1
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Yao R, Xie C, Xia X. Recent progress in mRNA cancer vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2307187. [PMID: 38282471 PMCID: PMC10826636 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2307187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The research and development of messenger RNA (mRNA) cancer vaccines have gradually overcome numerous challenges through the application of personalized cancer antigens, structural optimization of mRNA, and the development of alternative RNA-based vectors and efficient targeted delivery vectors. Clinical trials are currently underway for various cancer vaccines that encode tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), or immunomodulators. In this paper, we summarize the optimization of mRNA and the emergence of RNA-based expression vectors in cancer vaccines. We begin by reviewing the advancement and utilization of state-of-the-art targeted lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), followed by presenting the primary classifications and clinical applications of mRNA cancer vaccines. Collectively, mRNA vaccines are emerging as a central focus in cancer immunotherapy, offering the potential to address multiple challenges in cancer treatment, either as standalone therapies or in combination with current cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Liu Y, Huang Y, He G, Guo C, Dong J, Wu L. Development of mRNA Lipid Nanoparticles: Targeting and Therapeutic Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10166. [PMID: 39337651 PMCID: PMC11432440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as leading non-viral carriers for messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery in clinical applications. Overcoming challenges in safe and effective mRNA delivery to target tissues and cells, along with controlling release from the delivery vehicle, remains pivotal in mRNA-based therapies. This review elucidates the structure of LNPs, the mechanism for mRNA delivery, and the targeted delivery of LNPs to various cells and tissues, including leukocytes, T-cells, dendritic cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic endothelial cells, and hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. Here, we discuss the applications of mRNA-LNP vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases and for the treatment of cancer and various genetic diseases. Although challenges remain in terms of delivery efficiency, specific tissue targeting, toxicity, and storage stability, mRNA-LNP technology holds extensive potential for the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Guantao He
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jinhua Dong
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Linping Wu
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
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3
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Lopes Chaves L, Dourado D, Prunache IB, Manuelle Marques da Silva P, Tacyana Dos Santos Lucena G, Cardoso de Souza Z, Muniz Mendes Freire de Moura P, Nunes Bordallo H, Rocha Formiga F, de Souza Rebouças J. Nanocarriers of antigen proteins for vaccine delivery. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124162. [PMID: 38663646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Nanoformulations in vaccinology provide antigen stability and enhanced immunogenicity, in addition to providing targeted delivery and controlled release. In the last years, much research has been focused on vaccine development using virus-like particles, liposomes, emulsions, polymeric, lipid, and inorganic nanoparticles. Importantly, nanoparticle interactions with innate and adaptive immune systems must be clearly understood to guide the rational development of nanovaccines. This review provides a recap and updates on different aspects advocating nanoparticles as promising antigen carriers and immune cell activators for vaccination. Moreover, it offers a discussion of how the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles are modified to target specific cells and improve vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luíse Lopes Chaves
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), 50670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology (PGBCMA), Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), 50100-130, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Douglas Dourado
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), 50670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ioana-Bianca Prunache
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Paloma Manuelle Marques da Silva
- Graduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology (PGBCMA), Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), 50100-130, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Gislayne Tacyana Dos Santos Lucena
- Graduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology (PGBCMA), Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), 50100-130, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Zilyane Cardoso de Souza
- Graduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology (PGBCMA), Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), 50100-130, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Muniz Mendes Freire de Moura
- Graduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology (PGBCMA), Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), 50100-130, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Heloísa Nunes Bordallo
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Fabio Rocha Formiga
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), 50670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology (PGBCMA), Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), 50100-130, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Juliana de Souza Rebouças
- Graduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology (PGBCMA), Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), 50100-130, Recife, PE, Brazil
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4
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Jiang Z, Xu Y, Du G, Sun X. Emerging advances in delivery systems for mRNA cancer vaccines. J Control Release 2024; 370:287-301. [PMID: 38679162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The success of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in treating COVID-19 promotes further research of mRNA vaccines for cancer vaccination. Aiming at overcoming the constraints of currently available mRNA carriers, various alternative nano-vectors have been developed for delivering tumor antigen encoding mRNA and showed versatility to induce potent anti-tumor immunity. The rationally designed nano-vaccines increase the immune activation capacity of the mRNA vaccines by promoting crucial aspects including mRNA stability, cellular uptake, endosomal escape and targeting of immune cells or organs. Herein, we summarized the research progress of various mRNA based nano-vaccines that have been reported for cancer vaccination, including LNPs, lipid enveloped hybrid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles etc. Several strategies that have been reported for further enhancing the immune stimulation efficacy of mRNA nano-vaccines, including developing nano-vaccines for co-delivering adjuvants, combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors, and optimizing the injection routes for boosting immune responses, have been reviewed. The progress of mRNA nano-vaccines in clinical trials and the prospect of the mRNA vaccines for cancer vaccination are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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5
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Souto EB, Blanco-Llamero C, Krambeck K, Kiran NS, Yashaswini C, Postwala H, Severino P, Priefer R, Prajapati BG, Maheshwari R. Regulatory insights into nanomedicine and gene vaccine innovation: Safety assessment, challenges, and regulatory perspectives. Acta Biomater 2024; 180:1-17. [PMID: 38604468 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
This analysis explores the principal regulatory concerns linked to nanomedicines and gene vaccines, including the complexities involved and the perspectives on how to navigate them. In the realm of nanomedicines, ensuring the safety of nanomaterials is paramount due to their unique characteristics and potential interactions with biological systems. Regulatory bodies are actively formulating guidelines and standards to assess the safety and risks associated with nanomedicine products, emphasizing the need for standardized characterization techniques to accurately gauge their safety and effectiveness. Regarding gene vaccines, regulatory frameworks must be tailored to address the distinct challenges posed by genetic interventions, necessitating special considerations in safety and efficacy evaluations, particularly concerning vector design, target specificity, and long-term patient monitoring. Ethical concerns such as patient autonomy, informed consent, and privacy also demand careful attention, alongside the intricate matter of intellectual property rights, which must be balanced against the imperative of ensuring widespread access to these life-saving treatments. Collaborative efforts among regulatory bodies, researchers, patent offices, and the private sector are essential to tackle these challenges effectively, with international cooperation being especially crucial given the global scope of nanomedicine and genetic vaccine development. Striking the right balance between safeguarding intellectual properties and promoting public health is vital for fostering innovation and ensuring equitable access to these ground-breaking technologies, underscoring the significance of addressing these regulatory hurdles to fully harness the potential benefits of nanomedicine and gene vaccines for enhancing healthcare outcomes on a global scale. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Several biomaterials are being proposed for the development of nanovaccines, from polymeric micelles, PLGA-/PEI-/PLL-nanoparticles, solid lipid nananoparticles, cationic lipoplexes, liposomes, hybrid materials, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, hydrogels, to quantum dots. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have gained tremendous attention since the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of Pfizer and Moderna's COVID-19 vaccines, raising public awareness to the regulatory challenges associated with nanomedicines and genetic vaccines. This review provides insights into the current perspectives and potential strategies for addressing these issues, including clinical trials. By navigating these regulatory landscapes effectively, we can unlock the full potential of nanomedicine and genetic vaccines using a range of promising biomaterials towards improving healthcare outcomes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B Souto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Blanco-Llamero
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1,800, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karolline Krambeck
- Health Sciences School, Guarda Polytechnic Institute, Rua da Cadeia, 6300-035 Guarda, Portugal
| | | | - Chandrashekar Yashaswini
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Humzah Postwala
- L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Patricia Severino
- Institute of Research and Technology, University Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil; Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ronny Priefer
- Institute of Research and Technology, University Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Bhupendra Gopalbhai Prajapati
- Shree. S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat 384012, India
| | - Rahul Maheshwari
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Jadcherla, Hyderabad 509301, India
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6
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Li ZZ, Zhong NN, Cao LM, Cai ZM, Xiao Y, Wang GR, Liu B, Xu C, Bu LL. Nanoparticles Targeting Lymph Nodes for Cancer Immunotherapy: Strategies and Influencing Factors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308731. [PMID: 38327169 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a potent strategy in cancer treatment, with many approved drugs and modalities in the development stages. Despite its promise, immunotherapy is not without its limitations, including side effects and suboptimal efficacy. Using nanoparticles (NPs) as delivery vehicles to target immunotherapy to lymph nodes (LNs) can improve the efficacy of immunotherapy drugs and reduce side effects in patients. In this context, this paper reviews the development of LN-targeted immunotherapeutic NP strategies, the mechanisms of NP transport during LN targeting, and their related biosafety risks. NP targeting of LNs involves either passive targeting, influenced by NP physical properties, or active targeting, facilitated by affinity ligands on NP surfaces, while alternative methods, such as intranodal injection and high endothelial venule (HEV) targeting, have uncertain clinical applicability and require further research and validation. LN targeting of NPs for immunotherapy can reduce side effects and increase biocompatibility, but risks such as toxicity, organ accumulation, and oxidative stress remain, although strategies such as biodegradable biomacromolecules, polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating, and impurity addition can mitigate these risks. Additionally, this work concludes with a future-oriented discussion, offering critical insights into the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Zhan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, #237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Nian-Nian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, #237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Lei-Ming Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, #237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ze-Min Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, #237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, #237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Guang-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, #237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial - Head Neck Oncology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, #237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Chun Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4066, Australia
| | - Lin-Lin Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial - Head Neck Oncology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, #237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
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Tang X, Zhang J, Sui D, Xu Z, Yang Q, Wang T, Li X, Liu X, Deng Y, Song Y. Durable protective efficiency provide by mRNA vaccines require robust immune memory to antigens and weak immune memory to lipid nanoparticles. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100988. [PMID: 38379935 PMCID: PMC10877184 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The Pegylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle (LNPs) vaccines have been found to cause acute hypersensitivity reactions in recipients, and generate anti-LNPs immunity after repeated administration, thereby reducing vaccine effectiveness. To overcome these challenges, we developed a new type of LNPs vaccine (SAPC-LNPs) which was co-modified with sialic acid (SA) - lipid derivative and cleavable PEG - lipid derivative. This kind of mRNA vaccine can target dendritic cells (DCs) and rapidly escape from early endosomes (EE) and lysosomes with a total endosomal escape rate up to 98 %. Additionally, the PEG component in SAPC-LNPs was designed to detach from the LNPs under the catalysis of carboxylesterase in vivo, which reduced the probability of PEG being attached to LNPs entering antigen-presenting cells. Compared with commercially formulated vaccines (1.5PD-LNPs), mice treated with SAPC-LNPs generated a more robust immune memory to tumor antigens and a weaker immune memory response to LNPs, and showed lower side effects and long-lasting protective efficiency. We also discovered that the anti-tumor immune memory formed by SAPC-LNPs mRNA vaccine was directly involved in the immune cycle to rattack tumor. This immune memory continued to strengthen with multiple cycles, supporting that the immune memory should be incorporated into the theory of tumor immune cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Jiashuo Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Dezhi Sui
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Qiongfen Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Xinrong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
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Bitounis D, Jacquinet E, Rogers MA, Amiji MM. Strategies to reduce the risks of mRNA drug and vaccine toxicity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:281-300. [PMID: 38263456 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
mRNA formulated with lipid nanoparticles is a transformative technology that has enabled the rapid development and administration of billions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine doses worldwide. However, avoiding unacceptable toxicity with mRNA drugs and vaccines presents challenges. Lipid nanoparticle structural components, production methods, route of administration and proteins produced from complexed mRNAs all present toxicity concerns. Here, we discuss these concerns, specifically how cell tropism and tissue distribution of mRNA and lipid nanoparticles can lead to toxicity, and their possible reactogenicity. We focus on adverse events from mRNA applications for protein replacement and gene editing therapies as well as vaccines, tracing common biochemical and cellular pathways. The potential and limitations of existing models and tools used to screen for on-target efficacy and de-risk off-target toxicity, including in vivo and next-generation in vitro models, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bitounis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Igyártó BZ, Qin Z. The mRNA-LNP vaccines - the good, the bad and the ugly? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1336906. [PMID: 38390323 PMCID: PMC10883065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1336906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The mRNA-LNP vaccine has received much attention during the COVID-19 pandemic since it served as the basis of the most widely used SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in Western countries. Based on early clinical trial data, these vaccines were deemed safe and effective for all demographics. However, the latest data raise serious concerns about the safety and effectiveness of these vaccines. Here, we review some of the safety and efficacy concerns identified to date. We also discuss the potential mechanism of observed adverse events related to the use of these vaccines and whether they can be mitigated by alterations of this vaccine mechanism approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Z. Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Zeng YC, Young OJ, Si L, Ku MW, Isinelli G, Rajwar A, Jiang A, Wintersinger CM, Graveline AR, Vernet A, Sanchez M, Ryu JH, Kwon IC, Goyal G, Ingber DE, Shih WM. DNA origami vaccine (DoriVac) nanoparticles improve both humoral and cellular immune responses to infectious diseases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.29.573647. [PMID: 38260393 PMCID: PMC10802255 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.29.573647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have demonstrated robust induction of neutralizing antibodies and CD4+ T cell activation, however CD8+ responses are variable, and the duration of immunity and protection against variants are limited. Here we repurposed our DNA origami vaccine platform, DoriVac, for targeting infectious viruses, namely SARS-CoV-2, HIV, and Ebola. The DNA origami nanoparticle, conjugated with infectious-disease-specific HR2 peptides, which act as highly conserved antigens, and CpG adjuvant at precise nanoscale spacing, induced neutralizing antibodies, Th1 CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells in naïve mice, with significant improvement over a bolus control. Pre-clinical studies using lymph-node-on-a-chip systems validated that DoriVac, when conjugated with antigenic peptides or proteins, induced promising cellular immune responses in human cells. These results suggest that DoriVac holds potential as a versatile, modular vaccine platform, capable of inducing both humoral and cellular immunities. The programmability of this platform underscores its potential utility in addressing future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang C. Zeng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Olivia J. Young
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Longlong Si
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Min Wen Ku
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Giorgia Isinelli
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Anjali Rajwar
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Amanda Jiang
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chris M. Wintersinger
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Amanda R. Graveline
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Andyna Vernet
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Melinda Sanchez
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ju Hee Ryu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Girija Goyal
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William M. Shih
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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11
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Yihunie W, Nibret G, Aschale Y. Recent Advances in Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) Vaccines and Their Delivery Systems: A Review. Clin Pharmacol 2023; 15:77-98. [PMID: 37554660 PMCID: PMC10405914 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s418314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was found as the intermediary that transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis in 1961. The emergency use authorization of the two covid-19 mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, is a significant achievement in the history of vaccine development. Because they are generated in a cell-free environment using the in vitro transcription (IVT) process, mRNA vaccines are risk-free. Moreover, chemical modifications to the mRNA molecule, such as cap structures and changed nucleosides, have proved critical in overcoming immunogenicity concerns, achieving sustained stability, and achieving effective, accurate protein production in vivo. Several vaccine delivery strategies (including protamine, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymers, nanoemulsions, and cell-based administration) were also optimized to load and transport RNA into the cytosol. LNPs, which are composed of a cationic or a pH-dependent ionizable lipid layer, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) component, phospholipids, and cholesterol, are the most advanced systems for delivering mRNA vaccines. Moreover, modifications of the four components that make up the LNPs showed to increase vaccine effectiveness and reduce side effects. Furthermore, the introduction of biodegradable lipids improved LNP biocompatibility. Furthermore, mRNA-based therapies are expected to be effective treatments for a variety of refractory conditions, including infectious diseases, metabolic genetic diseases, cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, the present review aims to provide the scientific community with up-to-date information on mRNA vaccines and their delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubetu Yihunie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Getinet Nibret
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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12
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Wu D, Hu L, Wang X, Yu Y, Jia SP, Huang HY, Li ZW, Ma JF, Zhu HB, Tang Y, Li N. Clinical development of mRNA therapies against solid tumors. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:75. [PMID: 37464375 PMCID: PMC10354897 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The mRNA-based therapeutics have become the hot spot of biopharmaceutical industries in recent years. The landscape of this area is expanding from infectious disease to cancer, which needs to be summarized to provide data supports for industries and research institutions. Based on the Trialtrove database, a total of 108 clinical trials from 1999 to 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. We have demonstrated that the clinical development of mRNA therapies against solid tumors is still at an early stage. There are evolutions in delivery systems from the dendritic cell to the lipid-based platform and in encoding strategies from the fixed tumor antigens to the personalized neoantigens. The adjuvant or maintenance therapy and the combination treatment with checkpoint inhibitors are becoming the major clinical development orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wu
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lingfeng Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Trials Center, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo-Peng Jia
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Hebei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Langfang, China
| | - Hui-Yao Huang
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Wei Li
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Feng Ma
- Department of Clinical Trials Center, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhu
- Department of Clinical Trials Center, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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13
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Wang Y, Yang K, Zhou H. Immunogenic proteins and potential delivery platforms for mpox virus vaccine development: A rapid review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125515. [PMID: 37353117 PMCID: PMC10284459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Since May 2022, the mpox virus (MPXV) has spread worldwide and become a potential threat to global public health. Vaccines are important tools for preventing MPXV transmission and infection in the population. However, there are still no available potent and applicable vaccines specifically for MPXV. Herein, we highlight several potential vaccine targets for MPVX and emphasize potent immunogens, such as M1R, E8L, H3L, A29L, A35R, and B6R proteins. These proteins can be integrated into diverse vaccine platforms to elicit powerful B-cell and T-cell responses, thereby providing protective immunity against MPXV infection. Overall, research on the MPXV vaccine targets would provide valuable information for developing timely effective MPXV-specific vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Kaiwen Yang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China.
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14
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Fu J, Dong H, Wu J, Jin Y. Emerging Progress of RNA-Based Antitumor Therapeutics. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3159-3183. [PMID: 37416764 PMCID: PMC10321292 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.83732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics (e.g., mRNAs, siRNAs, microRNAs, ASOs, and saRNAs) have considerable potential for tumor treatment. The development and optimization of RNA modifications and delivery systems enable the stable and efficient delivery of RNA cargos in vivo to elicit an antitumor response. Targeted RNA-based therapeutics with multiple specificities and high efficacies are now available. In this review, we discuss progress in RNA-based antitumor therapeutics, including mRNAs, siRNAs, miRNAs, ASOs, saRNAs, RNA aptamers, and CRISPR-based gene editing. We focus on the immunogenicity, stability, translation efficiency, and delivery of RNA drugs, and summarize their optimization and the development of delivery systems. In addition, we describe the mechanisms by which RNA-based therapeutics induce antitumor responses. Furthermore, we review the merits and limitations of RNA cargos and their therapeutic potential for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyang Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongfeng Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310006, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Liu C, Shi Q, Huang X, Koo S, Kong N, Tao W. mRNA-based cancer therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer 2023:10.1038/s41568-023-00586-2. [PMID: 37311817 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the fact that mRNA technology allows the production of diverse vaccines and treatments in a shorter time frame and with reduced expense compared to conventional approaches, there has been a surge in the use of mRNA-based therapeutics in recent years. With the aim of encoding tumour antigens for cancer vaccines, cytokines for immunotherapy, tumour suppressors to inhibit tumour development, chimeric antigen receptors for engineered T cell therapy or genome-editing proteins for gene therapy, many of these therapeutics have shown promising efficacy in preclinical studies, and some have even entered clinical trials. Given the evidence supporting the effectiveness and safety of clinically approved mRNA vaccines, coupled with growing interest in mRNA-based therapeutics, mRNA technology is poised to become one of the major pillars in cancer drug development. In this Review, we present in vitro transcribed mRNA-based therapeutics for cancer treatment, including the characteristics of the various types of synthetic mRNA, the packaging systems for efficient mRNA delivery, preclinical and clinical studies, current challenges and future prospects in the field. We anticipate the translation of promising mRNA-based treatments into clinical applications, to ultimately benefit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiangqiang Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangang Huang
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seyoung Koo
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Na Kong
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Bosteels V, Maréchal S, De Nolf C, Rennen S, Maelfait J, Tavernier SJ, Vetters J, Van De Velde E, Fayazpour F, Deswarte K, Lamoot A, Van Duyse J, Martens L, Bosteels C, Roelandt R, Emmaneel A, Van Gassen S, Boon L, Van Isterdael G, Guillas I, Vandamme N, Höglinger D, De Geest BG, Le Goff W, Saeys Y, Ravichandran KS, Lambrecht BN, Janssens S. LXR signaling controls homeostatic dendritic cell maturation. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadd3955. [PMID: 37172103 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) mature in an immunogenic or tolerogenic manner depending on the context in which an antigen is perceived, preserving the balance between immunity and tolerance. Whereas the pathways driving immunogenic maturation in response to infectious insults are well-characterized, the signals that drive tolerogenic maturation during homeostasis are still poorly understood. We found that the engulfment of apoptotic cells triggered homeostatic maturation of type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) within the spleen. This maturation process could be mimicked by engulfment of empty, nonadjuvanted lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), was marked by intracellular accumulation of cholesterol, and was highly specific to cDC1s. Engulfment of either apoptotic cells or cholesterol-rich LNPs led to the activation of the liver X receptor (LXR) pathway, which promotes the efflux of cellular cholesterol, and repressed genes associated with immunogenic maturation. In contrast, simultaneous engagement of TLR3 to mimic viral infection via administration of poly(I:C)-adjuvanted LNPs repressed the LXR pathway, thus delaying cellular cholesterol efflux and inducing genes that promote T cell-mediated immunity. These data demonstrate that conserved cellular cholesterol efflux pathways are differentially regulated in tolerogenic versus immunogenic cDC1s and suggest that administration of nonadjuvanted cholesterol-rich LNPs may be an approach for inducing tolerogenic DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Bosteels
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Maréchal
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Clint De Nolf
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Rennen
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Maelfait
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon J Tavernier
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immune Deficiency Research Lab, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jessica Vetters
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van De Velde
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Farzaneh Fayazpour
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim Deswarte
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Julie Van Duyse
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Flow Core, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Martens
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Homeostasis and Regeneration, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Damage and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cédric Bosteels
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ria Roelandt
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Single Cell Core, VIB, Ghent-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Emmaneel
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Gassen
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Louis Boon
- Polpharma Biologics, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Van Isterdael
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Flow Core, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Guillas
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Niels Vandamme
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Single Cell Core, VIB, Ghent-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Doris Höglinger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Wilfried Le Goff
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Cell Clearance in Health and Disease, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Cell Clearance, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Hajiaghapour Asr M, Dayani F, Saedi Segherloo F, Kamedi A, Neill AO, MacLoughlin R, Doroudian M. Lipid Nanoparticles as Promising Carriers for mRNA Vaccines for Viral Lung Infections. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1127. [PMID: 37111613 PMCID: PMC10146241 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in deaths due to infectious diseases, most notably in the context of viral respiratory pathogens. Consequently, the focus has shifted in the search for new therapies, with attention being drawn to the use of nanoparticles in mRNA vaccines for targeted delivery to improve the efficacy of these vaccines. Notably, mRNA vaccine technologies denote as a new era in vaccination due to their rapid, potentially inexpensive, and scalable development. Although they do not pose a risk of integration into the genome and are not produced from infectious elements, they do pose challenges, including exposing naked mRNAs to extracellular endonucleases. Therefore, with the development of nanotechnology, we can further improve their efficacy. Nanoparticles, with their nanometer dimensions, move more freely in the body and, due to their small size, have unique physical and chemical properties. The best candidates for vaccine mRNA transfer are lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), which are stable and biocompatible and contain four components: cationic lipids, ionizable lipids, polyethylene glycols (PEGs), and cholesterol, which are used to facilitate cytoplasmic mRNA delivery. In this article, the components and delivery system of mRNA-LNP vaccines against viral lung infections such as influenza, coronavirus, and respiratory syncytial virus are reviewed. Moreover, we provide a succinct overview of current challenges and potential future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mena Hajiaghapour Asr
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dayani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saedi Segherloo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Ali Kamedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Andrew O’ Neill
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Tallaght University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- Research and Development, Science and Emerging Technologies, Aerogen Limited, Galway Business Park, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mohammad Doroudian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Tallaght University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Giannotta G, Murrone A, Giannotta N. COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: The Molecular Basis of Some Adverse Events. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:747. [PMID: 37112659 PMCID: PMC10145134 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Each injection of any known vaccine results in a strong expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This is the result of the innate immune system activation, without which no adaptive response to the injection of vaccines is possible. Unfortunately, the degree of inflammation produced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines is variable, probably depending on genetic background and previous immune experiences, which through epigenetic modifications could have made the innate immune system of each individual tolerant or reactive to subsequent immune stimulations.We hypothesize that we can move from a limited pro-inflammatory condition to conditions of increasing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can culminate in multisystem hyperinflammatory syndromes following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (MIS-V). We have graphically represented this idea in a hypothetical inflammatory pyramid (IP) and we have correlated the time factor to the degree of inflammation produced after the injection of vaccines. Furthermore, we have placed the clinical manifestations within this hypothetical IP, correlating them to the degree of inflammation produced. Surprisingly, excluding the possible presence of an early MIS-V, the time factor and the complexity of clinical manifestations are correlated to the increasing degree of inflammation: symptoms, heart disease and syndromes (MIS-V).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Murrone
- Oncologia Territoriale, Hospice Cure Palliative ASUFC, 33030 Udine, Italy;
| | - Nicola Giannotta
- Medical and Surgery Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
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19
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Schinas G, Polyzou E, Dimakopoulou V, Tsoupra S, Gogos C, Akinosoglou K. Immune-mediated liver injury following COVID-19 vaccination. World J Virol 2023; 12:100-108. [PMID: 37033146 PMCID: PMC10075055 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v12.i2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver injury secondary to vaccination is a rare adverse event that has recently come under attention thanks to the continuous pharmacovigilance following the widespread implementation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination protocols. All three most widely distributed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine formulations, e.g., BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx1-S, can induce liver injury that may involve immune-mediated pathways and result in autoimmune hepatitis-like presentation that may require therapeutic intervention in the form of corticosteroid administration. Various mechanisms have been proposed in an attempt to highlight immune checkpoint inhibition and thus establish causality with vaccination. The autoimmune features of such a reaction also prompt an in-depth investigation of the newly employed vaccine technologies. Novel vaccine delivery platforms, e.g., mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles and adenoviral vectors, contribute to the inflammatory background that leads to an exaggerated immune response, while patterns of molecular mimicry between the spike (S) protein and prominent liver antigens may account for the autoimmune presentation. Immune mediators triggered by vaccination or vaccine ingredients per se, including autoreactive antibodies, cytokines, and cytotoxic T-cell populations, may inflict hepatocellular damage through well-established pathways. We aim to review available data associated with immune-mediated liver injury associated with COVID-19 vaccination and elucidate potential mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Schinas
- Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Eleni Polyzou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | | | - Stamatia Tsoupra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Charalambos Gogos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
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20
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Seo Y, Lim H, Park H, Yu J, An J, Yoo HY, Lee T. Recent Progress of Lipid Nanoparticles-Based Lipophilic Drug Delivery: Focus on Surface Modifications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:772. [PMID: 36986633 PMCID: PMC10058399 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous drugs have emerged to treat various diseases, such as COVID-19, cancer, and protect human health. Approximately 40% of them are lipophilic and are used for treating diseases through various delivery routes, including skin absorption, oral administration, and injection. However, as lipophilic drugs have a low solubility in the human body, drug delivery systems (DDSs) are being actively developed to increase drug bioavailability. Liposomes, micro-sponges, and polymer-based nanoparticles have been proposed as DDS carriers for lipophilic drugs. However, their instability, cytotoxicity, and lack of targeting ability limit their commercialization. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have fewer side effects, excellent biocompatibility, and high physical stability. LNPs are considered efficient vehicles of lipophilic drugs owing to their lipid-based internal structure. In addition, recent LNP studies suggest that the bioavailability of LNP can be increased through surface modifications, such as PEGylation, chitosan, and surfactant protein coating. Thus, their combinations have an abundant utilization potential in the fields of DDSs for carrying lipophilic drugs. In this review, the functions and efficiencies of various types of LNPs and surface modifications developed to optimize lipophilic drug delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoseph Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyun An
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hah Young Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, 20, Hongjimun 2-Gil, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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21
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Agha A, Waheed W, Stiharu I, Nerguizian V, Destgeer G, Abu-Nada E, Alazzam A. A review on microfluidic-assisted nanoparticle synthesis, and their applications using multiscale simulation methods. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2023; 18:18. [PMID: 36800044 PMCID: PMC9936499 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in the development of nanoparticles (NPs) owing to their potential use in a wide variety of biomedical applications, including drug delivery, imaging agents, gene therapy, and vaccines, where recently, lipid nanoparticle mRNA-based vaccines were developed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. NPs typically fall into two broad categories: organic and inorganic. Organic NPs mainly include lipid-based and polymer-based nanoparticles, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymersomes, dendrimers, and polymer micelles. Gold and silver NPs, iron oxide NPs, quantum dots, and carbon and silica-based nanomaterials make up the bulk of the inorganic NPs. These NPs are prepared using a variety of top-down and bottom-up approaches. Microfluidics provide an attractive synthesis alternative and is advantageous compared to the conventional bulk methods. The microfluidic mixing-based production methods offer better control in achieving the desired size, morphology, shape, size distribution, and surface properties of the synthesized NPs. The technology also exhibits excellent process repeatability, fast handling, less sample usage, and yields greater encapsulation efficiencies. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the microfluidic-based passive and active mixing techniques for NP synthesis, and their latest developments. Additionally, a summary of microfluidic devices used for NP production is presented. Nonetheless, despite significant advancements in the experimental procedures, complete details of a nanoparticle-based system cannot be deduced from the experiments alone, and thus, multiscale computer simulations are utilized to perform systematic investigations. The work also details the most common multiscale simulation methods and their advancements in unveiling critical mechanisms involved in nanoparticle synthesis and the interaction of nanoparticles with other entities, especially in biomedical and therapeutic systems. Finally, an analysis is provided on the challenges in microfluidics related to nanoparticle synthesis and applications, and the future perspectives, such as large-scale NP synthesis, and hybrid formulations and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Agha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Waqas Waheed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | | | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eiyad Abu-Nada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Anas Alazzam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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22
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Abdulla ZA, Al-Bashir SM, Alzoubi H, Al-Salih NS, Aldamen AA, Abdulazeez AZ. The Role of Immunity in the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and in the Protection Generated by COVID-19 Vaccines in Different Age Groups. Pathogens 2023; 12:329. [PMID: 36839601 PMCID: PMC9967364 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to review the available data regarding the central role of immunity in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the generation of protection by vaccination against COVID-19 in different age groups. Physiologically, the immune response and the components involved in it are variable, both functionally and quantitatively, in neonates, infants, children, adolescents, and adults. These immunological differences are mirrored during COVID-19 infection and in the post-vaccination period. The outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection is greatly dependent on the reaction orchestrated by the immune system. This is clearly obvious in relation to the clinical status of COVID-19 infection, which can be symptomless, mild, moderate, or severe. Even the complications of the disease show a proportional pattern in relation to the immune response. On the contrary, the commonly used anti-COVID-19 vaccines generate protective humoral and cellular immunity. The magnitude of this immunity and the components involved in it are discussed in detail. Furthermore, many of the adverse effects of these vaccines can be explained on the basis of immune reactions against the different components of the vaccines. Regarding the appropriate choice of vaccine for different age groups, many factors have to be considered. This is a cornerstone, particularly in the following age groups: 1 day to 5 years, 6 to 11 years, and 12 to 17 years. Many factors are involved in deciding the route, doses, and schedule of vaccination for children. Another important issue in this dilemma is the hesitancy of families in making the decision about whether to vaccinate their children. Added to these difficulties is the choice by health authorities and governments concerning whether to make children's vaccination compulsory. In this respect, although rare and limited, adverse effects of vaccines in children have been detected, some of which, unfortunately, have been serious or even fatal. However, to achieve comprehensive control over COVID-19 in communities, both children and adults have to be vaccinated, as the former group represents a reservoir for viral transmission. The understanding of the various immunological mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the preparation and application of its vaccines has given the sciences a great opportunity to further deepen and expand immunological knowledge. This will hopefully be reflected positively on other diseases through gaining an immunological background that may aid in diagnosis and therapy. Humanity is still in continuous conflict with SARS-CoV-2 infection and will be for a while, but the future is expected to be in favor of the prevention and control of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharaf M. Al-Bashir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Hiba Alzoubi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Noor S. Al-Salih
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Ala A. Aldamen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
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23
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Li M, Huang Y, Wu J, Li S, Mei M, Chen H, Wang N, Wu W, Zhou B, Tan X, Li B. A PEG-lipid-free COVID-19 mRNA vaccine triggers robust immune responses in mice. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:466-472. [PMID: 36468425 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01260j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines represent a completely new category of vaccines and play a crucial role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we have developed a PEG-lipid-free two-component mRNA vaccine (PFTCmvac) by formulating mRNA encoding the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 into lipid-like nanoassemblies. Without using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-lipids, the self-assembled PFTCmvac forms thermostable nanoassemblies and exhibits a dose-dependent cellular uptake and membrane disruption, eventually leading to high-level protein expression in both mammalian cells and mice. Vaccination with PFTCmvac elicits strong humoral and cellular responses in mice, without evidence of significant adverse reactions. In addition, the vaccine platform does not trigger complement activation in human serum, even at a high serum concentration. Collectively, the PEG-lipid-free two-component nanoassemblies provide an alternative delivery technology for COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and opportunities for the rapid production of new mRNA vaccines against emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology & The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Yixuan Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology & The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Jiacai Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology & The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China.
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sanpeng Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology & The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Miao Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology & The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology & The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China.
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weigang Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology & The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Boping Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology & The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China.
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xu Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology & The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China.
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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24
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Seo H, Jeon L, Kwon J, Lee H. High-Precision Synthesis of RNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203033. [PMID: 36737864 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of RNA-based therapeutics in delivering nucleic acids for gene editing and regulating protein translation has led to the effective treatment of various diseases including cancer, inflammatory and genetic disorder, as well as infectious diseases. Among these, lipid nanoparticles (LNP) have emerged as a promising platform for RNA delivery and have shed light by resolving the inherent instability issues of naked RNA and thereby enhancing the therapeutic potency. These LNP consisting of ionizable lipid, helper lipid, cholesterol, and poly(ethylene glycol)-anchored lipid can stably enclose RNA and help them release into the cells' cytosol. Herein, the significant progress made in LNP research starting from the LNP constituents, formulation, and their diverse applications is summarized first. Moreover, the microfluidic methodologies which allow precise assembly of these newly developed constituents to achieve LNP with controllable composition and size, high encapsulation efficiency as well as scalable production are highlighted. Furthermore, a short discussion on current challenges as well as an outlook will be given on emerging approaches to resolving these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjin Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Leekang Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Jaeyeong Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
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25
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mRNA-From COVID-19 Treatment to Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020308. [PMID: 36830845 PMCID: PMC9953480 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview covering mRNA from its use in the COVID-19 pandemic to cancer immunotherapy, starting from the selection of appropriate antigens, tumor-associated and tumor-specific antigens, neoantigens, the basics of optimizing the mRNA molecule in terms of stability, efficacy, and tolerability, choosing the best formulation and the optimal route of administration, to summarizing current clinical trials of mRNA vaccines in tumor therapy.
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26
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Nanotechnology-Based RNA Vaccines: Fundamentals, Advantages and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010194. [PMID: 36678823 PMCID: PMC9864317 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, many drugs based on the use of nanotechnology and nucleic acids have been developed. However, until recently, most of them remained at the stage of pre-clinical development and testing and did not find their way to the clinic. In our opinion, the main reason for this situation lies in the enormous complexity of the development and industrial production of such formulations leading to their high cost. The development of nanotechnology-based drugs requires the participation of scientists from many and completely different specialties including Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicine, Engineering, Drug Delivery, Chemistry, Molecular Biology, Physiology and so on. Nevertheless, emergence of coronavirus and new vaccines based on nanotechnology has shown the high efficiency of this approach. Effective development of vaccines based on the use of nucleic acids and nanomedicine requires an understanding of a wide range of principles including mechanisms of immune responses, nucleic acid functions, nanotechnology and vaccinations. In this regard, the purpose of the current review is to recall the basic principles of the work of the immune system, vaccination, nanotechnology and drug delivery in terms of the development and production of vaccines based on both nanotechnology and the use of nucleic acids.
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27
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Liu S, Deng S, Li X, Chen J, Yuan Y, Zhao H, Zhou J, Wang J, Zhang H, Cheng D. Endosomal Escapable and Nuclear Localizing Cationic Polyaspartate-Based CRISPR Activation System for Preventing Respiratory Virus Infection by Specifically Inducing Interferon-λ. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55376-55391. [PMID: 36503225 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global pandemics caused by viruses cause widespread panic and economic losses. The lack of specific antivirals and vaccines increases the spreading of viral diseases worldwide. Thus, alternative strategies are required to manage viral outbreaks. Here, we develop a CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) system based on polymeric carriers to prevent respiratory virus infection in a mouse model. A polyaspartate grafted with 2-(diisopropylamino) ethylamine (DIP) and nuclear localization signal peptides (NLS-MTAS fusion peptide) was complexed with plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding dCas9-VPR and sgRNA targeting IFN-λ. The pH-sensitive DIP and NLS-MTAS groups were favor of endo-lysosomal escape and nuclear localization of pDNA, respectively. They synergistically improved gene transfection efficiency, resulting in significant reporter gene expression and IFN-λ upregulation in lung tissue. In vitro and in vivo prophylactic experiments showed that the non-viral CRISPRa system could prevent infection caused by H1N1 viruses with minimal inflammatory responses, presenting a promising prophylactic approach against respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
| | - Shaohui Deng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
| | - Jifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510630, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
| | - Du Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
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28
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Vishweshwaraiah YL, Dokholyan NV. mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1029069. [PMID: 36591226 PMCID: PMC9794995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a breakthrough strategy in cancer treatment. mRNA vaccines are an attractive and powerful immunotherapeutic platform against cancer because of their high potency, specificity, versatility, rapid and large-scale development capability, low-cost manufacturing potential, and safety. Recent technological advances in mRNA vaccine design and delivery have accelerated mRNA cancer vaccines' development and clinical application. In this review, we present various cancer vaccine platforms with a focus on nucleic acid vaccines. We discuss rational design and optimization strategies for mRNA cancer vaccine development. We highlight the platforms available for delivery of the mRNA vaccines with a focus on lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) based delivery systems. Finally, we discuss the limitations of mRNA cancer vaccines and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolay V. Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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29
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Alesci A, Gitto M, Kotańska M, Lo Cascio P, Miller A, Nicosia N, Fumia A, Pergolizzi S. Immunogenicity, effectiveness, safety and psychological impact of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:755-767. [PMID: 35963787 PMCID: PMC9359511 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, a new single-stranded RNA coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, appeared in China and quickly spread around the world leading to a pandemic. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 generates symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to severe, occasionally requiring hospitalization in intensive care units, and, in more severe cases, leading to death. Scientists and researchers around the world have made a real race against time to develop various vaccines to slow down and stop the spread of the virus. In addition to conventional viral vector vaccines, new generation mRNA vaccines, BNT152b2 (Comirnaty) and mRNA-1273 (Spikevax), have been developed respectively by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna. These vaccines act on immune cells to induce an immune response with the production of specific antibodies against Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, and to stimulate the differentiation of T and B memory cells. The objective of this review is to provide a detailed picture of the validity of these new vaccines and the safety of vaccination. Not only was the immunogenic effect of mRNA vaccines evaluated, but also the psychosocial impact they had on the population. The data collected show that this type of vaccine can also be an excellent candidate for future treatment and eradication of possible new pathologies with viral and non-viral etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Marco Gitto
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; Phoniatric Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Patrizia Lo Cascio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Anthea Miller
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Noemi Nicosia
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland; Division of Neuroscience, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico "G. Martino", 98147 Messina, Italy.
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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30
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Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is an emerging class of therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of a wide range of diseases. The recent success of the two highly efficacious mRNA vaccines produced by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech to protect against COVID-19 highlights the huge potential of mRNA technology for revolutionizing life science and medical research. Challenges related to mRNA stability and immunogenicity, as well as in vivo delivery and the ability to cross multiple biological barriers, have been largely addressed by recent progress in mRNA engineering and delivery. In this Review, we present the latest advances and innovations in the growing field of mRNA nanomedicine, in the context of ongoing clinical translation and future directions to improve clinical efficacy.
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31
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Qin Z, Bouteau A, Herbst C, Igyártó BZ. Pre-exposure to mRNA-LNP inhibits adaptive immune responses and alters innate immune fitness in an inheritable fashion. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010830. [PMID: 36054264 PMCID: PMC9477420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-LNP vaccine doses have already been administered to humans. However, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the immune effects of this platform. The mRNA-LNP-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is highly inflammatory, and its synthetic ionizable lipid component responsible for the induction of inflammation has a long in vivo half-life. Since chronic inflammation can lead to immune exhaustion and non-responsiveness, we sought to determine the effects of pre-exposure to the mRNA-LNP on adaptive immune responses and innate immune fitness. We found that pre-exposure to mRNA-LNPs or LNP alone led to long-term inhibition of the adaptive immune response, which could be overcome using standard adjuvants. On the other hand, we report that after pre-exposure to mRNA-LNPs, the resistance of mice to heterologous infections with influenza virus increased while resistance to Candida albicans decreased. The diminished resistance to Candida albicans correlated with a general decrease in blood neutrophil percentages. Interestingly, mice pre-exposed to the mRNA-LNP platform can pass down the acquired immune traits to their offspring, providing better protection against influenza. In summary, the mRNA-LNP vaccine platform induces long-term unexpected immunological changes affecting both adaptive immune responses and heterologous protection against infections. Thus, our studies highlight the need for more research to determine this platform's true impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aurélie Bouteau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher Herbst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Botond Z. Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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32
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Gu Y, Duan J, Yang N, Yang Y, Zhao X. mRNA vaccines in the prevention and treatment of diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e167. [PMID: 36033422 PMCID: PMC9409637 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines made their successful public debut in the effort against the COVID-19 outbreak starting in late 2019, although the history of mRNA vaccines can be traced back decades. This review provides an overview to discuss the historical course and present situation of mRNA vaccine development in addition to some basic concepts that underly mRNA vaccines. We discuss the general preparation and manufacturing of mRNA vaccines and also discuss the scientific advances in the in vivo delivery system and evaluate popular approaches (i.e., lipid nanoparticle and protamine) in detail. Next, we highlight the clinical value of mRNA vaccines as potent candidates for therapeutic treatment and discuss clinical progress in the treatment of cancer and coronavirus disease 2019. Data suggest that mRNA vaccines, with several prominent advantages, have achieved encouraging results and increasing attention due to tremendous potential in disease management. Finally, we suggest some potential directions worthy of further investigation and optimization. In addition to basic research, studies that help to facilitate storage and transportation will be indispensable for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhuo Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University; Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Jiangyao Duan
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Na Yang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center/School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center/School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University; Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center/School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
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33
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Wang WC, Sayedahmed EE, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Progress towards the Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081684. [PMID: 36016306 PMCID: PMC9415875 DOI: 10.3390/v14081684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are responsible for millions of cases globally and significantly threaten public health. Since pandemic and zoonotic influenza viruses have emerged in the last 20 years and some of the viruses have resulted in high mortality in humans, a universal influenza vaccine is needed to provide comprehensive protection against a wide range of influenza viruses. Current seasonal influenza vaccines provide strain-specific protection and are less effective against mismatched strains. The rapid antigenic drift and shift in influenza viruses resulted in time-consuming surveillance and uncertainty in the vaccine protection efficacy. Most recent universal influenza vaccine studies target the conserved antigen domains of the viral surface glycoproteins and internal proteins to provide broader protection. Following the development of advanced vaccine technologies, several innovative strategies and vaccine platforms are being explored to generate robust cross-protective immunity. This review provides the latest progress in the development of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Wang
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Ekramy E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.M.)
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Igyártó BZ. "Don't Look Up" Your Science-Herd Immunity or Herd Mentality? Microorganisms 2022; 10:1463. [PMID: 35889182 PMCID: PMC9316410 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This analysis piece will attempt to examine some of the critical pandemic-related measures implemented in the United States from an immunological perspective and pinpoint caveats that should have been considered before their implementation. I also discuss alternative measures grounded in scientific data that were not thoroughly explored and likely could have helped fight the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Z Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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35
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Trougakos IP, Terpos E, Alexopoulos H, Politou M, Paraskevis D, Scorilas A, Kastritis E, Andreakos E, Dimopoulos MA. Adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: the spike hypothesis. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:542-554. [PMID: 35537987 PMCID: PMC9021367 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is a major tool for mitigating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and mRNA vaccines are central to the ongoing vaccination campaign that is undoubtedly saving thousands of lives. However, adverse effects (AEs) following vaccination have been noted which may relate to a proinflammatory action of the lipid nanoparticles used or the delivered mRNA (i.e., the vaccine formulation), as well as to the unique nature, expression pattern, binding profile, and proinflammatory effects of the produced antigens - spike (S) protein and/or its subunits/peptide fragments - in human tissues or organs. Current knowledge on this topic originates mostly from cell-based assays or from model organisms; further research on the cellular/molecular basis of the mRNA vaccine-induced AEs will therefore promise safety, maintain trust, and direct health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 157 84, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 115 28, Greece
| | - Harry Alexopoulos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 157 84, Greece
| | - Marianna Politou
- Hematology Laboratory-Blood Bank, Aretaieio Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 157 01, Greece
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 115 28, Greece
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, 115 27, Greece
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 115 28, Greece
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36
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Hameed SA, Paul S, Dellosa GKY, Jaraquemada D, Bello MB. Towards the future exploration of mucosal mRNA vaccines against emerging viral diseases; lessons from existing next-generation mucosal vaccine strategies. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:71. [PMID: 35764661 PMCID: PMC9239993 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mRNA vaccine platform has offered the greatest potential in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic owing to rapid development, effectiveness, and scalability to meet the global demand. There are many other mRNA vaccines currently being developed against different emerging viral diseases. As with the current COVID-19 vaccines, these mRNA-based vaccine candidates are being developed for parenteral administration via injections. However, most of the emerging viruses colonize the mucosal surfaces prior to systemic infection making it very crucial to target mucosal immunity. Although parenterally administered vaccines would induce a robust systemic immunity, they often provoke a weak mucosal immunity which may not be effective in preventing mucosal infection. In contrast, mucosal administration potentially offers the dual benefit of inducing potent mucosal and systemic immunity which would be more effective in offering protection against mucosal viral infection. There are however many challenges posed by the mucosal environment which impede successful mucosal vaccination. The development of an effective delivery system remains a major challenge to the successful exploitation of mucosal mRNA vaccination. Nonetheless, a number of delivery vehicles have been experimentally harnessed with different degrees of success in the mucosal delivery of mRNA vaccines. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of mRNA vaccines and summarise their application in the fight against emerging viral diseases with particular emphasis on COVID-19 mRNA platforms. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects and challenges of mucosal administration of mRNA-based vaccines, and we explore the existing experimental studies on mucosal mRNA vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodiq A. Hameed
- grid.7849.20000 0001 2150 7757Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stephane Paul
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Giann Kerwin Y. Dellosa
- grid.7849.20000 0001 2150 7757Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dolores Jaraquemada
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Muhammad Bashir Bello
- grid.412771.60000 0001 2150 5428Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB, 2346 Sokoto, Nigeria
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Kiaie SH, Majidi Zolbanin N, Ahmadi A, Bagherifar R, Valizadeh H, Kashanchi F, Jafari R. Recent advances in mRNA-LNP therapeutics: immunological and pharmacological aspects. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:276. [PMID: 35701851 PMCID: PMC9194786 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the development of messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics by lipid nanoparticles (LNP) leads to facilitate clinical trial recruitment, which improves the efficacy of treatment modality to a large extent. Although mRNA-LNP vaccine platforms for the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated high efficiency, safety and adverse effects challenges due to the uncontrolled immune responses and inappropriate pharmacological interventions could limit this tremendous efficacy. The current study reveals the interplay of immune responses with LNP compositions and characterization and clarifies the interaction of mRNA-LNP therapeutics with dendritic, macrophages, neutrophile cells, and complement. Then, pharmacological profiles for mRNA-LNP delivery, including pharmacokinetics and cellular trafficking, were discussed in detail in cancer types and infectious diseases. This review study opens a new and vital landscape to improve multidisciplinary therapeutics on mRNA-LNP through modulation of immunopharmacological responses in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Kiaie
- Department of Formulation Development, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology School of Pharmacy , Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia, Iran
| | - Armin Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Rafieh Bagherifar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
| | - Reza Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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DoE-derived continuous and robust process for manufacturing of pharmaceutical-grade wide-range LNPs for RNA-vaccine/drug delivery. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9394. [PMID: 35672337 PMCID: PMC9172984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) technology has become extremely demanding for delivering RNA-products and other drugs. However, there is no platform to manufacture pharmaceutical-grade LNPs with desired particle size from a wide range in continuous mode. We have developed a unique platform to obtain any specific size-range of LNPs from 60 to 180 nm satisfying pharmaceutical regulatory requirements for polydispersity index, sterility, dose uniformity and bio-functionality. We applied design of experiment (DoE) methodology and identified the critical process parameters to establish the process for global application. Cross-point validation within the response map of DoE confirmed that the platform is robust to produce specific size (± 10 nm) of LNPs within the design-range. The technology is successfully transformed to production scale and validated. Products from R&D, pilot and production batches for a candidate SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-vaccine generated equivalent biological responses. The data collectively established the robustness and bio-uniformity of doses for global RNA-vaccine/drug formulation.
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Diaz-Trelles R, Perez-Garcia CG. Present and future of lipid nanoparticle-mRNA technology in phenylketonuria disease treatment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 372:159-174. [PMID: 36064263 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic rare disease characterized by a failure of the body to clear out the high levels of Phenylalanine (Phe), leading to devastating neurological defects and growth retardation. PKU was discovered in 1934 by AsbjrØrn FØlling, and even though there have been continuous efforts from the scientific community to find therapeutic approaches to modulate the high levels of phenylalanine found in the body of the PKU patients, an efficient therapy still needs to be developed. Current standard of care includes low phenylalanine diets, but the strict restrictions for patients and families makes it very difficult to adequately being implemented. FDA has approved two drugs to help reduce Phe levels in PKU patients: an enzyme substitution therapy, Palynziq® (PEGylated recombinant phenylalanine ammonia lyase), and Kuvan®, a supplemental tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) cofactor that enhances residual enzyme activity. Both treatments are restricted to certain PKU patients' population, and, therefore, there are still high unmet needs for most of the patients. The present review will focus on current advancements in lipid nanoparticles (LNP)-mRNA technologies and their potential in treating the root cause of PKU, a therapeutic approach that will be analyzed in the context of other promising therapeutic approaches that are been developed for PKU.
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40
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Roh EH, Fromen CA, Sullivan MO. Inhalable mRNA vaccines for respiratory diseases: a roadmap. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 74:104-109. [PMID: 34894574 PMCID: PMC9064875 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Global implementation of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines represents an enormous advance with far-reaching implications for respiratory disease treatment. mRNA vaccines offer exceptional efficacy and versatile capacity to be adapted to new viruses and variants; however, critical questions remain regarding immune persistence and formulation stability. This represents a significant opportunity for developing next-generation, inhaled mRNA vaccines with the ability to drive long-lasting, tissue-specific memory responses needed for rapid recall and immediate local protection. Advances in pulmonary delivery technologies offer potential to overcome translational challenges including design of aerosol-stable and lung-stable formulations, navigation of pulmonary biological barriers, and a lack of predictive models and measurement techniques. We highlight recent advances in each of these challenge areas to illuminate the path to translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther H Roh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Catherine A Fromen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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41
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Tai W, Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhu J, Du L. Advances in mRNA and other vaccines against MERS-CoV. Transl Res 2022; 242:20-37. [PMID: 34801748 PMCID: PMC8603276 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly pathogenic human coronavirus (CoV). Belonging to the same beta-CoV genus as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) and SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV has a significantly higher fatality rate with limited human-to-human transmissibility. MERS-CoV causes sporadic outbreaks, but no vaccines have yet been approved for use in humans, thus calling for continued efforts to develop effective vaccines against this important CoV. Similar to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV contains 4 structural proteins, among which the surface spike (S) protein has been used as a core component in the majority of currently developed MERS-CoV vaccines. Here, we illustrate the importance of the MERS-CoV S protein as a key vaccine target and provide an update on the currently developed MERS-CoV vaccines, including those based on DNAs, proteins, virus-like particles or nanoparticles, and viral vectors. Additionally, we describe approaches for designing MERS-CoV mRNA vaccines and explore the role and importance of naturally occurring pseudo-nucleosides in the design of effective MERS-CoV mRNA vaccines. This review also provides useful insights into designing and evaluating mRNA vaccines against other viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbo Tai
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York
| | - Yang Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Califonia; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Lanying Du
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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42
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Qin Z, Bouteau A, Herbst C, Igyártó BZ. Pre-exposure to mRNA-LNP inhibits adaptive immune responses and alters innate immune fitness in an inheritable fashion.. [PMID: 36032972 PMCID: PMC9413714 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.16.484616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-LNP vaccine doses have already been administered to humans. However, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the immune effects of this platform. The mRNA-LNP-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is highly inflammatory, and its synthetic ionizable lipid component responsible for the induction of inflammation has a long in vivo half-life. Since chronic inflammation can lead to immune exhaustion and non-responsiveness, we sought to determine the effects of pre-exposure to the mRNA-LNP on adaptive immune responses and innate immune fitness. We found that pre-exposure to mRNA-LNPs or LNP alone led to long-term inhibition of the adaptive immune responses, which could be overcome using standard adjuvants. On the other hand, we report that after pre-exposure to mRNA-LNPs, the resistance of mice to heterologous infections with influenza virus increased while Candida albicans decreased. The diminished resistance to Candida albicans correlated with a general decrease in blood neutrophil percentages. Interestingly, mice pre-exposed to the mRNA-LNP platform can pass down the acquired immune traits to their offspring, providing better protection against influenza. In summary, the mRNA-LNP vaccine platform induces long-term unexpected immunological changes affecting both adaptive immune responses and heterologous protection against infections. Thus, our studies highlight the need for more research to determine this platform’s true impact on human health. We bring experimental evidence that pre-exposure to mRNA-LNPs or its LNP component affects innate and adaptive immune responses. Pre-exposure to mRNA-LNPs led to long-term inhibition of the adaptive immune responses, which the use of adjuvants could overcome. On the other hand, we report that after pre-exposure to mRNA-LNPs, the resistance of mice to heterologous infections with influenza virus increased while Candida albicans decreased. We also detected a general neutropenia in the mRNA-LNP exposed mice. Interestingly, mice pre-exposed to mRNA-LNPs can pass down the acquired immune traits to their offspring. In summary, the mRNA-LNP vaccine platform induces long-term immunological changes that can affect both adaptive immune responses and heterologous protection against infections, some of which can be inherited by the offspring. More studies are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for these effects and determine this platform’s impact on human health.
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Tretiakova DS, Vodovozova EL. Liposomes as Adjuvants and Vaccine Delivery Systems. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT. SERIES A, MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2022; 16:1-20. [PMID: 35194485 PMCID: PMC8853224 DOI: 10.1134/s1990747822020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The review considers liposomes as systems of substantial interest as adjuvant carriers in vaccinology due to their versatility and maximal biocompatibility. Research and development on the use of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles to create subunit vaccines for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases has been going on for several decades. In recent years, the area has seen serious progress due to the improvement of the technology of industrial production of various high-grade lipids suitable for parenteral administration and the emergence of new technologies and equipment for the production of liposomal preparations. When developing vaccines, it is necessary to take into account how the body’s immune system (innate and adaptive immunity) functions. The review briefly describes some of the fundamental mechanisms underlying the mobilization of immunity when encountering an antigen, as well as the influence of liposome carriers on the processes of internalization of antigens by immunocompetent cells and ways of immune response induction. The results of the studies on the interactions of liposomes with antigen-presenting cells in function of the liposome size, charge, and phase state of the bilayer, which depends on the lipid composition, are often contradictory and should be verified in each specific case. The introduction of immunostimulant components into the composition of liposomal vaccine complexes—ligands of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors—permits modulation of the strength and type of the immune response. The review briefly discusses liposome-based vaccines approved for use in the clinic for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, including mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles. Examples of liposomal vaccines that undergo various stages of clinical trials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Tretiakova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - E L Vodovozova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
A favorable outcome of the COVID-19 crisis might be achieved with massive vaccination. The proposed vaccines contain several different vaccine active principles (VAP), such as inactivated virus, antigen, mRNA, and DNA, which are associated with either standard adjuvants or nanomaterials (NM) such as liposomes in Moderna's and BioNTech/Pfizer's vaccines. COVID-19 vaccine adjuvants may be chosen among liposomes or other types of NM composed for example of graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, micelles, exosomes, membrane vesicles, polymers, or metallic NM, taking inspiration from cancer nano-vaccines, whose adjuvants may share some of their properties with those of viral vaccines. The mechanisms of action of nano-adjuvants are based on the facilitation by NM of targeting certain regions of immune interest such as the mucus, lymph nodes, and zones of infection or blood irrigation, the possible modulation of the type of attachment of the VAP to NM, in particular VAP positioning on the NM external surface to favor VAP presentation to antigen presenting cells (APC) or VAP encapsulation within NM to prevent VAP degradation, and the possibility to adjust the nature of the immune response by tuning the physico-chemical properties of NM such as their size, surface charge, or composition. The use of NM as adjuvants or the presence of nano-dimensions in COVID-19 vaccines does not only have the potential to improve the vaccine benefit/risk ratio, but also to reduce the dose of vaccine necessary to reach full efficacy. It could therefore ease the overall spread of COVID-19 vaccines within a sufficiently large portion of the world population to exit the current crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Alphandéry
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, 75005 Paris, France. .,Nanobacterie SARL, 36 Boulevard Flandrin, 75116, Paris, France.,Institute of Anatomy, UZH University of Zurich, Instiute of Anatomy, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhang Y, Hu Y, Tian H, Chen X. Opportunities and Challenges for mRNA Delivery Nanoplatforms. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1314-1322. [PMID: 35107010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccines became the first type of COVID-19 vaccines to enter clinical trials because of their facile production, low cost, and relative safety, which initiated great advances in mRNA therapeutic techniques. However, the development of mRNA therapeutic techniques still confronts some challenges. First, in vitro transcribed mRNA molecules can be easily degraded by ribonuclease (RNase), resulting in their low stability. Next, the negative charge of mRNA molecules prevents them from direct cell entry. Therefore, finding efficient and safe delivery technology could be the key issue to improve mRNA therapeutic techniques. In this Perspective, we mainly discuss the problems of the existing mRNA-based delivery nanoplatforms, including safety evaluation, administration routes, and preparation technology. Moreover, we also propose some views on strategies to further improve mRNA delivery technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
| | - Huayu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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46
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Lin Y, Wagner E, Lächelt U. Non-viral delivery of the CRISPR/Cas system: DNA versus RNA versus RNP. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1166-1192. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01658j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the CRISPR/Cas technology has rapidly become an essential tool in modern biomedical research. The opportunities to specifically modify and correct genomic DNA has also raised big hope...
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47
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Ndeupen S, Qin Z, Jacobsen S, Bouteau A, Estanbouli H, Igyártó BZ. The mRNA-LNP platform's lipid nanoparticle component used in preclinical vaccine studies is highly inflammatory. iScience 2021; 24:103479. [PMID: 34841223 PMCID: PMC8604799 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines based on mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are a promising new platform used by two leading vaccines against COVID-19. Clinical trials and ongoing vaccinations present with varying degrees of protection levels and side effects. However, the drivers of the reported side effects remain poorly defined. Here we present evidence that Acuitas' LNPs used in preclinical nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine studies are highly inflammatory in mice. Intradermal and intramuscular injection of these LNPs led to rapid and robust inflammatory responses, characterized by massive neutrophil infiltration, activation of diverse inflammatory pathways, and production of various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The same dose of LNP delivered intranasally led to similar inflammatory responses in the lung and resulted in a high mortality rate, with mechanism unresolved. Thus, the mRNA-LNP platforms' potency in supporting the induction of adaptive immune responses and the observed side effects may stem from the LNPs' highly inflammatory nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ndeupen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107 PA, USA
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107 PA, USA
| | - Sonya Jacobsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107 PA, USA
| | - Aurélie Bouteau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107 PA, USA
| | - Henri Estanbouli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107 PA, USA
| | - Botond Z. Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107 PA, USA
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48
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Baldwin J, Piplani S, Sakala IG, Honda-Okubo Y, Li L, Petrovsky N. Rapid development of analytical methods for evaluating pandemic vaccines: a COVID-19 perspective. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1805-1826. [PMID: 34645288 PMCID: PMC8516068 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are key in charting a path out of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, development of new vaccines is highly dependent on availability of analytical methods for their design and evaluation. This paper highlights the challenges presented in having to rapidly develop vaccine analytical tools during an ongoing pandemic, including the need to address progressive virus mutation and adaptation which can render initial assays unreliable or redundant. It also discusses the potential of new computational modeling techniques to model and analyze key viral proteins and their attributes to assist vaccine production and assay design. It then reviews the current range of analytical tools available for COVID-19 vaccine application, ranging from in vitro assays for immunogen characterization to assays to measure vaccine responses in vivo. Finally, it provides a future perspective for COVID-19 vaccine analytical tools and attempts to predict how the field might evolve over the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Baldwin
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide, 5046, Australia
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide, 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
| | - Isaac G Sakala
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide, 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
| | - Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide, 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
| | - Lei Li
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide, 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide, 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
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49
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Thompson MG, Sacco MT, Horner SM. How RNA modifications regulate the antiviral response. Immunol Rev 2021; 304:169-180. [PMID: 34405413 PMCID: PMC8616813 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Induction of the antiviral innate immune response is highly regulated at the RNA level, particularly by RNA modifications. Recent discoveries have revealed how RNA modifications play key roles in cellular surveillance of nucleic acids and in controlling gene expression in response to viral infection. These modifications have emerged as being essential for a functional antiviral response and maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review, we will highlight these and other discoveries that describe how the antiviral response is controlled by modifications to both viral and cellular RNA, focusing on how mRNA cap modifications, N6-methyladenosine, and RNA editing all contribute to coordinating an efficient response that properly controls viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew T Sacco
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stacy M Horner
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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50
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Gómez-Aguado I, Rodríguez-Castejón J, Beraza-Millor M, Vicente-Pascual M, Rodríguez-Gascón A, Garelli S, Battaglia L, del Pozo-Rodríguez A, Solinís MÁ. mRNA-Based Nanomedicinal Products to Address Corneal Inflammation by Interleukin-10 Supplementation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1472. [PMID: 34575548 PMCID: PMC8466377 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is considered an efficient treatment for corneal inflammation, in spite of its short half-life and poor eye bioavailability. In the present work, mRNA-based nanomedicinal products based on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were developed in order to produce IL-10 to treat corneal inflammation. mRNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) or human IL-10 was complexed with different SLNs and ligands. After, physicochemical characterization, transfection efficacy, intracellular disposition, cellular uptake and IL-10 expression of the nanosystems were evaluated in vitro in human corneal epithelial (HCE-2) cells. Energy-dependent mechanisms favoured HCE-2 transfection, whereas protein production was influenced by energy-independent uptake mechanisms. Nanovectors with a mean particle size between 94 and 348 nm and a positive superficial charge were formulated as eye drops containing 1% (w/v) of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with 7.1-7.5 pH. After three days of topical administration to mice, all formulations produced GFP in the corneal epithelium of mice. SLNs allowed the obtaining of a higher transfection efficiency than naked mRNA. All formulations produce IL-10, and the interleukin was even observed in the deeper layers of the epithelium of mice depending on the formulation. This work shows the potential application of mRNA-SLN-based nanosystems to address corneal inflammation by gene augmentation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Gómez-Aguado
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.G.-A.); (J.R.-C.); (M.B.-M.); (M.V.-P.); (A.R.-G.)
- Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Julen Rodríguez-Castejón
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.G.-A.); (J.R.-C.); (M.B.-M.); (M.V.-P.); (A.R.-G.)
- Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Marina Beraza-Millor
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.G.-A.); (J.R.-C.); (M.B.-M.); (M.V.-P.); (A.R.-G.)
- Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Mónica Vicente-Pascual
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.G.-A.); (J.R.-C.); (M.B.-M.); (M.V.-P.); (A.R.-G.)
| | - Alicia Rodríguez-Gascón
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.G.-A.); (J.R.-C.); (M.B.-M.); (M.V.-P.); (A.R.-G.)
- Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Sara Garelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Luigi Battaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Ana del Pozo-Rodríguez
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.G.-A.); (J.R.-C.); (M.B.-M.); (M.V.-P.); (A.R.-G.)
- Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Solinís
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.G.-A.); (J.R.-C.); (M.B.-M.); (M.V.-P.); (A.R.-G.)
- Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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