1
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Henríquez R, Muñoz-Barroso I. Viral vector- and virus-like particle-based vaccines against infectious diseases: A minireview. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34927. [PMID: 39144987 PMCID: PMC11320483 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
To overcome the limitations of conventional vaccines, new platforms for vaccine design have emerged such as those based on viral vectors and virus-like particles (VLPs). Viral vector vaccines are highly efficient and the onset of protection is quick. Many recombinant vaccine candidates for humans are based on viruses belonging to different families such as Adenoviridae, Retroviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Parvoviridae. Also, the first viral vector vaccine licensed for human vaccination was the Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine. Since then, several viral vectors have been approved for vaccination against the viruses of Lassa fever, Ebola, hepatitis B, hepatitis E, SARS-CoV-2, and malaria. VLPs are nanoparticles that mimic viral particles formed from the self-assembly of structural proteins and VLP-based vaccines against hepatitis B and E viruses, human papillomavirus, and malaria have been commercialized. As evidenced by the accelerated production of vaccines against COVID-19, these new approaches are important tools for vaccinology and for generating rapid responses against pathogens and emerging pandemic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Henríquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab.106. Plaza Doctores de la Reina S/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Muñoz-Barroso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab.106. Plaza Doctores de la Reina S/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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2
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Maiti AK. Therapeutic Challenges in COVID-19. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:14-25. [PMID: 36567277 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666221222162641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV2 is a novel respiratory coronavirus and, understanding its molecular mechanism is a prerequisite to developing effective treatment for COVID-19. This RNA genome-carrying virus has a protein coat with spikes (S) that attaches to the ACE2 receptor at the cell surface of human cells. Several repurposed drugs are used to treat COVID-19 patients that are proven to be largely unsuccessful or have limited success in reducing mortalities. Several vaccines are in use to reduce the viral load to prevent developing symptoms. Major challenges to their efficacy include the inability of antibody molecules to enter cells but remain effective in the bloodstream to kill the virus. The efficacy of vaccines also depends on their neutralizing ability to constantly evolve new virus strains due to novel mutations and evolutionary survival dynamics. Taken together, SARS-CoV2 antibody vaccines may not be very effective and other approaches based on genetic, genomic, and protein interactome could be fruitful to identify therapeutic targets to reduce disease-related mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Maiti
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Mydnavar, 28475 Greenfield Rd, Southfield MI 48076, USA
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3
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Perdiguero B, Hauser A, Gómez CE, Peterhoff D, Sideris E, Sorzano CÓS, Wilmschen S, Schaber M, Stengel L, Asbach B, Ding S, Von Laer D, Levy Y, Pantaleo G, Kimpel J, Esteban M, Wagner R. Potency and durability of T and B cell immune responses after homologous and heterologous vector delivery of a trimer-stabilized, membrane-displayed HIV-1 clade ConC Env protein. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1270908. [PMID: 38045703 PMCID: PMC10690772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The generation of an HIV-1 vaccine able to induce long-lasting protective immunity remains a main challenge. Here, we aimed to modify next-generation soluble, prefusion-stabilized, close-to-native, glycan-engineered clade C gp140 envelope (Env) trimers (sC23v4 KIKO and ConCv5 KIKO) for optimal display on the cell surface following homologous or heterologous vector delivery. Methods A combination of the following modifications scored best regarding the preservation of closed, native-like Env trimer conformation and antigenicity when using a panel of selected broadly neutralizing (bnAb) and non-neutralizing (nnAb) monoclonal antibodies for flow cytometry: i) replacing the natural cleavage site with a native flexible linker and introducing a single amino acid substitution to prevent CD4 binding (*), ii) fusing a heterologous VSV-G-derived transmembrane moiety to the gp140 C-terminus, and iii) deleting six residues proximal to the membrane. Results When delivering membrane-tethered sC23v4 KIKO* and ConCv5 KIKO* via DNA, VSV-GP, and NYVAC vectors, the two native-like Env trimers provide differential antigenicity profiles. Whereas such patterns were largely consistent among the different vectors for either Env trimer, the membrane-tethered ConCv5 KIKO* trimer adopted a more closed and native-like structure than sC23v4 KIKO*. In immunized mice, VSV-GP and NYVAC vectors expressing the membrane-tethered ConCv5 KIKO* administered in prime/boost combination were the most effective regimens for the priming of Env-specific CD4 T cells among all tested combinations. The subsequent booster administration of trimeric ConCv5 KIKO* Env protein preserved the T cell activation levels between groups. The evaluation of the HIV-1-specific humoral responses induced in the different immunization groups after protein boosts showed that the various prime/boost protocols elicited broad and potent antibody responses, preferentially of a Th1-associated IgG2a subclass, and that the obtained antibody levels remained high at the memory phase. Discussion In summary, we provide a feasible strategy to display multiple copies of native-like Env trimers on the cell surface, which translates into efficient priming of sustained CD4+ T cell responses after vector delivery as well as broad, potent, and sustained antibody responses following booster immunizations with the homologous, prefusion-stabilized, close-to-native ConCv5 KIKO* gp140 Env trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Hauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elefthéria Sideris
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Óscar S. Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit and Computational Genomics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah Wilmschen
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marion Schaber
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura Stengel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Song Ding
- EuroVacc Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dorothee Von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yves Levy
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médicine, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U955, Créteil, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service d'Immunologie Clinique et Maladies Infectieuses, Créteil, France
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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4
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Zhang Z, Wang Q, Nguyen HT, Chen HC, Chiu TJ, Smith Iii AB, Sodroski JG. Alterations in gp120 glycans or the gp41 fusion peptide-proximal region modulate the stability of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein pretriggered conformation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0059223. [PMID: 37696048 PMCID: PMC10537687 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00592-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer mediates entry into host cells by binding receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, and fusing the viral and cell membranes. In infected cells, cleavage of the gp160 Env precursor yields the mature Env trimer, with gp120 exterior and gp41 transmembrane Env subunits. Env cleavage stabilizes the State-1 conformation, which is the major target for broadly neutralizing antibodies, and decreases the spontaneous sampling of more open Env conformations that expose epitopes for poorly neutralizing antibodies. During HIV-1 entry into cells, CD4 binding drives the metastable Env from a pretriggered (State-1) conformation into more "open," lower-energy states. Here, we report that changes in two dissimilar elements of the HIV-1 Env trimer, namely particular gp120 glycans and the gp41 fusion peptide-proximal region (FPPR), can independently modulate the stability of State 1. Individual deletion of several gp120 glycans destabilized State 1, whereas removal of a V1 glycan resulted in phenotypes indicative of a more stable pretriggered Env conformation. Likewise, some alterations of the gp41 FPPR decreased the level of spontaneous shedding of gp120 from the Env trimer and stabilized the pretriggered State-1 Env conformation. State-1-stabilizing changes were additive and could suppress the phenotypes associated with State-1-destabilizing alterations in Env. Our results support a model in which multiple protein and carbohydrate elements of the HIV-1 Env trimer additively contribute to the stability of the pretriggered (State-1) conformation. The Env modifications identified in this study will assist efforts to characterize the structure and immunogenicity of the metastable State-1 conformation. IMPORTANCE The elicitation of antibodies that neutralize multiple strains of HIV-1 is an elusive goal that has frustrated the development of an effective vaccine. The pretriggered shape of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike on the virus surface is the major target for such broadly neutralizing antibodies. The "closed" pretriggered Env shape resists the binding of most antibodies but is unstable and often assumes "open" shapes that elicit ineffective antibodies. We identified particular changes in both the protein and the sugar components of the Env trimer that stabilize the pretriggered shape. Combinations of these changes were even more effective at stabilizing the pretriggered Env than the individual changes. Stabilizing changes in Env could counteract the effect of Env changes that destabilize the pretriggered shape. Locking Env in its pretriggered shape will assist efforts to understand the Env spike on the virus and to incorporate this shape into vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanh T Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ta-Jung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B Smith Iii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Malik S, Muhammad K, Aslam SM, Waheed Y. Tracing the recent updates on vaccination approaches and significant adjuvants being developed against HIV. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:431-446. [PMID: 36803177 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2182771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV1); the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), has been a major target of the scientific community to develop an anti-viral therapy. Some successful discoveries have been made during the last two decades in the form of availability of antiviral therapy in endemic regions. Nevertheless, a total cure and safety vaccine has not yet been designed to eradicate HIV from the world. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this comprehensive study is to compile recent data regarding therapeutic interventions against HIV and to determine future research needs in this field. A systematic research strategy has been used to gather data from recent, most advanced published electronic sources. Literature based results show that experiments at the invitro level and animal models are continuously in research annals and are providing hope for human trials. EXPERT OPINION There is still a gap and more work is needed in the direction of modern drug and vaccination designs. Moreover coordination is necessary among researchers, educationists, public health workers, and the general community to communicate and coordinate the repercussions associated with the deadly disease. It is important for taking timely measures regarding mitigation and adaptation with HIV in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sanaa Masood Aslam
- Foundation University College of Dentistry, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
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6
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Rosato PC, Lotfi-Emran S, Joag V, Wijeyesinghe S, Quarnstrom CF, Degefu HN, Nedellec R, Schenkel JM, Beura LK, Hangartner L, Burton DR, Masopust D. Tissue-resident memory T cells trigger rapid exudation and local antibody accumulation. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:17-26. [PMID: 36657662 PMCID: PMC10338064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is didactically partitioned into humoral and cell-mediated effector mechanisms, which may imply that each arm is separate and does not function together. Here, we report that the activation of CD8+ resident memory T cells (TRM) in nonlymphoid tissues triggers vascular permeability, which facilitates rapid distribution of serum antibodies into local tissues. TRM reactivation was associated with transcriptional upregulation of antiviral signaling pathways as well as Fc receptors and components of the complement cascade. Effects were local, but evidence is presented that TRM in brain and reproductive mucosa are both competent to induce rapid antibody exudation. TRM reactivation in the mouse female genital tract increased local concentrations of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, including anti-vesicular stomatitis virus, and passively transferred anti-HIV antibodies. We showed that this response was sufficient to increase the efficacy of ex vivo vesicular stomatitis virus neutralization. These results indicate that CD8+ TRM antigen recognition can enhance local humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Rosato
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sahar Lotfi-Emran
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vineet Joag
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Clare F Quarnstrom
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hanna N Degefu
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Brown University, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Masopust
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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7
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LL-37 antimicrobial peptide and heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimen significantly induce HIV-1 Nef-Vpr antigen- and virion-specific immune responses in mice. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:33-45. [PMID: 36550339 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV infection still remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The inability of highly-active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 eradication led to development of therapeutic vaccines. Exploiting effective immunogenic constructs and potent delivery systems are important to generate effective therapeutic vaccines, and overcome their poor membrane permeability. Among HIV-1 proteins, the Nef and Vpr proteins can be considered as antigen candidates in vaccine design. METHODS In this study, the immunogenicity of Nef-Vpr antigen candidate in different regimens along with antimicrobial peptide LL-37 (as a DNA carrier) and Montanide 720 (as an adjuvant) was studied in mice. Moreover, the secretion of cytokines was assessed in virion-exposed mice lymphocytes in vitro. RESULTS Our data indicated that groups immunized with the homologous protein + Montanide regimen (group 1), and also the heterologous DNA + LL-37 prime/protein + Montanide boost regimen (group 2) could significantly generate strong immune responses as compared to groups immunized with the DNA constructs (groups 3 & 4). Moreover, immunization of mice with the homologous DNA + LL-37 regimen in low dose of DNA (5 µg) could induce higher immune responses than the homologous naked DNA regimen in high dose of DNA (50 µg) indicating the role of LL-37 as a cell penetrating peptide. Additionally, the heterologous DNA + LL-37 prime/protein + Montanide boost regimen (group 2) induced significantly IFN-gamma secretion from virion-exposed lymphocytes in vitro. CONCLUSION Generally, the use of LL-37 for DNA delivery, Montanide 720 as an adjuvant, and heterologous DNA prime/protein boost strategy could significantly increase IgG2a, IFN-gamma, and Granzyme B, and maintain cytokine secretion after exposure to virions. Indeed, the heterologous DNA + LL-37 prime/protein + Montanide boost regimen can be considered as a potent strategy for development of therapeutic HIV vaccines.
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8
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Contribution of T- and B-cell intrinsic toll-like receptors to the adaptive immune response in viral infectious diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:547. [PMID: 36224474 PMCID: PMC9555683 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a class of highly conserved molecules that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play a vital role in host defense against multiple viral infectious diseases. Although TLRs are highly expressed on innate immune cells and play indirect roles in regulating antiviral adaptive immune responses, intrinsic expression of TLRs in adaptive immune cells, including T cells and B cells, cannot be ignored. TLRs expressed in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells play roles in enhancing TCR signal-induced T-cell activation, proliferation, function, and survival, serving as costimulatory molecules. Gene knockout of TLR signaling molecules has been shown to diminish antiviral adaptive immune responses and affect viral clearance in multiple viral infectious animal models. These results have highlighted the critical role of TLRs in the long-term immunological control of viral infection. This review summarizes the expression and function of TLR signaling pathways in T and B cells, focusing on the in vitro and vivo mechanisms and effects of intrinsic TLR signaling in regulating T- and B-cell responses during viral infection. The potential clinical use of TLR-based immune regulatory drugs for viral infectious diseases is also explored.
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9
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Macatangay BJC, Landay AL, Garcia F, Rinaldo CR. Editorial: Advances in T Cell Therapeutic Vaccines for HIV. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905836. [PMID: 35572584 PMCID: PMC9094404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J C Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Felipe Garcia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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10
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Calvet-Mirabent M, Claiborne DT, Deruaz M, Tanno S, Serra C, Delgado-Arévalo C, Sánchez-Cerrillo I, de Los Santos I, Sanz J, García-Fraile L, Sánchez-Madrid F, Alfranca A, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Allen TM, Buzón MJ, Balazs A, Vrbanac V, Martín-Gayo E. Poly I:C and STING agonist-primed DC increase lymphoid tissue polyfunctional HIV-1-specific CD8 + T cells and limit CD4 + T cell loss in BLT mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:447-461. [PMID: 34935145 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Effective function of CD8+ T cells and enhanced innate activation of dendritic cells (DC) in response to HIV-1 is linked to protective antiviral immunity in controllers. Manipulation of DC targeting the master regulator TANK-binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) might be useful to acquire controller-like properties. Here, we evaluated the impact of the combination of 2´3´-c´diAM(PS)2 and Poly I:C as potential adjuvants capable of potentiating DC´s abilities to induce polyfunctional HIV-1 specific CD8+ T cell responses in vitro and in vivo using a humanized BLT mouse model. Adjuvant combination enhanced TBK-1 phosphorylation and IL-12 and IFNβ expression on DC and increased their ability to activate polyfunctional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro. Moreover, higher proportions of hBLT mice vaccinated with ADJ-DC exhibited less severe CD4+ T cell depletion following HIV-1 infection compared to control groups. This was associated with infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the white pulp from the spleen, reduced spread of infected p24+ cells to lymph node and with preserved abilities of CD8+ T cells from the spleen and blood of vaccinated animals to induce specific polyfunctional responses upon antigen stimulation. Therefore, priming of DC with Poly I:C and STING agonists might be useful for future HIV-1 vaccine studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa.,Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Medicine Department Spain
| | | | - Maud Deruaz
- Human Immune System Mouse Program from Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Serah Tanno
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard.,Human Immune System Mouse Program from Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Carla Serra
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
| | - Cristina Delgado-Arévalo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa.,Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Medicine Department Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sánchez-Cerrillo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa
| | - Ignacio de Los Santos
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa
| | - Jesús Sanz
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa
| | - Lucio García-Fraile
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa.,Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Medicine Department Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Immunology Section, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria J Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
| | - Alejandro Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard.,Human Immune System Mouse Program from Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Vladimir Vrbanac
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard.,Human Immune System Mouse Program from Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa.,Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Medicine Department Spain
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11
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CD8 T Cell Vaccines and a Cytomegalovirus-Based Vector Approach. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101097. [PMID: 34685468 PMCID: PMC8538937 DOI: 10.3390/life11101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The twentieth century witnessed a huge expansion in the number of vaccines used with great success in combating diseases, especially the ones caused by viral and bacterial pathogens. Despite this, several major public health threats, such as HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and cancer, still pose an enormous humanitarian and economic burden. As vaccines based on the induction of protective, neutralizing antibodies have not managed to effectively combat these diseases, in recent decades, the focus has increasingly shifted towards the cellular immune response. There is substantial evidence demonstrating CD8 T cells as key players in the protection not only against many viral and bacterial pathogens, but also in the fight against neoplastic cells. Here, we present arguments for CD8 T cells to be considered as promising candidates for vaccine targeting. We discuss the heterogeneity of CD8 T cell populations and their contribution in the protection of the host. We also outline several strategies of using a common human pathogen, cytomegalovirus, as a vaccine vector since accumulated data strongly suggest it represents a promising approach to the development of novel vaccines against both pathogens and tumors.
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12
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Hargrave A, Mustafa AS, Hanif A, Tunio JH, Hanif SNM. Current Status of HIV-1 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1026. [PMID: 34579263 PMCID: PMC8471857 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection and its progression to AIDS remains a significant global health challenge, particularly for low-income countries. Developing a vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infections has proven to be immensely challenging with complex biological acquisition and infection, unforeseen clinical trial disappointments, and funding issues. This paper discusses important landmarks of progress in HIV-1 vaccine development, various vaccine strategies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hargrave
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
| | - Abu Salim Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Asma Hanif
- Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Javed H. Tunio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Shumaila Nida M. Hanif
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
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13
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Larijani MS, Pouriayevali MH, Sadat SM, Ramezani A. Production of Recombinant HIV-1 p24-Nef Protein in Two Forms as Potential Candidate Vaccines in Three Vehicles. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 17:387-395. [PMID: 32183667 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200317121728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different approaches have been investigated to develop a preventive or therapeutic vaccine, although none of them has been fully practical. Therapeutic vaccines against HIV-1 have been studied with the aim of eliminating the virus from reservoir cells with or without HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy). Fusion proteins with the most immunogenic features among conserved regions can facilitate this achievement in such a variable virus. To achieve the most immunogenic and also conserved regions, bioinformatics tools are widely used to predict antigens' features before applying them. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at the in vitro evaluation of p24 -Nef fusion protein based on the previous in silico design to achieve a potential therapeutic subunit vaccine against HIV-1. METHODS The truncated form of p24-Nef using AAY flexible linker and the full protein were expressed and evaluated in the prokaryotic system and confirmed by western blotting. We also used pcDNA3.1 to transfect Lenti-X 293T cells. Moreover, lentiviral vectors were applied to produce recombinant virions harboring the genes of interest and cell transduction. RESULTS Both fusion proteins in a truncated and a full form were expressed and confirmed by Anti Nef polyclonal antibody in western blotting. Recombinant virions were generated and transduced Lenti-X 293T cells confirming by immunofluorescence microscope and p24 ELISA assay kit. Transduced cells were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting, which resulted in approved protein expression. CONCLUSION Fusion protein of p24 and Nef is well expressed in eukaryotic cell lines according to its pre-evaluated features by bioinformatics tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sadat Larijani
- Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Ref Lab), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amitis Ramezani
- Department of Clinical Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Ivanov S, Filimonov D, Tarasova O. A computational analysis of transcriptional profiles from CD8(+) T lymphocytes reveals potential mechanisms of HIV/AIDS control and progression. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2447-2459. [PMID: 34025935 PMCID: PMC8113781 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic and noncytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte responses are essential for the control of HIV infection. Understanding the mechanisms underlying HIV control in elite controllers (ECs), which maintain undetectable viral load in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, may facilitate the development of new effective therapeutic strategies. We developed an original pipeline for an analysis of the transcriptional profiles of CD8+ cells from ECs, treated and untreated progressors. Hierarchical cluster analysis of CD8+ cells' transcription profiles allowed us to identify five distinct groups (EC groups 1-5) of ECs. The transcriptional profiles of EC group 1 were opposite to those of groups 2-4 and similar to those of the treated progressors, which can be associated with residual activation and dysfunction of CD8+ T-lymphocytes. The profiles of groups 2-4 were associated with different numbers of differentially expressed genes compared to healthy controls, but the corresponding genes shared the same cellular processes. These three groups were associated with increased metabolism, survival, proliferation, and the absence of an "exhausted" phenotype, compared to both untreated progressors and healthy controls. The CD8+ lymphocytes from these groups of ECs may contribute to the control under HIV replication and slower disease progression. The EC group 5 was indistinguishable from normal. Application of master regulator analysis allowed us to identify 22 receptors, including interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and androgen receptors, which may be responsible for the observed expression changes and the functional states of CD8+ cells from ECs. These receptors can be considered potential targets of therapeutic intervention, which may decelerate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ivanov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Filimonov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Tarasova
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Oganezova K, Fontana-Martinez EJ, Gothing JA, Pandit A, Kwara E, Yanosick K, Dragavon J, Goecker EA, Maenza J, Espy N, Tomaka F, Lavreys L, Allen M, D'Souza P, Hural J, Coombs RW, Dolin R, Seaman MS, Walsh SR, Baden LR. Poststudy Point-of-Care Oral Fluid Testing in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Vaccinees. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 8:ofaa606. [PMID: 33511233 PMCID: PMC7813203 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 vaccines frequently elicit antibodies against HIV-1 that may react with commonly used HIV diagnostic tests, a phenomenon known as vaccine-induced seropositivity/seroreactivity (VISP/VISR). We sought to determine, under clinic conditions, whether a patient-controlled HIV test, OraQuick ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody Test, detected HIV-1 vaccine-induced antibodies. Methods Plasma assessment of HIV-1 cross-reactivity was examined in end-of-study samples from 57 healthy, HIV-uninfected participants who received a candidate vaccine that has entered Phase 2B and 3 testing. We also screened 120 healthy, HIV-uninfected, unblinded HIV-1 vaccine participants with VISP/VISR for an assessment using saliva. These participants came from 21 different parent vaccine protocols representing 17 different vaccine regimens, all of which contained an HIV-1 envelope immunogen. OraQuick ADVANCE was compared with results from concurrent blood samples using a series of commercial HIV screening immunoassays. Results Fifty-seven unique participant plasma samples were assayed in vitro, and only 1 (1.8%) was reactive by OraQuick ADVANCE. None of the 120 clinic participants (0%; 95% confidence interval, 0% to 3.7%) tested positive by OraQuick ADVANCE, and all were confirmed to be uninfected by HIV-1 viral ribonucleic acid testing. One hundred eighteen of the 120 (98.3%) participants had a reactive HIV test for VISP/VISR: 77 (64%) had at least 1 reactive fourth-generation HIV-1 diagnostic test (P < .0001 vs no reactive OraQuick ADVANCE results), and 41 (34%) only had a reactive test by the less specific third-generation Abbott Prism assay. Conclusions These data suggest that this widely available patient-controlled test has limited reactivity to HIV-1 antibodies elicited by these candidate HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Oganezova
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jon A Gothing
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alisha Pandit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Esther Kwara
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katherine Yanosick
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joan Dragavon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erin A Goecker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Espy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Frank Tomaka
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ludo Lavreys
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Allen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia D'Souza
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert W Coombs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raphael Dolin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen R Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Falahati Z, Mahdavi A, Hassani L. Physicochemical studies on the structural stability of the HIV-1 vaccine candidate recombinant Tat protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:403-414. [PMID: 32693138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 transactivator of transcription protein is one of the most promising AIDS vaccine candidates and plays central roles in the virus life cycle and pathogenesis. Understanding structural properties of vaccine candidate antigens leads to rational design of vaccines which improves their presentation to immune system and facilitates their manufacturing and storage. This study aims to investigate structural properties and stability of one variant of HIV-1 Tat recombinant protein using different spectroscopic, electrophoretic, and microscopic methods. Therefore, after the gene transformation, protein expression was optimized in E. coli cells and the C-terminal His6-tagged protein was purified using Ni-NTA resin. The structural stability of the pure protein was then investigated under different conditions including pH, Zn2+ ions, thermal and chemical stress. Acidic and alkaline pHs affects spectroscopic properties of the vaccine in different ways. The structure unfolding experiment shows relatively poor stability of the zinc-free protein sample compared to the ion-containing one. According to the quenching experiment and also thermal stability study results, the protein has attained more structural compactness in the presence of Zn2+. Secondary structure of the protein is mainly disordered and didn't significantly affect under various conditions. Finally, different degrees of oligomerization and aggregation were found under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Falahati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Gavazang, P.O. Box 451951159, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Mahdavi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Gavazang, P.O. Box 451951159, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Leila Hassani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Gavazang, P.O. Box 451951159, Zanjan, Iran
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17
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Schijns V, Fernández-Tejada A, Barjaktarović Ž, Bouzalas I, Brimnes J, Chernysh S, Gizurarson S, Gursel I, Jakopin Ž, Lawrenz M, Nativi C, Paul S, Pedersen GK, Rosano C, Ruiz-de-Angulo A, Slütter B, Thakur A, Christensen D, Lavelle EC. Modulation of immune responses using adjuvants to facilitate therapeutic vaccination. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:169-190. [PMID: 32594569 PMCID: PMC7497245 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination offers great promise as an intervention for a diversity of infectious and non-infectious conditions. Given that most chronic health conditions are thought to have an immune component, vaccination can at least in principle be proposed as a therapeutic strategy. Understanding the nature of protective immunity is of vital importance, and the progress made in recent years in defining the nature of pathological and protective immunity for a range of diseases has provided an impetus to devise strategies to promote such responses in a targeted manner. However, in many cases, limited progress has been made in clinical adoption of such approaches. This in part results from a lack of safe and effective vaccine adjuvants that can be used to promote protective immunity and/or reduce deleterious immune responses. Although somewhat simplistic, it is possible to divide therapeutic vaccine approaches into those targeting conditions where antibody responses can mediate protection and those where the principal focus is the promotion of effector and memory cellular immunity or the reduction of damaging cellular immune responses as in the case of autoimmune diseases. Clearly, in all cases of antigen-specific immunotherapy, the identification of protective antigens is a vital first step. There are many challenges to developing therapeutic vaccines beyond those associated with prophylactic diseases including the ongoing immune responses in patients, patient heterogeneity, and diversity in the type and stage of disease. If reproducible biomarkers can be defined, these could allow earlier diagnosis and intervention and likely increase therapeutic vaccine efficacy. Current immunomodulatory approaches related to adoptive cell transfers or passive antibody therapy are showing great promise, but these are outside the scope of this review which will focus on the potential for adjuvanted therapeutic active vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Schijns
- Wageningen University, Cell Biology & Immunology and, ERC-The Netherlands, Schaijk, Landerd campus, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, Biscay, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Žarko Barjaktarović
- Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Ilias Bouzalas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Sergey Chernysh
- Laboratory of Insect Biopharmacology and Immunology, Department of Entomology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maria Lawrenz
- Vaccine Formulation Institute (CH), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ane Ruiz-de-Angulo
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, Biscay, Spain
| | - Bram Slütter
- Div. BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Ivanov S, Lagunin A, Filimonov D, Tarasova O. Network-Based Analysis of OMICs Data to Understand the HIV-Host Interaction. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1314. [PMID: 32625189 PMCID: PMC7311653 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of human immunodeficiency virus with human cells is responsible for all stages of the viral life cycle, from the infection of CD4+ cells to reverse transcription, integration, and the assembly of new viral particles. To date, a large amount of OMICs data as well as information from functional genomics screenings regarding the HIV–host interaction has been accumulated in the literature and in public databases. We processed databases containing HIV–host interactions and found 2910 HIV-1-human protein-protein interactions, mostly related to viral group M subtype B, 137 interactions between human and HIV-1 coding and non-coding RNAs, essential for viral lifecycle and cell defense mechanisms, 232 transcriptomics, 27 proteomics, and 34 epigenomics HIV-related experiments. Numerous studies regarding network-based analysis of corresponding OMICs data have been published in recent years. We overview various types of molecular networks, which can be created using OMICs data, including HIV–human protein–protein interaction networks, co-expression networks, gene regulatory and signaling networks, and approaches for the analysis of their topology and dynamics. The network-based analysis can be used to determine the critical pathways and key proteins involved in the HIV life cycle, cellular and immune responses to infection, viral escape from host defense mechanisms, and mechanisms mediating different susceptibility of humans to infection. The proteins and pathways identified in these studies represent a basis for developing new anti-HIV therapeutic strategies such as new drugs preventing infection of CD4+ cells and viral replication, effective vaccines, “shock and kill” and “block and lock” approaches to cure latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ivanov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Bioinformatics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Lagunin
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Bioinformatics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Filimonov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Tarasova
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Vaccines are considered one of the most important advances in modern medicine and have greatly improved our quality of life by reducing or eliminating many serious infectious diseases. Successful vaccines have been developed against many of the most common human pathogens, and this success has not been dependent upon any one specific class of vaccine since subunit vaccines, non-replicating whole-virus or whole-bacteria vaccines, and attenuated live vaccines have all been effective for particular vaccine targets. After completing the initial immunization series, one common aspect of successful vaccines is that they induce long-term protective immunity. In contrast, several partially successful vaccines appear to induce protection that is relatively short-lived and it is likely that long-term protective immunity will be critical for making effective vaccines against our most challenging diseases such as AIDS and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Amanna
- Najít Technologies, Inc, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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20
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Perdiguero B, Gómez CE, García-Arriaza J, Sánchez-Corzo C, Sorzano CÓS, Wilmschen S, von Laer D, Asbach B, Schmalzl C, Peterhoff D, Ding S, Wagner R, Kimpel J, Levy Y, Pantaleo G, Esteban M. Heterologous Combination of VSV-GP and NYVAC Vectors Expressing HIV-1 Trimeric gp145 Env as Vaccination Strategy to Induce Balanced B and T Cell Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2941. [PMID: 31921191 PMCID: PMC6930178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of a vaccine against HIV-1 able to induce durable protective immunity continues a major challenge. The modest efficacy (31.2%) of the phase III RV144 clinical trial provided the first demonstration that a prophylactic HIV/AIDS vaccine is achievable but emphasized the need for further refinements of vaccine candidates, formulations, and immunization regimens. Here, we analyzed in mice the immunogenicity profile elicited by different homologous and heterologous prime/boost combinations using the modified rhabdovirus VSV-GP combined with DNA or poxviral NYVAC vectors, all expressing trimeric membrane-bound Env (gp145) of HIV-1 96ZM651 clade C, with or without purified gp140 protein component. In cultured cells infected with recombinant VSV-GP or NYVAC viruses, gp145 epitopes at the plasma membrane were recognized by human HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). In immunized mice, the heterologous combination of VSV-GP and NYVAC recombinant vectors improved the induction of HIV-1 Env-specific humoral and cellular immune responses compared to homologous prime/boost protocols. Specifically, the combination of VSV-GP in the prime and NYVAC in the boost induced higher HIV-1 Env-specific T cell (CD4/CD8 T cells and T follicular helper -Tfh- cells) immune responses compared to the use of DNA or NYVAC vectors in the prime and VSV-GP in the boost. Such enhanced T cell responses correlated with an enhancement of the Env-specific germinal center (GC) B cell population and with a heavily biased Env-specific response toward the Th1-associated IgG2a and IgG3 subclasses, while the other groups showed a Th2-associated IgG1 bias. In summary, our T and B cell population data demonstrated that VSV-GP-based vectors could be taken into consideration as an optimized immunogenic HIV-1 vaccine candidate component against HIV-1 when used for priming in heterologous combinations with the poxvirus vector NYVAC as a boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Corzo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Óscar S Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit and Computational Genomics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah Wilmschen
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Schmalzl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Song Ding
- EuroVacc Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yves Levy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955, Paris Est Créteil University, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service d'Immunologie Clinique et Maladies Infectieuses, Créteil, France
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Vekemans J, Snow W, Fast PE, Baggaley R, Chinyenze K, Friede MH, Godfrey-Faussett P, Kaslow DC, Rees H. HIV immunoprophylaxis: preparing the pathway from proof of concept to policy decision and use. Lancet HIV 2019; 7:e141-e148. [PMID: 31786175 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Various long-awaited efficacy studies of vaccines and broadly neutralising antibodies for prevention of HIV are now well underway in highly endemic settings. One broadly neutralising monoclonal antibody is being assessed for proof of concept, and combinations are in the pipeline. Two multicomponent prime-and-boost vaccine regimens are being evaluated, one of which is designed for global coverage. These multicomponent vaccines present a new level of complexity that will challenge health delivery systems. We recommend that while awaiting the results, which will appear in 2020-22, the target product profiles and full public value proposition for both categories of products should be defined, and the regulatory, policy, and implementation pathways should be prepared. Economic and health benefits, cost of goods, administrative complexity, and user perspectives will be key considerations for the roll-out of effective products. Investments in manufacturing capacity and public-sector delivery systems will be needed to prepare for product introduction and scale-up. We propose a prioritisation of activities on the basis of a broad stakeholder consultation organised by WHO and UNAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia E Fast
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA; School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David C Kaslow
- Essential Medicines and Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Helen Rees
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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22
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Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have shown remarkable ability to re-direct T cells to target CD19-expressing tumours, resulting in remission rates of up to 90% in individuals with paediatric acute lymphoblastic lymphoma. Lessons learned from these clinical trials of adoptive T cell therapy for cancer, as well as investments made in manufacturing T cells at commercial scale, have inspired researchers to develop CARs for additional applications. Here, we explore the challenges and opportunities of using this technology to target infectious diseases such as with HIV and undesired immune responses such as autoimmunity and transplant rejection. Despite substantial obstacles, the potential of CAR T cells to enable cures for a wide array of disease settings could be transformational for the medical field.
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Rudometov AP, Chikaev AN, Rudometova NB, Antonets DV, Lomzov AA, Kaplina ON, Ilyichev AA, Karpenko LI. Artificial Anti-HIV-1 Immunogen Comprising Epitopes of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies 2F5, 10E8, and a Peptide Mimic of VRC01 Discontinuous Epitope. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030083. [PMID: 31390770 PMCID: PMC6789618 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The construction of artificial proteins using conservative B-cell and T-cell epitopes is believed to be a promising approach for a vaccine design against diverse viral infections. This article describes the development of an artificial HIV-1 immunogen using a polyepitope immunogen design strategy. We developed a recombinant protein, referred to as nTBI, that contains epitopes recognized by broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) combined with Th-epitopes. This is a modified version of a previously designed artificial protein, TBI (T- and B-cell epitopes containing Immunogen), carrying four T- and five B-cell epitopes from HIV-1 Env and Gag proteins. To engineer the nTBI molecule, three B-cell epitopes of the TBI protein were replaced with the epitopes recognized by broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies 10E8, 2F5, and a linear peptide mimic of VRC01 epitope. We showed that immunization of rabbits with the nTBI protein elicited antibodies that recognize HIV-1 proteins and were able to neutralize Env-pseudotyped SF162.LS HIV-1 strain (tier 1). Competition assay revealed that immunization of rabbits with nTBI induced mainly 10E8-like antibodies. Our findings support the use of nTBI protein as an immunogen with predefined favorable antigenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey P Rudometov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia.
| | - Anton N Chikaev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8/2 Lavrentiev Avenue Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda B Rudometova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
| | - Denis V Antonets
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
| | - Alexander A Lomzov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga N Kaplina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
| | - Alexander A Ilyichev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
| | - Larisa I Karpenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia.
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24
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Tohidi F, Sadat SM, Bolhassani A, Yaghobi R, Larijani MS. Induction of a Robust Humoral Response using HIV-1 VLPMPER-V3 as a Novel Candidate Vaccine in BALB/c Mice. Curr HIV Res 2019; 17:33-41. [DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190306124218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Several approaches have not been successful to suppress HIV (Human immunodeficiency
virus) infection among infected individuals or to prevent it yet. In order to expand
strong HIV specific humoral and cellular responses, Virus-like particles (VLPs) as potential vaccines
show significant increase in neutralizing antibodies secretion, T-cell count and also secretion
of cytokines.
Objective:
This study aimed at immunological evaluation of VLPs harboring high copy of MPERV3
in BALB/c mice.
Methods:
Female BALB/c mice were immunized with homologous and heterologous primeboosting
regimens of HIV-1 VLPMPER-V3. Their immune responses were evaluated for humoral responses
(Total IgG and IgG isotyping) and cellular responses (IFN-γ, IL-5 secretion, in vitro CTL
assay and T cell proliferation) and compared in immunized mice.
Results:
The data showed robust induction of humoral response in mice groups which received different
regimens of VLP. Furthermore, analysis of cytokine profile indicated that the highest IL-5 secretion
was related to VLP+M50 group and confirmed the dominance of Th2 immunity in this
group.
Conclusion:
This study showed that VLP MPER-V3 as a potential vaccine candidate has the potency as
an effective prophylactic vaccine and this finding guarantees further investigations to achieve a
promising HIV-1 vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tohidi
- Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mona Sadat Larijani
- Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Rossenkhan R, Rolland M, Labuschagne JPL, Ferreira RC, Magaret CA, Carpp LN, Matsen Iv FA, Huang Y, Rudnicki EE, Zhang Y, Ndabambi N, Logan M, Holzman T, Abrahams MR, Anthony C, Tovanabutra S, Warth C, Botha G, Matten D, Nitayaphan S, Kibuuka H, Sawe FK, Chopera D, Eller LA, Travers S, Robb ML, Williamson C, Gilbert PB, Edlefsen PT. Combining Viral Genetics and Statistical Modeling to Improve HIV-1 Time-of-infection Estimation towards Enhanced Vaccine Efficacy Assessment. Viruses 2019; 11:E607. [PMID: 31277299 PMCID: PMC6669737 DOI: 10.3390/v11070607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the time of HIV-1 infection and the multiplicity of viruses that establish HIV-1 infection is crucial for the in-depth analysis of clinical prevention efficacy trial outcomes. Better estimation methods would improve the ability to characterize immunological and genetic sequence correlates of efficacy within preventive efficacy trials of HIV-1 vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. We developed new methods for infection timing and multiplicity estimation using maximum likelihood estimators that shift and scale (calibrate) estimates by fitting true infection times and founder virus multiplicities to a linear regression model with independent variables defined by data on HIV-1 sequences, viral load, diagnostics, and sequence alignment statistics. Using Poisson models of measured mutation counts and phylogenetic trees, we analyzed longitudinal HIV-1 sequence data together with diagnostic and viral load data from the RV217 and CAPRISA 002 acute HIV-1 infection cohort studies. We used leave-one-out cross validation to evaluate the prediction error of these calibrated estimators versus that of existing estimators and found that both infection time and founder multiplicity can be estimated with improved accuracy and precision by calibration. Calibration considerably improved all estimators of time since HIV-1 infection, in terms of reducing bias to near zero and reducing root mean squared error (RMSE) to 5-10 days for sequences collected 1-2 months after infection. The calibration of multiplicity assessments yielded strong improvements with accurate predictions (ROC-AUC above 0.85) in all cases. These results have not yet been validated on external data, and the best-fitting models are likely to be less robust than simpler models to variation in sequencing conditions. For all evaluated models, these results demonstrate the value of calibration for improved estimation of founder multiplicity and of time since HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raabya Rossenkhan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Jan P L Labuschagne
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Roux-Cil Ferreira
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Craig A Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Frederick A Matsen Iv
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Erika E Rudnicki
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nonkululeko Ndabambi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Murray Logan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Ted Holzman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Melissa-Rose Abrahams
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Colin Anthony
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Christopher Warth
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gordon Botha
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - David Matten
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred K Sawe
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Kenya-Henry Jackson Foundation MRI, Kericho 20200, Kenya
| | - Denis Chopera
- Sub-Saharan African Network for TB/HIV Research Excellence (SANTHE), Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Simon Travers
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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26
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Heide J, Vaughan KC, Sette A, Jacobs T, Schulze Zur Wiesch J. Comprehensive Review of Human Plasmodium falciparum-Specific CD8+ T Cell Epitopes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:397. [PMID: 30949162 PMCID: PMC6438266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of malaria is an important global health issue and there is still an urgent need for the development of an effective prophylactic vaccine. Multiple studies have provided strong evidence that Plasmodium falciparum-specific MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cells are important for sterile protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection. Here, we present an interactive epitope map of all P. falciparum-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes published to date, based on a comprehensive data base (IEDB), and literature search. The majority of the described P. falciparum-specific CD8+ T cells were directed against the antigens CSP, TRAP, AMA1, and LSA1. Notably, most of the epitopes were discovered in vaccine trials conducted with malaria-naïve volunteers. Only few immunological studies of P. falciparum-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes detected in patients suffering from acute malaria or in people living in malaria endemic areas have been published. Further detailed immunological mappings of P. falciparum-specific epitopes of a broader range of P. falciparum proteins in different settings and with different disease status are needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of CD8+ T cell responses for protection, and to better guide vaccine design and to study their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Heide
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerrie C Vaughan
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Warren JA, Clutton G, Goonetilleke N. Harnessing CD8 + T Cells Under HIV Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:291. [PMID: 30863403 PMCID: PMC6400228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV from a fatal disease to a chronic condition. In recent years there has been considerable interest in strategies to enable HIV-infected individuals to cease ART without viral rebound, either by purging all cells infected harboring replication-competent virus (HIV eradication), or by boosting immune responses to allow durable suppression of virus without rebound (HIV remission). Both of these approaches may need to harness HIV-specific CD8+ T cells to eliminate infected cells and/or prevent viral spread. In untreated infection, both HIV-specific and total CD8+ T cells are dysfunctional. Here, we review our current understanding of both global and HIV-specific CD8+ T cell immunity in HIV-infected individuals with durably suppressed viral load under ART, and its implications for HIV cure, eradication or remission. Overall, the literature indicates significant normalization of global T cell parameters, including CD4/8 ratio, activation status, and telomere length. Global characteristics of CD8+ T cells from HIV+ART+ individuals align more closely with those of HIV-seronegative individuals than of viremic HIV-infected individuals. However, markers of senescence remain elevated, leading to the hypothesis that immune aging is accelerated in HIV-infected individuals on ART. This phenomenon could have implications for attempts to prime de novo, or boost existing HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. A major challenge for both HIV cure and remission strategies is to elicit HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses superior to that elicited by natural infection in terms of response kinetics, magnitude, breadth, viral suppressive capacity, and tissue localization. Addressing these issues will be critical to the success of HIV cure and remission attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Warren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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28
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Abstract
Although vaccines have been successfully developed against several pathogens, designing an effective vaccine to protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has remained an intractable challenge. To address this, the research community has looked to human and non-human primate studies to understand the correlates of protective immunity, based on which a targeted vaccine strategy may be designed. Two distinct approaches, focused on different immune correlates of protection, have emerged. The first focuses on structure-based design of HIV envelope immunogens that are able to induce antibodies that neutralize the virus. The second focuses on strategies aimed at driving non-neutralizing polyclonal and polyfunctional antibodies that engage other arms of immunity to clear the virus. Here we review these two different vaccine design strategies and posit that ultimately the convergence of these two efforts will likely be necessary for the development of a globally protective HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Dan Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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29
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Gallagher T, Lipsitch M. Postexposure Effects of Vaccines on Infectious Diseases. Epidemiol Rev 2019; 41:13-27. [PMID: 31680134 PMCID: PMC7159179 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We searched the PubMed database for clinical trials and observational human studies about postexposure vaccination effects, targeting infections with approved vaccines and vaccines licensed outside the United States against dengue, hepatitis E, malaria, and tick-borne encephalitis. Studies of animal models, serologic testing, and pipeline vaccines were excluded. Eligible studies were evaluated by definition of exposure; attempts to distinguish pre- and postexposure effects were rated on a scale of 1 to 4. We screened 4,518 articles and ultimately identified for this review 14 clinical trials and 31 observational studies spanning 7 of the 28 vaccine-preventable diseases. For secondary attack rate, the following medians were found for postexposure vaccination effectiveness: hepatitis A, 85% (interquartile range (IQR), 28; n = 5 sources); hepatitis B, 85% (IQR, 22; n = 5 sources); measles, 83% (IQR, 21; n = 8 sources); varicella, 67% (IQR: 48; n = 9 sources); smallpox, 45% (IQR, 39; n = 4 sources); and mumps, 38% (IQR, 7; n = 2 sources). For case fatality proportions resulting from rabies and smallpox, the median vaccine postexposure efficacies were 100% (IQR, 0; n = 6 sources) and 63% (IQR, 50; n = 8 sources), respectively. Many available vaccines can modify or preclude disease if administered after exposure. This postexposure effectiveness could be important to consider during vaccine trials and while developing new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Gallagher
- Dartmouth College Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Beura LK, Jameson SC, Masopust D. Is a Human CD8 T-Cell Vaccine Possible, and if So, What Would It Take? CD8 T-Cell Vaccines: To B or Not to B? Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a028910. [PMID: 29254982 PMCID: PMC6120703 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although CD8 T-cell vaccines do not have the record of success of humoral-mediated vaccines, they do not receive the same degree of effort. Many diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) have not yielded to vaccines, and intrinsic barriers may impede approaches limited solely to generating antibodies. Moreover, population growth and modernization are driving an increased pace of new emerging global health threats (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] is a recent example), which will create unpredictable challenges for vaccinologists. Vaccine-elicited CD8 T cells may contribute to protective modalities, although their development will require a more thorough understanding of CD8 T-cell biology, practices for manufacturing and delivering CD8 T-cell-eliciting vectors that have acceptable safety profiles, and, ultimately, the political will and faith of those that make vaccine research funding decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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31
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Davis MM, Tato CM. Will Systems Biology Deliver Its Promise and Contribute to the Development of New or Improved Vaccines? Seeing the Forest Rather than a Few Trees. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028886. [PMID: 29038119 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Preventing morbidity and mortality from infectious disease through the development and use of effective vaccines is one of medicine's greatest achievements and greatest frustrations. We are struggling with improving vaccine efficacy for some of the most globally widespread diseases, such as malaria and tuberculosis. In an effort to gain an edge, systems biology approaches have begun to be employed to more broadly investigate the pathways leading to protective vaccine responses. As such, we are now at a critical juncture, needing to evaluate how fruitful these approaches have been. Herein we discuss the level of success achieved as compared to the original promise of systems methodologies, and conclude that while we have indeed begun to make clear inroads into understanding the immune response to vaccines, we still have much to learn and gain from the more comprehensive approach of systems-level analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304.,Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304
| | - Cristina M Tato
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304
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32
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Chenal A, Ladant D. Bioengineering of Bordetella pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxin for Antigen-Delivery and Immunotherapy. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E302. [PMID: 30037010 PMCID: PMC6070788 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) is one of the major virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA is able to invade eukaryotic cells where, upon activation by endogenous calmodulin, it synthesizes massive amounts of cAMP that alters cellular physiology. The CyaA toxin is a 1706 residues-long bifunctional protein: the catalytic domain is located in the 400 amino-proximal residues, whereas the carboxy-terminal 1306 residues are implicated in toxin binding to the cellular receptor, the αMβ₂ (CD11b/CD18) integrin, and subsequently in the translocation of the catalytic domain across the cytoplasmic membrane of the target cells. Indeed, this protein is endowed with the unique capability of delivering its N-terminal catalytic domain directly across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic target cells. These properties have been exploited to engineer the CyaA toxin as a potent non-replicating vector able to deliver antigens into antigen presenting cells and elicit specific cell-mediated immune responses. Antigens of interest can be inserted into the CyaA protein to yield recombinant molecules that are targeted in vivo to dendritic cells, where the antigens are processed and presented by the major class I and class II histocompatibility complexes (MHC-I and II). CyaA turned out to be a remarkably effective and versatile vaccine vector capable of inducing all the components of the immune response (T-CD4, T-CD8, and antibody). In this chapter, we summarize the basic knowledge on the adenylate cyclase toxin and then describe the application of CyaA in vaccinology, including some recent results of clinical trials of immunotherapy using a recombinant CyaA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, UMR CNRS 3528, Structural Biology and Chemistry Department, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, UMR CNRS 3528, Structural Biology and Chemistry Department, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
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33
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Zitzmann C, Kaderali L. Mathematical Analysis of Viral Replication Dynamics and Antiviral Treatment Strategies: From Basic Models to Age-Based Multi-Scale Modeling. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1546. [PMID: 30050523 PMCID: PMC6050366 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases are a global health concern, as is evident by recent outbreaks of the middle east respiratory syndrome, Ebola virus disease, and re-emerging zika, dengue, and chikungunya fevers. Viral epidemics are a socio-economic burden that causes short- and long-term costs for disease diagnosis and treatment as well as a loss in productivity by absenteeism. These outbreaks and their socio-economic costs underline the necessity for a precise analysis of virus-host interactions, which would help to understand disease mechanisms and to develop therapeutic interventions. The combination of quantitative measurements and dynamic mathematical modeling has increased our understanding of the within-host infection dynamics and has led to important insights into viral pathogenesis, transmission, and disease progression. Furthermore, virus-host models helped to identify drug targets, to predict the treatment duration to achieve cure, and to reduce treatment costs. In this article, we review important achievements made by mathematical modeling of viral kinetics on the extracellular, intracellular, and multi-scale level for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, Influenza A Virus, Ebola Virus, Dengue Virus, and Zika Virus. Herein, we focus on basic mathematical models on the population scale (so-called target cell-limited models), detailed models regarding the most important steps in the viral life cycle, and the combination of both. For this purpose, we review how mathematical modeling of viral dynamics helped to understand the virus-host interactions and disease progression or clearance. Additionally, we review different types and effects of therapeutic strategies and how mathematical modeling has been used to predict new treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Zitzmann
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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34
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Wen Y, Trinh HV, Linton CE, Tani C, Norais N, Martinez-Guzman D, Ramesh P, Sun Y, Situ F, Karaca-Griffin S, Hamlin C, Onkar S, Tian S, Hilt S, Malyala P, Lodaya R, Li N, Otten G, Palladino G, Friedrich K, Aggarwal Y, LaBranche C, Duffy R, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Fulp W, Gottardo R, Burke B, Ulmer JB, Zolla-Pazner S, Liao HX, Haynes BF, Michael NL, Kim JH, Rao M, O’Connell RJ, Carfi A, Barnett SW. Generation and characterization of a bivalent protein boost for future clinical trials: HIV-1 subtypes CR01_AE and B gp120 antigens with a potent adjuvant. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194266. [PMID: 29698406 PMCID: PMC5919662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The RV144 Phase III clinical trial with ALVAC-HIV prime and AIDSVAX B/E subtypes CRF01_AE (A244) and B (MN) gp120 boost vaccine regime in Thailand provided a foundation for the future development of improved vaccine strategies that may afford protection against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Results from this trial showed that immune responses directed against specific regions V1V2 of the viral envelope (Env) glycoprotein gp120 of HIV-1, were inversely correlated to the risk of HIV-1 infection. Due to the low production of gp120 proteins in CHO cells (2–20 mg/L), cleavage sites in V1V2 loops (A244) and V3 loop (MN) causing heterogeneous antigen products, it was an urgent need to generate CHO cells harboring A244 gp120 with high production yields and an additional, homogenous and uncleaved subtype B gp120 protein to replace MN used in RV144 for the future clinical trials. Here we describe the generation of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines stably expressing vaccine HIV-1 Env antigens for these purposes: one expressing an HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE A244 Env gp120 protein (A244.AE) and one expressing an HIV-1 subtype B 6240 Env gp120 protein (6240.B) suitable for possible future manufacturing of Phase I clinical trial materials with cell culture expression levels of over 100 mg/L. The antigenic profiles of the molecules were elucidated by comprehensive approaches including analysis with a panel of well-characterized monoclonal antibodies recognizing critical epitopes using Biacore and ELISA, and glycosylation analysis by mass spectrometry, which confirmed previously identified glycosylation sites and revealed unknown sites of O-linked and N-linked glycosylations at non-consensus motifs. Overall, the vaccines given with MF59 adjuvant induced higher and more rapid antibody (Ab) responses as well as higher Ab avidity than groups given with aluminum hydroxide. Also, bivalent proteins (A244.AE and 6240.B) formulated with MF59 elicited distinct V2-specific Abs to the epitope previously shown to correlate with decreased risk of HIV-1 infection in the RV144 trial. All together, these results provide critical information allowing the consideration of these candidate gp120 proteins for future clinical evaluations in combination with a potent adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Wen
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Hung V. Trinh
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Priyanka Ramesh
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Yide Sun
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Frank Situ
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Christopher Hamlin
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Sayali Onkar
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Sai Tian
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan Hilt
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Padma Malyala
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Rushit Lodaya
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ning Li
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Gillis Otten
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Giuseppe Palladino
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Yukti Aggarwal
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Ryan Duffy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - William Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Brian Burke
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Ulmer
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SWB); (AC); (JBU)
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Biomedine Institute, College of Life Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Mangala Rao
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Robert J. O’Connell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andrea Carfi
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SWB); (AC); (JBU)
| | - Susan W. Barnett
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SWB); (AC); (JBU)
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Trovato M, D'Apice L, Prisco A, De Berardinis P. HIV Vaccination: A Roadmap among Advancements and Concerns. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1241. [PMID: 29671786 PMCID: PMC5979448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) as the etiologic agent of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), many efforts have been made to stop the AIDS pandemic. A major success of medical research has been the development of the highly active antiretroviral therapy and its availability to an increasing number of people worldwide, with a considerable effect on survival. However, a safe and effective vaccine able to prevent and eradicate the HIV pandemic is still lacking. Clinical trials and preclinical proof-of-concept studies in nonhuman primate (NHP) models have provided insights into potential correlates of protection against the HIV-1 infection, which include broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), non-neutralizing antibodies targeting the variable loops 1 and 2 (V1V2) regions of the HIV-1 envelope (Env), polyfunctional antibody, and Env-specific T-cell responses. In this review, we provide a brief overview of different HIV-1 vaccine approaches and discuss the current understanding of the cellular and humoral correlates of HIV-1 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Trovato
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luciana D'Apice
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonella Prisco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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36
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Yates NL, deCamp AC, Korber BT, Liao HX, Irene C, Pinter A, Peacock J, Harris LJ, Sawant S, Hraber P, Shen X, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayapan S, Berman PW, Robb ML, Pantaleo G, Zolla-Pazner S, Haynes BF, Alam SM, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins from Diverse Clades Differentiate Antibody Responses and Durability among Vaccinees. J Virol 2018; 92:e01843-17. [PMID: 29386288 PMCID: PMC5874409 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01843-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of broadly cross-reactive antiviral humoral responses with the capacity to target globally diverse circulating strains is a key goal for HIV-1 immunogen design. A major gap in the field is the identification of diverse HIV-1 envelope antigens to evaluate vaccine regimens for binding antibody breadth. In this study, we define unique antigen panels to map HIV-1 vaccine-elicited antibody breadth and durability. Diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins were selected based on genetic and geographic diversity to cover the global epidemic, with a focus on sexually acquired transmitted/founder viruses with a tier 2 neutralization phenotype. Unique antigenicity was determined by nonredundancy (Spearman correlation), and antigens were clustered using partitioning around medoids (PAM) to identify antigen diversity. Cross-validation demonstrated that the PAM method was better than selection by reactivity and random selection. Analysis of vaccine-elicited V1V2 binding antibody in longitudinal samples from the RV144 clinical trial revealed the striking heterogeneity among individual vaccinees in maintaining durable responses. These data support the idea that a major goal for vaccine development is to improve antibody levels, breadth, and durability at the population level. Elucidating the level and durability of vaccine-elicited binding antibody breadth needed for protection is critical for the development of a globally efficacious HIV vaccine.IMPORTANCE The path toward an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine will require characterization of vaccine-induced immunity that can recognize and target the highly genetically diverse virus envelope glycoproteins. Antibodies that target the envelope glycoproteins, including diverse sequences within the first and second hypervariable regions (V1V2) of gp120, were identified as correlates of risk for the one partially efficacious HIV-1 vaccine. To build upon this discovery, we experimentally and computationally evaluated humoral responses to define envelope glycoproteins representative of the antigenic diversity of HIV globally. These diverse envelope antigens distinguished binding antibody breadth and durability among vaccine candidates, thus providing insights for advancing the most promising HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bette T Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmela Irene
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - James Peacock
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda J Harris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter Hraber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Supachai Rerks-Ngarm
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health, Department of Disease Control, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Phillip W Berman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA and the U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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37
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Kim BJ, Kim BR, Kook YH, Kim BJ. Development of a Live Recombinant BCG Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Gag Using a pMyong2 Vector System: Potential Use As a Novel HIV-1 Vaccine. Front Immunol 2018; 9:643. [PMID: 29636755 PMCID: PMC5880907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though the rate of new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections is gradually decreasing worldwide, an effective preventive vaccine for HIV-1 is still urgently needed. The recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG (rBCG) is promising for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine. Recently, we showed that a recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing HIV-1 gag in a pMyong2 vector system (rSmeg-pMyong2-p24) increased the efficacy of a vaccine against HIV-1 in mice. Here, we evaluated the potential of an rBCG expressing HIV-1 p24 antigen Gag in pMyong2 (rBCG-pMyong2-p24) in a vaccine application for HIV-1 infection. We found that rBCG-pMyong2-p24 elicited an enhanced HIV-1 p24 Gag expression in rBCG and infected antigen-presenting cells. We also found that compared to rBCG-pAL-p24 in a pAL5000 derived vector system, rBCG-pMyong2-p24 elicited enhanced p24-specific immune responses in vaccinated mice as evidenced by higher levels of HIV-1 Gag-specific CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte proliferation, gamma interferon ELISPOT cell induction, antibody production, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses. Furthermore, rBCG-pMyong2-p24 showed a higher level of p24-specific Ab production than rSmeg-pMyong2-p24 in the same pMyong2 vector system. In conclusion, our data indicated that a live recombinant BCG expressing HIV-1 Gag using a pMyong2 vector system, rBCG-pMyong2-p24 elicited an enhanced immune response against HIV-1 infections in a mouse model system. So, rBCG-pMyong2-p24 may have the potential as a prime vaccine in a heterologous prime-boost vaccine strategy for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Jun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Hoh Kook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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38
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Abstract
The Global Virus Network (GVN) was established in 2011 to strengthen research and responses to emerging viral causes of human disease and to prepare against new viral pandemics. There are now 40 GVN Centers of Excellence and 6 Affiliate laboratories in 24 countries. The 2017 meeting was held from September 25–27 in Melbourne, Australia, and was hosted by the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and the Institut Pasteur. This report highlights the recent accomplishments of GVN researchers in several important areas of medical virology, including the recent Zika epidemic, infections by human papillomavirus, influenza, HIV, hepatitis C, HTLV-1, and chikungunya viruses, and new and emerging viruses in the Australasia region. Plans for the 2018 meeting also are noted. The GVN is an international research network comprised of 40 Centers of Excellence and 6 Affiliates in 24 countries. The 2017 Global Virus Network (GVN) Meeting was held in Melbourne, Australia from September 25–27. New data were presented on various aspects of medical virology, therapies, and emerging viruses in the Australasia region. International collaboration is critical to developing new and effective viral vaccines and therapeutics. The 2018 international GVN meeting will be held on November 28–30 in Annecy, France.
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Polymer-Based Nanomaterials and Applications for Vaccines and Drugs. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10010031. [PMID: 30966075 PMCID: PMC6415012 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology plays a significant role in drug development. As carriers, polymeric nanoparticles can deliver vaccine antigens, proteins, and drugs to the desired site of action. Polymeric nanoparticles with lower cytotoxicity can protect the delivered antigens or drugs from degradation under unfavorable conditions via a mucosal administration route; further, the uptake of nanoparticles by antigen-presenting cells can increase and induce potent immune responses. Additionally, nanomaterials are widely used in vaccine delivery systems because nanomaterials can make the vaccine antigen long-acting. This review focuses on some biodegradable polymer materials such as natural polymeric nanomaterials, chemically synthesized polymer materials, and biosynthesized polymeric materials, and points out the advantages and the direction of research on degradable polymeric materials. The application and future perspectives of polymeric materials as delivery carriers and vaccine adjuvants in the field of drugs and vaccines are presented. With the increase of knowledge and fundamental understandings of polymer-based nanomaterials, means of integrating some other attractive properties, such as slow release, target delivery, and alternative administration methods and delivery pathways are feasible. Polymer-based nanomaterials have great potential for the development of novel vaccines and drug systems for certain needs, including single-dose and needle-free deliveries of vaccine antigens and drugs in the future.
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40
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Samuels S, Alwan Z, Egnin M, Jaynes J, Connell TD, Bernard GC, Nashar T. Novel Therapeutic Approach for Inhibition of HIV-1 Using Cell-Penetrating Peptide and Bacterial Toxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 8. [PMID: 29226013 PMCID: PMC5719890 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in our understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis, critical virus components for immunity, vaccines trials, and drugs development, challenges remain in the fight against HIV-1. Of great importance is the inhibitory function of microbicidal cell penetrating peptides and bacterial toxins that interfere with production and neutralize infection of HIV-1 particles. We demonstrate that the neutralizing activity of a cationic 18 amino acids peptide, is similar to a broadly neutralizing human antibody, and inhibits production of two HIV-1 strains in human cell lines. Pretreatment of cells with bacterial toxins or toxoids derived from enterotoxigenic E. coli, boost subsequent activity of the peptide against HIV-1, to inhibit simultaneously production and infection. The synthetic peptide crosses the cell membrane into the cytoplasm and nucleus. In vitro analysis of a possible target for this peptide revealed specific binding to recombinant HIV-1 gag p24. This is the first demonstration of a synergy between bacterial toxins and a cell-penetrating peptide against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Samuels
- Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA.,Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Perimeter College at Georgia State University, 555 North Indian Creek Drive, Clarkston, USA
| | - Zainab Alwan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA.,Department of Community Health, Institute of Medical Technology, Middle Technical University Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Marceline Egnin
- Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessie Jaynes
- Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
| | - Terry D Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Gregory C Bernard
- Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
| | - Toufic Nashar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
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41
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Effects of Mutations on Replicative Fitness and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Binding Affinity Are Among the Determinants Underlying Cytotoxic-T-Lymphocyte Escape of HIV-1 Gag Epitopes. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01050-17. [PMID: 29184023 PMCID: PMC5705913 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01050-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain “protective” major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) alleles, such as B*57 and B*27, are associated with long-term control of HIV-1 in vivo mediated by the CD8+ cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) response. However, the mechanism of such superior protection is not fully understood. Here we combined high-throughput fitness profiling of mutations in HIV-1 Gag, in silico prediction of MHC-peptide binding affinity, and analysis of intraperson virus evolution to systematically compare differences with respect to CTL escape mutations between epitopes targeted by protective MHC-I alleles and those targeted by nonprotective MHC-I alleles. We observed that the effects of mutations on both viral replication and MHC-I binding affinity are among the determinants of CTL escape. Mutations in Gag epitopes presented by protective MHC-I alleles are associated with significantly higher fitness cost and lower reductions in binding affinity with respect to MHC-I. A linear regression model accounting for the effect of mutations on both viral replicative capacity and MHC-I binding can explain the protective efficacy of MHC-I alleles. Finally, we found a consistent pattern in the evolution of Gag epitopes in long-term nonprogressors versus progressors. Overall, our results suggest that certain protective MHC-I alleles allow superior control of HIV-1 by targeting epitopes where mutations typically incur high fitness costs and small reductions in MHC-I binding affinity. Understanding the mechanism of viral control achieved in long-term nonprogressors with protective HLA alleles provides insights for developing functional cure of HIV infection. Through the characterization of CTL escape mutations in infected persons, previous researchers hypothesized that protective alleles target epitopes where escape mutations significantly reduce viral replicative capacity. However, these studies were usually limited to a few mutations observed in vivo. Here we utilized our recently developed high-throughput fitness profiling method to quantitatively measure the fitness of mutations across the entirety of HIV-1 Gag. The data enabled us to integrate the results with in silico prediction of MHC-peptide binding affinity and analysis of intraperson virus evolution to systematically determine the differences in CTL escape mutations between epitopes targeted by protective HLA alleles and those targeted by nonprotective HLA alleles. We observed that the effects of Gag epitope mutations on HIV replicative fitness and MHC-I binding affinity are among the major determinants of CTL escape.
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42
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Climent N, García I, Marradi M, Chiodo F, Miralles L, Maleno MJ, Gatell JM, García F, Penadés S, Plana M. Loading dendritic cells with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) bearing HIV-peptides and mannosides enhance HIV-specific T cell responses. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 14:339-351. [PMID: 29157976 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) decorated with glycans ameliorate dendritic cells (DC) uptake, antigen-presentation and T-cells cross-talk, which are important aspects in vaccine design. GNPs allow for high antigen loading, DC targeting, lack of toxicity and are straightforward prepared and easy to handle. The present study aimed to assess the capacity of DC to process and present HIV-1-peptides loaded onto GNPs bearing high-mannoside-type oligosaccharides (P1@HM) to autologous T-cells from HIV-1 patients. The results showed that P1@HM increased HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation and induced highly functional cytokine secretion compared with HIV-peptides alone. P1@HM elicits a highly efficient secretion of pro-TH1 cytokines and chemokines, a moderate production of pro-TH2 and significant higher secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β. Thus, co-delivery of HIV-1 antigens and HM by GNPs is an excellent vaccine delivery system inducing HIV-specific cellular immune responses in HIV+ patients, being a promising approach to improve anti-HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Climent
- AIDS Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), HIV Vaccine Development in Catalonia (HIVACAT), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel García
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Paseo Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marco Marradi
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Paseo Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherland
| | - Laia Miralles
- AIDS Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), HIV Vaccine Development in Catalonia (HIVACAT), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Maleno
- AIDS Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), HIV Vaccine Development in Catalonia (HIVACAT), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Gatell
- AIDS Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), HIV Vaccine Development in Catalonia (HIVACAT), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Service of Infectious Diseases & AIDS Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- AIDS Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), HIV Vaccine Development in Catalonia (HIVACAT), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Service of Infectious Diseases & AIDS Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soledad Penadés
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Paseo Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Montserrat Plana
- AIDS Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), HIV Vaccine Development in Catalonia (HIVACAT), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have been evaluated as promising agents in the fight against infectious diseases. HIV-1-specific bNAbs, in particular, have been tested in both preventive and therapeutic modalities. Multiple bNAbs have been isolated, characterized, and assessed in vitro and in vivo, but no single antibody appears to possess the breadth and potency that may be needed if it is to be used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. With the technological advances of the past decades, novel and more effective bNAbs have been identified or engineered for higher neutralizing potency, greater breadth, and increased serum half-life. In this review, we discuss the development of a new generation of anti-HIV-1 bNAbs and their potential to be used clinically for treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Gama
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; , .,Department of Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; ,
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Nogal B, Bowman CA, Ward AB. Time-course, negative-stain electron microscopy-based analysis for investigating protein-protein interactions at the single-molecule level. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19400-19410. [PMID: 28972148 PMCID: PMC5702678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.808352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several biophysical approaches are available to study protein–protein interactions. Most approaches are conducted in bulk solution, and are therefore limited to an average measurement of the ensemble of molecular interactions. Here, we show how single-particle EM can enrich our understanding of protein–protein interactions at the single-molecule level and potentially capture states that are unobservable with ensemble methods because they are below the limit of detection or not conducted on an appropriate time scale. Using the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and its interaction with receptor CD4-binding site neutralizing antibodies as a model system, we both corroborate ensemble kinetics-derived parameters and demonstrate how time-course EM can further dissect stoichiometric states of complexes that are not readily observable with other methods. Visualization of the kinetics and stoichiometry of Env–antibody complexes demonstrated the applicability of our approach to qualitatively and semi-quantitatively differentiate two highly similar neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, implementation of machine-learning techniques for sorting class averages of these complexes into discrete subclasses of particles helped reduce human bias. Our data provide proof of concept that single-particle EM can be used to generate a “visual” kinetic profile that should be amenable to studying many other protein–protein interactions, is relatively simple and complementary to well-established biophysical approaches. Moreover, our method provides critical insights into broadly neutralizing antibody recognition of Env, which may inform vaccine immunogen design and immunotherapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartek Nogal
- From the Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Charles A Bowman
- From the Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Andrew B Ward
- From the Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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45
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Therapeutic vaccines and immunological intervention in HIV infection: a paradigm change. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2017; 11:576-584. [PMID: 27607591 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose is to review current knowledge of immunological interventions in HIV infection and discuss strategies for the establishment of functional cure and/or HIV eradication. RECENT FINDINGS Therapeutic vaccines and cytokines have been historically the immunological interventions developed with the objective to enhance the HIV-specific cell-mediated immune responses and to suppress virus replication. Both these interventions have shown only partial antiviral effects. The recent identification and generation of human broad neutralizing antibodies provides potent immunological intervention associated with effective suppression of virus replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Furthermore, the identification that the major HIV cell reservoir containing replication competent and infectious virus is composed by programed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) positive memory CD4 T cells offers the opportunity to target directly the HIV cell reservoir with anti-PD-1 antibodies. Anti-PD-1 antibody therapy may be also critical to prevent exhaustion of CD8 T cells. SUMMARY The availability of a diverse armamentarium of immunological intervention offers the opportunity to investigate the efficacy of the combined use of different immunological interventions in inducing prolonged virus suppression in the absence of antiretroviral therapy and functional cure HIV or HIV eradication.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Only four HIV-1 vaccine concepts have been tested in six efficacy trials with no product licensed to date. Several scientific and programmatic lessons can be learned from these studies generating new hypotheses and guiding future steps. RECENT FINDINGS RV144 [ALVAC-HIV (canarypox vector) and AIDSVAX B/E (bivalent gp120 HIV-1 subtype B and CRF01_AE)] remains the only efficacy trial that demonstrated a modest vaccine efficacy, which led to the identification of immune correlates of risk. Progress on subtype-specific, ALVAC (canarypox vector) and gp120 vaccine prime-boost approaches has been slow, but we are finally close to the launch of an efficacy study in Africa in 2016. The quest of a globally effective HIV-1 vaccine has led to the development of new approaches. Efficacy studies of combinations of Adenovirus type 26 (Ad26)/Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)/gp140 vaccines with mosaic designs will enter efficacy studies mid-2017 and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-vectored vaccines begin Phase I studies at the same time. Future HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials face practical challenges as effective nonvaccine prevention programs are projected to decrease HIV-1 incidence. SUMMARY An HIV-1 vaccine is urgently needed. Increased industry involvement, mobilization of resources, expansion of a robust pipeline of new concepts, and robust preclinical challenge studies will be essential to accelerate efficacy testing of next generation HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
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Tomaras GD, Plotkin SA. Complex immune correlates of protection in HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:245-261. [PMID: 28133811 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is a major priority for improving human health worldwide. Vaccine-mediated protection against human pathogens can be achieved through elicitation of protective innate, humoral, and cellular responses. Identification of specific immune responses responsible for pathogen protection enables vaccine development and provides insights into host defenses against pathogens and the immunological mechanisms that most effectively fight infection. Defining immunological correlates of transmission risk in preclinical and clinical HIV-1 vaccine trials has moved the HIV-1 vaccine development field forward and directed new candidate vaccine development. Immune correlate studies are providing novel hypotheses about immunological mechanisms that may be responsible for preventing HIV-1 acquisition. Recent results from HIV-1 immune correlates work has demonstrated that there are multiple types of immune responses that together, comprise an immune correlate-thus implicating polyfunctional immune control of HIV-1 transmission. An in depth understanding of these complex immunological mechanisms of protection against HIV-1 will accelerate the development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- Vaxconsult, Doylestown, PA, USA.,University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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48
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Antibody therapies for the prevention and treatment of viral infections. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:19. [PMID: 29263875 PMCID: PMC5627241 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are an important component in host immune responses to viral pathogens. Because of their unique maturation process, antibodies can evolve to be highly specific to viral antigens. Physicians and researchers have been relying on such high specificity in their quest to understand host–viral interaction and viral pathogenesis mechanisms and to find potential cures for viral infection and disease. With more than 60 recombinant monoclonal antibodies developed for human use in the last 20 years, monoclonal antibodies are now considered a viable therapeutic modality for infectious disease targets, including newly emerging viral pathogens such as Ebola representing heightened public health concerns, as well as pathogens that have long been known, such as human cytomegalovirus. Here, we summarize some recent advances in identification and characterization of monoclonal antibodies suitable as drug candidates for clinical evaluation, and review some promising candidates in the development pipeline.
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49
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Behrens AJ, Seabright GE, Crispin M. Targeting Glycans of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins for Vaccine Design. CHEMICAL BIOLOGY OF GLYCOPROTEINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782623823-00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The surface of the envelope spike of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is covered with a dense array of glycans, which is sufficient to impede the host antibody response while maintaining a window for receptor recognition. The glycan density significantly exceeds that typically observed on self glycoproteins and is sufficiently high to disrupt the maturation process of glycans, from oligomannose- to complex-type glycosylation, that normally occurs during glycoprotein transit through the secretory system. It is notable that this generates a degree of homogeneity not seen in the highly mutated protein moiety. The conserved, close glycan packing and divergences from default glycan processing give a window for immune recognition. Encouragingly, in a subset of individuals, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have been isolated that recognize these features and are protective in passive-transfer models. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the glycan shield of HIV and outline the strategies that are being pursued to elicit glycan-binding bNAbs by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Janina Behrens
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Gemma E. Seabright
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
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50
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Effectiveness of UNAIDS targets and HIV vaccination across 127 countries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4017-4022. [PMID: 28320938 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620788114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV pandemic continues to impose enormous morbidity, mortality, and economic burdens across the globe. Simultaneously, innovations in antiretroviral therapy, diagnostic approaches, and vaccine development are providing novel tools for treatment-as-prevention and prophylaxis. We developed a mathematical model to evaluate the added benefit of an HIV vaccine in the context of goals to increase rates of diagnosis, treatment, and viral suppression in 127 countries. Under status quo interventions, we predict a median of 49 million [first and third quartiles 44M, 58M] incident cases globally from 2015 to 2035. Achieving the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS 95-95-95 target was estimated to avert 25 million [20M, 33M] of these new infections, and an additional 6.3 million [4.8M, 8.7M] reduction was projected with the 2020 introduction of a 50%-efficacy vaccine gradually scaled up to 70% coverage. This added benefit of prevention through vaccination motivates imminent and ongoing clinical trials of viable candidates to realize the goal of HIV control.
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