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Liu Q, Cheng C, Huang J, Yan W, Wen Y, Liu Z, Zhou B, Guo S, Fang W. MYH9: A key protein involved in tumor progression and virus-related diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116118. [PMID: 38181716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9) gene encodes the heavy chain of non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA), which belongs to the myosin II subfamily of actin-based molecular motors. Previous studies have demonstrated that abnormal expression and mutations of MYH9 were correlated with MYH9-related diseases and tumors. Furthermore, earlier investigations identified MYH9 as a tumor suppressor. However, subsequent research revealed that MYH9 promoted tumorigenesis, progression and chemoradiotherapy resistance. Note-worthily, MYH9 has also been linked to viral infections, like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Epstein-Barr virus, and hepatitis B virus, as a receptor or co-receptor. In addition, MYH9 promotes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by interacting with the hepatitis B virus-encoding X protein. Finally, various findings highlighted the role of MYH9 in the development of these illnesses, especially in tumors. This review summarizes the involvement of the MYH9-regulated signaling network in tumors and virus-related diseases and presents possible drug interventions on MYH9, providing insights for the use of MYH9 as a therapeutic target for tumors and virus-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Longgang Otolaryngology hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jiyu Huang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Weiwei Yan
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Yinhao Wen
- Department of Oncology, Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337000, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Basic School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China.
| | - Beixian Zhou
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China.
| | - Suiqun Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China.
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China; The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China.
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Wang X, Shen Z, Li C, Bai Y, Li Y, Zhang W, Li Z, Jiang C, Cheng L, Yang A, Liu D. Fine mapping and identification of two NtTOM2A homeologs responsible for tobacco mosaic virus replication in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:67. [PMID: 38262958 PMCID: PMC10807211 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a widely distributed viral disease that threatens many vegetables and horticultural species. Using the resistance gene N which induces a hypersensitivity reaction, is a common strategy for controlling this disease in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). However, N gene-mediated resistance has its limitations, consequently, identifying resistance genes from resistant germplasms and developing resistant cultivars is an ideal strategy for controlling the damage caused by TMV. RESULTS Here, we identified highly TMV-resistant tobacco germplasm, JT88, with markedly reduced viral accumulation following TMV infection. We mapped and cloned two tobamovirus multiplication protein 2A (TOM2A) homeologs responsible for TMV replication using an F2 population derived from a cross between the TMV-susceptible cultivar K326 and the TMV-resistant cultivar JT88. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated loss-of-function mutations of two NtTOM2A homeologs almost completely suppressed TMV replication; however, the single gene mutants showed symptoms similar to those of the wild type. Moreover, NtTOM2A natural mutations were rarely detected in 577 tobacco germplasms, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated variation of NtTOM2A led to shortened plant height, these results indicating that the natural variations in NtTOM2A were rarely applied in tobacco breeding and the NtTOM2A maybe has an impact on growth and development. CONCLUSIONS The two NtTOM2A homeologs are functionally redundant and negatively regulate TMV resistance. These results deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying TMV resistance in tobacco and provide important information for the potential application of NtTOM2A in TMV resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China
- Tobacco Science Research Institute of Guangdong Province, Shaoguan, Guangdong, 512029, China
| | - Zhan Shen
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Caiyue Li
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yalin Bai
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Hunan Tobacco Research Institute, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
- Philippine Christian University Center for International Education, Manila, 1004, Philippines
| | - Zunqiang Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Mudanjiang, Harbin, 150076, China.
| | - Caihong Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Lirui Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China.
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Hao C, Xu Z, Xu C, Yao R. Anti-herpes simplex virus activities and mechanisms of marine derived compounds. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1302096. [PMID: 38259968 PMCID: PMC10800978 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1302096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most widely prevalent herpes virus worldwide, and the herpetic encephalitis and genital herpes caused by HSV infection have caused serious harm to human health all over the world. Although many anti-HSV drugs such as nucleoside analogues have been ap-proved for clinical use during the past few decades, important issues, such as drug resistance, toxicity, and high cost of drugs, remain unresolved. Recently, the studies on the anti-HSV activities of marine natural products, such as marine polysaccharides, marine peptides and microbial secondary metabolites are attracting more and more attention all over the world. This review discusses the recent progress in research on the anti-HSV activities of these natural compounds obtained from marine organisms, relating to their structural features and the structure-activity relationships. In addition, the recent findings on the different anti-HSV mechanisms and molecular targets of marine compounds and their potential for therapeutic application will also be summarized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Hao
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongqiu Xu
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Can Xu
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruyong Yao
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Ying M, Wang H, Liu T, Han Z, Lin K, Shi Q, Zheng N, Ye T, Gong H, Xu F. CLEAR Strategy Inhibited HSV Proliferation Using Viral Vectors Delivered CRISPR-Cas9. Pathogens 2023; 12:814. [PMID: 37375504 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a leading cause of encephalitis and infectious blindness. The commonly used clinical therapeutic drugs are nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir. However, current drugs for HSV cannot eliminate the latent virus or viral reactivation. Therefore, the development of new treatment strategies against latent HSV has become an urgent need. To comprehensively suppress the proliferation of HSV, we designed the CLEAR strategy (coordinated lifecycle elimination against viral replication). VP16, ICP27, ICP4, and gD-which are crucial genes that perform significant functions in different stages of the HSV infection lifecycle-were selected as targeting sites based on CRISPR-Cas9 editing system. In vitro and in vivo investigations revealed that genome editing by VP16, ICP27, ICP4 or gD single gene targeting could effectively inhibit HSV replication. Moreover, the combined administration method (termed "Cocktail") showed superior effects compared to single gene editing, which resulted in the greatest decrease in viral proliferation. Lentivirus-delivered CRISPR-Cas9/gRNA editing could effectively block HSV replication. The CLEAR strategy may provide new insights into the potential treatment of refractory HSV-1-associated diseases, particularly when conventional approaches have encountered resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huadong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tongtan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zengpeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunzhang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huinan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, College of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Vannini A, Parenti F, Forghieri C, Barboni C, Zaghini A, Campadelli-Fiume G, Gianni T. Innovative retargeted oncolytic herpesvirus against nectin4-positive cancers. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1149973. [PMID: 37251078 PMCID: PMC10213976 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1149973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Nectin4 is a recently discovered tumor associated antigen expressed in cancers that constitute relevant unmet clinical needs, including the undruggable triple negative breast cancer, pancreatic ductal carcinoma, bladder/urothelial cancer, cervical cancer, lung carcinoma and melanoma. So far, only one nectin4-specific drug-Enfortumab Vedotin-has been approved and the clinical trials that test novel therapeutics are only five. Here we engineered R-421, an innovative retargeted onco-immunotherapeutic herpesvirus highly specific for nectin4 and unable to infect through the natural herpes receptors, nectin1 or herpesvirus entry mediator. In vitro, R-421 infected and killed human nectin4-positive malignant cells and spared normal cells, e.g., human fibroblasts. Importantly from a safety viewpoint, R-421 failed to infect malignant cells that do not harbor nectin4 gene amplification/overexpression, whose expression level was moderate-to-low. In essence, there was a net threshold value below which cells were spared from infection, irrespective of whether they were malignant or normal; the only cells that R-421 targeted were the malignant overexpressing ones. In vivo, R-421 decreased or abolished the growth of murine tumors made transgenic for human nectin4 and conferred sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination therapies. Its efficacy was augmented by the cyclophosphamide immunomodulator and decreased by depletion of CD8-positive lymphocytes, arguing that it was in part T cell-mediated. R-421 elicited in-situ vaccination that protected from distant challenge tumors. This study provides proof-of-principle specificity and efficacy data justifying nectin4-retargeted onco-immunotherapeutic herpesvirus as an innovative approach against a number of difficult-to-drug clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vannini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Parenti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Forghieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Catia Barboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Zaghini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Tatiana Gianni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Krawczyk E, Kangas C, He B. HSV Replication: Triggering and Repressing STING Functionality. Viruses 2023; 15:226. [PMID: 36680267 PMCID: PMC9864509 DOI: 10.3390/v15010226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has persisted within human populations due to its ability to establish both lytic and latent infection. Given this, human hosts have evolved numerous immune responses to protect against HSV infection. Critical in this defense against HSV, the host protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) functions as a mediator of the antiviral response by inducing interferon (IFN) as well as IFN-stimulated genes. Emerging evidence suggests that during HSV infection, dsDNA derived from either the virus or the host itself ultimately activates STING signaling. While a complex regulatory circuit is in operation, HSV has evolved several mechanisms to neutralize the STING-mediated antiviral response. Within this review, we highlight recent progress involving HSV interactions with the STING pathway, with a focus on how STING influences HSV replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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7
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. A Review of Corneal Blindness: Causes and Management. Cureus 2022; 14:e30097. [PMID: 36381769 PMCID: PMC9643016 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal blindness refers to a group of eye disorders that change the corneal transparency, causing corneal scarring and blindness. The leading causes of corneal blindness include infectious causes, i.e., due to bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The most common predisposing factors are trauma, contact lens usage, or the use of steroid medications. The various other diseases included are trachoma, dry eye disease, keratoconus, ophthalmia neonatorum, and non-infectious uveitis. Various clinical modalities are used for treating corneal blindness, including organ transplantation. Organ donation is cumbersome as various ethical and other factors are involved. Hence the concept of eye banking was introduced to meet the increasing demand for donors of the cornea. The eye bank's role is harvesting, processing, and keeping a record of the cornea being transplanted and donated. Furthermore, various recent advancements have been made for lamellar keratoplasty surgeries, including bioengineered corneas to fulfil the need for the unavailability of donors for the cornea. Various specific health interventions have been implemented to reduce the prevalence of corneal blindness globally. For proper management of corneal blindness, we have three components that are needed to be taken care of: prevention of corneal blindness, appropriate treatment modalities, and providing adequate rehabilitation services to the patients. This review encompasses the main reasons for corneal blindness and the management and treatment modalities available for the patients. The terms cornea, corneal blindness, treatment, management, causes, and complications were used for the review article on PubMed.
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Zhao X, Wang Y, Jiang W, Wang Q, Li J, Wen Z, Li A, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Shi J, Liu J. Herpesvirus-Mimicking DNAzyme-Loaded Nanoparticles as a Mitochondrial DNA Stress Inducer to Activate Innate Immunity for Tumor Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204585. [PMID: 35869026 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Virus-based immunotherapy is a promising approach to treat tumor. Closely mimicking the structure and sequential infection processes of natural viruses is highly desirable for effective tumor immunotherapy but remains challenging. Here, inspired by the robust innate immunity induced by herpesvirus, a herpesvirus-mimicking nanoparticle (named Vir-ZM@TD) is engineered for tumor therapy by mimicking the structure and infection processes of herpesvirus. In this biomimetic system, DNAzyme-loaded manganese-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework-90 (ZIF-90) nanoparticles (ZM@TD) mimic the virus nucleocapsid containing the genome; the erythrocyte membrane mimics the viral envelope; and two functional peptides, RGD and HA2 peptides, resemble the surface glycoprotein spikes of herpesvirus. Vir-ZM@TD can both effectively evade rapid clearance in the blood circulation and closely mimic the serial infection processes of herpesvirus, including specific tumor targeting, membrane fusion-mediated endosomal escape, and TFAM (transcription factor A, mitochondrial) deficiency-triggered mitochondrial DNA stress, as well as the release of manganese ions (Mn2+ ) from organelles into the cytosol, ultimately effectively priming cGAS-STING pathway-mediated innate immunity with 68% complete regression of primary tumors and extending by 32 days the median survival time of 4T1-tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yiyang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wenxiao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qiongwei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhiyang Wen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Airong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Science and Technology, Department of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jinjin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Ning Y, Huang Y, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Tian B, Ou X, Huang J, Mao S, Sun D, Zhao X, Zhang S, Gao Q, Chen S, Liu M, Zhu D, Jia R. Alphaherpesvirus glycoprotein E: A review of its interactions with other proteins of the virus and its application in vaccinology. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:970545. [PMID: 35992696 PMCID: PMC9386159 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.970545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral envelope glycoprotein E (gE) is required for cell-to-cell transmission, anterograde and retrograde neurotransmission, and immune evasion of alphaherpesviruses. gE can also interact with other proteins of the virus and perform various functions in the virus life cycle. In addition, the gE gene is often the target gene for the construction of gene-deleted attenuated marker vaccines. In recent years, new progress has been made in the research and vaccine application of gE with other proteins of the virus. This article reviews the structure of gE, the relationship between gE and other proteins of the virus, and the application of gE in vaccinology, which provides useful information for further research on gE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Ning
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yalin Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Anchun Cheng,
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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10
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Lv C, Ao J, Wang J, Tang M, Liu AA, Pang DW. Host-cell-assisted construction of a folate-engineered nanocarrier based on viral light particles for targeted cancer therapy. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17881-17889. [PMID: 34673870 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04903h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy has aroused the broad interest of researchers due to its accuracy in specific tumor targeting and its few side effects on normal cells. In the last decades, oncolytic viral light particles (L-particles) have been transformed into smart nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. However, these L-particles, similar to the oncolytic viruses that they are derived from, can only recognize tumor cells expressing corresponding receptors, severely limiting their universal application. Although modification of targeting agents onto their envelope can overcome this limitation, it is still a great challenge to do so without interfering with their biofunction since the envelope is fragile. Herein, a host-cell-assisted strategy is proposed to construct folate-engineered nanocarriers (F-L-particles) with their biofunctions maintained to the largest extent. The F-L-particles were further multi-functionalized by encapsulating ultrasmall near-infrared quantum dots and antitumor drugs in them for tumor real-time imaging and therapy. Such a moderate, efficient and convenient cell-based strategy facilitates the development and widespread application of these bio-nanocarriers in the field of targeted cancer therapy, and drives the interdisciplinary studies of nanotechnology, chemistry, and virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lv
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai 200123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - An-An Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Görander S, Honda-Okubo Y, Bäckström M, Baldwin J, Bergström T, Petrovsky N, Liljeqvist JÅ. A truncated glycoprotein G vaccine formulated with Advax-CpG adjuvant provides protection of mice against genital herpes simplex virus 2 infection. Vaccine 2021; 39:5866-5875. [PMID: 34456075 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a common sexually transmitted disease that affects approximately 500 million individuals globally. There is currently no approved vaccine to prevent HSV-2 infection. EXCT4 is a truncated form of the mature glycoprotein G-2 (mgG-2) that unlike full mature form is secreted by expressing cells enabling it to be rapidly scaled up for production. The current study examined whether EXCT4 immunity in mice could be further enhanced through use of adjuvants. EXCT4 formulated with Advax-CpG adjuvant induced a strong Th1-type immune response characterized by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and protected animals against a lethal genital challenge with HSV-2. This response was associated with reduced viral load in vaginal washes, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglia. Together the results provide proof of concept that EXCT4 formulated with Advax-CpG adjuvant is a promising HSV-2 vaccine candidate warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Görander
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide 5046, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Malin Bäckström
- Mammalian Protein Expression Core Facility, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Baldwin
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide 5046, Australia
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide 5046, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
| | - Jan-Åke Liljeqvist
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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12
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Greenan E, Gallagher S, Khalil R, Murphy CC, Ní Gabhann-Dromgoole J. Advancing Our Understanding of Corneal Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Immune Evasion Mechanisms and Future Therapeutics. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091856. [PMID: 34578437 PMCID: PMC8473450 DOI: 10.3390/v13091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is a disease that commonly affects the cornea and external eye and is caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1). This virus infects approximately 66% of people worldwide; however, only a small portion of these people will develop symptoms in their lifetime. There is no cure or vaccine available for HSV-1; however, there are treatments available that aim to control the inflammation caused by the virus and prevent its recurrence. While these treatments are beneficial to those suffering with HSK, there is a need for more effective treatments to minimise the need for topical steroids, which can have harmful effects, and to prevent bouts of disease reactivation, which can lead to progressive corneal scarring and visual impairment. This review details the current understanding of HSV-1 infection and discusses potential novel treatment options including microRNAs, TLRs, mAbs, and aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Greenan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Sophie Gallagher
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University (TU) Dublin, Kevin Street, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Rana Khalil
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Conor C. Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joan Ní Gabhann-Dromgoole
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Two Sides to Every Story: Herpes Simplex Type-1 Viral Glycoproteins gB, gD, gH/gL, gK, and Cellular Receptors Function as Key Players in Membrane Fusion. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091849. [PMID: 34578430 PMCID: PMC8472851 DOI: 10.3390/v13091849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2) are prototypical alphaherpesviruses that are characterized by their unique properties to infect trigeminal and dorsal root ganglionic neurons, respectively, and establish life-long latent infections. These viruses initially infect mucosal epithelial tissues and subsequently spread to neurons. They are associated with a significant disease spectrum, including orofacial and ocular infections for HSV-1 and genital and neonatal infections for HSV-2. Viral glycoproteins within the virion envelope bind to specific cellular receptors to mediate virus entry into cells. This is achieved by the fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane. Similarly, viral glycoproteins expressed on cell surfaces mediate cell-to-cell fusion and facilitate virus spread. An interactive complex of viral glycoproteins gB, gD/gH/gL, and gK and other proteins mediate these membrane fusion phenomena with glycoprotein B (gB), the principal membrane fusogen. The requirement for the virion to enter neuronal axons suggests that the heterodimeric protein complex of gK and membrane protein UL20, found only in alphaherpesviruses, constitute a critical determinant for neuronal entry. This hypothesis was substantiated by the observation that a small deletion in the amino terminus of gK prevents entry into neuronal axons while allowing entry into other cells via endocytosis. Cellular receptors and receptor-mediated signaling synergize with the viral membrane fusion machinery to facilitate virus entry and intercellular spread. Unraveling the underlying interactions among viral glycoproteins, envelope proteins, and cellular receptors will provide new innovative approaches for antiviral therapy against herpesviruses and other neurotropic viruses.
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14
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Li C, Zhang M, Guan X, Hu H, Fu M, Liu Y, Hu Q. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Glycoprotein D Inhibits NF-κB Activation by Interacting with p65. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2852-2861. [PMID: 34049972 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, and immune responses. HSV type 2 (HSV-2) is one of the most predominant sexually transmitted pathogens worldwide, and its infection increases the risk of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition and transmission. HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD), highly homologous to HSV-1 gD, is essential for viral adhesion, fusion, entry, and spread. It is known that HSV-1 gD can bind herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) to trigger NF-κB activation and thereby facilitate viral replication at the early stage of infection. In this study, we found that purified HSV-2 gD triggered NF-κB activation at the early stage of infection, whereas ectopic expression of HSV-2 gD significantly downregulated TNF-α-induced NF-κB activity as well as TNF-α-induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression. Mechanistically, HSV-2 gD inhibited NF-κB, but not IFN-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), activation and suppressed NF-κB activation mediated by overexpression of TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), IκB kinase α (IKKα), IKKβ, or p65. Coimmunoprecipitation and binding kinetic analyses demonstrated that HSV-2 gD directly bound to the NF-κB subunit p65 and abolished the nuclear translocation of p65 upon TNF-α stimulation. Mutational analyses further revealed that HSV-2 gD interacted with the region spanning aa 19-187 of p65. Findings in this study together demonstrate that HSV-2 gD interacts with p65 to regulate p65 subcellular localization and thereby prevents NF-κB-dependent gene expression, which may contribute to HSV-2 immune evasion and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Xinmeng Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Yalan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China;
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; .,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Zhou Z, Tian J, Zhang W, Xiang W, Ming Y, Chen L, Zhou J. Multiple strategies to improve the therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic herpes simplex virus in the treatment of glioblastoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:510. [PMID: 33986870 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have attracted widespread attention as biological anticancer agents that can selectively kill tumor cells without affecting normal cells. Although progress has been made in therapeutic strategies, the prognosis of patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains poor and no ideal treatment approach has been developed. Recently, oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) has been considered a promising novel treatment approach for GBM. However, the therapeutic efficacy of oHSV in GBM, with its intricate pathophysiology, remains unsatisfactory due to several obstacles, such as limited replication and attenuated potency of oHSV owing to deletions or mutations in virulence genes, and ineffective delivery of the therapeutic virus. Multiple strategies have attempted to identify the optimal strategy for the successful clinical application of oHSV. Several preclinical trials have demonstrated that engineering novel oHSVs, developing combination therapies and improving methods for delivering oHSV to tumor cells seem to hold promise for improving the efficacy of this virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Ming
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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16
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Ouyang Y, Mouillet JF, Sorkin A, Sadovsky Y. Trophoblastic extracellular vesicles and viruses: Friends or foes? Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 85:e13345. [PMID: 32939907 PMCID: PMC7880881 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells produce cytoplasmic vesicles to facilitate the processing and transport of RNAs, proteins, and other signaling molecules among intracellular organelles. Moreover, most cells release a range of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mediate intercellular communication in both physiological and pathological settings. In addition to a better understanding of their biological functions, the diagnostic and therapeutic prospects of EVs, particularly the nano-sized small EVs (sEVs, exosomes), are currently being rigorously pursued. While EVs and viruses such as retroviruses might have evolved independently, they share a number of similar characteristics, including biogenesis pathways, size distribution, cargo, and cell-targeting mechanisms. The interplay of EVs with viruses has profound effects on viral replication and infectivity. Our research indicates that sEVs, produced by primary human trophoblasts, can endow other non-placental cell types with antiviral response. Better insights into the interaction of EVs with viruses may illuminate new ways to attenuate viral infections during pregnancy, and perhaps develop new antiviral therapeutics to protect the feto-placental unit during critical times of human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshi Ouyang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Mouillet
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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17
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Menotti L, Avitabile E. Herpes Simplex Virus Oncolytic Immunovirotherapy: The Blossoming Branch of Multimodal Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218310. [PMID: 33167582 PMCID: PMC7664223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are smart therapeutics against cancer due to their potential to replicate and produce the needed therapeutic dose in the tumor, and to their ability to self-exhaust upon tumor clearance. Oncolytic virotherapy strategies based on the herpes simplex virus are reaching their thirties, and a wide variety of approaches has been envisioned and tested in many different models, and on a range of tumor targets. This huge effort has culminated in the primacy of an oncolytic HSV (oHSV) being the first oncolytic virus to be approved by the FDA and EMA for clinical use, for the treatment of advanced melanoma. The path has just been opened; many more cancer types with poor prognosis await effective and innovative therapies, and oHSVs could provide a promising solution, especially as combination therapies and immunovirotherapies. In this review, we analyze the most recent advances in this field, and try to envision the future ahead of oHSVs.
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18
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Shi F, Xin VW, Liu XQ, Wang YY, Zhang Y, Cheng JT, Cai WQ, Xiang Y, Peng XC, Wang X, Xin HW. Identification of 22 Novel Motifs of the Cell Entry Fusion Glycoprotein B of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses: Sequence Analysis and Literature Review. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1386. [PMID: 32974139 PMCID: PMC7466406 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are widely spread throughout the world, causing infections from oral, and genital mucous membrane ulcerations to severe viral encephalitis. Glycoprotein B (gB) was the first HSV envelope glycoprotein identified to induce cell fusion. This glycoprotein initiates viral entry and thereby determines the infectivity of HSV, as well as oncolytic HSV (oHSV). Clarifying its molecular characterization and enlarging its motif reservoir will help to engineer oHSV and in cancer treatment applications. Only in recent years has the importance of gB been acknowledged in HSV infection and oHSV engineering. Although gB-modified oHSVs have been developed, the detailed molecular biology of gB needs to be illustrated more clearly in order to construct more effective oHSVs. Method: Here, we performed a systematic comparative sequence analysis of gBs from the 9 HSV-1 and 2 HSV-2 strains, including HSV-1-LXMW, which was isolated by our lab. Online software was implemented to predict gB secondary structure and motifs. Based on extensive literature reviews, a functional analysis of the predicted motifs was performed. Results: Here, we reported the DNA and predicted amino acid sequences of our recently isolated HSV-1-LXMW and found that the strain was evolutionarily close to HSV-1 strains F, H129, and SC16 based on gB analysis. The 22 novel motifs of HSV gB were identified for the first time. An amino acid sequence alignment of the 11 HSV strains showed that the gB motifs are conserved among HSV strains, suggesting that they are functional in vivo. Additionally, we found that certain amino acids within the 13 motifs out of the 22 were reported to be functional in vivo. Furthermore, the gB mutants and gB-engineered oHSVs were also summarized. Conclusion: Our identification of the 22 novel motifs shed light on HSV gB biology and provide new options for gB engineering to improve the efficiency and safety of oHSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Shi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China
| | - Victoria W Xin
- Department of Biology, School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xianwang Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Lianjiang People's Hospital, Guangdong, China
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19
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Kim HC, Lee HK. Vaccines against Genital Herpes: Where Are We? Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030420. [PMID: 32727077 PMCID: PMC7566015 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is a venereal disease caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). Although HSV symptoms can be reduced with antiviral drugs, there is no cure. Moreover, because HSV infected individuals are often unaware of their infection, it is highly likely that they will transmit HSV to their sexual partner. Once infected, an individual has to live with HSV for their entire life, and HSV infection can lead to meningitis, encephalitis, and neonatal herpes as a result of vertical transmission. In addition, HSV infection increases the rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and transmission. Because of the high burden of genital herpes, HSV vaccines have been developed, but none have been very successful. In this review, we discuss the current status of genital herpes vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Cheol Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-350-4241
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20
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Meier AF, Fraefel C, Seyffert M. The Interplay between Adeno-Associated Virus and its Helper Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060662. [PMID: 32575422 PMCID: PMC7354565 DOI: 10.3390/v12060662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small, nonpathogenic parvovirus, which depends on helper factors to replicate. Those helper factors can be provided by coinfecting helper viruses such as adenoviruses, herpesviruses, or papillomaviruses. We review the basic biology of AAV and its most-studied helper viruses, adenovirus type 5 (AdV5) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We further outline the direct and indirect interactions of AAV with those and additional helper viruses.
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21
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Woo Y, Reid V, Kelly KJ, Carlson D, Yu Z, Fong Y. Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Prevents Premalignant Lesions from Progressing to Cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 16:1-6. [PMID: 31909180 PMCID: PMC6940689 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection and timely treatment of precancerous lesions are hallmarks of successful strategies to prevent deaths due to cancer. Oncolytic viruses are a group of promising anti-cancer agents with wide-ranging experimental and clinical efficacy against solid tumors. Previously, we have shown that NV1066, an oncolytic herpes simplex-1 virus encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein, selectively infects, replicates in, and kills various cancer types. In this study, we sought to determine whether this oncolytic agent can treat precancerous lesions to prevent cancer formation. Using an oral chemical carcinogenesis model in hamsters, we assessed the ability of NV1066 to infect precancerous and cancerous lesions. NV1066 consistently infected dysplastic cells, carcinoma in situ, and squamous cell carcinoma. Animals receiving an intramucosal injection of NV1066 for 7 weeks showed significantly fewer (3-fold) and smaller (4-fold) lesions compared to animals that did not receive viral treatment. Results indicate that infectivity might be dependent on the herpes simplex virus 1 receptor, nectin-1. This study demonstrates that not only can NV1066 treat oral squamous cell carcinoma, but it can also infect and treat premalignant lesions, thus delaying cancer progression. Overall, our study shows the potential of the oncolytic virus NV1066 as a cancer prevention tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghee Woo
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Vincent Reid
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, Mercy Medical Center, Cedar Rapids, IA 52403, USA
| | - Kaitlyn J. Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Diane Carlson
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhenkun Yu
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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22
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Komala Sari T, Gianopulos KA, Weed DJ, Schneider SM, Pritchard SM, Nicola AV. Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein C Regulates Low-pH Entry. mSphere 2020; 5:e00826-19. [PMID: 32024702 PMCID: PMC7002311 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00826-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide. Herpesviruses mediate entry by a multicomponent virus-encoded machinery. Herpesviruses enter cells by endosomal low-pH and pH-neutral mechanisms in a cell-specific manner. HSV mediates cell entry via the envelope glycoproteins gB and gD and the heterodimer gH/gL regardless of pH or endocytosis requirements. Specifics concerning HSV envelope proteins that function selectively in a given entry pathway have been elusive. Here, we demonstrate that gC regulates cell entry and infection by a low-pH pathway. Conformational changes in the core herpesviral fusogen gB are critical for membrane fusion. The presence of gC conferred a higher pH threshold for acid-induced antigenic changes in gB. Thus, gC may selectively facilitate low-pH entry by regulating conformational changes in the fusion protein gB. We propose that gC modulates the HSV fusion machinery during entry into pathophysiologically relevant cells, such as human epidermal keratinocytes.IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that cause lifelong latent infections and that are characterized by multiple entry pathways. We propose that herpes simplex virus (HSV) gC plays a selective role in modulating HSV entry, such as entry into epithelial cells, by a low-pH pathway. gC facilitates a conformational change of the main fusogen gB, a class III fusion protein. We propose a model whereby gC functions with gB, gD, and gH/gL to allow low-pH entry. In the absence of gC, HSV entry occurs at a lower pH, coincident with trafficking to a lower pH compartment where gB changes occur at more acidic pHs. This report identifies a new function for gC and provides novel insight into the complex mechanism of HSV entry and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Komala Sari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Protein Biotechnology Graduate Training Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Katrina A Gianopulos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Protein Biotechnology Graduate Training Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Darin J Weed
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Protein Biotechnology Graduate Training Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Seth M Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Suzanne M Pritchard
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony V Nicola
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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23
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Liu Y, Xiao J, Zhang B, Shelite TR, Su Z, Chang Q, Judy B, Li X, Drelich A, Bei J, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Jin Y, Rossi SL, Tang SJ, Wakamiya M, Saito T, Ksiazek T, Kaphalia B, Gong B. Increased talin-vinculin spatial proximities in livers in response to spotted fever group rickettsial and Ebola virus infections. J Transl Med 2020; 100:1030-1041. [PMID: 32238906 PMCID: PMC7111589 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Talin and vinculin, both actin-cytoskeleton-related proteins, have been documented to participate in establishing bacterial infections, respectively, as the adapter protein to mediate cytoskeleton-driven dynamics of the plasma membrane. However, little is known regarding the potential role of the talin-vinculin complex during spotted fever group rickettsial and Ebola virus infections, two dreadful infectious diseases in humans. Many functional properties of proteins are determined by their participation in protein-protein complexes, in a temporal and/or spatial manner. To resolve the limitation of application in using mouse primary antibodies on archival, multiple formalin-fixed mouse tissue samples, which were collected from experiments requiring high biocontainment, we developed a practical strategic proximity ligation assay (PLA) capable of employing one primary antibody raised in mouse to probe talin-vinculin spatial proximal complex in mouse tissue. We observed an increase of talin-vinculin spatial proximities in the livers of spotted fever Rickettsia australis or Ebola virus-infected mice when compared with mock mice. Furthermore, using EPAC1-knockout mice, we found that deletion of EPAC1 could suppress the formation of spatial proximal complex of talin-vinculin in rickettsial infections. In addition, we observed increased colocalization between spatial proximity of talin-vinculin and filamentous actin-specific phalloidin staining in single survival mouse from an ordinarily lethal dose of rickettsial or Ebola virus infection. These findings may help to delineate a fresh insight into the mechanisms underlying liver specific pathogenesis during infection with spotted fever rickettsia or Ebola virus in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Liu
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Ben Zhang
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Thomas R. Shelite
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Zhengchen Su
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Qing Chang
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Barbara Judy
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Xiang Li
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Jiani Bei
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA ,0000 0004 0532 1428grid.265231.1Present Address: Life Science Department, Tunghai University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yixuan Zhou
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA ,0000 0004 0369 1599grid.411525.6Present Address: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junying Zheng
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Yang Jin
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA USA
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Shao-Jun Tang
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Tais Saito
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Thomas Ksiazek
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Bhupendra Kaphalia
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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24
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Generation and validation of recombinant herpes simplex type 1 viruses (HSV-1) using CRISPR/Cas9 genetic disruption. Methods Enzymol 2019; 635:167-184. [PMID: 32122544 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a large DNA virus that has been popular for oncolytic virus development in pre-clinical research and clinical trials. An oncolytic HSV-1 encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), designated talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) was approved for the treatment of patients with advanced melanoma in 2015. There are numerous advantages of HSV-1 for oncolytic development, including the ease of recombinant engineering, presence of non-essential genes allowing attenuation of pathogenicity and space for foreign transgene expression. In addition, most recombinants retain sensitivity to acyclovir providing an additional safety feature. In this chapter, we will focus on the key methods for the development of oncolytic HSV-1 vectors and some of the commonly utilized laboratory protocols used to characterize and assess the structure and oncolytic activity of recombinant HSV-1 viruses.
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25
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Lv C, Zhang TY, Lin Y, Tang M, Zhai CH, Xia HF, Wang J, Zhang ZL, Xie ZX, Chen G, Pang DW. Transformation of Viral Light Particles into Near-Infrared Fluorescence Quantum Dot-Labeled Active Tumor-Targeting Nanovectors for Drug Delivery. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7035-7042. [PMID: 31502461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized oncolytic viral light particles (L-particles), separated from progeny virions, are composed of envelopes and several tegument proteins of viruses, free of nucleocapsids. The noninfectious L-particles experience the same internalization process as mature oncolytic virions, which exhibits great potential to act as targeted therapeutic platforms. However, the clinical applications of L-particle-based theranostic platforms are rare due to the lack of effective methods to transform L-particles into nanovectors. Herein, a convenient and mild strategy has been developed to transform L-particles into near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence Ag2Se quantum dot (QD)-labeled active tumor-targeting nanovectors for real-time in situ imaging and drug delivery. Utilizing the electroporation technique, L-particles can be labeled with ultrasmall water-dispersible NIR fluorescence Ag2Se QDs with a labeling efficiency of ca. 85% and loaded with antitumor drug with a loading efficiency of ca. 87%. Meanwhile, by harnessing the infection mechanism of viruses, viral L-particles are able to recognize and enter tumor cells without further modification. In sum, a trackable and actively tumor-targeted theranostics nanovector can be obtained efficiently and simultaneously. Such multifunctional nanovectors transformed from viral L-particles have exhibited excellent properties of active tumor-targeting, in vivo tumor imaging, and antitumor efficacy, which opens a new window for the development of natural therapeutic nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Man Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Hua Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hou-Fu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Xie
- College of Life Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
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26
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Marino A, Pergolizzi S, Cimino F, Lauriano ER, Speciale A, D'Angelo V, Sicurella M, Argnani R, Manservigi R, Marconi P. Role of Herpes Simplex Envelope Glycoprotein B and Toll-Like Receptor 2 in Ocular Inflammation: An ex vivo Organotypic Rabbit Corneal Model. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090819. [PMID: 31487910 PMCID: PMC6783931 DOI: 10.3390/v11090819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been recently reported, using in vitro studies, that the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encoded envelope glycoprotein B (gB1) interacts with cell surface toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and induces the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL8), a representative marker of inflammatory cytokine activation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of gB1 in activating host inflammatory responses by using a secreted form of gB1 (gB1s) and an ex vivo organotypic rabbit corneal model. Abraded corneas exposed to gB1s alone or to the recombinant protein mixed with anti gB polyclonal antibody were cultured in an air-liquid interface. The corneas exposed to gB1s show the appearance of mydriasis and high levels of TLR2 and IL-8 mRNAs transcripts were detected in the superficial layer of corneal epithelial cells. Histological stain and immunohistochemical analyses revealed morphological changes in the epithelium of the treated corneas and variations in expression and localization of TLR2. Collectively these findings provide new insight into the pathogenesis of HSV-1 ocular infection by demonstrating the leading role of gB in activating an inflammatory response and in the appearance of mydriasis, a sign of HSV-1 anterior uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreana Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria D'Angelo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Mariaconcetta Sicurella
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (DipSCF), University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64/A, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rafaela Argnani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Manservigi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (DipSCF), University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64/A, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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27
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Vallbracht M, Backovic M, Klupp BG, Rey FA, Mettenleiter TC. Common characteristics and unique features: A comparison of the fusion machinery of the alphaherpesviruses Pseudorabies virus and Herpes simplex virus. Adv Virus Res 2019; 104:225-281. [PMID: 31439150 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is a fundamental biological process that allows different cellular compartments delimited by a lipid membrane to release or exchange their respective contents. Similarly, enveloped viruses such as alphaherpesviruses exploit membrane fusion to enter and infect their host cells. For infectious entry the prototypic human Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2, collectively termed HSVs) and the porcine Pseudorabies virus (PrV) utilize four different essential envelope glycoproteins (g): the bona fide fusion protein gB and the regulatory heterodimeric gH/gL complex that constitute the "core fusion machinery" conserved in all members of the Herpesviridae; and the subfamily specific receptor binding protein gD. These four components mediate attachment and fusion of the virion envelope with the host cell plasma membrane through a tightly regulated sequential activation process. Although PrV and the HSVs are closely related and employ the same set of glycoproteins for entry, they show remarkable differences in the requirements for fusion. Whereas the HSVs strictly require all four components for membrane fusion, PrV can mediate cell-cell fusion without gD. Moreover, in contrast to the HSVs, PrV provides a unique opportunity for reversion analyses of gL-negative mutants by serial cell culture passaging, due to a limited cell-cell spread capacity of gL-negative PrV not observed in the HSVs. This allows a more direct analysis of the function of gH/gL during membrane fusion. Unraveling the molecular mechanism of herpesvirus fusion has been a goal of fundamental research for years, and yet important mechanistic details remain to be uncovered. Nevertheless, the elucidation of the crystal structures of all key players involved in PrV and HSV membrane fusion, coupled with a wealth of functional data, has shed some light on this complex puzzle. In this review, we summarize and discuss the contemporary knowledge on the molecular mechanism of entry and membrane fusion utilized by the alphaherpesvirus PrV, and highlight similarities but also remarkable differences in the requirements for fusion between PrV and the HSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Vallbracht
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Marija Backovic
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, UMR3569 (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Felix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, UMR3569 (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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28
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29
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Parra-Sánchez M. Genital ulcers caused by herpes simplex virus. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2018; 37:260-264. [PMID: 30580877 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by herpes simplex virus type1 (HSV-1) and type2 (HSV-2) belonging to the alphaherpesvirus family, that includes the varicella zoster virus. HSV infection continues to be the most common cause of vulvar ulcers among the sexually active population. Its incidence increases every year. This review summarises the microbiology of the virus, pathogenesis and infection in genitalia, clinical manifestations and correct identification, the different laboratory diagnostic methods, and choice of the correct treatment according to the first infection, recurrence or special cases. Finally, the cost of routine herpes simplex virus infection is analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Parra-Sánchez
- Molecular Diagnostics Deparment, Vircell Microbiologists, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, España.
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Feng D, Cui M, Jia R, Liu S, Wang M, Zhu D, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao X, Wu Y, Yang Q, Yin Z, Cheng A. Co-localization of and interaction between duck enteritis virus glycoprotein H and L. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:255. [PMID: 30157854 PMCID: PMC6114530 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV), belonging to the α-herpesvirus subfamily, is a linear double-stranded DNA virus. Glycoprotein H and L (gH and gL), encoded by UL22 and UL1, are conserved in the family of herpesviruses. They play important roles as gH/gL dimers during viral entry into host cells through cell-cell fusion. The interaction between gH and gL has been confirmed in several human herpesviruses, such as Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV). In this paper, we studied the interaction between DEV gH and gL. RESULTS Recombinant plasmids pEGFP-N-gH and pDsRED-N-gL were constructed successfully. Expressions of both DEV gH and gL were observed after incubation of COS-7 cells transfected with pEGFP-N-gH and pDsRED-N-gL plasmids after 12 h, respectively. Also, the co-localization of a proportion of the gH and gL was detected in the cytoplasm of COS-7 cells after co-transfection for 24 h. Then, pCMV-Flag-gL and pCMV-Myc-gH recombinant plasmids were constructed and co-transfected into COS-7 cells. It was showed that both gH and gL were tested with positive results through co-immunoprecipitation and Western-blotting. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated not only the co-localization of DEV gH and gL in COS-7 cells, but also the interaction between them. It will provide an insight for the further studies in terms of protein-protein interaction in DEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishen Feng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Min Cui
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Siyang Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Yin Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
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Martinez-Martin N, Marcandalli J, Huang CS, Arthur CP, Perotti M, Foglierini M, Ho H, Dosey AM, Shriver S, Payandeh J, Leitner A, Lanzavecchia A, Perez L, Ciferri C. An Unbiased Screen for Human Cytomegalovirus Identifies Neuropilin-2 as a Central Viral Receptor. Cell 2018; 174:1158-1171.e19. [PMID: 30057110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing cell surface receptors mediating viral infection is critical for understanding viral tropism and developing antiviral therapies. Nevertheless, due to challenges associated with detecting protein interactions on the cell surface, the host receptors of many human pathogens remain unknown. Here, we build a library consisting of most single transmembrane human receptors and implement a workflow for unbiased and high-sensitivity detection of receptor-ligand interactions. We apply this technology to elucidate the long-sought receptor of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), the leading viral cause of congenital birth defects. We identify neuropilin-2 (Nrp2) as the receptor for HCMV-pentamer infection in epithelial/endothelial cells and uncover additional HCMV interactors. Using a combination of biochemistry, cell-based assays, and electron microscopy, we characterize the pentamer-Nrp2 interaction and determine the architecture of the pentamer-Nrp2 complex. This work represents an important approach to the study of host-pathogen interactions and provides a framework for understanding HCMV infection, neutralization, and the development of novel anti-HCMV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Marcandalli
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Michela Perotti
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Foglierini
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hoangdung Ho
- Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annie M Dosey
- Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jian Payandeh
- Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Leitner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Perez
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Claudio Ciferri
- Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Chlamydia exploits filopodial capture and a macropinocytosis-like pathway for host cell entry. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007051. [PMID: 29727463 PMCID: PMC5955597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens hijack host endocytic pathways to force their own entry into eukaryotic target cells. Many bacteria either exploit receptor-mediated zippering or inject virulence proteins directly to trigger membrane reorganisation and cytoskeletal rearrangements. By contrast, extracellular C. trachomatis elementary bodies (EBs) apparently employ facets of both the zipper and trigger mechanisms and are only ~400 nm in diameter. Our cryo-electron tomography of C. trachomatis entry revealed an unexpectedly diverse array of host structures in association with invading EBs, suggesting internalisation may progress by multiple, potentially redundant routes or several sequential events within a single pathway. Here we performed quantitative analysis of actin organisation at chlamydial entry foci, highlighting filopodial capture and phagocytic cups as dominant and conserved morphological structures early during internalisation. We applied inhibitor-based screening and employed reporters to systematically assay and visualise the spatio-temporal contribution of diverse endocytic signalling mediators to C. trachomatis entry. In addition to the recognised roles of the Rac1 GTPase and its associated nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) WAVE, our data revealed an additional unrecognised pathway sharing key hallmarks of macropinocytosis: i) amiloride sensitivity, ii) fluid-phase uptake, iii) recruitment and activity of the NPF N-WASP, and iv) the localised generation of phosphoinositide-3-phosphate (PI3P) species. Given their central role in macropinocytosis and affinity for PI3P, we assessed the role of SNX-PX-BAR family proteins. Strikingly, SNX9 was specifically and transiently enriched at C. trachomatis entry foci. SNX9-/- cells exhibited a 20% defect in EB entry, which was enhanced to 60% when the cells were infected without sedimentation-induced EB adhesion, consistent with a defect in initial EB-host interaction. Correspondingly, filopodial capture of C. trachomatis EBs was specifically attenuated in SNX9-/- cells, implicating SNX9 as a central host mediator of filopodial capture early during chlamydial entry. Our findings identify an unanticipated complexity of signalling underpinning cell entry by this major human pathogen, and suggest intriguing parallels with viral entry mechanisms. Chlamydia trachomatis remains the leading bacterial agent of sexually transmitted disease worldwide and causes a form of blindness called trachoma in Developing nations, which is recognised by the World Health Organisation as a neglected tropical disease. Despite this burden, we know comparatively little about how it causes disease at a molecular level. Chlamydia must live inside human cells to survive, and here we study the mechanism of how it enters cells, which is critical to the lifecycle. We study how the bacterium exploits signalling pathways inside the cell to its own advantage to deform the cell membrane by reorganising the underlying cell skeleton, and identify new factors involved in this process. Our findings suggest intriguing similarities with how some viruses enter cells. A better understanding of these processes may help to develop future vaccines and new treatments.
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Helenius A. Virus Entry: Looking Back and Moving Forward. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1853-1862. [PMID: 29709571 PMCID: PMC7094621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Research over a period of more than half a century has provided a reasonably accurate picture of mechanisms involved in animal virus entry into their host cells. Successive steps in entry include binding to receptors, endocytosis, passage through one or more membranes, targeting to specific sites within the cell, and uncoating of the genome. For some viruses, the molecular interactions are known in great detail. However, as more viruses are analyzed, and as the focus shifts from tissue culture to in vivo experiments, it is evident that viruses display considerable redundancy and flexibility in receptor usage, endocytic mechanism, location of penetration, and uncoating mechanism. For many viruses, the picture is still elusive because the interactions that they engage in rely on sophisticated adaptation to complex cellular functions and defense mechanisms. Studies using a broad combination of technologies have provided detailed information on the entry and uncoating of many animal viruses. Not only the identity of cell surface receptors but their distribution in plasma membrane and in microdomains defines cell tropism and infection efficiency. The majority of viruses enter by endocytic mechanisms and penetrate into the cytosol intracellularly from a variety of different organelles. The picture is often elusive because many viruses display redundancy in receptor choice and entry strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Helenius
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Biochemistry, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland.
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Bommareddy PK, Peters C, Saha D, Rabkin SD, Kaufman HL. Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses as a Paradigm for the Treatment of Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K. Bommareddy
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Cole Peters
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dipongkor Saha
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Samuel D. Rabkin
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Howard L. Kaufman
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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Simultaneous Insertion of Two Ligands in gD for Cultivation of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses in Noncancer Cells and Retargeting to Cancer Receptors. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02132-17. [PMID: 29263255 PMCID: PMC5827369 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02132-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Insertion of a single-chain variable-fragment antibody (scFv) to HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) in gD, gH, or gB gives rise to herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) specifically retargeted to HER2-positive cancer cells, hence to highly specific nonattenuated oncolytic agents. Clinical-grade virus production cannot rely on cancer cells. Recently, we developed a double-retargeting strategy whereby gH carries the GCN4 peptide for retargeting to the noncancer producer Vero-GCN4R cell line and gD carries the scFv to HER2 for cancer retargeting. Here, we engineered double-retargeted recombinants, which carry both the GCN4 peptide and the scFv to HER2 in gD. Novel, more-advantageous detargeting strategies were devised so as to optimize the cultivation of the double-retargeted recombinants. Nectin1 detargeting was achieved by deletion of amino acids (aa) 35 to 39, 214 to 223, or 219 to 223 and replacement of the deleted sequences with one of the two ligands. The last two deletions were not attempted before. All recombinants exhibited the double retargeting to HER2 and to the Vero-GCN4R cells, as well as detargeting from the natural receptors HVEM and nectin1. Of note, some recombinants grew to higher yields than others. The best-performing recombinants carried a gD deletion as small as 5 amino acids and grew to titers similar to those exhibited by the singly retargeted R-LM113 and by the nonretargeted R-LM5. This study shows that double retargeting through insertion of two ligands in gD is feasible and, when combined with appropriate detargeting modifications, can result in recombinants highly effective in vitro and in vivo. IMPORTANCE There is increasing interest in oncolytic viruses following the FDA and European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval of the oncolytic HSV OncovexGM-CSF and, mainly, because they greatly boost the immune response to the tumor and can be combined with immunotherapeutic agents, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors. A strategy to gain high cancer specificity and avoid virus attenuation is to retarget the virus tropism to cancer-specific receptors of choice. However, cultivation of retargeted oncolytics in cells expressing the cancer receptor may not be approvable by regulatory agencies. We devised a strategy for their cultivation in noncancer cells. Here, we describe a double-retargeting strategy, based on the simultaneous insertion of two ligands in gD, one for retargeting to a producer, universal Vero cell derivative and one for retargeting to the HER2 cancer receptor. These insertions were combined with novel, minimally disadvantageous detargeting modifications. The current and accompanying studies indicate how to best achieve the clinical-grade cultivation of retargeted oncolytics.
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The Amino Terminus of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Glycoprotein K (gK) Is Required for gB Binding to Akt, Release of Intracellular Calcium, and Fusion of the Viral Envelope with Plasma Membranes. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01842-17. [PMID: 29321326 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01842-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that the amino terminus of glycoprotein K (gK) binds to the amino terminus of gB and that deletion of the amino-terminal 38 amino acids of gK prevents herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection of mouse trigeminal ganglia after ocular infection and virus entry into neuronal axons. Recently, it has been shown that gB binds to Akt during virus entry and induces Akt phosphorylation and intracellular calcium release. Proximity ligation and two-way immunoprecipitation assays using monoclonal antibodies against gB and Akt-1 phosphorylated at S473 [Akt-1(S473)] confirmed that HSV-1(McKrae) gB interacted with Akt-1(S473) during virus entry into human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells and induced the release of intracellular calcium. In contrast, the gB specified by HSV-1(McKrae) gKΔ31-68, lacking the amino-terminal 38 amino acids of gK, failed to interact with Akt-1(S473) and induce intracellular calcium release. The Akt inhibitor miltefosine inhibited the entry of McKrae but not the gKΔ31-68 mutant into SK-N-SH cells. Importantly, the entry of the gKΔ31-68 mutant but not McKrae into SK-N-SH cells treated with the endocytosis inhibitors pitstop-2 and dynasore hydrate was significantly inhibited, indicating that McKrae gKΔ31-68 entered via endocytosis. These results suggest that the amino terminus of gK functions to regulate the fusion of the viral envelope with cellular plasma membranes.IMPORTANCE HSV-1 glycoprotein B (gB) functions in the fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes during virus entry. Herein, we show that a deletion in the amino terminus of glycoprotein K (gK) inhibits gB binding to Akt-1(S473), the release of intracellular calcium, and virus entry via fusion of the viral envelope with cellular plasma membranes.
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Herpes simplex viruses activate phospholipid scramblase to redistribute phosphatidylserines and Akt to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and promote viral entry. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006766. [PMID: 29293671 PMCID: PMC5766253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry is associated with Akt translocation to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane to promote a complex signaling cascade. We hypothesized that phospholipid scramblase-1 (PLSCR1), a calcium responsive enzyme that flips phosphatidylserines between membrane leaflets, might redistribute Akt to the outside during entry. Confocal imaging, biotinylation of membrane proteins and flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that HSV activates PLSCR1 and flips phosphatidylserines and Akt to the outside shortly following HSV-1 or HSV-2 exposure. Translocation was blocked by addition of a cell permeable calcium chelator, pharmacological scramblase antagonist, or transfection with small interfering RNA targeting PLSCR1. Co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation studies demonstrated that PLSCR1 associated with glycoprotein L at the outer leaflet and studies with gL deletion viruses indicate that this interaction facilitates subsequent restoration of the plasma membrane architecture. Ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, also induced PLSCR1 activation resulting in Akt externalization, suggesting a previously unrecognized biological phenomenon. Defining the mechanisms by which herpes simplex viruses (HSV) enter cells will facilitate the development of new strategies to prevent or treat infections and provide insights into cell biology. We report the novel observation that HSV activates the enzyme, scramblase, which redistributes phosphatidylserines, the major component of the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, and the associated protein, Akt, between the inner and outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, to promote viral entry.
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Lv C, Lin Y, Sun EZ, Tang B, Ao J, Wang JJ, Zhang ZL, Zheng Z, Wang H, Pang DW. Internalization of the pseudorabies virus via macropinocytosis analyzed by quantum dot-based single-virus tracking. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11184-11187. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05614e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing a single-virus tracking technique, the key steps of the PrV entry process were analyzed in detail by real-time monitoring of quantum dot-labeled PrV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- People's Republic of China
| | - En-Ze Sun
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- People's Republic of China
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Wudiri GA, Schneider SM, Nicola AV. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Envelope Cholesterol Facilitates Membrane Fusion. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2383. [PMID: 29270154 PMCID: PMC5723649 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD) treatment of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) reduced envelope cholesterol levels and inhibited viral entry and infectivity in several cell types, regardless of the dependence of entry on endocytosis or low pH. Viral protein composition was similar in MβCD-treated and untreated virions, and ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy revealed that cholesterol removal did not grossly affect virion structure or integrity. Removal of envelope cholesterol greatly reduced virion fusion activity as measured by fusion-from-without, suggesting that virion cholesterol is critical for the step of membrane fusion. MβCD-treatment of HSV-1 did not reduce viral attachment to the cells nor endocytic uptake of HSV-1 from the cell surface. The pre-fusion form of gB present in the HSV-1 envelope undergoes conformational changes in response to mildly acidic pH. These gB changes occurred independently of envelope cholesterol. Removal of cholesterol compromised virion stability as measured by recovery of infectivity following cycles of freeze-thaw. Taken together, the data suggest that HSV-1 envelope cholesterol is important for viral entry and infectivity due to a critical role in membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Wudiri
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Seth M Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Anthony V Nicola
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Per os infectivity factors: a complicated and evolutionarily conserved entry machinery of baculovirus. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:806-815. [PMID: 28755302 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviruses are a family of arthropod-specific large DNA viruses that infect insect species belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. In nature, occlusion-derived viruses (ODVs) initiate baculovirus primary infection in the midgut epithelium of insect hosts, and this process is largely dependent on a number of ODV envelope proteins designated as per os infectivity factors (PIFs). Interestingly, PIF homologs are also present in other invertebrate large DNA viruses, which is indicative that per os infection is an ancient and phylogenetically conserved entry mechanism shared by these viruses. Here, we review the advances in the knowledge of the functions of individual PIFs and recent discoveries about the PIF complex, and discuss the evolutionary implications of PIF homologs in invertebrate DNA viruses. Furthermore, future research highlights on the per os infection mechanism are also prospected.
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Minaya MA, Korom M, Wang H, Belshe RB, Morrison LA. The herpevac trial for women: Sequence analysis of glycoproteins from viruses obtained from infected subjects. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176687. [PMID: 28448558 PMCID: PMC5407825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Herpevac Trial for Women revealed that three dose HSV-2 gD vaccine was 58% protective against culture-positive HSV-1 genital disease, but it was not protective against HSV-2 infection or disease. To determine whether vaccine-induced immune responses had selected for a particular gD sequence in strains infecting vaccine recipients compared with viruses infecting control subjects, genetic sequencing studies were carried out on viruses isolated from subjects infected with HSV-1 or HSV-2. We identified naturally occurring variants among the gD sequences obtained from 83 infected subjects. Unique or low frequency amino acid substitutions in the ectodomain of gD were found in 6 of 39 HSV-1-infected subjects and in 7 of 44 HSV-2-infected subjects. However, no consistent amino acid change was identified in isolates from gD-2 vaccine recipients compared with infected placebo recipients. gC and gE surround and partially shield gD from neutralizing antibody, and gB also participates closely in the viral entry process. Therefore, these genes were sequenced from a number of isolates to assess whether sequence variation may alter protein conformation and influence the virus strain’s capacity to be neutralized by vaccine-induced antibody. gC and gE genes sequenced from HSV-1-infected subjects showed more variability than their HSV-2 counterparts. The gB sequences of HSV-1 oral isolates resembled each other more than they did gB sequences rom genital isolates. Overall, however, comparison of glycoprotein sequences of viral isolates obtained from infected subjects did not reveal any singular selective pressure on the viral cell attachment protein or surrounding glycoproteins due to administration of gD-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Minaya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maria Korom
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Belshe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lynda A. Morrison
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Insertion of a ligand to HER2 in gB retargets HSV tropism and obviates the need for activation of the other entry glycoproteins. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006352. [PMID: 28423057 PMCID: PMC5411103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry into the cells requires glycoproteins gD, gH/gL and gB, activated in a cascade fashion by conformational modifications induced by cognate receptors and intermolecular signaling. The receptors are nectin1 and HVEM (Herpes virus entry mediator) for gD, and αvβ6 or αvβ8 integrin for gH. In earlier work, insertion of a single chain antibody (scFv) to the cancer receptor HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) in gD, or in gH, resulted in HSVs specifically retargeted to the HER2-positive cancer cells, hence in highly specific non-attenuated oncolytic agents. Here, the scFv to HER2 was inserted in gB (gBHER2). The insertion re-targeted the virus tropism to the HER2-positive cancer cells. This was unexpected since gB is known to be a fusogenic glycoprotein, not a tropism determinant. The gB-retargeted recombinant offered the possibility to investigate how HER2 mediated entry. In contrast to wt-gB, the activation of the chimeric gBHER2 did not require the activation of the gD and of gH/gL by their respective receptors. Furthermore, a soluble form of HER2 could replace the membrane-bound HER2 in mediating virus entry, hinting that HER2 acted by inducing conformational changes to the chimeric gB. This study shows that (i) gB can be modified and become the major determinant of HSV tropism; (ii) the chimeric gBHER2 bypasses the requirement for receptor-mediated activation of other essential entry glycoproteins.
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You Y, Cheng AC, Wang MS, Jia RY, Sun KF, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Chen S, Liu MF, Zhao XX, Chen XY. The suppression of apoptosis by α-herpesvirus. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2749. [PMID: 28406478 PMCID: PMC5477576 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, an important innate immune mechanism that eliminates pathogen-infected cells, is primarily triggered by two signalling pathways: the death receptor pathway and the mitochondria-mediated pathway. However, many viruses have evolved various strategies to suppress apoptosis by encoding anti-apoptotic factors or regulating apoptotic signalling pathways, which promote viral propagation and evasion of the host defence. During its life cycle, α-herpesvirus utilizes an elegant multifarious anti-apoptotic strategy to suppress programmed cell death. This progress article primarily focuses on the current understanding of the apoptosis-inhibition mechanisms of α-herpesvirus anti-apoptotic genes and their expression products and discusses future directions, including how the anti-apoptotic function of herpesvirus could be targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu You
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - An-Chun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Shu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Yong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Kun-Feng Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ma-Feng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
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Adler B, Sattler C, Adler H. Herpesviruses and Their Host Cells: A Successful Liaison. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:229-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nuclear Import of Hepatitis B Virus Capsids and Genome. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010021. [PMID: 28117723 PMCID: PMC5294990 DOI: 10.3390/v9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped pararetrovirus with a DNA genome, which is found in an up to 36 nm-measuring capsid. Replication of the genome occurs via an RNA intermediate, which is synthesized in the nucleus. The virus must have thus ways of transporting its DNA genome into this compartment. This review summarizes the data on hepatitis B virus genome transport and correlates the finding to those from other viruses.
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Distribution of cellular HSV-1 receptor expression in human brain. J Neurovirol 2016; 23:376-384. [PMID: 27981441 PMCID: PMC5440480 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus linked to a range of acute and chronic neurological disorders affecting distinct regions of the brain. Unusually, HSV-1 entry into cells requires the interaction of viral proteins glycoprotein D (gD) and glycoprotein B (gB) with distinct cellular receptor proteins. Several different gD and gB receptors have been identified, including TNFRSF14/HVEM and PVRL1/nectin 1 as gD receptors and PILRA, MAG, and MYH9 as gB receptors. We investigated the expression of these receptor molecules in different areas of the adult and developing human brain using online transcriptome databases. Whereas all HSV-1 receptors showed distinct expression patterns in different brain areas, the Allan Brain Atlas (ABA) reported increased expression of both gD and gB receptors in the hippocampus. Specifically, for PVRL1, TNFRFS14, and MYH9, the differential z scores for hippocampal expression, a measure of relative levels of increased expression, rose to 2.9, 2.9, and 2.5, respectively, comparable to the z score for the archetypical hippocampus-enriched mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2, z = 3.1). These data were confirmed at the Human Brain Transcriptome (HBT) database, but HBT data indicate that MAG expression is also enriched in hippocampus. The HBT database allowed the developmental pattern of expression to be investigated; we report that all HSV1 receptors markedly increase in expression levels between gestation and the postnatal/adult periods. These results suggest that differential receptor expression levels of several HSV-1 gD and gB receptors in the adult hippocampus are likely to underlie the susceptibility of this brain region to HSV-1 infection.
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Cell Surface THY-1 Contributes to Human Cytomegalovirus Entry via a Macropinocytosis-Like Process. J Virol 2016; 90:9766-9781. [PMID: 27558416 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01092-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we showed that THY-1 has a critical role in the initial stage of infection of certain cell types with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and that THY-1 is important for HCMV-mediated activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt during virus entry. THY-1 is known to interact with integrins and is a major cargo protein of clathrin-independent endocytic vesicles. Since macropinocytosis involves integrin signaling, is PI3K/Akt dependent, and is a clathrin-independent endocytic process, we determined whether THY-1 has a role in HCMV entry by macropinocytosis. Using electron microscopy in two cell lines that support HCMV infection in a THY-1-dependent manner, we found that HCMV enters these cells by a macropinocytosis-like process. THY-1 associated with HCMV virions on the cell surface and colocalized with virus inside macropinosomes. 5-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA) and soluble THY-1 blocked HCMV infection in the cell lines by ≥80% and 60%, respectively. HCMV entry into the cells triggered increased influx of extracellular fluid, a marker of macropinocytosis, and this increased fluid uptake was inhibited by EIPA and by soluble THY-1. Blocking actin depolymerization, Na+/H+ exchange, PI3K, and Pak1 kinase, which are critical for macropinocytosis, impaired HCMV infection. Neither internalized HCMV virions nor THY-1 in virus-infected cells colocalized with transferrin as determined by confocal microscopy, indicating that clathrin-mediated endocytosis was not involved in THY-1-associated virus entry. These results suggest that HCMV has adapted to utilize THY-1, a cargo protein of clathrin-independent endocytotic vesicles, to facilitate efficient entry into certain cell types by a macropinocytosis-like process. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects over half of the population and is the most common infectious cause of birth defects. The virus is the most important infection occurring in transplant recipients. The mechanism of how HCMV enters cells is controversial. In this study, we show that THY-1, a cell surface protein that is critical for the early stage of entry of HCMV into certain cell types, contributes to virus entry by macropinocytosis. Our findings suggest that HCMV has adapted to utilize THY-1 to facilitate entry of HCMV into macropinosomes in certain cell types. Further knowledge about the mechanism of HCMV entry into cells may facilitate the development of novel inhibitors of virus infection.
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B Virus (Macacine Herpesvirus 1) Divergence: Variations in Glycoprotein D from Clinical and Laboratory Isolates Diversify Virus Entry Strategies. J Virol 2016; 90:9420-32. [PMID: 27512063 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00799-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED B virus (Macacine herpesvirus 1) can cause deadly zoonotic disease in humans. Molecular mechanisms of B virus cell entry are poorly understood for both macaques and humans. Here we investigated the abilities of clinical B virus isolates to use entry receptors of herpes simplex viruses (HSV). We showed that resistant B78H1 cells became susceptible to B virus clinical strains upon expression of either human nectin-2 or nectin-1. Antibody against glycoprotein D (gD) protected these nectin-bearing cells from B virus infection, and a gD-negative recombinant B virus failed to enter these cells, indicating that the nectin-mediated B virus entry depends on gD. We observed that the infectivity of B virus isolates with a single amino acid substitution (D122N) in the IgV-core of the gD ectodomain was impaired on nectin-1-bearing cells. Computational homology-based modeling of the B virus gD-nectin-1 complex revealed conformational differences between the structures of the gD-122N and gD-122D variants that affected the gD-nectin-1 protein-protein interface and binding affinity. Unlike HSV, B virus clinical strains were unable to use herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) as a receptor, regardless of conservation of the gD amino acid residues essential for HSV-1 entry via HVEM. Based on the model of the B virus gD-HVEM interface, we predict that residues R7, R11, and G15 are largely responsible for the inability of B virus to utilize HVEM for entry. The ability of B virus to enter cells of a human host by using a combination of receptors distinct from those for HSV-1 or HSV-2 suggests a possible mechanism of enhanced neuropathogenicity associated with zoonotic infections. IMPORTANCE B virus causes brainstem destruction in infected humans in the absence of timely diagnosis and intervention. Nectins are cell adhesion molecules that are widely expressed in human tissues, including neurons and neuronal synapses. Here we report that human nectin-2 is a target receptor for B virus entry, in addition to the reported receptor human nectin-1. Similar to a B virus lab strain, B virus clinical strains can effectively use both nectin-1 and nectin-2 as cellular receptors for entry into human cells, but unlike HSV-1 and HSV-2, none of the clinical strains uses an HVEM-mediated entry pathway. Ultimately, these differences between B virus and HSV-1 and -2 may provide insight into the neuropathogenicity of B virus during zoonotic infections.
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Nicola AV. Herpesvirus Entry into Host Cells Mediated by Endosomal Low pH. Traffic 2016; 17:965-75. [PMID: 27126894 PMCID: PMC5444542 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviral pathogenesis stems from infection of multiple cell types including the site of latency and cells that support lytic replication. Herpesviruses utilize distinct cellular pathways, including low pH endocytic pathways, to enter different pathophysiologically relevant target cells. This review details the impact of the mildly acidic milieu of endosomes on the entry of herpesviruses, with particular emphasis on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Epithelial cells, the portal of primary HSV-1 infection, support entry via low pH endocytosis mechanisms. Mildly acidic pH triggers reversible conformational changes in the HSV-1 class III fusion protein glycoprotein B (gB). In vitro treatment of herpes simplex virions with a similar pH range inactivates infectivity, likely by prematurely activating the viral entry machinery in the absence of a target membrane. How a given herpesvirus mediates both low pH and pH-independent entry events is a key unresolved question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony V Nicola
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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50
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Campadelli-Fiume G, Collins-McMillen D, Gianni T, Yurochko AD. Integrins as Herpesvirus Receptors and Mediators of the Host Signalosome. Annu Rev Virol 2016; 3:215-236. [PMID: 27501260 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-035618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The repertoire of herpesvirus receptors consists of nonintegrin and integrin molecules. Integrins interact with the conserved glycoproteins gH/gL or gB. This interaction is a conserved biology across the Herpesviridae family, likely directed to promote virus entry and endocytosis. Herpesviruses exploit this interaction to execute a range of critical functions that include (a) relocation of nonintegrin receptors (e.g., herpes simplex virus nectin1 and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus EphA2), or association with nonintegrin receptors (i.e., human cytomegalovirus EGFR), to dictate species-specific entry pathways; (b) activation of multiple signaling pathways (e.g., Ca2+ release, c-Src, FAK, MAPK, and PI3K); and (c) association with Rho GTPases, tyrosine kinase receptors, Toll-like receptors, which result in cytoskeletal remodeling, differential cell type targeting, and innate responses. In turn, integrins can be modulated by viral proteins (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus LMPs) to favor spread of transformed cells. We propose that herpesviruses evolved a multipartite entry system to allow interaction with multiple receptors, including integrins, required for their sophisticated life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Donna Collins-McMillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130;
| | - Tatiana Gianni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Andrew D Yurochko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130; .,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center and Center for Excellence in Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130
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