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Leastro MO, Pallás V, Sánchez-Navarro JÁ. The capsid protein of citrus leprosis virus C shows a nuclear distribution and interacts with the nucleolar fibrillarin protein. Virus Res 2024; 340:199297. [PMID: 38070688 PMCID: PMC10758971 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses (BTVs) have a significant negative economic impact on the citrus industry in Central and South America. Until now, only a few studies have explored the intracellular distribution and interaction of BTVs-encoded proteins with host factors, particularly for cileviruses, the main BTV responsible for the Citrus Leprosis (CL) disease. This study describes the nuclear localization of citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) capsid protein (p29) and its interaction with the fibrillarin (Fib2) within the nucleolar compartment and cell cytoplasm. Our results, obtained by computer predictions and laser scanning confocal microscopy analyses, including colocalization and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) approaches, revealed that a fraction of the p29 is localized in the nucleus and colocalizes with the Fib2 in both the nucleolus and cytosol. The nuclear localization of p29 correlated with a smaller nucleus size. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays confirmed the interactions between p29 and Fib2. The implications of these findings for the functionalities of the cilevirus capsid protein are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Oliveira Leastro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia 46022, Spain.
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Jesús Ángel Sánchez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia 46022, Spain.
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2
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Wei Y, Xie H, Xu L, Cheng X, Zhu B, Zeng H, Shi H. Coat protein of cassava common mosaic virus targets RAV1 and RAV2 transcription factors to subvert immunity in cassava. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1218-1232. [PMID: 37874769 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV, genus Potexvirus) is a prevalent virus associated with cassava mosaic disease, so it is essential to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of the coevolutionary arms race between viral pathogenesis and the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) defense response. However, the molecular mechanism underlying CsCMV infection is largely unclear. Here, we revealed that coat protein (CP) acts as a major pathogenicity determinant of CsCMV via a mutant infectious clone. Moreover, we identified the target proteins of CP-related to abscisic acid insensitive3 (ABI3)/viviparous1 (VP1) (MeRAV1) and MeRAV2 transcription factors, which positively regulated disease resistance against CsCMV via transcriptional activation of melatonin biosynthetic genes (tryptophan decarboxylase 2 (MeTDC2), tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (MeT5H), N-aceylserotonin O-methyltransferase 1 (MeASMT1)) and MeCatalase6 (MeCAT6) and MeCAT7. Notably, the interaction between CP, MeRAV1, and MeRAV2 interfered with the protein phosphorylation of MeRAV1 and MeRAV2 individually at Ser45 and Ser44 by the protein kinase, thereby weakening the transcriptional activation activity of MeRAV1 and MeRAV2 on melatonin biosynthetic genes, MeCAT6 and MeCAT7 dependent on the protein phosphorylation of MeRAV1 and MeRAV2. Taken together, the identification of the CP-MeRAV1 and CP-MeRAV2 interaction module not only illustrates a molecular mechanism by which CsCMV orchestrates the host defense system to benefit its infection and development but also provides a gene network with potential value for the genetic improvement of cassava disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxie Wei
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
| | - Haoqi Xie
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
| | - Lulu Xu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
| | - Binbin Zhu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
| | - Hongqiu Zeng
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
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3
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Tatineni S, Alexander J, Nunna H. 6K1, NIa-VPg, NIa-Pro, and CP of Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Are Collective Determinants of Wheat Streak Mosaic Disease in Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1115-1127. [PMID: 36537846 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0401-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV; genus Tritimovirus, family Potyviridae) is the causal agent of the most economically important wheat streak mosaic disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the Great Plains region of the United States. WSMV determinants responsible for wheat streak mosaic disease in wheat are unknown. Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), a wheat-infecting virus, was used as an expression vector for the transient expression of each of the WSMV-encoded cistrons in wheat. WSMV-encoded 6K1, NIa-VPg, NIa-Pro, and CP cistrons in TriMV elicited symptoms specific to different stages of wheat streak mosaic disease without significantly affecting the genomic RNA accumulation. WSMV 6K1 produced early wheat streak mosaic disease-like symptoms of severe chlorotic streaks and patches. NIa-VPg and CP caused severe chlorotic streaks, followed by moderate stunting (only with NIa-VPg) of wheat, mimicking early- and mid-stage symptoms of wheat streak mosaic disease. WSMV NIa-Pro caused mild chlorotic streaks, followed by dark green leaves with severe stunting, representing the late symptoms of wheat streak mosaic disease. Collectively, these data suggest that cumulative effects of WSMV-encoded 6K1, NIa-VPg, NIa-Pro, and CP are responsible for different stages of wheat streak mosaic disease symptoms in wheat. Furthermore, deletion analysis of wheat streak mosaic disease determinants revealed that complete 6K1 and NIa-Pro, amino acids 3 to 60 and 121 to 197 of NIa-VPg, and amino acids 101 to 294 of CP are responsible for wheat streak mosaic disease-like symptoms in wheat. This study suggests that management strategies for wheat streak mosaic disease in wheat should target WSMV determinants of the disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Tatineni
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503
| | - Jeffrey Alexander
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Haritha Nunna
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503
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4
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Malavika M, Prakash V, Chakraborty S. Recovery from virus infection: plant's armory in action. PLANTA 2023; 257:103. [PMID: 37115475 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This review focuses on different factors involved in promoting symptom recovery in plants post-virus infection such as epigenetics, transcriptional reprogramming, phytohormones with an emphasis on RNA silencing as well as role of abiotic factors such as temperature on symptom recovery. Plants utilize several different strategies to defend themselves in the battle against invading viruses. Most of the viral proteins interact with plant proteins and interfere with molecular dynamics in a cell which eventually results in symptom development. This initial symptom development is countered by the plant utilizing various factors including the plant's adaptive immunity to develop a virus tolerant state. Infected plants can specifically target and impede the transcription of viral genes as well as degrade the viral transcripts to restrict their proliferation by the production of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) generated from the viral nucleic acid, known as virus-derived siRNA (vsiRNA). To further escalate the degradation of viral nucleic acid, secondary siRNAs are generated. The production of virus-activated siRNA (vasiRNA) from the host genome causes differential regulation of the host transcriptome which plays a major role in establishing a virus tolerant state within the infected plant. The systemic action of vsiRNAs, vasiRNA, and secondary siRNAs with the help of defense hormones like salicylic acid can curb viral proliferation, and thus the newly emerged leaves develop fewer symptoms, maintaining a state of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malavika
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ved Prakash
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Li Z, Liu J, Ma W, Li X. Characteristics, Roles and Applications of Proteinaceous Elicitors from Pathogens in Plant Immunity. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020268. [PMID: 36836624 PMCID: PMC9960299 DOI: 10.3390/life13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In interactions between pathogens and plants, pathogens secrete many molecules that facilitate plant infection, and some of these compounds are recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which induce immune responses. Molecules in both pathogens and plants that trigger immune responses in plants are termed elicitors. On the basis of their chemical content, elicitors can be classified into carbohydrates, lipopeptides, proteinaceous compounds and other types. Although many studies have focused on the involvement of elicitors in plants, especially on pathophysiological changes induced by elicitors in plants and the mechanisms mediating these changes, there is a lack of up-to-date reviews on the characteristics and functions of proteinaceous elicitors. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the up-to-date knowledge on several important families of pathogenic proteinaceous elicitors (i.e., harpins, necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) and elicitins), focusing mainly on their structures, characteristics and effects on plants, specifically on their roles in plant immune responses. A solid understanding of elicitors may be helpful to decrease the use of agrochemicals in agriculture and gardening, generate more resistant germplasms and increase crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Junnan Liu
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wenting Ma
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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6
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Nandudu L, Kawuki R, Ogbonna A, Kanaabi M, Jannink JL. Genetic dissection of cassava brown streak disease in a genomic selection population. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1099409. [PMID: 36714759 PMCID: PMC9880483 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1099409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is a major threat to food security in East and central Africa. Breeding for resistance against CBSD is the most economical and sustainable way of addressing this challenge. Methods This study seeks to assess the (1) performance of CBSD incidence and severity; (2) identify genomic regions associated with CBSD traits and (3) candidate genes in the regions of interest, in the Cycle 2 population of the National Crops Resources Research Institute. Results A total of 302 diverse clones were screened, revealing that CBSD incidence across growing seasons was 44%. Severity scores for both foliar and root symptoms ranged from 1.28 to 1.99 and 1.75 to 2.28, respectively across seasons. Broad sense heritability ranged from low to high (0.15 - 0.96), while narrow sense heritability ranged from low to moderate (0.03 - 0.61). Five QTLs, explaining approximately 19% phenotypic variation were identified for CBSD severity at 3 months after planting on chromosomes 1, 13, and 18 in the univariate GWAS analysis. Multivariate GWAS analysis identified 17 QTLs that were consistent with the univariate analysis including additional QTLs on chromosome 6. Seventy-seven genes were identified in these regions with functions such as catalytic activity, ATP-dependent activity, binding, response to stimulus, translation regulator activity, transporter activity among others. Discussion These results suggest variation in virulence in the C2 population, largely due to genetics and annotated genes in these QTLs regions may play critical roles in virus initiation and replication, thus increasing susceptibility to CBSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Nandudu
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Root crops Department National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Kawuki
- Root crops Department National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Ogbonna
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael Kanaabi
- Root crops Department National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jean-Luc Jannink
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ithaca, NY, United States
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7
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Marquez-Molins J, Juarez-Gonzalez VT, Gomez G, Pallas V, Martinez G. Occurrence of RNA post-transcriptional modifications in plant viruses and viroids and their correlation with structural and functional features. Virus Res 2023; 323:198958. [PMID: 36209921 PMCID: PMC10194119 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional modifications of RNA bases are widespread across all the tree of life and have been linked to RNA maturation, stability, and molecular interactions. RNA modifications have been extensively described in endogenous eukaryotic mRNAs, however, little is known about the presence of RNA modifications in plant viral and subviral RNAs. Here, we used a computational approach to infer RNA modifications in plant-pathogenic viruses and viroids using high-throughput annotation of modified ribonucleotides (HAMR), a software that predicts modified ribonucleotides using high-throughput RNA sequencing data. We analyzed datasets from representative members of different plant viruses and viroids and compared them to plant-endogenous mRNAs. Our approach was able to predict potential RNA chemical modifications (RCMs) in all analyzed pathogens. We found that both DNA and RNA viruses presented a wide range of RCM proportions while viroids had lowest values. Furthermore, we found that for viruses with segmented genomes, some genomic RNAs had a higher proportion of RCM. Interestingly, nuclear-replicating viroids showed most of the predicted modifications located in the pathogenesis region, pointing towards a possible functional role of RCMs in their infectious cycle. Thus, our results strongly suggest that plant viral and subviral RNAs might contain a variety of previously unreported RNA modifications, thus opening a new perspective in the multifaceted process of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Marquez-Molins
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universitat de València (UV), Parc Científic, Cat. Agustín Escardino 9, Paterna 46980, Spain; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universitat Politècnica de València, CPI 8E, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Vasti Thamara Juarez-Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Gustavo Gomez
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universitat de València (UV), Parc Científic, Cat. Agustín Escardino 9, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Vicente Pallas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universitat Politècnica de València, CPI 8E, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - German Martinez
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden.
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An Evolved 5' Untranslated Region of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus Allows the RNA Transport of Movement-Defective Variants. J Virol 2022; 96:e0098822. [PMID: 36314818 PMCID: PMC9683001 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00988-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the coat protein (CP) has a relevant role in the long-distance movement of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and brome mosaic virus (BMV), its precise function is not fully understood. Previous results showed that a specific interaction between the C termini of the movement protein (MP) and the cognate CP is required for systemic transport. Thus, we have performed a compensatory evolution experiment using an AMV RNA3 derivative defective in long-distance transport that carries a BMV MP lacking the C-terminal 48 residues and unable to interact with the AMV CP. After several passages, five independent evolution lineages were able to move long distance. The analysis of the viral RNA of these lineages showed the presence of three different modifications located exclusively at the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR). The three evolved 5' UTR variants accumulated comparable levels of viral RNA and CP but reduced the accumulation of virus particles and the affinity between the 5' UTR and the AMV CP. In addition, the evolved 5' UTR increased cell-to-cell transport for both the AMV RNA3 carrying the BMV MP and that carrying the AMV MP. Finally, the evolved 5' UTRs allowed the systemic transport of an AMV RNA3 carrying a CP mutant defective in virus particles and increased the systemic transport of several AMV RNA3 derivatives carrying different viral MPs associated with the 30K superfamily. Altogether, our findings indicate that virus particles are not required for the systemic transport of AMV but also that BMV MP is competent for the short- and long-distance transport without the interaction with the CP. IMPORTANCE The results obtained in the present work could challenge the view of the role of the virus particle in the systemic transport of plant viruses. In this sense, we show that two different MPs are competent to systemically transport the AMV genome without the requirement of the virus particles, as reported for viruses lacking a CP (e.g., Umbravirus). The incapability of the viral MP to interact with the CP triggered virus variants that evolved to reduce the formation of virus particles, probably to increase the accessibility of the MP to the viral progeny. Our results point to the idea that virus particles would not be necessary for the viral systemic transport but would be necessary for vector virus transmission. This idea is reinforced by the observation that heterologous MPs also increased the systemic transport of the AMV constructs that have reduced encapsidation capabilities.
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9
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Fang M, Yu J, Kwak HR, Kim KH. Identification of viral genes involved in pepper mottle virus replication and symptom development in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1048074. [PMID: 36388582 PMCID: PMC9650420 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1048074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) infects primarily Capsicum species, including pepper and bell pepper which are important vegetable and spice crops in Korea. We have previously collected 13 PepMoV isolates from nine regions comprising five provinces, causing different symptoms on inoculated indicator host plants in Korea. To further identify the responsible symptom determinant(s) and explore viral protein functions of PepMoV, two out of 13 isolates, including 134 and 205136, were used in this study. Isolate 134 causes necrosis and yellowing, while 205136 causes severe mottle and yellowing symptoms on Nicotiana benthamiana. All chimeric and site-directed mutants contain the PepMoV 134 genome as a backbone with specific regions switched for those from counterparts of PepMoV 205136. Effects of all mutants compared with 134 after inoculation onto N. benthamiana by agroinfiltration. Results from our study provide direct evidence that the helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) and the nuclear inclusion protein b (NIb)-coat protein (CP) regions are involved in virus accumulation and symptom determinants. In addition, we mapped to amino acid residues tyrosine, glycine, and leucine at position 360, 385, and 527, respectively, in the HC-Pro region participate in faster viral accumulation or movement in the plant. The residue valine at position 2773 of NIb plays an essential role in isolate 134 symptom development. As part of this study, we seek to gain insight into viral factors involved in the PepMoV infection cycle and a better understanding of plant-virus interactions. These findings complement the insufficiency of the gene function study of the PepMoV virus and provide a novel perspective for the protein function study of the Potyvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Fang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisuk Yu
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae-Ryun Kwak
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Gupta N, Reddy K, Gnanasekaran P, Zhai Y, Chakraborty S, Pappu HR. Functional characterization of a new ORF βV1 encoded by radish leaf curl betasatellite. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:972386. [PMID: 36212370 PMCID: PMC9546537 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.972386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses infect and damage a wide range of food, feed, and fiber crops worldwide. Some of these viruses are associated with betasatellite molecules that are known to enhance viral pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the function of a novel βV1 protein encoded by radish leaf curl betasatellite (RaLCB) by overexpressing the protein using potato virus X (PVX)-based virus vector in Nicotiana benthamiana. βV1 protein induced lesions on leaves, suggestive of hypersensitive response (HR), indicating cell death. The HR reaction induced by βV1 protein was accompanied by an increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), free radicals, and HR-related transcripts. Subcellular localization through confocal microscopy revealed that βV1 protein localizes to the cellular periphery. βV1 was also found to interact with replication enhancer protein (AC3) of helper virus in the nucleus. The current findings suggest that βV1 functions as a protein elicitor and a pathogenicity determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Kishorekumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabu Gnanasekaran
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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11
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Pérez-Cañamás M, Taliansky M, Hernández C. A Viral Suppressor of RNA Silencing May Be Targeting a Plant Defence Pathway Involving Fibrillarin. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11151903. [PMID: 35893605 PMCID: PMC9331457 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To establish productive infections, viruses must be able both to subdue the host metabolism for their own benefit and to counteract host defences. This frequently results in the establishment of viral–host protein–protein interactions that may have either proviral or antiviral functions. The study of such interactions is essential for understanding the virus–host interplay. Plant viruses with RNA genomes are typically translated, replicated, and encapsidated in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Despite this, a significant array of their encoded proteins has been reported to enter the nucleus, often showing high accumulation at subnuclear structures such as the nucleolus and/or Cajal bodies. However, the biological significance of such a distribution pattern is frequently unknown. Here, we explored whether the nucleolar/Cajal body localization of protein p37 of Pelargonium line pattern virus (PLPV, genus Pelarspovirus, family Tombusviridae), might be related to potential interactions with the nucleolar/Cajal body marker proteins, fibrillarin and coilin. The results revealed that p37, which has a dual role as coat protein and as suppressor of RNA silencing, a major antiviral system in plants, is able to associate with these cellular factors. Analysis of (wildtype and/or mutant) PLPV accumulation in plants with up- or downregulated levels of fibrillarin or coilin have suggested that the former might be involved in an as yet unknown antiviral pathway, which may be targeted by p37. The results suggest that the growing number of functions uncovered for fibrillarin can be wider and may prompt future investigations to unveil the plant antiviral responses in which this key nucleolar component may take part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Pérez-Cañamás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Calle Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Ed. 8E. Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Michael Taliansky
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK;
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Carmen Hernández
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Calle Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Ed. 8E. Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Chamkhi I, El Omari N, Balahbib A, El Menyiy N, Benali T, Ghoulam C. Is the rhizosphere a source of applicable multi-beneficial microorganisms for plant enhancement? Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1246-1259. [PMID: 35241967 PMCID: PMC8864493 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant faces different pedological and climatic challenges that influence its growth and enhancement. While, plant-microbes interactions throught the rhizosphere offer several privileges to this hotspot in the service of plant, by attracting multi-beneficial mutualistic and symbiotic microorganisms as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), archaea, mycorrhizal fungi, endophytic fungi, and others…). Currently, numerous investigations showed the beneficial effects of these microbes on growth and plant health. Indeed, rhizospheric microorganisms offer to host plants the essential assimilable nutrients, stimulate the growth and development of host plants, and induce antibiotics production. They also attributed to host plants numerous phenotypes involved in the increase the resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. The investigations and the studies on the rhizosphere can offer a way to find a biological and sustainable solution to confront these environmental problems. Therefore, the interactions between microbes and plants may lead to interesting biotechnological applications on plant improvement and the adaptation in different climates to obtain a biological sustainable agricultures without the use of chemical fertilizers.
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Key Words
- AMF, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
- AOA, Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea
- BMV, Brome Mosaic Virus
- C, Carbon
- CMV, Cucumber mosaic virus
- LDH, Layered double hydroxides
- MF, Mycorrhizal fungi
- Microorganisms
- P, Phosphorus
- PAL, L-Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase
- PCA, Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid
- PGPR, Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
- POX, Peroxidase
- PPO, Polyphenol Oxidase
- Plant growth promoting microbes
- Plant-microbes interactions
- Rhizosphere
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Chamkhi
- Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory (GeoBio), Geophysics, Natural Patrimony Research Center (GEOPAC), Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.,University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Agrobiosciences Program, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Menyiy
- Faculty of Science, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Taoufiq Benali
- Environment and Health Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Safi, Morocco
| | - Cherki Ghoulam
- University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Agrobiosciences Program, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, Morocco.,Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, PO Box 549, Gueliz, Marrakech,Morocco
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13
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Meena M, Yadav G, Sonigra P, Nagda A, Mehta T, Zehra A, Swapnil P. Role of Microbial Bioagents as Elicitors in Plant Defense Regulation. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS FOR BIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE IN PLANTS 2022:103-128. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12990-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
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14
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Leastro MO, Villar-Álvarez D, Freitas-Astúa J, Kitajima EW, Pallás V, Sánchez-Navarro JÁ. Spontaneous Mutation in the Movement Protein of Citrus Leprosis Virus C2, in a Heterologous Virus Infection Context, Increases Cell-to-Cell Transport and Generates Fitness Advantage. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122498. [PMID: 34960766 PMCID: PMC8708801 DOI: 10.3390/v13122498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous results using a movement defective alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) vector revealed that citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) movement protein (MP) generates a more efficient local movement, but not more systemic transport, than citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2) MP, MPs belonging to two important viruses for the citrus industry. Here, competition experiment assays in transgenic tobacco plants (P12) between transcripts of AMV constructs expressing the cilevirus MPs, followed by several biological passages, showed the prevalence of the AMV construct carrying the CiLV-C2 MP. The analysis of AMV RNA 3 progeny recovered from P12 plant at the second viral passage revealed the presence of a mix of progeny encompassing the CiLV-C2 MP wild type (MPWT) and two variants carrying serines instead phenylalanines at positions 72 (MPS72F) or 259 (MPS259F), respectively. We evaluated the effects of each modified residue in virus replication, and cell-to-cell and long-distance movements. Results indicated that phenylalanine at position 259 favors viral cell-to-cell transport with an improvement in viral fitness, but has no effect on viral replication, whereas mutation at position 72 (MPS72F) has a penalty in the viral fitness. Our findings indicate that the prevalence of a viral population may be correlated with its greater efficiency in cell-to-cell and systemic movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Oliveira Leastro
- Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-900, Brazil;
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain; (D.V.-Á.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.L.); (J.Á.S.-N.)
| | - David Villar-Álvarez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain; (D.V.-Á.); (V.P.)
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-900, Brazil;
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas 70770-901, Brazil
| | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil;
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain; (D.V.-Á.); (V.P.)
| | - Jesús Ángel Sánchez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain; (D.V.-Á.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.L.); (J.Á.S.-N.)
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15
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Abstract
The NIa protease of potyviruses is a chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease related to the picornavirus 3C protease. It is also a multifunctional protein known to play multiple roles during virus infection. Picornavirus 3C proteases cleave hundreds of host proteins to facilitate virus infection. However, whether or not potyvirus NIa proteases cleave plant proteins has so far not been tested. Regular expression search using the cleavage site consensus sequence [EQN]xVxH[QE]/[SGTA] for the plum pox virus (PPV) protease identified 90 to 94 putative cleavage events in the proteomes of Prunus persica (a crop severely affected by PPV), Arabidopsis thaliana, and Nicotiana benthamiana (two experimental hosts). In vitro processing assays confirmed cleavage of six A. thaliana and five P. persica proteins by the PPV protease. These proteins were also cleaved in vitro by the protease of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), which has a similar specificity. We confirmed in vivo cleavage of a transiently expressed tagged version of AtEML2, an EMSY-like protein belonging to a family of nuclear histone readers known to be involved in pathogen resistance. Cleavage of AtEML2 was efficient and was observed in plants that coexpressed the PPV or TuMV NIa proteases or in plants that were infected with TuMV. We also showed partial in vivo cleavage of AtDUF707, a membrane protein annotated as lysine ketoglutarate reductase trans-splicing protein. Although cleavage of the corresponding endogenous plant proteins remains to be confirmed, the results show that a plant virus protease can cleave host proteins during virus infection and highlight a new layer of plant-virus interactions. IMPORTANCE Viruses are highly adaptive and use multiple molecular mechanisms to highjack or modify the cellular resources to their advantage. They must also counteract or evade host defense responses. One well-characterized mechanism used by vertebrate viruses is the proteolytic cleavage of host proteins to inhibit the activities of these proteins and/or to produce cleaved protein fragments that are beneficial to the virus infection cycle. Even though almost half of the known plant viruses encode at least one protease, it was not known whether plant viruses employ this strategy. Using an in silico prediction approach and the well-characterized specificity of potyvirus NIa proteases, we were able to identify hundreds of putative cleavage sites in plant proteins, several of which were validated by downstream experiments. It can be anticipated that many other plant virus proteases also cleave host proteins and that the identification of these cleavage events will lead to novel antiviral strategies.
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16
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Martin IR, Vigne E, Velt A, Hily JM, Garcia S, Baltenweck R, Komar V, Rustenholz C, Hugueney P, Lemaire O, Schmitt-Keichinger C. Severe Stunting Symptoms upon Nepovirus Infection Are Reminiscent of a Chronic Hypersensitive-like Response in a Perennial Woody Fruit Crop. Viruses 2021; 13:2138. [PMID: 34834945 PMCID: PMC8625034 DOI: 10.3390/v13112138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection of plants can result in various degrees of detrimental impacts and disparate symptom types and severities. Although great strides have been made in our understanding of the virus-host interactions in herbaceous model plants, the mechanisms underlying symptom development are poorly understood in perennial fruit crops. Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) causes variable symptoms in most vineyards worldwide. To better understand GFLV-grapevine interactions in relation to symptom development, field and greenhouse trials were conducted with a grapevine genotype that exhibits distinct symptoms in response to a severe and a mild strain of GFLV. After validation of the infection status of the experimental vines by high-throughput sequencing, the transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles in plants infected with the two viral strains were tested and compared by RNA-Seq and LC-MS, respectively, in the differentiating grapevine genotype. In vines infected with the severe GFLV strain, 1023 genes, among which some are implicated in the regulation of the hypersensitive-type response, were specifically deregulated, and a higher accumulation of resveratrol and phytohormones was observed. Interestingly, some experimental vines restricted the virus to the rootstock and remained symptomless. Our results suggest that GFLV induces a strain- and cultivar-specific defense reaction similar to a hypersensitive reaction. This type of defense leads to a severe stunting phenotype in some grapevines, whereas others are resistant. This work is the first evidence of a hypersensitive-like reaction in grapevine during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Corinne Schmitt-Keichinger
- Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France; (E.V.); (A.V.); (J.-M.H.); (S.G.); (R.B.); (V.K.); (C.R.); (P.H.); (O.L.)
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17
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Hinge VR, Chavhan RL, Kale SP, Suprasanna P, Kadam US. Engineering Resistance Against Viruses in Field Crops Using CRISPR- Cas9. Curr Genomics 2021; 22:214-231. [PMID: 34975291 PMCID: PMC8640848 DOI: 10.2174/1389202922666210412102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Food security is threatened by various biotic stresses that affect the growth and production of agricultural crops. Viral diseases have become a serious concern for crop plants as they incur huge yield losses. The enhancement of host resistance against plant viruses is a priority for the effective management of plant viral diseases. However, in the present context of the climate change scenario, plant viruses are rapidly evolving, resulting in the loss of the host resistance mechanism. Advances in genome editing techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated 9], have been recognized as promising tools for the development of plant virus resistance. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool is widely preferred due to high target specificity, simplicity, efficiency, and reproducibility. CRISPR-Cas9 based virus resistance in plants has been successfully achieved by gene targeting and cleaving the viral genome or altering the plant genome to enhance plant innate immunity. In this article, we have described the CRISPR-Cas9 system, mechanism of plant immunity against viruses and highlighted the use of the CRISPR-Cas9 system to engineer virus resistance in plants. We also discussed prospects and challenges on the use of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated plant virus resistance in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ulhas S. Kadam
- Address correspondenceto this author at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany; E-mail: ,
‡Present Address: Division of Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyenongsang National University, Jinju-si, Republic of Korea; E-mail:
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18
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Ambrós S, Gómez-Muñoz N, Giménez-Santamarina S, Sánchez-Vicente J, Navarro-López J, Martínez F, Daròs JA, Rodrigo G. Molecular signatures of silencing suppression degeneracy from a complex RNA virus. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009166. [PMID: 34181647 PMCID: PMC8270454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As genomic architectures become more complex, they begin to accumulate degenerate and redundant elements. However, analyses of the molecular mechanisms underlying these genetic architecture features remain scarce, especially in compact but sufficiently complex genomes. In the present study, we followed a proteomic approach together with a computational network analysis to reveal molecular signatures of protein function degeneracy from a plant virus (as virus-host protein-protein interactions). We employed affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry to detect several host factors interacting with two proteins of Citrus tristeza virus (p20 and p25) that are known to function as RNA silencing suppressors, using an experimental system of transient expression in a model plant. The study was expanded by considering two different isolates of the virus, and some key interactions were confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. We found that p20 and p25 target a common set of plant proteins including chloroplastic proteins and translation factors. Moreover, we noted that even specific targets of each viral protein overlap in function. Notably, we identified argonaute proteins (key players in RNA silencing) as reliable targets of p20. Furthermore, we found that these viral proteins preferentially do not target hubs in the host protein interactome, but elements that can transfer information by bridging different parts of the interactome. Overall, our results demonstrate that two distinct proteins encoded in the same viral genome that overlap in function also overlap in their interactions with the cell proteome, thereby highlighting an overlooked connection from a degenerate viral system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ambrós
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC–Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC–Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Neus Gómez-Muñoz
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Silvia Giménez-Santamarina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC–Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Vicente
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC–Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Josep Navarro-López
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC–Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC–Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Guillermo Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC–Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC–Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
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19
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Jiao Z, Tian Y, Cao Y, Wang J, Zhan B, Zhao Z, Sun B, Guo C, Ma W, Liao Z, Zhang H, Zhou T, Xia Y, Fan Z. A novel pathogenicity determinant hijacks maize catalase 1 to enhance viral multiplication and infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1126-1141. [PMID: 33458828 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens have evolved various strategies to overcome host immunity for successful infection. Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) can cause lethal necrosis in maize (Zea mays) when it coinfects with a virus in the Potyviridae family. However, the MCMV pathogenicity determinant remains largely unknown. Here we show that the P31 protein of MCMV is important for viral accumulation and essential for symptom development. Ectopic expression of P31 using foxtail mosaic virus or potato virus X induced necrosis in systemically infected maize or Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Maize catalases (CATs) were shown to interact with P31 in yeast and in planta. P31 accumulation was elevated through its interaction with ZmCAT1. P31 attenuated the expression of salicylic acid (SA)-responsive pathogenesis-related (PR) genes by inhibiting catalase activity during MCMV infection. In addition, silencing of ZmCATs using a brome mosaic virus-based gene silencing vector facilitated MCMV RNA and coat protein accumulation. This study reveals an important role for MCMV P31 in counteracting host defence and inducing systemic chlorosis and necrosis. Our results have implications for understanding the mechanisms in defence and counter-defence during infection of plants by various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Jiao
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiying Tian
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanyong Cao
- Cereal Crops Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Binhui Zhan
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhao
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Biao Sun
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chang Guo
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wendi Ma
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hengmu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiji Xia
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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20
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Huang C. From Player to Pawn: Viral Avirulence Factors Involved in Plant Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040688. [PMID: 33923435 PMCID: PMC8073968 DOI: 10.3390/v13040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the plant immune system, according to the 'gene-for-gene' model, a resistance (R) gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein functioning as an avirulence (Avr) gene product. This system differs from other plant-pathogen interaction systems, in which plant R genes recognize a single type of gene or gene family because almost all virus genes with distinct structures and functions can also interact with R genes as Avr determinants. Thus, research conducted on viral Avr-R systems can provide a novel understanding of Avr and R gene product interactions and identify mechanisms that enable rapid co-evolution of plants and phytopathogens. In this review, we intend to provide a brief overview of virus-encoded proteins and their roles in triggering plant resistance, and we also summarize current progress in understanding plant resistance against virus Avr genes. Moreover, we present applications of Avr gene-mediated phenotyping in R gene identification and screening of segregating populations during breeding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, China
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21
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Kamenova I, Borisova A. Biological and molecular characterization of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus isolates from sweet and sour cherry. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1901608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Kamenova
- Biotic Stress Group, Agricultural Academy, AgroBioinstitute, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aneliya Borisova
- Department of Agrotechnology, Plant Protection and Economics on Crops, Agricultural Academy, Institute of Agriculture, Kyustendil, Bulgaria
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22
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Song Y, Hanner RH, Meng B. Probing into the Effects of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses on the Physiology, Fruit Quality and Gene Expression of Grapes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040593. [PMID: 33807294 PMCID: PMC8066071 DOI: 10.3390/v13040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine leafroll is one of the most widespread and highly destructive grapevine diseases that is responsible for great economic losses to the grape and wine industries throughout the world. Six distinct viruses have been implicated in this disease complex. They belong to three genera, all in the family Closteroviridae. For the sake of convenience, these viruses are named as grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaV-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, and -13). However, their etiological role in the disease has yet to be established. Furthermore, how infections with each GLRaV induce the characteristic disease symptoms remains unresolved. Here, we first provide a brief overview on each of these GLRaVs with a focus on genome structure, expression strategies and gene functions, where available. We then provide a review on the effects of GLRaV infection on the physiology, fruit quality, fruit chemical composition, and gene expression of grapevine based on the limited information so far reported in the literature. We outline key methodologies that have been used to study how GLRaV infections alter gene expression in the grapevine host at the transcriptomic level. Finally, we present a working model as an initial attempt to explain how infections with GLRaVs lead to the characteristic symptoms of grapevine leafroll disease: leaf discoloration and downward rolling. It is our hope that this review will serve as a starting point for grapevine virology and the related research community to tackle this vastly important and yet virtually uncharted territory in virus-host interactions involving woody and perennial fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashu Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Robert H. Hanner
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Baozhong Meng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 53876)
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Montes N, Cobos A, Gil-Valle M, Caro E, Pagán I. Arabidopsis thaliana Genes Associated with Cucumber mosaic virus Virulence and Their Link to Virus Seed Transmission. Microorganisms 2021; 9:692. [PMID: 33801693 PMCID: PMC8067046 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence, the effect of pathogen infection on progeny production, is a major determinant of host and pathogen fitness as it affects host fecundity and pathogen transmission. In plant-virus interactions, ample evidence indicates that virulence is genetically controlled by both partners. However, the host genetic determinants are poorly understood. Through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 154 Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes infected by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), we identified eight host genes associated with virulence, most of them involved in response to biotic stresses and in cell wall biogenesis in plant reproductive structures. Given that virulence is a main determinant of the efficiency of plant virus seed transmission, we explored the link between this trait and the genetic regulation of virulence. Our results suggest that the same functions that control virulence are also important for CMV transmission through seeds. In sum, this work provides evidence of a novel role for some previously known plant defense genes and for the cell wall metabolism in plant virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Montes
- Unidad de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28003 Madrid, Spain;
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Cobos
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28045 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (M.G.-V.); (E.C.)
| | - Miriam Gil-Valle
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28045 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (M.G.-V.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Caro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28045 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (M.G.-V.); (E.C.)
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28045 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (M.G.-V.); (E.C.)
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Flores R, Navarro B, Delgado S, Serra P, Di Serio F. Viroid pathogenesis: a critical appraisal of the role of RNA silencing in triggering the initial molecular lesion. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:386-398. [PMID: 32379313 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial molecular lesions through which viroids, satellite RNAs and viruses trigger signal cascades resulting in plant diseases are hotly debated. Since viroids are circular non-protein-coding RNAs of ∼250-430 nucleotides, they appear very convenient to address this issue. Viroids are targeted by their host RNA silencing defense, generating viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) that are presumed to direct Argonaute (AGO) proteins to inactivate messenger RNAs, thus initiating disease. Here, we review the existing evidence. Viroid-induced symptoms reveal a distinction. Those attributed to vd-sRNAs from potato spindle tuber viroid and members of the family Pospiviroidae (replicating in the nucleus) are late, non-specific and systemic. In contrast, those attributed to vd-sRNAs from peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) and other members of the family Avsunviroidae (replicating in plastids) are early, specific and local. Remarkably, leaf sectors expressing different PLMVd-induced chloroses accumulate viroid variants with specific pathogenic determinants. Some vd-sRNAs containing such determinant guide AGO1-mediated cleavage of mRNAs that code for proteins regulating chloroplast biogenesis/development. Therefore, the initial lesions and the expected phenotypes are connected by short signal cascades, hence supporting a cause-effect relationship. Intriguingly, one virus satellite RNA initiates disease through a similar mechanism, whereas in the Pospiviroidae and in plant viruses the situation remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Flores
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Navarro
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Sonia Delgado
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Serra
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesco Di Serio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Alam SB, Reade R, Maghodia AB, Ghoshal B, Theilmann J, Rochon D. Targeting of cucumber necrosis virus coat protein to the chloroplast stroma attenuates host defense response. Virology 2021; 554:106-119. [PMID: 33418272 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber necrosis virus (CNV) is a (+)ssRNA virus that elicits spreading local and systemic necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana. We previously showed that the CNV coat protein (CP) arm functions as a chloroplast transit peptide that targets a CP fragment containing the S and P domains to chloroplasts during infection. Here we show that several CP arm mutants that inefficiently target chloroplasts, along with a mutant that lacks the S and P domains, show an early onset of more localized necrosis along with protracted induction of pathogenesis related protein (PR1a). Agroinfiltrated CNV CP is shown to interfere with CNV p33 and Tomato bushy stunt virus p19 induced necrosis. Additionally, we provide evidence that a CP mutant that does not detectably enter the chloroplast stroma induces relatively higher levels of several plant defense-related genes compared to WT CNV. Together, our data suggest that targeting of CNV CP to the chloroplast stroma interferes with chloroplast-mediated plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Benazir Alam
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1B4, Canada; Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada.
| | - Ron Reade
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Ajay B Maghodia
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Basudev Ghoshal
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Jane Theilmann
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - D'Ann Rochon
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1B4, Canada; Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
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26
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An JW, Lee JH, Choi S, Venkatesh J, Kim JM, Kwon JK, Kang BC. Identification of the determinant of tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus infectivity in tomato. Virus Res 2021; 291:198192. [PMID: 33058965 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses cause devastating diseases in solanaceous crops, with the bipartite begomoviruses tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCKaV) and pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (PYLCThV) major threats in Southeast Asia. To determine the molecular mechanism of geminivirus infection, we constructed infectious clones of TYLCKaV and PYLCThV. Both constructs infected Nicotiana benthamiana, but only TYLCKaV could infect Solanum lycopersicum 'A39'. A genome-swapping of TYLCKaV with PYLCThV revealed the TYLCKaV-B genome segment as the determinant of TYLCKaV infectivity in tomato. We constructed five geminivirus clones with chimeric TYLCKaV-B and PYLCThV-B genome segments to narrow down the region determining TYLCKaV infectivity in tomato. Only chimeric clones carrying the TYLCKaV intergenic region (IR) showed infectivity in S. lycopersicum 'A39', indicating that the IR of TYLCKaV-B is essential for TYLCKaV infectivity in tomato. Our results provide a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanism of geminivirus infection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Wook An
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seula Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Gao Z, Pu H, Liu J, Wang X, Zhong C, Yue N, Zhang Z, Wang XB, Han C, Yu J, Li D, Zhang Y. Tobacco Necrosis Virus-A C Single Coat Protein Amino Acid Substitutions Determine Host-Specific Systemic Infections of Nicotiana benthamiana and Soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:49-61. [PMID: 32986512 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0184-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses often infect several distinct host species. Sometimes, viruses can systemically infect a specific host whereas, in other cases, only local infections occur in other species. How viral and host factors interact to determine systemic infections among different hosts is largely unknown, particularly for icosahedral positive-stranded RNA viruses. The Tobacco necrosis virus-A Chinese isolate belongs to the genus Alphanecrovirus in the family Tombusviridae. In this study, we investigated variations in systemic infections of tobacco necrosis virus-AC (TNV-AC) in Nicotiana benthamiana and Glycine max (soybean) by alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the viral coat protein (CP), which is essential for systemic movement of TNV-AC. We found that three amino acids, R169, K177, and Q233, are key residues that mediate varying degrees of systemic infections of N. benthamiana and soybean. Further analysis revealed that variations in systemic trafficking of TNV-AC CP mutants in N. benthamiana and soybean are associated with virion assembly and stability. The CP amino acids K177 and Q233 are highly conserved among all TNV-A isolates and are replaced by Q and K in the TNV-D isolates. We demonstrated that systemic infectivity of either TNV-AC K177A and Q233A or K177Q and Q233K mutants are correlated with the binding affinity of the mutated CPs to the host-specific Hsc70-2 protein. These results expand our understanding of host-dependent long-distance movement of icosahedral viruses in plants.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Heng Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ning Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ziding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chenggui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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A Newly Identified Virus in the Family Potyviridae Encodes Two Leader Cysteine Proteases in Tandem That Evolved Contrasting RNA Silencing Suppression Functions. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01414-20. [PMID: 33055249 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01414-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Potyviridae is the largest family of plant-infecting RNA viruses and includes many agriculturally and economically important viral pathogens. The viruses in the family, known as potyvirids, possess single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes with polyprotein processing as a gene expression strategy. The N-terminal regions of potyvirid polyproteins vary greatly in sequence. Previously, we identified a novel virus species within the family, Areca palm necrotic spindle-spot virus (ANSSV), which was predicted to encode two cysteine proteases, HCPro1 and HCPro2, in tandem at the N-terminal region. Here, we present evidence showing self-cleavage activity of these two proteins and define their cis-cleavage sites. We demonstrate that HCPro2 is a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR), and both the variable N-terminal and conserved C-terminal (protease domain) moieties have antisilencing activity. Intriguingly, the N-terminal region of HCPro1 also has RNA silencing suppression activity, which is, however, suppressed by its C-terminal protease domain, leading to the functional divergence of HCPro1 and HCPro2 in RNA silencing suppression. Moreover, the deletion of HCPro1 or HCPro2 in a newly created infectious clone abolishes viral infection, and the deletion mutants cannot be rescued by addition of corresponding counterparts of a potyvirus. Altogether, these data suggest that the two closely related leader proteases of ANSSV have evolved differential and essential functions to concertedly maintain viral viability.IMPORTANCE The Potyviridae represent the largest group of known plant RNA viruses and account for more than half of the viral crop damage worldwide. The leader proteases of viruses within the family vary greatly in size and arrangement and play key roles during the infection. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the presence of a distinct pattern of leader proteases, HCPro1 and HCPro2 in tandem, in a newly identified member within the family. Moreover, HCPro1 and HCPro2, which are closely related and typically characterized with a short size, have evolved contrasting RNA silencing suppression activity and seem to function in a coordinated manner to maintain viral infectivity. Altogether, the new knowledge fills a missing piece in the evolutionary relationship history of potyvirids and improves our understanding of the diversification of potyvirid genomes.
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Carpino C, Ferriol Safont I, Elvira‐González L, Medina V, Rubio L, Peri E, Davino S, Galipienso Torregrosa L. RNA2-encoded VP37 protein of Broad bean wilt virus 1 is a determinant of pathogenicity, host susceptibility, and a suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencing. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1421-1435. [PMID: 32936537 PMCID: PMC7549002 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Broad bean wilt virus 1 (BBWV-1, genus Fabavirus, family Secoviridae) is a bipartite, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus infecting many horticultural and ornamental crops worldwide. RNA1 encodes proteins involved in viral replication whereas RNA2 encodes two coat proteins (the large and small coat proteins) and two putative movement proteins (MPs) of different sizes with overlapping C-terminal regions. In this work, we determined the role played by the small putative BBWV-1 MP (VP37) on virus pathogenicity, host specificity, and suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). We engineered a BBWV-1 35S-driven full-length cDNA infectious clone corresponding to BBWV-1 RNA1 and RNA2 (pBBWV1-Wt) and generated a mutant knocking out VP37 (pBBWV1-G492C). Agroinfiltration assays showed that pBBWV1-Wt, as the original BBWV-1 isolate, infected broad bean, tomato, pepper, and Nicotiana benthamiana, whereas pBBWV1-G492C did not infect pepper and tomato systemically. Also, pBBWV1-G492C induced milder symptoms in broad bean and N. benthamiana than pBBWV1-Wt. Differential retrotranscription and amplification of the (+) and (-) strands showed that pBBWV1-G492C replicated in the agroinfiltrated leaves of pepper but not in tomato. All this suggests that VP37 is a determinant of pathogenicity and host specificity. Transient expression of VP37 through a potato virus X (PVX) vector enhanced PVX symptoms and induced systemic necrosis associated with programmed cell death in N. benthamiana plants. Finally, VP37 was identified as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing by transient expression in N. benthamiana 16c plants and movement complementation of a viral construct based on turnip crinkle virus (pTCV-GFP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Carpino
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasValenciaSpain
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry ScienceUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | | | - Laura Elvira‐González
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasValenciaSpain
- Departamento de BiotecnologíaEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería NaturalUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaValenciaSpain
| | - Vicente Medina
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Ciencia ForestalUniversitat de LleidaLleidaSpain
| | - Luis Rubio
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasValenciaSpain
| | - Ezio Peri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry ScienceUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Salvatore Davino
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry ScienceUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
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Zhang CW, Liu Q, Zeng Q, Huang WT, Wang Q, Cheng YQ. p24 G1 Encoded by Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus 1 Suppresses RNA Silencing and Elicits Hypersensitive Response-Like Necrosis in Nicotiana Species. Viruses 2020; 12:E1111. [PMID: 33007975 PMCID: PMC7601950 DOI: 10.3390/v12101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) is a major pathogen associated with grapevine leafroll disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying GLRaV-1 interactions with plant cells are unclear. Using Agrobacterium infiltration-mediated RNA-silencing assays, we demonstrated that GLRaV-1 p24 protein (p24G1) acts as an RNA-silencing suppressor (RSS), inhibiting local and systemic RNA silencing. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that p24G1 binds double-stranded 21-nucleotide small interfering RNA (siRNA), and that siRNA binding is required but not sufficient for its RSS activity. p24G1 localizes in the nucleus and can self-interact through its amino acid 10 to 210 region. Dimerization is needed for p24G1 interaction with importin α1 before moving to the nucleus, but is not required for its siRNA binding and RSS activity. Expression of p24G1 from a binary pGD vector or potato virus X-based vector elicited a strong hypersensitive response in Nicotiana species, indicating that p24G1 may be a factor in pathogenesis. Furthermore, p24G1 function in pathogenesis required its RSS activity, dimerization and nuclear localization. In addition, the region of amino acids 122-139 played a crucial role in the nuclear import, siRNA binding, silencing suppression and pathogenic activity of p24G1. These results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying GLRaV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.-W.Z.); (Q.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.-T.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.-W.Z.); (Q.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.-T.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.-W.Z.); (Q.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.-T.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wen-Ting Huang
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.-W.Z.); (Q.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.-T.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yu-Qin Cheng
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.-W.Z.); (Q.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.-T.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
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Pasin F, Shan H, García B, Müller M, San León D, Ludman M, Fresno DH, Fátyol K, Munné-Bosch S, Rodrigo G, García JA. Abscisic Acid Connects Phytohormone Signaling with RNA Metabolic Pathways and Promotes an Antiviral Response that Is Evaded by a Self-Controlled RNA Virus. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100099. [PMID: 32984814 PMCID: PMC7518510 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A complex network of cellular receptors, RNA targeting pathways, and small-molecule signaling provides robust plant immunity and tolerance to viruses. To maximize their fitness, viruses must evolve control mechanisms to balance host immune evasion and plant-damaging effects. The genus Potyvirus comprises plant viruses characterized by RNA genomes that encode large polyproteins led by the P1 protease. A P1 autoinhibitory domain controls polyprotein processing, the release of a downstream functional RNA-silencing suppressor, and viral replication. Here, we show that P1Pro, a plum pox virus clone that lacks the P1 autoinhibitory domain, triggers complex reprogramming of the host transcriptome and high levels of abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation. A meta-analysis highlighted ABA connections with host pathways known to control RNA stability, turnover, maturation, and translation. Transcriptomic changes triggered by P1Pro infection or ABA showed similarities in host RNA abundance and diversity. Genetic and hormone treatment assays showed that ABA promotes plant resistance to potyviral infection. Finally, quantitative mathematical modeling of viral replication in the presence of defense pathways supported self-control of polyprotein processing kinetics as a viral mechanism that attenuates the magnitude of the host antiviral response. Overall, our findings indicate that ABA is an active player in plant antiviral immunity, which is nonetheless evaded by a self-controlled RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Pasin
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hongying Shan
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz García
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maren Müller
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David San León
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Márta Ludman
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - David H. Fresno
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Károly Fátyol
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Rodrigo
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), CSIC-University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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Sanfaçon H. Modulation of disease severity by plant positive-strand RNA viruses: The complex interplay of multifunctional viral proteins, subviral RNAs and virus-associated RNAs with plant signaling pathways and defense responses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:87-131. [PMID: 32711736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses induce a range of symptoms of varying intensity, ranging from severe systemic necrosis to mild or asymptomatic infection. Several evolutionary constraints drive virus virulence, including the dependence of viruses on host factors to complete their infection cycle, the requirement to counteract or evade plant antiviral defense responses and the mode of virus transmission. Viruses have developed an array of strategies to modulate disease severity. Accumulating evidence has highlighted not only the multifunctional role that viral proteins play in disrupting or highjacking plant factors, hormone signaling pathways and intracellular organelles, but also the interaction networks between viral proteins, subviral RNAs and/or other viral-associated RNAs that regulate disease severity. This review focusses on positive-strand RNA viruses, which constitute the majority of characterized plant viruses. Using well-characterized viruses with different genome types as examples, recent advances are discussed as well as knowledge gaps and opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada.
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Leastro MO, Castro DYO, Freitas-Astúa J, Kitajima EW, Pallás V, Sánchez-Navarro JÁ. Citrus Leprosis Virus C Encodes Three Proteins With Gene Silencing Suppression Activity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1231. [PMID: 32655520 PMCID: PMC7325951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) belongs to the genus Cilevirus, family Kitaviridae, and is considered the most devastating virus infecting citrus in Brazil, being the main viral pathogen responsible for citrus leprosis (CL), a severe disease that affects citrus orchards in Latin America. Here, proteins encoded by CiLV-C genomic RNA 1 and 2 were screened for potential RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) activity by five methods. Using the GFP-based reporter agroinfiltration assay, we have not found potential local suppressor activity for the five CiLV-C encoded proteins. However, when RSS activity was evaluated using the alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) system, we found that the p29, p15, and p61 CiLV-C proteins triggered necrosis response and increased the AMV RNA 3 accumulation, suggesting a suppressive functionality. From the analysis of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) accumulation, we observed that the ectopic expression of the p29, p15, and p61 reduced significantly the accumulation of GFP derived siRNAs. The use of the RSS defective turnip crinkle virus (TCV) system revealed that only the trans-expression of the p15 protein restored the cell-to-cell viral movement. Finally, the potato virus X (PVX) system revealed that the expression of p29, p15, and p61 increased the PVX RNA accumulation; in addition, the p29 and p15 enhanced the pathogenicity of PVX resulting in the death of tobacco plants. Furthermore, PVX-p61 infection resulted in a hypersensitive response (HR), suggesting that p61 could also activate a plant defense response mechanism. This is the first report describing the RSS activity for CiLV-C proteins and, moreover, for a member of the family Kitaviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Oliveira Leastro
- Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científcas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Deibis Yorlenis Ortega Castro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científcas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil.,Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científcas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Ángel Sánchez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científcas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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Pérez-Cañamás M, Hevia E, Hernández C. Epigenetic Changes in Host Ribosomal DNA Promoter Induced by an Asymptomatic Plant Virus Infection. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9050091. [PMID: 32353984 PMCID: PMC7285159 DOI: 10.3390/biology9050091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA cytosine methylation is one of the main epigenetic mechanisms in higher eukaryotes and is considered to play a key role in transcriptional gene silencing. In plants, cytosine methylation can occur in all sequence contexts (CG, CHG, and CHH), and its levels are controlled by multiple pathways, including de novo methylation, maintenance methylation, and demethylation. Modulation of DNA methylation represents a potentially robust mechanism to adjust gene expression following exposure to different stresses. However, the potential involvement of epigenetics in plant-virus interactions has been scarcely explored, especially with regard to RNA viruses. Here, we studied the impact of a symptomless viral infection on the epigenetic status of the host genome. We focused our attention on the interaction between Nicotiana benthamiana and Pelargonium line pattern virus (PLPV, family Tombusviridae), and analyzed cytosine methylation in the repetitive genomic element corresponding to ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Through a combination of bisulfite sequencing and RT-qPCR, we obtained data showing that PLPV infection gives rise to a reduction in methylation at CG sites of the rDNA promoter. Such a reduction correlated with an increase and decrease, respectively, in the expression levels of some key demethylases and of MET1, the DNA methyltransferase responsible for the maintenance of CG methylation. Hypomethylation of rDNA promoter was associated with a five-fold augmentation of rRNA precursor levels. The PLPV protein p37, reported as a suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencing, did not lead to the same effects when expressed alone and, thus, it is unlikely to act as suppressor of transcriptional gene silencing. Collectively, the results suggest that PLPV infection as a whole is able to modulate host transcriptional activity through changes in the cytosine methylation pattern arising from misregulation of methyltransferases/demethylases balance.
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A conserved motif in three viral movement proteins from different genera is required for host factor recruitment and cell-to-cell movement. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4758. [PMID: 32179855 PMCID: PMC7075923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their minimal genomes, plant viruses are forced to hijack specific cellular pathways to ensure host colonization, a condition that most frequently involves physical interaction between viral and host proteins. Among putative viral interactors are the movement proteins, responsible for plasmodesma gating and genome binding during viral transport. Two of them, DGBp1 and DGBp2, are required for alpha-, beta- and gammacarmovirus cell-to-cell movement, but the number of DGBp-host interactors identified at present is limited. By using two different approaches, yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we found three Arabidopsis factors, eIF3g1, RPP3A and WRKY36, interacting with DGBp1s from each genus mentioned above. eIF3g1 and RPP3A are mainly involved in protein translation initiation and elongation phases, respectively, while WRKY36 belongs to WRKY transcription factor family, important regulators of many defence responses. These host proteins are not expected to be associated with viral movement, but knocking out WRKY36 or silencing either RPP3A or eIF3g1 negatively affected Arabidopsis infection by Turnip crinkle virus. A highly conserved FNF motif at DGBp1 C-terminus was required for protein-protein interaction and cell-to-cell movement, suggesting an important biological role.
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Buoso S, Pagliari L, Musetti R, Fornasier F, Martini M, Loschi A, Fontanella MC, Ermacora P. With or Without You: Altered Plant Response to Boron-Deficiency in Hydroponically Grown Grapevines Infected by Grapevine Pinot Gris Virus Suggests a Relation Between Grapevine Leaf Mottling and Deformation Symptom Occurrence and Boron Plant Availability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:226. [PMID: 32194603 PMCID: PMC7062799 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing spread of Grapevine Leaf Mottling and Deformation (GLMD) worldwide, little is known about its etiology. After identification of grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) as the presumptive causal agent of the disease in 2015, various publications have evaluated GPGV involvement in GLMD. Nevertheless, there are only partial clues to explain the presence of GPGV in both symptomatic and asymptomatic grapevines and the mechanisms that trigger symptom development, and so a consideration of new factors is required. Given the similarities between GLMD and boron (B)-deficiency symptoms in grapevine plants, we posited that GPGV interferes in B homeostasis. By using a hydroponic system to control B availability, we investigated the effects of different B supplies on grapevine phenotype and those of GPGV infection on B acquisition and translocation machinery, by means of microscopy, ionomic and gene expression analyses in both roots and leaves. The transcription of the genes regulating B homeostasis was unaffected by the presence of GPGV alone, but was severely altered in plants exposed to both GPGV infection and B-deficiency, allowing us to speculate that the capricious and patchy occurrence of GLMD symptoms in the field may not be related solely to GPGV, but to GPGV interference in plant responses to different B availabilities. This hypothesis found preliminary positive confirmations in analyses on field-grown plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Laura Pagliari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Flavio Fornasier
- CREA Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Gorizia, Italy
| | - Marta Martini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alberto Loschi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Fontanella
- Department for Sustainable Process, Agricultural Faculty, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Ermacora
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Wu G, Cui X, Dai Z, He R, Li Y, Yu K, Bernards M, Chen X, Wang A. A plant RNA virus hijacks endocytic proteins to establish its infection in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:384-400. [PMID: 31562664 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis and endosomal trafficking play essential roles in diverse biological processes including responses to pathogen attack. It is well established that animal viruses enter host cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis for infection. However, the role of endocytosis in plant virus infection still largely remains unknown. Plant dynamin-related proteins 1 (DRP1) and 2 (DRP2) are the large, multidomain GTPases that participate together in endocytosis. Recently, we have discovered that DRP2 is co-opted by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) for infection in plants. We report here that DRP1 is also required for TuMV infection. We show that overexpression of DRP1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtDRP1A) promotes TuMV infection, and AtDRP1A interacts with several viral proteins including VPg and cylindrical inclusion (CI), which are the essential components of the virus replication complex (VRC). AtDRP1A colocalizes with the VRC in TuMV-infected cells. Transient expression of a dominant negative (DN) mutant of DRP1A disrupts DRP1-dependent endocytosis and supresses TuMV replication. As adaptor protein (AP) complexes mediate cargo selection for endocytosis, we further investigated the requirement of AP in TuMV infection. Our data suggest that the medium unit of the AP2 complex (AP2β) is responsible for recognizing the viral proteins as cargoes for endocytosis, and knockout of AP2β impairs intracellular endosomal trafficking of VPg and CI and inhibits TuMV replication. Collectively, our results demonstrate that DRP1 and AP2β are two proviral host factors of TuMV and shed light into the involvement of endocytosis and endosomal trafficking in plant virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanwei Wu
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond ST, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoji Dai
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond ST, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Rongrong He
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond ST, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Kangfu Yu
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2585 County Road 20, Harrow, Ontario, N0R 1G0, Canada
| | - Mark Bernards
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond ST, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond ST, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
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Abstract
Plant virus genome replication and movement is dependent on host resources and factors. However, plants respond to virus infection through several mechanisms, such as autophagy, ubiquitination, mRNA decay and gene silencing, that target viral components. Viral factors work in synchrony with pro-viral host factors during the infection cycle and are targeted by antiviral responses. Accordingly, establishment of virus infection is genetically determined by the availability of the pro-viral factors necessary for genome replication and movement, and by the balance between plant defence and viral suppression of defence responses. Sequential requirement of pro-viral factors and the antagonistic activity of antiviral factors suggest a two-step model to explain plant-virus interactions. At each step of the infection process, host factors with antiviral activity have been identified. Here we review our current understanding of host factors with antiviral activity against plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Garcia‐Ruiz
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68503USA
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Zhang T, Liu P, Zhong K, Zhang F, Xu M, He L, Jin P, Chen J, Yang J. Wheat Yellow Mosaic Virus NIb Interacting with Host Light Induced Protein (LIP) Facilitates Its Infection through Perturbing the Abscisic Acid Pathway in Wheat. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8040080. [PMID: 31652738 PMCID: PMC6955802 DOI: 10.3390/biology8040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Positive-sense RNA viruses have a small genome with very limited coding capacity and are highly reliant on host factors to fulfill their infection. However, few host factors have been identified to participate in wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) infection. Here, we demonstrate that wheat (Triticum aestivum) light-induced protein (TaLIP) interacts with the WYMV nuclear inclusion b protein (NIb). A bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) assay displayed that the subcellular distribution patterns of TaLIP were altered by NIb in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transcription of TaLIP was significantly decreased by WYMV infection and TaLIP-silencing wheat plants displayed more susceptibility to WYMV in comparison with the control plants, suggesting that knockdown of TaLIP impaired host resistance. Moreover, the transcription level of TaLIP was induced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) stimuli in wheat, while knockdown of TaLIP significantly repressed the expression of ABA-related genes such as wheat abscisic acid insensitive 5 (TaABI5), abscisic acid insensitive 8 (TaABI8), pyrabatin resistance 1-Llike (TaPYL1), and pyrabatin resistance 3-Llike (TaPYL3). Collectively, our results suggest that the interaction of NIb with TaLIP facilitated the virus infection possibly by disturbing the ABA signaling pathway in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Zhang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Kaili Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Miaoze Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Long He
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Peng Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jianping Chen
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Abstract
Potyviridae is the largest family of plant-infecting RNA viruses, encompassing over 30% of known plant viruses. The family is closely related to animal picornaviruses such as enteroviruses and belongs to the picorna-like supergroup. Like all other picorna-like viruses, potyvirids employ polyprotein processing as a gene expression strategy and have single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes, most of which are monopartite with a long open reading frame. The potyvirid polyproteins are highly conserved in the central and carboxy-terminal regions. In contrast, the N-terminal region is hypervariable and contains position-specific mutations resulting from transcriptional slippage during viral replication, leading to translational frameshift to produce additional viral proteins essential for viral infection. Some potyvirids even lack one of the N-terminal proteins P1 or helper component-protease and have a genus-specific or species-specific protein instead. This review summarizes current knowledge about the conserved and divergent features of potyvirid genomes and biological relevance and discusses future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
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Wang X, Luo C, Xu Y, Zhang C, Bao M, Dou J, Wang Q, Cheng Y. Expression of the p24 silencing suppressor of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 from Potato virus X or Barley stripe mosaic virus vector elicits hypersensitive responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:34-42. [PMID: 31255907 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The 24-kDa protein (p24) encoded by Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) is an RNA-silencing suppressor (RSS), but its effect on active viral infection is unclear. Using a Potato virus X (PVX)-based expression system, we demonstrated that p24 elicits lethal systemic necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana, sharing typical characteristics of the hypersensitive response (HR), and that NbRAR1 (a cytoplasmic Zn2+-binding protein) is involved in the PVX-p24-mediated systemic necrosis. Moreover, expression of p24 from Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) vector triggered local necrosis in infiltrated patches of N. benthamiana, likely inhibiting viral systemic spread. By deletion analysis, we demonstrated that amino acids (aa) 1 to 180, which are located in the region (aa 1-188) previously shown to be necessary for p24's RSS activity, is sufficient for p24 to elicit systemic necrosis in the context of PVX infection. Using substitution mutants, we revealed that silencing-suppression-defective mutants R2A and W54A induce only a mild necrotic response; two mutants without self-interaction ability previously shown to lose or retain weak suppression function also displayed decreased pathogenicity: W149A without RSS activity elicited a mild necrotic response, whereas V162H/L169H/L170H which retains weak RSS activity was able to induce systemic necrosis, but with a 1- to 2-day delay. Taken together, p24 plays an important role in GLRaV-2 pathogenesis, triggering HR-like necrosis in N. benthamiana plants when expressed from PVX or BSMV vector; both the silencing suppression and self-interaction are crucial for p24's pathogenicity activity, and the region of p24 for determining systemic necrosis is mapped to aa 1-180.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyou Wang
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanfei Xu
- DeLaval Tianjin Company, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Chenwei Zhang
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mian Bao
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Junjie Dou
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuqin Cheng
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Liu S, Liu L, Aranda MA, Peng B, Gu Q. Expression and Localization Patterns of a Small Heat Shock Protein that Interacts with the Helicase Domain of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1648-1657. [PMID: 31025902 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-18-0436-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), a member of the genus Tobamovirus (family Virgaviridae), is an economically important virus that has detrimental effects on cucurbit crops worldwide. Understanding the interaction between host factors and CGMMV viral proteins will facilitate the design of new strategies for disease control. In this study, a yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that the CGMMV helicase (HEL) domain interacts with a Citrullus lanatus small heat shock protein (sHSP), and we verified this observation by performing in vitro GST pull-down and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation assays. Measurement of the levels of accumulated sHSP transcript revealed that sHSP is upregulated on initial CGMMV infection in both Nicotiana benthamiana and C. lanatus plants, although not in the systemically infected leaves. We also found that the subcellular localization of the sHSP was altered after CGMMV infection. To further validate the role of sHSP in CGMMV infection, we produced and assayed N. benthamiana transgenic plants with up- and down-regulated sHSP expression. Overexpression of sHSP inhibited viral RNA accumulation and retarded disease development, whereas sHSP silencing had no marked effect on CGMMV infection. Therefore, we postulate that the identified sHSP may be one of the factors modulating host defense mechanisms in response to CGMMV infection and that the HEL domain interaction may inhibit this sHSP function to promote viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China
| | - Miguel A Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-CSIC, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bin Peng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China
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Osterbaan LJ, Choi J, Kenney J, Flasco M, Vigne E, Schmitt-Keichinger C, Rebelo AR, Heck M, Fuchs M. The Identity of a Single Residue of the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus Modulates Vein Clearing in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:790-801. [PMID: 30640575 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-18-0337-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying host plant symptom development upon infection by viruses of the genus Nepovirus in the family Secoviridae, including grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), are poorly understood. In the systemic host Nicotiana benthamiana, GFLV strain GHu produces characteristic symptoms of vein clearing in apical leaves, unlike other GFLV strains such as F13, which cause an asymptomatic infection. In this study, we expanded on earlier findings and used reverse genetics to identify residue 802 (lysine, K) of the GFLV-GHu RNA1-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (1EPol) as a modulator of vein-clearing symptom development in N. benthamiana. Mutations to this site abolished (K to G, A, or Q) or attenuated (K to N or P) symptom expression. Noteworthy, residue 802 is necessary but not sufficient for vein clearing, as GFLV-F13 RNA1 carrying K802 remained asymptomatic in N. benthamiana. No correlation was found between symptom expression and RNA1 accumulation, as shown by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, the involvement of RNA silencing of vein clearing was ruled out by virus-induced gene silencing experiments and structure predictions for protein 1EPol suggested that residue 802 is flanked by strongly predicted stable secondary structures, including a conserved motif of unknown function (805LLKT/AHLK/RT/ALR814). Together, these results reveal the protein nature of the GFLV-GHu symptom determinant in N. benthamiana and provide a solid basis for probing and determining the virus-host proteome network for symptoms of vein clearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa J Osterbaan
- 1 Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Jiyeong Choi
- 1 Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Jaimie Kenney
- 1 Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Madison Flasco
- 1 Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Emmanuelle Vigne
- 2 UMR 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, INRA-Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France
| | | | - Ana Rita Rebelo
- 3 Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Michelle Heck
- 3 Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
- 4 Boyce Thompson Research Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 5 Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
| | - Marc Fuchs
- 1 Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
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Silva RN, Monteiro VN, Steindorff AS, Gomes EV, Noronha EF, Ulhoa CJ. Trichoderma/pathogen/plant interaction in pre-harvest food security. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:565-583. [PMID: 31345411 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Large losses before crop harvesting are caused by plant pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes. Among these, fungi are the major cause of losses in agriculture worldwide. Plant pathogens are still controlled through application of agrochemicals, causing human disease and impacting environmental and food security. Biological control provides a safe alternative for the control of fungal plant pathogens, because of the ability of biocontrol agents to establish in the ecosystem. Some Trichoderma spp. are considered potential agents in the control of fungal plant diseases. They can interact directly with roots, increasing plant growth, resistance to diseases, and tolerance to abiotic stress. Furthermore, Trichoderma can directly kill fungal plant pathogens by antibiosis, as well as via mycoparasitism strategies. In this review, we will discuss the interactions between Trichoderma/fungal pathogens/plants during the pre-harvest of crops. In addition, we will highlight how these interactions can influence crop production and food security. Finally, we will describe the future of crop production using antimicrobial peptides, plants carrying pathogen-derived resistance, and plantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Valdirene Neves Monteiro
- Campus of Exact Sciences and Technologies, Campus Henrique Santillo, Anapolis, Goiás State, Brazil
| | - Andrei Stecca Steindorff
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Eriston Vieira Gomes
- Department of Biofunctional, Center of Higher Education Morgana Potrich Eireli, Morgana Potrich College, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Cirano J Ulhoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Wei S, Bian R, Andika IB, Niu E, Liu Q, Kondo H, Yang L, Zhou H, Pang T, Lian Z, Liu X, Wu Y, Sun L. Symptomatic plant viroid infections in phytopathogenic fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13042-13050. [PMID: 31182602 PMCID: PMC6600922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900762116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Viroids are pathogenic agents that have a small, circular noncoding RNA genome. They have been found only in plant species; therefore, their infectivity and pathogenicity in other organisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate whether plant viroids can replicate and induce symptoms in filamentous fungi. Seven plant viroids representing viroid groups that replicate in either the nucleus or chloroplast of plant cells were inoculated to three plant pathogenic fungi, Cryphonectria parasitica, Valsa mali, and Fusarium graminearum By transfection of fungal spheroplasts with viroid RNA transcripts, each of the three, hop stunt viroid (HSVd), iresine 1 viroid, and avocado sunblotch viroid, can stably replicate in at least one of those fungi. The viroids are horizontally transmitted through hyphal anastomosis and vertically through conidia. HSVd infection severely debilitates the growth of V. mali but not that of the other two fungi, while in F. graminearum and C. parasitica, with deletion of dicer-like genes, the primary components of the RNA-silencing pathway, HSVd accumulation increases. We further demonstrate that HSVd can be bidirectionally transferred between F. graminearum and plants during infection. The viroids also efficiently infect fungi and induce disease symptoms when the viroid RNAs are exogenously applied to the fungal mycelia. These findings enhance our understanding of viroid replication, host range, and pathogenicity, and of their potential spread to other organisms in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Ruiling Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109 Qingdao, China
| | - Erbo Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 710-0046 Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Tianxing Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Ziqian Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China;
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Ruiz-Ruiz S, Spanò R, Navarro L, Moreno P, Peña L, Flores R. Citrus tristeza virus co-opts glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase for its infectious cycle by interacting with the viral-encoded protein p23. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 98:363-373. [PMID: 30392159 PMCID: PMC7088584 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Citrus tristeza virus encodes a unique protein, p23, with multiple functional roles that include co-option of the cytoplasmic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase to facilitate the viral infectious cycle. The genome of citrus tristeza virus (CTV), genus Closterovirus family Closteroviridae, is a single-stranded (+) RNA potentially encoding at least 17 proteins. One (p23), an RNA-binding protein of 209 amino acids with a putative Zn-finger and some basic motifs, displays singular features: (i) it has no homologues in other closteroviruses, (ii) it accumulates mainly in the nucleolus and Cajal bodies, and in plasmodesmata, and (iii) it mediates asymmetric accumulation of CTV RNA strands, intracellular suppression of RNA silencing, induction of some CTV syndromes and enhancement of systemic infection when expressed as a transgene ectopically or in phloem-associated cells in several Citrus spp. Here, a yeast two-hybrid screening of an expression library of Nicotiana benthamiana (a symptomatic experimental host for CTV), identified a transducin/WD40 domain protein and the cytosolic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as potential host interactors with p23. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation corroborated the p23-GAPDH interaction in planta and showed that p23 interacts with itself in the nucleolus, Cajal bodies and plasmodesmata, and with GAPDH in the cytoplasm (forming aggregates) and in plasmodesmata. The latter interaction was preserved in a p23 deletion mutant affecting the C-terminal domain, but not in two others affecting the Zn-finger and one internal basic motif. Virus-induced gene silencing of GAPDH mRNA resulted in a decrease of CTV titer as revealed by real-time RT-quantitative PCR and RNA gel-blot hybridization. Thus, like other viruses, CTV seems to co-opt GAPDH, via interaction with p23, to facilitate its infectious cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ruiz-Ruiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberta Spanò
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Luis Navarro
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Moreno
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Leandro Peña
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Flores
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain.
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Garcia-Ruiz H. Susceptibility Genes to Plant Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E484. [PMID: 30201857 PMCID: PMC6164914 DOI: 10.3390/v10090484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses use cellular factors and resources to replicate and move. Plants respond to viral infection by several mechanisms, including innate immunity, autophagy, and gene silencing, that viruses must evade or suppress. Thus, the establishment of infection is genetically determined by the availability of host factors necessary for virus replication and movement and by the balance between plant defense and viral suppression of defense responses. Host factors may have antiviral or proviral activities. Proviral factors condition susceptibility to viruses by participating in processes essential to the virus. Here, we review current advances in the identification and characterization of host factors that condition susceptibility to plant viruses. Host factors with proviral activity have been identified for all parts of the virus infection cycle: viral RNA translation, viral replication complex formation, accumulation or activity of virus replication proteins, virus movement, and virion assembly. These factors could be targets of gene editing to engineer resistance to plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA.
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Glasa M, Šoltys K, Predajňa L, Sihelská N, Nováková S, Šubr Z, Kraic J, Mihálik D. Molecular and Biological Characterisation of Turnip mosaic virus Isolates Infecting Poppy ( Papaversomniferum and P. rhoeas) in Slovakia. Viruses 2018; 10:E430. [PMID: 30110973 PMCID: PMC6116182 DOI: 10.3390/v10080430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the accumulated molecular data of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates from various hosts originating from different parts of the world considerably helped to understand the genetic complexity and evolutionary history of the virus. In this work, four complete TuMV genomes (HC9, PK1, MS04, MS15) were characterised from naturally infected cultivated and wild-growing Papaver spp., hosts from which only very scarce data were available previously. Phylogenetic analyses showed the affiliation of Slovak Papaver isolates to the world-B and basal-B groups. The PK1 isolate showed a novel intra-lineage recombination pattern, further confirming the important role of recombination in the shaping of TuMV genetic diversity. Biological assays indicated that the intensity of symptoms in experimentally inoculated oilseed poppy are correlated to TuMV accumulation level in leaves. This is the first report of TuMV in poppy plants in Slovakia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Glasa
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Katarína Šoltys
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 8, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lukáš Predajňa
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Nina Sihelská
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Slavomíra Nováková
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Zdeno Šubr
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ján Kraic
- Department of Biotechnologies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia.
- National Agriculture and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia.
| | - Daniel Mihálik
- Department of Biotechnologies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia.
- National Agriculture and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia.
- Institute of High Mountain Biology, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia.
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Li F, Zhang C, Li Y, Wu G, Hou X, Zhou X, Wang A. Beclin1 restricts RNA virus infection in plants through suppression and degradation of the viral polymerase. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1268. [PMID: 29593293 PMCID: PMC5871769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy emerges as an essential immunity defense against intracellular pathogens. Here we report that turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection activates autophagy in plants and that Beclin1 (ATG6), a core component of autophagy, inhibits virus replication. Beclin1 interacts with NIb, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of TuMV, via the highly conserved GDD motif and the interaction complex is targeted for autophagic degradation likely through the adaptor protein ATG8a. Beclin1-mediated NIb degradation is inhibited by autophagy inhibitors. Deficiency of Beclin1 or ATG8a enhances NIb accumulation and promotes viral infection and vice versa. These data suggest that Beclin1 may be a selective autophagy receptor. Overexpression of a Beclin1 truncation mutant that binds to NIb but lacks the ability to mediate NIb degradation also inhibits virus replication. The Beclin1-RdRp interaction further extends to several RNA viruses. Thus Beclin1 restricts viral infection through suppression and also likely autophagic degradation of the viral RdRp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Changwei Zhang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Guanwei Wu
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada.
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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50
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Valli AA, Gallo A, Rodamilans B, López‐Moya JJ, García JA. The HCPro from the Potyviridae family: an enviable multitasking Helper Component that every virus would like to have. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:744-763. [PMID: 28371183 PMCID: PMC6638112 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses have very compact genomes and so provide a unique opportunity to study how evolution works to optimize the use of very limited genomic information. A widespread viral strategy to solve this issue concerning the coding space relies on the expression of proteins with multiple functions. Members of the family Potyviridae, the most abundant group of RNA viruses in plants, offer several attractive examples of viral factors which play roles in diverse infection-related pathways. The Helper Component Proteinase (HCPro) is an essential and well-characterized multitasking protein for which at least three independent functions have been described: (i) viral plant-to-plant transmission; (ii) polyprotein maturation; and (iii) RNA silencing suppression. Moreover, multitudes of host factors have been found to interact with HCPro. Intriguingly, most of these partners have not been ascribed to any of the HCPro roles during the infectious cycle, supporting the idea that this protein might play even more roles than those already established. In this comprehensive review, we attempt to summarize our current knowledge about HCPro and its already attributed and putative novel roles, and to discuss the similarities and differences regarding this factor in members of this important viral family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Araiz Gallo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB‐CSIC)Madrid28049Spain
| | | | - Juan José López‐Moya
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG‐CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB), Campus UABBellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
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