the integrity of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala neural networks, which underlie decision making under conditions of uncertainty, in GAD. Individuals diagnosed with GAD (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 20) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) gambling task that manipulated uncertainty using high versus low error rates. In a subsequent randomized-controlled trial (Study II), a subset of the GAD sample (n = 16) completed the fMRI gambling task again after 30 sessions of active versus sham rTMS (1 Hz, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) to investigate the modulation of functional networks and symptoms. RESULTS In Study I, participants with GAD demonstrated impairments in PFC-PFC and PFC-amygdala functional connectivity (FC) mostly during the high uncertainty condition. In Study II, one region of interest pair, dorsal anterior cingulate (ACC) - subgenual ACC, showed "normalization" of FC following active, but not sham, rTMS, and neural changes were associated with improvement in worry symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These results outline a possible treatment mechanism of rTMS in GAD, and pave the way for future studies of treatment optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Assaf
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Liron Rabany
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Luis Zertuche
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Laura Bragdon
- Psychology Department, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York.,Anxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - David Tolin
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Anxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - John Goethe
- Burlingame Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Gretchen Diefenbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Anxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
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Sokhadze EM, Lamina EV, Casanova EL, Kelly DP, Opris I, Tasman A, Casanova MF. Exploratory Study of rTMS Neuromodulation Effects on Electrocortical Functional Measures of Performance in an Oddball Test and Behavioral Symptoms in Autism. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:20. [PMID: 29892214 PMCID: PMC5985329 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no accepted pathology to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) but research suggests the presence of an altered excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) bias in the cerebral cortex. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) offers a non-invasive means of modulating the E/I cortical bias with little in terms of side effects. In this study, 124 high functioning ASD children (IQ > 80, <18 years of age) were recruited and assigned using randomization to either a waitlist group or one of three different number of weekly rTMS sessions (i.e., 6, 12, and 18). TMS consisted of trains of 1.0 Hz frequency pulses applied over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The experimental task was a visual oddball with illusory Kanizsa figures. Behavioral response variables included reaction time and error rate along with such neurophysiological indices such as stimulus and response-locked event-related potentials (ERP). One hundred and twelve patients completed the assigned number of TMS sessions. Results showed significant changes from baseline to posttest period in the following measures: motor responses accuracy [lower percentage of committed errors, slower latency of commission errors and restored normative post-error reaction time slowing in both early and later-stage ERP indices, enhanced magnitude of error-related negativity (ERN), improved error monitoring and post-error correction functions]. In addition, screening surveys showed significant reductions in aberrant behavior ratings and in both repetitive and stereotypic behaviors. These differences increased with the total number of treatment sessions. Our results suggest that rTMS, particularly after 18 sessions, facilitates cognitive control, attention and target stimuli recognition by improving discrimination between task-relevant and task-irrelevant illusory figures in an oddball test. The noted improvement in executive functions of behavioral performance monitoring further suggests that TMS has the potential to target core features of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estate M. Sokhadze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Eva V. Lamina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, United States
| | - Emily L. Casanova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, United States
| | - Desmond P. Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC, United States
| | - Ioan Opris
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Allan Tasman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Manuel F. Casanova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC, United States
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Makowiecki K, Garrett A, Harvey AR, Rodger J. Low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation requires concurrent visual system activity to modulate visual evoked potentials in adult mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5792. [PMID: 29643395 PMCID: PMC5895738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS) is an increasingly popular method to non-invasively modulate cortical excitability in research and clinical settings. During rTMS, low-intensity magnetic fields reach areas perifocal to the target brain region, however, effects of these low-intensity (LI-) fields and how they interact with ongoing neural activity remains poorly defined. We evaluated whether coordinated neural activity during electromagnetic stimulation alters LI-rTMS effects on cortical excitability by comparing visually evoked potentials (VEP) and densities of parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) GABAergic interneurons in adult mouse visual cortex after LI-rTMS under different conditions: LI-rTMS applied during visually evoked (strong, coordinated) activity or in darkness (weak, spontaneous activity).We also compared response to LI-rTMS in wildtype and ephrin-A2A5−/− mice, which have visuotopic anomalies thought to disrupt coherence of visually-evoked cortical activity. Demonstrating that LI-rTMS effects in V1 require concurrent sensory-evoked activity, LI-rTMS delivered during visually-evoked activity increased PV+ immunoreactivity in both genotypes; however, VEP peak amplitudes changed only in wildtypes, consistent with intracortical disinhibition. We show, for the first time, that neural activity and the degree of coordination in cortical population activity interact with LI-rTMS to alter excitability in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Makowiecki
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia. .,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia. .,Department of Systems Neuroscience, JFB, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Andrew Garrett
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Alan R Harvey
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia
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Non-invasive imaging modalities to study neurodegenerative diseases of aging brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 95:54-69. [PMID: 29474853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to highlight current approaches for imaging elderly brain, indispensable for cognitive neuroscience research with emphasis on the basic physical principles of various non-invasive neuroimaging techniques. The first part of this article presents a quick overview of the primary non-invasive neuroimaging modalities used by cognitive neuroscientists such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), Profusion imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) along with tractography and connectomics. The second part provides a comprehensive overview of different multimodality imaging techniques for various cognitive neuroscience studies of aging brain.
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Valero-Cabré A, Amengual JL, Stengel C, Pascual-Leone A, Coubard OA. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in basic and clinical neuroscience: A comprehensive review of fundamental principles and novel insights. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:381-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Dockx R, Peremans K, Vlerick L, Van Laeken N, Saunders JH, Polis I, De Vos F, Baeken C. Anaesthesia, not number of sessions, influences the magnitude and duration of an aHF-rTMS in dogs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185362. [PMID: 28937993 PMCID: PMC5609759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the rat has been a useful animal model in brain stimulation research. Nevertheless, extrapolating results from rodent repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) research to humans contains several hurdles. This suggests the desperate need for a large animal model in translational rTMS research. The dog would be a valid choice, not only due to the fact that humans and dogs share a neurophysiological background, but a similar neuropathological background as well. HYPOTHESIS In order to evaluate the feasibility of the canine rTMS animal model, this study aimed to evaluate the neurophysiological response in dogs on a, clinically used, accelerated high frequency (aHF) rTMS protocol. This aHF-rTMS (20 Hz) protocol was performed under anaesthesia or sedation and either 20 sessions or 5 sessions were given to each dog. METHODS 21 healthy dogs were randomly subjected to one of the four aHF-rTMS protocols (1 sham and 3 active protocols). For each dog, the perfusion indices (PI), of a [99mTc]HMPAO scan at 4 time points, for the left frontal cortex (stimulation target) were calculated for each protocol. RESULTS Concerning sham stimulation, the average PI remained at the baseline level. The main result was the presence of a direct transitory increase in rCBF at the stimulation site, both under anaesthesia and sedation. Nevertheless the measured increase in rCBF was higher but shorter duration under sedation. The magnitude of this increase was not influenced by number of sessions. No changes in rCBF were found in remote brain regions. CONCLUSION This study shows that, despite the influence of anaesthesia and sedation, comparable and clinically relevant effects on the rCBF can be obtained in dogs. Since less methodological hurdles have to be overcome and comparable results can be obtained, it would be acceptable to put the dog forward as an alternative translational rTMS animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robrecht Dockx
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Veterinary medical imaging and small animal orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Lise Vlerick
- Department of Veterinary medical imaging and small animal orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Nick Van Laeken
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Begium
| | - Jimmy H. Saunders
- Department of Veterinary medical imaging and small animal orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Ingeborgh Polis
- Department of Small Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Filip De Vos
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Begium
| | - Chris Baeken
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium
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Lorca-Puls DL, Gajardo-Vidal A, Seghier ML, Leff AP, Sethi V, Prejawa S, Hope TMH, Devlin JT, Price CJ. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation of the undamaged brain to identify lesion sites that predict language outcome after stroke. Brain 2017; 140:1729-1742. [PMID: 28430974 PMCID: PMC5445259 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation focused on either the left anterior supramarginal gyrus or opercular part of the left inferior frontal gyrus has been reported to transiently impair the ability to perform phonological more than semantic tasks. Here we tested whether phonological processing abilities were also impaired following lesions to these regions in right-handed, English speaking adults, who were investigated at least 1 year after a left-hemisphere stroke. When our regions of interest were limited to 0.5 cm3 of grey matter centred around sites that had been identified with transcranial magnetic stimulation-based functional localization, phonological impairments were observed in 74% (40/54) of patients with damage to the regions and 21% (21/100) of patients sparing these regions. This classification accuracy was better than that observed when using regions of interest centred on activation sites in previous functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of phonological processing, or transcranial magnetic stimulation sites that did not use functional localization. New regions of interest were generated by redefining the borders of each of the transcranial magnetic stimulation sites to include areas that were consistently damaged in the patients with phonological impairments. This increased the incidence of phonological impairments in the presence of damage to 85% (46/54) and also reduced the incidence of phonological impairments in the absence of damage to 15% (15/100). The difference in phonological processing abilities between those with and without damage to these ‘transcranial magnetic stimulation-guided’ regions remained highly significant even after controlling for the effect of lesion size. The classification accuracy of the transcranial magnetic stimulation-guided regions was validated in a second sample of 108 patients and found to be better than that for (i) functional magnetic resonance imaging-guided regions; (ii) a region identified from an unguided lesion overlap map; and (iii) a region identified from voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Finally, consistent with prior findings from functional imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy participants, we show how damage to our transcranial magnetic stimulation-guided regions affected performance on phonologically more than semantically demanding tasks. The observation that phonological processing abilities were impaired years after the stroke, suggests that other brain regions were not able to fully compensate for the contribution that the transcranial magnetic stimulation-guided regions make to language tasks. More generally, our novel transcranial magnetic stimulation-guided lesion-deficit mapping approach shows how non-invasive stimulation of the healthy brain can be used to guide the identification of regions where brain damage is likely to cause persistent behavioural effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego L Lorca-Puls
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrea Gajardo-Vidal
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Desarrollo, 4070001 Concepcion, Chile
| | - Mohamed L Seghier
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Emirates College for Advanced Education, PO Box 126662 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alexander P Leff
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK.,Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Varun Sethi
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Susan Prejawa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 1052 'Obesity Mechanisms', Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas M H Hope
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Joseph T Devlin
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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49
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Yi GS, Wang J, Deng B, Wei XL. Morphology controls how hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron responds to uniform electric fields: a biophysical modeling study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3210. [PMID: 28607422 PMCID: PMC5468310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Responses of different neurons to electric field (EF) are highly variable, which depends on intrinsic properties of cell type. Here we use multi-compartmental biophysical models to investigate how morphologic features affect EF-induced responses in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. We find that the basic morphologies of neuronal elements, including diameter, length, bend, branch, and axon terminals, are all correlated with somatic depolarization through altering the current sources or sinks created by applied field. Varying them alters the EF threshold for triggering action potentials (APs), and then determines cell sensitivity to suprathreshold field. Introducing excitatory postsynaptic potential increases cell excitability and reduces morphology-dependent EF firing threshold. It is also shown that applying identical subthreshold EF results in distinct polarizations on cell membrane with different realistic morphologies. These findings shed light on the crucial role of morphologies in determining field-induced neural response from the point of view of biophysical models. The predictions are conducive to better understanding the variability in modulatory effects of EF stimulation at the cellular level, which could also aid the interpretations of how applied fields activate central nervous system neurons and affect relevant circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Sheng Yi
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Bin Deng
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xi-Le Wei
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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50
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Amico E, Bodart O, Rosanova M, Gosseries O, Heine L, Van Mierlo P, Martial C, Massimini M, Marinazzo D, Laureys S. Tracking Dynamic Interactions Between Structural and Functional Connectivity: A TMS/EEG-dMRI Study. Brain Connect 2017; 7:84-97. [PMID: 28092972 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2016.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in combination with neuroimaging techniques allows to measure the effects of a direct perturbation of the brain. When coupled with high-density electroencephalography (TMS/hd-EEG), TMS pulses revealed electrophysiological signatures of different cortical modules in health and disease. However, the neural underpinnings of these signatures remain unclear. Here, by applying multimodal analyses of cortical response to TMS recordings and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) tractography, we investigated the relationship between functional and structural features of different cortical modules in a cohort of awake healthy volunteers. For each subject, we computed directed functional connectivity interactions between cortical areas from the source-reconstructed TMS/hd-EEG recordings and correlated them with the correspondent structural connectivity matrix extracted from dMRI tractography, in three different frequency bands (α, β, γ) and two sites of stimulation (left precuneus and left premotor). Each stimulated area appeared to mainly respond to TMS by being functionally elicited in specific frequency bands, that is, β for precuneus and γ for premotor. We also observed a temporary decrease in the whole-brain correlation between directed functional connectivity and structural connectivity after TMS in all frequency bands. Notably, when focusing on the stimulated areas only, we found that the structure-function correlation significantly increases over time in the premotor area controlateral to TMS. Our study points out the importance of taking into account the major role played by different cortical oscillations when investigating the mechanisms for integration and segregation of information in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Amico
- 1 Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Center & GIGA Research Center, University and University Hospital of Liège , Liège, Belgium .,2 Department of Data-Analysis, University of Ghent , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Bodart
- 1 Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Center & GIGA Research Center, University and University Hospital of Liège , Liège, Belgium
| | - Mario Rosanova
- 3 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco, " University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Olivia Gosseries
- 1 Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Center & GIGA Research Center, University and University Hospital of Liège , Liège, Belgium .,4 Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lizette Heine
- 1 Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Center & GIGA Research Center, University and University Hospital of Liège , Liège, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Mierlo
- 5 Medical Image and Signal Processing Group, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University-IBBT , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martial
- 1 Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Center & GIGA Research Center, University and University Hospital of Liège , Liège, Belgium
| | - Marcello Massimini
- 3 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco, " University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | | | - Steven Laureys
- 1 Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Center & GIGA Research Center, University and University Hospital of Liège , Liège, Belgium
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