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Azarm V, Link JP, Mandilaras G, Li P, Dalla-Pozza R, Jakob A, Haas NA, Oberhoffer FS, Schrader M. Acute Cardiovascular Effects of Simultaneous Energy Drink and Alcohol Consumption in Young Adults: A Review of Case Reports. Pediatr Rep 2024; 16:618-630. [PMID: 39189286 PMCID: PMC11348372 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric16030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of this review was to identify and summarize adverse cardiovascular health events associated with the simultaneous consumption of energy drinks (ED) and alcohol. Potential prevention strategies and the implementation of research toward the underlying mechanisms for these pathologies were highlighted to emphasize the need for further investigation and to encourage more attention to this field. (2) Methods: The PubMed database was searched for case reports linked with adverse cardiovascular events after simultaneous ED and alcohol consumption. Inclusion criteria were: the reported age of the patient is between 16 and 35 years and confirmed co-consumption of EDs and alcohol. All relevant articles that met the inclusion criteria were fully read and all relevant data was extracted. The extracted data was summarized and presented in this review of cases. (3) Results: In total, 10 cases were identified. The analysis showed that mainly young adults (median age = 24.5 years), in particular men (80%) were affected. The three parts of the cardiovascular system affected were heart rhythm (42%), myocardial function (33%), and coronary arteries (25%). In 3 cases the outcome was fatal. Moreover, preexisting health conditions and/or potential trigger factors were present in 60% of selected cases. (4) Conclusions: This review of case reports suggests that the simultaneous consumption of EDs and alcohol can lead to adverse cardiovascular health events and even incidents with fatal outcomes were reported. Potential trigger factors and preexisting health conditions seem to increase the probability of adverse cardiovascular health events. Consumers should be informed about the potential risks and follow responsible consumption behavior to prevent future health events. More systematic studies are needed to determine the acute effects on the cardiovascular system in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Meike Schrader
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
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2
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Maciejewska K, Moczarska W. Single Dose of an Energy Dietary Supplement with a Small Amount of Caffeine Prevents an Increase of a Low Frequency Resting State EEG in Possible Mental Fatigue. Neuroscience 2023; 527:1-10. [PMID: 37437800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing needs to enhance our cognitive performance, and decrease fatigue with increasing number of tasks in our everyday life, it's interesting to study whether a small amount of active substance present in dietary supplements, is enough to impact cognition. We investigated an acute effect of an energy dietary supplement containing low amount of caffeine (55 mg) and other stimulatory ingredients by means of a resting state EEG in a double blind, placebo controlled study (N = 47, 27 women). The use of a nonparametric cluster-based permutation analysis allowed us to observed a significant group × block interaction effect after 90 minutes post-ingestion (P = 0.022 cluster corrected) in the 'eyes closed' condition, i.e. an increase in normalized rsEEG power in the placebo group, which was abolished in the study group. This difference corresponded to a broad spatio-spectral cluster between around 6.5 Hz and 10.5 Hz (i.e. high theta and low alpha band) maximal over centro-temporo-parieto-occipital scalp areas. Similar trend but without significant effect was found in the 'eyes open' condition. Our results suggest that low caffeine content dietary supplementation acts as a reversal of the fatigue-related brain activity in the neural networks active in the resting state. These findings not only may help to clarify previous nonconclusive findings, but more importantly, show that an ingestion of caffeinated stimulants before neurocognitive examinations, both in research and diagnostics, should be taken into account, as they may influence cognition, even in small doses and when the effects are absent in the behavioral measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Maciejewska
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Poland.
| | - Wiktoria Moczarska
- College of Interdisciplinary Studies at the University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
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3
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Pan PY, Cortese S, Bölte S. Rejoinder to commentary by Drs. Boaz Musafia and Gilad Rosenberg. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4286-4287. [PMID: 37727993 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721005298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yin Pan
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences & Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Curtin Autism Research Group, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia
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4
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Cadoni C, Peana AT. Energy drinks at adolescence: Awareness or unawareness? Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1080963. [PMID: 36891321 PMCID: PMC9986288 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1080963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks (EDs) are beverages similar to soft drinks, characterized by high caffeine concentrations with additional ingredients like taurine and vitamins, marketed for boosting energy, reducing tiredness, increasing concentration, and for their ergogenic effect. The majority of consumers are children, adolescents, and young athletes. Although EDs companies claim about the ergogenic and remineralizing properties of their products, there is a serious lack of evidence at preclinical as well as clinical level to validate their benefits. The regular intake and long-term consequences of these caffeinated drinks are not well documented, especially the possible negative effects in adolescents whose brain is still developing. EDs combined with alcohol are also gaining popularity among adolescents and different publications indicate that this combined consumption might increase the risk to develop an alcohol use disorder, as well as produce serious adverse cardiovascular effects. There is an increasing need to disseminate knowledge on EDs damage on health, so that adolescents can be aware about the potential harmful outcomes of consuming these drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cadoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Cagliari, Italy
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5
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Tomanic M, Paunovic K, Lackovic M, Djurdjevic K, Nestorovic M, Jakovljevic A, Markovic M. Energy Drinks and Sleep among Adolescents. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183813. [PMID: 36145187 PMCID: PMC9502542 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many adolescents worldwide have the problem of meeting recommended nightly sleep hours. The causes of sleep disturbance are multifactorial, but interest in food’s effect on sleep has dramatically increased lately. In this study, we investigated the association between regular energy drink (ED) intake (weekly or more frequent) and sufficient sleep (SS) (≥8 h) in adolescents. Additional objectives were to examine the relationship between health-related behaviors and SS, stratified by gender. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted during the 2019/2020 school year from 12 schools in Belgrade. There were 1287 students aged 15 to 19 who participated (37.4% male). We used a modified version of the food frequency questionnaire adapted for Serbian adolescents. Logistic regression revealed that regular ED consumption was an independent risk factor negatively related to SS in both sexes. Additionally, daily vegetable and water intake (≥2 L) showed a positive correlation with SS in boys, while in girls, the odds of realizing SS decreased with statements of sedative use. In conclusion, we show that ED intake is negatively associated with SS in both sexes; daily vegetable and water intake (≥2 L) may raise the odds of SS in boys, while sedative use may decrease the chances of SS in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Tomanic
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarina Paunovic
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Lackovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Psychiatry, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Djurdjevic
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Nestorovic
- Clinic for Psychiatry, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Jakovljevic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Markovic
- Clinic for Mental Disorders “Dr Laza Lazarevic”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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6
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Han K, You KM, Jung JH. A case of refractory ventricular fibrillation after caffeine poisoning successfully treated by supportive care. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1710-1712. [PMID: 36561958 PMCID: PMC9764166 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxantine), a structural analog of adenosine, is widely used as a central nervous system stimulant in beverages and drugs. Caffeine overdose induces hypokalemia, fatal ventricular fibrillation, and cardiac arrest, resulting in death. We describe a case of caffeine overdose that presented with refractory ventricular fibrillation that was treated with supportive care because invasive care for severely ill patients was limited due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A 20-year-old woman with no underlying medical history ingested 90,200-mg caffeine tablets (total dose 18 g) in a suicide attempt. She was transported to the emergency department 45 min after ingestion with dizziness, palpitations, nausea, and vomiting. She developed cardiac arrest 80 min after ingesting the caffeine, with refractory ventricular tachycardia that recurred for about 2.5 h. Advanced life support including defibrillation was started immediately and we gave intravenous Intralipid emulsion, potassium chloride, amiodarone, and esmolol, without hemodialysis or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The ventricular fibrillation was stopped 4 h after ingestion. As supportive care, mechanical ventilation, sedatives, and neuromuscular blockade were continued until 12 h after ingestion. Although she suffered from prolonged, refractory ventricular tachycardia, she recovered without complications. This case report describes the clinical course of severe caffeine intoxication without an active elimination method, such as hemodialysis or ECMO and explores the treatment of caffeine intoxication with a literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichan Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Min You
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University, Boramae Medical Center, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Jung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University, Boramae Medical Center, Republic of Korea,Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea,Correspondence to: Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Sindaebang-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Verschoor-Kirss M, Rozanski E, Rush JE. Use of esmolol for control of tachycardia in 28 dogs and cats (2003-2020). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 32:243-248. [PMID: 34874604 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the indications and clinical response for dogs and cats treated with esmolol. DESIGN Retrospective case series from 2003 to 2020. SETTING Single university veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Twenty-two dogs and 6 cats. INTERVENTIONS Animals received either a bolus or bolus and continuous rate infusion of the ultrashort-acting beta receptor antagonist, esmolol. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Twenty-two animals were treated for either a supraventricular or sinus tachycardia, 5 were treated for a ventricular tachycardia, and 1 was treated for atrial fibrillation. Esmolol was most frequently used in dogs (N = 9) who had ingested a toxin such as albuterol, amphetamine, or chocolate. Esmolol was administered at median bolus dose of 330 µg/kg (range 10-1000 µg/kg) and continued as a continuous rate infusion in 15 animals at a median dose of 50 µg/kg/min. Defining success as a reduction in heart rate of 20% or greater, esmolol therapy was considered successful in 13 of 28 animals (46%). Animals treated for a toxicosis were more likely to have a successful rate reduction than those treated for other causes (P = 0.006). Nineteen animals survived to discharge. Both treatment success (P = 0.046) and treatment for a toxicosis (P = 0.003) were associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS Esmolol administration was well tolerated by dogs and cats with tachycardia due to intoxication. Heart rate reduction by at least 20% was achieved in 46% of cases. Animals with toxin ingestion were more likely to be discharged from the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Rozanski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John E Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
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Effects of Caffeine and Caffeinated Beverages in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults: Short Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312389. [PMID: 34886115 PMCID: PMC8656548 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of ED consumption has increased over the past 10–15 years. Studies describing the effects of caffeine and caffeinated beverages show confusing results, so it seems important to regularly summarize the available facts, and in more detail. By a thorough analysis of more than 156 scientific papers, the authors describe the molecular background of absorption, as well as the positive and negative effects of different dosages of caffeine, just like its effects in physical activity and performance. ED and EDwA consumption is a regular habit of not only adults, but nowadays even of children and adolescents. There are no safe dosages described of caffeine or ED consumption for children. There are no positive short- or long-term effects of these compounds/products concerning developing brain functions, psycho-motor functions, or social development. Instead, there are many unpleasant side effects, and symptoms of regular or higher-dose ED consumption, especially at younger ages. This mini review describes many details of these unpleasant side effects, their severity, and motivations for consuming these compounds/products. In a quantitative research in Hungary (10–26 years, mean age: 15.6 ± 3.8 y, 1459 subjects, randomly chosen population), a survey based on a questionnaire asking people about their ED consumption habits was conducted. According to the data, 81.8% of the participants consumed EDs at least once, and 63.3% tried several products of the kind. A positive correlation was found between age and consumption (p < 0.001). The results show that a high proportion of this group often consumed EDwA, in many cases leading to harmful side-effects of caffeine overdose. In a sample of Hungarian high school and college students (17–26 years), ED consumption matched the international data, and only 19.7% of respondents did not use EDs at all (had never tasted an ED in their life).
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Moussa M, Hansz K, Rasmussen M, Gillman C, Pollard C, Kwak E, Izsak E. Cardiovascular Effects of Energy Drinks in the Pediatric Population. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37:578-582. [PMID: 32569249 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Consumption of energy drinks in the pediatric population is correlated with more emergency department visits and causes adverse reactions, such as neurological, psychiatric, gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular effects. These cardiovascular complications include increased cardiometabolic risk with high intake of sugar, short-term blood pressure increases and a decrease in cerebral blood flow due to the caffeine content, increased or decreased blood pressure from taurine, unmasked cardiac conditions, such as channelopathies, and atrial and ventral fibrillations. Cardiovascular complications can also arise when energy drinks are mixed with pharmaceutical drugs, such as amiodarone, potent CYP1A2 inhibitors, warfarin, digoxin, or corticosteroids. Combining energy drinks with alcohol also precipitates adverse cardiovascular events, posing a risk to the health of children and adolescents. This review further explores the ingredients in energy drinks and their mechanism of action in causing these cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Moussa
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences
| | - Keith Hansz
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences
| | - Michaela Rasmussen
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences
| | - Cassidy Gillman
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences
| | - Casey Pollard
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences
| | - Eunice Kwak
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences
| | - Eugene Izsak
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Promedica Toledo Hospital, Toledo, OH
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10
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Gache LSDS, Vaz J, Almeida-de-Souza J. Systematic Review of the Effects of Coffee or Its Components on Platelets and Their Regulators. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2021.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josiana Vaz
- Escola Superior de Saúde com sede no Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Montanha (CIMO) com sede no Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Juliana Almeida-de-Souza
- Escola Superior de Saúde com sede no Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Montanha (CIMO) com sede no Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
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11
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Compliant 3D frameworks instrumented with strain sensors for characterization of millimeter-scale engineered muscle tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100077118. [PMID: 33941674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100077118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-on-chip systems represent promising platforms for monitoring and controlling tissue functions in vitro for various purposes in biomedical research. The two-dimensional (2D) layouts of these constructs constrain the types of interactions that can be studied and limit their relevance to three-dimensional (3D) tissues. The development of 3D electronic scaffolds and microphysiological devices with geometries and functions tailored to realistic 3D tissues has the potential to create important possibilities in advanced sensing and control. This study presents classes of compliant 3D frameworks that incorporate microscale strain sensors for high-sensitivity measurements of contractile forces of engineered optogenetic muscle tissue rings, supported by quantitative simulations. Compared with traditional approaches based on optical microscopy, these 3D mechanical frameworks and sensing systems can measure not only motions but also contractile forces with high accuracy and high temporal resolution. Results of active tension force measurements of engineered muscle rings under different stimulation conditions in long-term monitoring settings for over 5 wk and in response to various chemical and drug doses demonstrate the utility of such platforms in sensing and modulation of muscle and other tissues. Possibilities for applications range from drug screening and disease modeling to biohybrid robotic engineering.
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12
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Sivalokanathan S, Małek ŁA, Malhotra A. The Cardiac Effects of Performance-Enhancing Medications: Caffeine vs. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020324. [PMID: 33671206 PMCID: PMC7922604 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several performance-enhancing or ergogenic drugs have been linked to both significant adverse cardiovascular effects and increased cardiovascular risk. Even with increased scrutiny on the governance of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in professional sport and heightened awareness of the associated cardiovascular risk, there are some who are prepared to risk their use to gain competitive advantage. Caffeine is the most commonly consumed drug in the world and its ergogenic properties have been reported for decades. Thus, the removal of caffeine from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of banned substances, in 2004, has naturally led to an exponential rise in its use amongst athletes. The response to caffeine is complex and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Whilst the evidence may be equivocal, the ability of an athlete to train longer or at a greater power output cannot be overlooked. Furthermore, its impact on the myocardium remains unanswered. In contrast, anabolic androgenic steroids are recognised PEDs that improve athletic performance, increase muscle growth and suppress fatigue. Their use, however, comes at a cost, afflicting the individual with several side effects, including those that are detrimental to the cardiovascular system. This review addresses the effects of the two commonest PEDs, one legal, the other prohibited, and their respective effects on the heart, as well as the challenge in defining its long-term implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sivalokanathan
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St. George’s University of London and St. George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SW17 0RE, UK;
| | - Łukasz A. Małek
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aneil Malhotra
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St. George’s University of London and St. George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SW17 0RE, UK;
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, Manchester M11 3BS, UK
- Correspondence:
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13
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Consider Going Decaf: An Intentional Caffeine Overdose in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Med 2020; 59:e163-e165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Kaur S, Christian H, Cooper MN, Francis J, Allen K, Trapp G. Consumption of energy drinks is associated with depression, anxiety, and stress in young adult males: Evidence from a longitudinal cohort study. Depress Anxiety 2020; 37:1089-1098. [PMID: 32845046 DOI: 10.1002/da.23090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks (EDs) claim to boost mental performance, however, few studies have examined the prospective effects of EDs on mental health. This study examined longitudinal associations between ED use and mental health symptoms in young adults aged 20 years over a 2-year period. METHODS Data were drawn from Gen2 (Generation 2) of the Raine Study, a prospective population-based study in Western Australia. Self-report questionnaires assessed ED consumption and mental health symptoms (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale [DASS]-21) when Gen2 participants were 20 and 22 years old. Changes in ED use and DASS-21 scores over time were analyzed and results presented for the whole sample and by sex. RESULTS For the whole sample (n = 429), participants who changed from being a non-ED user to an ED user had an average increase in stress scores of 2.30 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.04, 4.55) across the 2-year follow-up. Males, but not females who changed from being a non-ED user to an ED user had an average increase in depression, anxiety, and stress scores of 6.09 (95% CI = 3.36, 8.81), 3.76 (95% CI = 1.82, 5.70), and 3.22 (95% CI = 0.47, 5.97), respectively. CONCLUSION ED consumption may be a possible marker for mental health symptoms in young male adults. Practicing clinicians could consider screening for ED use in routine assessments of mental health, particularly for young males presenting with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simrat Kaur
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hayley Christian
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew N Cooper
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jacinta Francis
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karina Allen
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Eating Disorders Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gina Trapp
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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15
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Mai-Lippold SA, Dettlinger CM, Khalsa SS, Pollatos O. A Pilot Study on the Effect of an Energy Drink on Interoception in High vs. Low Anxiety Sensitivity Individuals. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Background: The market for energy drinks has grown quickly over the past 20 years. While the physiological and psychological effects of different ingredients have been studied, the influence of energy drinks on interoceptive processes is unclear. Anxiety has been associated with amplified interoceptive functioning, suggesting potentially exaggerated reactions to energy drinks. Aims: Investigate the effect of energy drink consumption and anxiety sensitivity (AS) as well as their possible interactions on cardiorespiratory dimensions of interoception. Method: Thirty-nine healthy students consumed an energy drink via a placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover design. Cardiac and respiratory interoceptive accuracy (IAcc), interoceptive sensibility (IS), and interoceptive evaluation (IE) were assessed. Heartbeat-evoked potentials (HEPs) were analyzed to evaluate neural processing of the heartbeat. Results: Consumption of one energy drink did not influence IAcc, IS, or IE. However, high AS subjects reported reduced interoceptive confidence after energy drink intake. While HEP amplitudes did not differ depending on the type of drink, high AS subjects showed reduced HEPs overall compared to low AS subjects. Heart rate was significantly lower following energy drink consumption as compared to the placebo condition. Limitations: The sample size was small, energy dosages low, and physiological parameters should be assessed in more detail. Conclusion: Energy drink consumption was associated with an interoceptive bias in high AS individuals suggesting possible interaction effects between changes in physical state, interoception, and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sahib S. Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, University of Tulsa, OK, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Olga Pollatos
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Germany
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Santos C, Santos da Silva BN, Amorim Ferreira e Ferreira AFT, Santos C, Lima N, da Silva Bentes JL. Fungal Endophytic Community Associated with Guarana ( Paullinia cupana Var. Sorbilis): Diversity Driver by Genotypes in the Centre of Origin. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E123. [PMID: 32751796 PMCID: PMC7558939 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Guarana plant is a native of the Amazon region. Due to its high amount of caffeine and tannins, the seed has medicinal and stimulating properties. The guarana industry has grown exponentially in recent years; however, little information is available about associated mycobiota, particularly endophytic fungi. The present study aimed to compare the distribution and diversity of endophytic fungi associated with the leaves and seeds of anthracnose-resistant and susceptible guarana plants produced in Maués and Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. A total of 7514 endophytic fungi were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar, Sabouraud and Czapek media, and grouped into 77 morphological groups. Overall, fungal communities in guarana leaves and seeds were mainly composed by Colletotrichum and Fusarium genera, but also by Chondrostereum, Clonostachys, Curvularia, Hypomontagnella, Lentinus, Neopestalotiopsis, Nigrospora, Peroneutypa, Phyllosticta, Simplicillium and Tinctoporellus. Obtained results indicate that some members of Colletotrichum and Fusarium genera may have experienced dysbiosis during the guarana domestication process, suggesting that some individuals may behave as latent pathogens. The susceptible guarana genotype cultivated in Manaus presented higher fungal diversity. The relative abundance of taxa and diversity among samples suggests that communities are structured by genotype and geographic location. This is the first report of mycobiota in both guarana leaves and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santos
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (C.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Blenda Naara Santos da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Agronomy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus-AM 69067-005, Brazil; (B.N.S.d.S.); (A.F.T.A.F.eF.); (J.L.d.S.B.)
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811-230, Chile
| | | | - Cledir Santos
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811-230, Chile
| | - Nelson Lima
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (C.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Jânia Lília da Silva Bentes
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Agronomy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus-AM 69067-005, Brazil; (B.N.S.d.S.); (A.F.T.A.F.eF.); (J.L.d.S.B.)
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Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Masengo L, Hamilton HA, Chaput JP. Energy Drink Consumption and Substance Use Among Middle and High School Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3110. [PMID: 32365667 PMCID: PMC7246708 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the association between energy drink consumption and substance use among adolescents and tested whether sex and/or grade level (i.e., middle vs. high school) moderate the association. Data were derived from the 2017 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey, a representative survey of students in 7th to 12th grade. Analyses included 10,662 students who self-reported information on energy drink consumption and substance use. Poisson regression models were used with adjustments for important covariates. Energy drink consumption was associated with tobacco cigarette smoking (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 3.74; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.22-4.35), cannabis use (IRR: 2.90; 95% CI: 2.53-3.32), binge drinking (IRR: 2.46; 95% CI: 2.05-2.96), opioid use (IRR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.85-2.68), and alcohol use (IRR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.26-1.36). The associations of energy drink consumption with tobacco cigarette smoking, cannabis use, and alcohol consumption were modified by grade level (two-way interaction terms p < 0.05). The association between energy drink consumption and substance use was generally much stronger among middle school students compared with high school students. The findings suggest that middle school students may be more vulnerable to the negative effects of energy drinks in relation with substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Sampasa-Kanyinga
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada;
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Lydie Masengo
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Hayley A. Hamilton
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada;
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada;
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
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Oliver Anglès A, Camprubí Condom L, Valero Coppin O, Oliván Abejar J. [Prevalence and associated factors to energy drinks consumption among teenagers in the province of Barcelona (Spain)]. GACETA SANITARIA 2020; 35:153-160. [PMID: 31959366 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the prevalence of energy drinks consumption among 4th year high school students in the province of Barcelona (Spain), and its association to sociodemographic characteristics and health related habits. METHOD Cross-sectional study including 8078 students from randomly selected high schools in 41 municipalities. Sociodemographic and health characteristics were collected from the Questionnaire on health related habits. Studied variables: energy drinks consumption, sociodemographic characteristics, health related habits and risk behaviours. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. To analyse the factors associated with energy drinks consumption, logistic regression models were used, adjusting by sex and age and considering significance at p-value <0.05. RESULTS 30.9% of the sample consumed energy drinks during the last week. According to the model, consumption was higher among men (odds ratio [OR]: 3.29; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.82-3.83), first generation migrants (OR: 2.46; 95%CI: 2.01-3.03), and children of parents without studies (OR: 3.15; 95%CI: 2.08-4.77). Not having breakfast (OR: 1.53; 95%CI: 1.17-2.00), practising sport (OR: 1.40; 95%CI: 1.11-1.75), regular alcohol (OR: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.19-1.91) and tobacco (OR: 1.79; 95%CI: 1.33-2.41) consumption, and a worse school performance (OR: 2.21; 95%CI: 1.47-3.32), were also risk factors for energy drinks use. CONCLUSIONS Energy drinks consumption is a prevalent habit among adolescents. Its pattern varies depending on sociodemographic characteristics, with gender playing a relevant role. Health related habits and risk behaviours have been associated too to energy drinks use. Further evidence regarding consumption and its risk factors will allow the development of effective preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Valero Coppin
- Servicio de Estadística Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), España
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Maciejewska K, Grabowska K. Acute effect of energy boost dietary supplement on P3 waveform: double blind, placebo controlled study. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Energy drink consumption among German adolescents: Prevalence, correlates, and predictors of initiation. Appetite 2019; 139:172-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Butler AE, Qian W, Leatherdale ST. Caffeinated energy drink consumption and predictors of use among secondary school students over time in the COMPASS cohort study. Prev Med Rep 2019; 15:100911. [PMID: 31194103 PMCID: PMC6551549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of caffeinated energy drinks (CED) by youth is a public health priority, given the lack of regulation and evidence for both short and long-term health effects of CED use. Considering the potential risks associated with excessive caffeine consumption, this paper examined CED consumption and predictors of CED use over time in a large sample of Canadian secondary school students participating in the COMPASS study. Using linked longitudinal data (n = 4949) from the first three years of the COMPASS study (2012/13 to 2014/15), three logistic Generalized Estimated Equation models were performed to examine predictors of weekday CED use, weekend CED use, and weekly CED use. The prevalence of weekly CED use remained fairly consistent across the three years of follow-up; 12.5% in year-1, 11.3% in year-2, and 11.4% in year-3. Smokers and marijuana users at follow-up were all at greater odds of weekday or weekly CED use, regardless of baseline use. Binge drinkers at baseline were at greater odds for weekday or weekly CED use, but not if they started binge drinking after their baseline year. Marijuana users at follow-up were all at greater odds of weekend CED use, regardless of baseline marijuana use. >1 in 10 youth reported consuming CEDs one or more times per week, where specific subpopulations of youth, such as marijuana users, appear to be more frequent CED users. Although CED use remained relatively constant over the three-year period examined, prevalence of CED use remains problematic among secondary school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Butler
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Wei Qian
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Scott T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Butragueño Laiseca L, Toledo del Castillo B, Miranda Herrero M. Energy drinks as a trigger factor for seizures in paediatric patients: A case report. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Butragueño Laiseca L, Toledo del Castillo B, Miranda Herrero M. Bebidas enérgicas como desencadenante de crisis convulsivas en pacientes pediátricos: a propósito de un caso. Neurologia 2019; 34:343-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Husarova D, Blinka L, Madarasova Geckova A, Sirucek J, van Dijk JP, Reijneveld SA. Do sleeping habits mediate the association between time spent on digital devices and school problems in adolescence? Eur J Public Health 2019; 28:463-468. [PMID: 29177445 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study examined the associations of Internet and computer screen time with school difficulties and the role of sleep quality and soft and energy drinks consumption. Methods We used data from the cross-sectional Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study collected in 2014 among Slovak adolescents (aged 11.0-15.9 years, N = 7595, 48.1% boys). We examined the inter-relations between time spent with on digital devices (time spent playing digital games or Internet use), sleeping quality (sleeping shortage, sleeping difficulties), soft/energy drinks consumption and school problems (low academic achievement, disliking school, being pressured by schoolwork and truancy), using structural equation modeling. Results Results showed that the more time adolescents spent on digital devices during leisure time, the more school problems they had. This association was mediated by a higher consumption of soft or energy drinks and a lower quality of sleeping. The direct effect of time spent on digital devices on school problems and its indirect effect via sleeping quality were relatively small (-0.26 and -0.30, respectively, standardized solution), compared with the indirect effect of time spent on digital devices via soft/energy drinks consumption as well as sleeping quality (0.65, standardized solution). Conclusions Time spent on digital devices is associated with school problems, with sleeping and soft/energy drinks consumption playing a substantial role in this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Husarova
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Lukas Blinka
- Institute for Research on Children, Youth and Family, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Andrea Madarasova Geckova
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sirucek
- Institute for Research on Children, Youth and Family, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitse P van Dijk
- Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Community & Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijmen A Reijneveld
- Department of Community & Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Temple JL. Review: Trends, Safety, and Recommendations for Caffeine Use in Children and Adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 58:36-45. [PMID: 30577937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Caffeine use is common in children and adolescents, but the recommendations for safe consumption are based on decades-old data collected exclusively in adults. Increased availability of caffeine-containing products and a concerted marketing effort aimed at children and adolescents, has increased interest in understanding the physiological, behavioral, and psychological effects of caffeine within this population. This manuscript provides a review of the literature concerning trends and safety of ingested caffeine in children and adolescents. METHOD A search of the National Library of Medicine database was conducted using the terms caffeine, children, adolescents, and safety, in addition to tailored searches on specific topics using combinations of search terms such as energy drinks, cardiovascular, mood, cognitive, mental health, sleep, and regulations. RESULTS The majority of the literature reviewed here suggests that typical, moderate caffeine consumption in children and adolescents is relatively safe, but that higher doses of caffeine consumption (>400 mg) can cause physiological, psychological, and behavioral harm, in particular in subgroups of children, such as those with psychiatric or cardiac conditions. More attention is being paid to the potential adverse effects of both acute and chronic caffeine use, and additional regulations surrounding the sale and marketing of highly caffeinated beverages are now being considered. CONCLUSION More research is needed to fill in gaps in our knowledge, including understanding the relationship between caffeine use and initiation of other substances, such as cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana, identifying individuals at risk for caffeine toxicity, and developing harm-reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Temple
- School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, NY.
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Marques LLM, Ferreira EDF, Paula MND, Klein T, Mello JCPD. Paullinia cupana: a multipurpose plant – a review. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Willson C. The clinical toxicology of caffeine: A review and case study. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:1140-1152. [PMID: 30505695 PMCID: PMC6247400 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a widely recognized psychostimulant compound with a long history of consumption by humans. While it has received a significant amount of attention there is still much to be learned with respect to its toxicology in humans, especially in cases of overdose. A review of the history of consumption and the clinical toxicology of caffeine including clinical features, pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, a thorough examination of mechanism of action and management/treatment strategies are undertaken. While higher (i.e., several grams) quantities of caffeine are known to cause toxicity and potentially lethality, cases of mainly younger individuals who have experienced severe side effects and death despite consuming doses not otherwise known to cause such harm is troubling and deserves further study. An attempted case reconstruction is performed in an effort to shed light on this issue with a focus on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of caffeine.
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Andrade A, Sousa C, Pedro M, Fernandes M. Dangerous mistake: an accidental caffeine overdose. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-224185. [PMID: 29884665 PMCID: PMC6011436 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a natural product commonly presented in food’s composition, beverages and medicinal products. Generally, it is thought to be safe under normal dosage, yet it can be fatal in case of severe intoxication. We report a case of a healthy 32-year-old woman who went to the local emergency department (ED) 30 min after ingesting, accidentally, 5000 mg of anhydrous caffeine for a preworkout supplement. At the ED, she presented an episode of presyncope followed by agitation. ECG showed polymorphic broad complex QRS tachycardia and arterial blood gas revealed metabolic acidaemia with severe hypokalemia. The dysrhythmia was successfully treated with intravenous propranolol. Acid–base and hydroelectrolytic disorders were also corrected. A persistent sinus tachycardia was observed in the first 2 days in the ward and 5 days later she was discharged asymptomatic with internal medicine follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Andrade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo EPE, Barreiro, Portugal
| | - Catarina Sousa
- Department of Cardiology, Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo EPE, Barreiro, Portugal
| | - Mónica Pedro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo EPE, Barreiro, Portugal
| | - Martinho Fernandes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo EPE, Barreiro, Portugal
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Kim JS, Kim K, Seo Y. Associations Between Korean Adolescents' Energy Drink Consumption and Suicidal Ideation and Attempts. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2018; 32:331-336. [PMID: 29784210 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined associations between caffeinated energy drink consumption patterns and (1) participant characteristics and health-risk behaviors and (2) suicidal ideation and attempts in Korean adolescents. METHODS Participants included 8961 adolescents who consumed the drinks more than once weekly. Data were analyzed via logistic regression. RESULTS Rates of suicidal ideation and attempts in participants who consumed the drinks more than once daily were higher relative to those for participants who consumed the drinks 3-6 and 1-2 times weekly. CONCLUSIONS Further research is required to establish causality in these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Su Kim
- Professor, Department of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro Dongjak-Gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Kim
- Professor, Department of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro Dongjak-Gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Seo
- Graduate Student, Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro Dongjak-Gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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McGaughey A, Senkowski V, Taylor L, Branscum P, Cheney M. Relationship Between Energy Drink Consumption and Daily Hassles Among College Students. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2018.1448731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Alarcon RT, Gaglieri C, Caires FJ, Magdalena AG, de Castro RAE, Bannach G. Thermoanalytical study of sweetener myo-inositol: α and β polymorphs. Food Chem 2017; 237:1149-1154. [PMID: 28763963 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the thermal behavior of α and β myo-inositol polymorphs. The inositol is a natural compound widely used in the food industry due to its presence in carbohydrate metabolism and its sweet taste. The occurrence of polymorphism could change some physico-chemical properties, such as melting and sublimation temperatures, and solubility. Therefore, the thermal study of polymorphism is important to ensure better conditions for synthesis, storage, and transportation of food that contains the myo-inositol. Simultaneous Termogravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis, Photovisual Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Polarized Light Thermomicroscopy, and Powder X-ray Diffraction were used in investigation. The data show a new thermal event associated to β myo-inositol melting at 221.43°C, suggesting that the solid-solid transition at 185.68°C was incomplete. The kinetics data made it possible to determine the transition lifetime of myo-inositol to occur 5% of solid-solid transition at 20°C and 37°C: 126 and 8years, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Turra Alarcon
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Chemistry Department, 17033-260 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Gaglieri
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Chemistry Department, 17033-260 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Flávio Junior Caires
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Chemistry Department, 17033-260 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Aroldo Geraldo Magdalena
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Chemistry Department, 17033-260 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Gilbert Bannach
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Chemistry Department, 17033-260 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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Beauchamp G, Amaducci A, Cook M. Caffeine Toxicity: A Brief Review and Update. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpem.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Consumption of Energy Drinks among Undergraduate Students in Taiwan: Related Factors and Associations with Substance Use. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14090954. [PMID: 28837085 PMCID: PMC5615491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the consumption of energy drinks and associated factors among undergraduate students in Taiwan. Methods: Data came from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2015. Eligible participants completed a self-administered questionnaire assessing use and perceptions of energy drinks, tobacco, alcohol, and betel nut. Results: Among 606 surveyed undergraduate students, 24.8% reported consuming energy drinks in the past 30 days. The major reasons for use included keeping alert at work (48.7%), being curious about the products (32.0%), enjoying the flavor (31.3%), or preparing for school exams (26.7%). Among energy drink users, half have never read the nutrition label, and 15.3% reported that they had ever mixed energy drinks with alcohol. Most participants showed negative attitudes toward using tobacco, alcohol, or betel nut, while 54.1% reported positive attitudes toward consuming energy drinks. Being male, living away from parents’ home, tobacco use, alcohol use, and positive perceptions of energy drink’s effects significantly predicted energy drink consumption. Conclusions: In addition to exploring motivations of energy drink consumption in undergraduate students in Taiwan, the study findings indicated that energy drink consumption might relate to the use of tobacco and alcohol, which should be taken into account in substance use prevention programs.
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Kwak Y, Choi H, Roh J. The Effects of Caffeine on the Long Bones and Testes in Immature and Young Adult Rats. Toxicol Res 2017; 33:157-164. [PMID: 28503265 PMCID: PMC5426506 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2017.33.2.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to evaluate the age-dependent effects of caffeine exposure on the long bones and reproductive organs using male rats. A total of 15 immature male rats and 15 young adult male rats were allocated randomly to three groups: a control group and two groups fed caffeine with 120 and 180 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Exposure to caffeine at either dose significantly reduced body weight gain; a proportional reduction in muscle and fat mass in immature animals, whereas a selective reduction in fat mass with relatively preserved muscle mass in young adult animals. The long bones of immature rats exposed to caffeine were significantly shorter and lighter than those of control animals along with decreased bone minerals. However, there was no difference in the length or weight of the long bones in young adult rats exposed to caffeine. Exposure to caffeine reduced the size and absolute weight of the testes significantly in immature animals in comparison to control animals, but not in young adult animals exposed to caffeine. In contrast, the adrenal glands were significantly heavier in caffeine-fed young adult rats in comparison to control animals, but not in caffeine-fed immature rats. Our results clearly show that the negative effects of caffeine on the long bones and testes in rats are different according to the age of the rat at the time of exposure, and might therefore be caused by changes to organ sensitivity and metabolic rate at different developmental stages. Although the long bones and testes are more susceptible to caffeine during puberty, caffeine has negative effects on body fat, bone minerals and the adrenal glands when exposure occurs during young adulthood. There is a need, therefore, to educate the public the potential dangers of caffeine consumption during puberty and young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Kwak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonhae Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaesook Roh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Turley KR. Effects of Caffeine on Exercise Responses and Performance in Children and Youth. Am J Lifestyle Med 2016; 10:417-421. [PMID: 30202303 DOI: 10.1177/1559827614554593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been performed investigating the effects of caffeine during exercise in adults with many reviews published in just the past 10 years. Limited research has been conducted in children despite the fact that they are one of the fastest growing consumers of caffeine. In light of the limited research, in writing this review no inclusion or exclusion criteria were used, as the aim of the review is to provide as wide a research base as possible. This review will present the data that has systematically investigated the acute effects of caffeine in children and youth during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Turley
- Department of Exercise & Sport Sciences, Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
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García A, Romero C, Arroyave C, Giraldo F, Sánchez L, Sánchez J. Acute effects of energy drinks in medical students. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:2081-2091. [PMID: 27312565 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the acute effects of a variety of recognized energy drinks on medical students, based on the hypothesis that these beverages may affect negatively cardiovascular parameters, stress levels and working memory. METHODS Eighty young healthy medical students were included in the study. 62.5 % of the participants were male, and the age mean was 21.45 years. Each person was evaluated via measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate, oxygen saturation, breath rate, temperature, STAI score (to assess anxiety state), salivary cortisol and N-back task score (to determine cognitive enhancement). These evaluations were performed before and following the intake of either carbonated water or one of three energy drinks containing caffeine in similar concentrations and an undetermined energy blend; A contained less sugar and no taurine. RESULTS Thirty-minute SBP increased significantly in the A and C groups. The B group exhibited a diminution of the percentage of the 1-h SBP increase, an increase of 1-h DBP and QTc shortening. HR showed an increase in the percent change in the A and C groups. Cortisol salivary levels increased in the B group. The STAI test score decreased in the C group. The percent change in N-back scores increased in the A group. CONCLUSIONS The data reinforce the need for further research on the acute and chronic effects of energy drinks to determine the actual risks and benefits. Consumers need to be more informed about the safety of these energy drinks, especially the young student population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés García
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - César Romero
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Cristhian Arroyave
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Fabián Giraldo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Leidy Sánchez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Julio Sánchez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia.
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Wieczerzak M, Kudłak B, Namieśnik J. Environmentally oriented models and methods for the evaluation of drug × drug interaction effects. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 45:131-55. [PMID: 25558775 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2014.899467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This detailed review compares known and widely used methods for drug interaction estimation, some of which now have historical significance. Pharmaceutical application has been noted as far back as several thousand years ago. Relatively late in the 20th century, however, researchers became aware that their fate and metabolism, which still remain a great challenge for environmental analysts and risk assessors. For the patient's well-being, treatment based on the mixing of drugs has to be effective and should not cause any side effects (or side effects should not have a significant impact on health and mortality). Therefore, it is important to carefully examine drugs both individually and in combinations. It should be also stated that application form/way of entering the living organism is of great importance as well as the age and the place in the trophic system of the organism in order to eliminate harmful dosages in the case of infants' accidental intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Wieczerzak
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gdańsk , Poland
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Factors influencing young people's use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks. Appetite 2016; 96:408-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Choi YY, Choi Y, Kim J, Choi H, Shin J, Roh J. Peripubertal Caffeine Exposure Impairs Longitudinal Bone Growth in Immature Male Rats in a Dose- and Time-Dependent Manner. J Med Food 2016; 19:73-84. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Young Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yuri Choi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisook Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonhae Choi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Shin
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaesook Roh
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Public Concern about the Sale of High-Caffeine Drinks to Children 12 Years or Younger: An Australian Regulatory Perspective. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:707149. [PMID: 26504823 PMCID: PMC4609395 DOI: 10.1155/2015/707149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background. Dietary exposure to high caffeine is a health risk for children. Governments are considering measures to restrict the sale of formulated caffeinated beverages (FCB) to children. Objectives. To investigate community concern about sales of high-caffeine drinks to children among Western Australian adults and describe Australian and New Zealand regulatory processes regarding FCB. Methods. Data from the 2009 and 2012 Department of Health's Nutrition Monitoring Survey Series of 2,832 Western Australians aged 18–64 years was pooled with descriptive and ordinal logistic regression analysis performed. Current regulatory processes for FCB are reported. Results. Most (85%) participants were concerned about the sale of high-caffeine drinks to children; 77.4% were very concerned in 2012 compared to 66.5% in 2009, p < .008. Females and those living with children had higher concern (odds ratio (OR) 2.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44–3.10; OR 2.16; 95% CI 1.51–3.09, resp., p < .001). Concern increased with each year of age (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02, 1.05, p < .001). Conclusions. Community concern regarding sale of high-caffeine energy drinks to children is high and increasing. Being female and living with children were associated with greater concern. These findings support the Australian and New Zealand regulatory controls of FCB, including labelling, promotion, and advertising to children.
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Bulut B, Beyhun NE, Topbaş M, Çan G. Energy drink use in university students and associated factors. J Community Health 2015; 39:1004-11. [PMID: 24610561 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-014-9849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of energy drinks is common among adolescents and young age groups. The purpose of this study was to determine energy drink consumption status in students at the Karadeniz Technical University in Turkey and the factors affecting this. The research was performed at the Karadeniz Technical University among a total of 2001 students attending the Administration Department, the Physical Education Department, the Psychological Counseling and Guidance Department and the Faculty of Medicine. The research data were collected using the supervised questionnaire method. The 53.5 % (n = 1070) of students had never tried energy drinks, 22.5 % (n = 450) had tried them once only, 1.5 % (n = 30) had used them for a time and then gave up, 21.1 % (n = 422) consumed occasionally and 1.4 % (n = 29) regularly. The risks of regular energy drink consuming were male gender [2.4 (1.8-3.2)] [OR (95 %CI)], studying at night [1.6 (1.2-2.2)], having friends consuming energy drinks [3.6 (2.6-5.0)], regular physical activity [1.9 (1.4-2.5)], being an alcohol drinker [2.4 (1.7-3.2)]. This study revealed that almost half of university students had experience of energy drinks and that approximately one-fourth still used them. It will be useful for these factors listed above to be borne in mind in the development of policies aimed at protecting young people from the health impacts of energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekir Bulut
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey,
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Schwartz DL, Gilstad-Hayden K, Carroll-Scott A, Grilo SA, McCaslin C, Schwartz M, Ickovics JR. Energy drinks and youth self-reported hyperactivity/inattention symptoms. Acad Pediatr 2015; 15:297-304. [PMID: 25676784 PMCID: PMC4772143 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe patterns in sweetened beverage consumption by race/ethnicity and sex, documenting both the amount and types of sweetened beverages consumed; and to examine the association of sweetened beverage consumption with hyperactivity/inattention symptoms among middle school students in a single urban school district. METHODS Middle school students (n = 1649; 47% Hispanic and 38% black, non-Hispanic) from 12 schools, randomly selected out of 27 district schools, completed health behavior surveys in fall 2011. Students reported quantity and types of sweetened beverages consumed in the past 24 hours and completed the 5-item Hyperactivity/Inattention subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to measure symptoms. RESULTS Amount and variety of reported sweetened beverage consumption (including energy drinks) were greater among boys versus girls and among black and Hispanic versus white students. Risk of hyperactivity/inattention increased by 14% for each additional sweetened beverage consumed, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, sex, school lunch eligibility, family structure, and sugary food consumption. Students reporting consumption of energy drinks were 66% more likely to be at risk for hyperactivity/inattention after adjusting for number of drinks, other types of drinks consumed, and other potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Results support recommendations to limit consumption of sweetened beverages and to avoid consumption of energy drinks among children. Interventions to reduce sweetened beverage consumption should explicitly focus on energy drinks and other emerging sweetened beverages such as sports and sweetened coffee drinks. More research is needed to understand the direction of effects and the mechanisms behind the association between sweetened beverages and hyperactivity/inattention symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Schwartz
- All work was completed at CARE: Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, 135 College Street, Suite 200, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; in affiliation with the New Haven Public Schools and the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity
| | - Kathryn Gilstad-Hayden
- All work was completed at CARE: Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, 135 College Street, Suite 200, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; in affiliation with the New Haven Public Schools and the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity
| | - Amy Carroll-Scott
- All work was completed at CARE: Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, 135 College Street, Suite 200, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; in affiliation with the New Haven Public Schools and the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity
| | - Stepanie A. Grilo
- All work was completed at CARE: Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, 135 College Street, Suite 200, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; in affiliation with the New Haven Public Schools and the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity
| | | | - Marlene Schwartz
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, Yale University, 309 Edwards Street, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Jeannette R. Ickovics
- All work was completed at CARE: Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, 135 College Street, Suite 200, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; in affiliation with the New Haven Public Schools and the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity
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Energy Drink Overconsumption in Adolescents: Implications for Arrhythmias and Other Cardiovascular Events. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:572-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Moustakas D, Mezzio M, Rodriguez BR, Constable MA, Mulligan ME, Voura EB. Guarana provides additional stimulation over caffeine alone in the planarian model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123310. [PMID: 25880065 PMCID: PMC4399916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The stimulant effect of energy drinks is primarily attributed to the caffeine they contain. Many energy drinks also contain other ingredients that might enhance the tonic effects of these caffeinated beverages. One of these additives is guarana. Guarana is a climbing plant native to the Amazon whose seeds contain approximately four times the amount of caffeine found in coffee beans. The mix of other natural chemicals contained in guarana seeds is thought to heighten the stimulant effects of guarana over caffeine alone. Yet, despite the growing use of guarana as an additive in energy drinks, and a burgeoning market for it as a nutritional supplement, the science examining guarana and how it affects other dietary ingredients is lacking. To appreciate the stimulant effects of guarana and other natural products, a straightforward model to investigate their physiological properties is needed. The planarian provides such a system. The locomotor activity and convulsive response of planarians with substance exposure has been shown to provide an excellent system to measure the effects of drug stimulation, addiction and withdrawal. To gauge the stimulant effects of guarana we studied how it altered the locomotor activity of the planarian species Dugesia tigrina. We report evidence that guarana seeds provide additional stimulation over caffeine alone, and document the changes to this stimulation in the context of both caffeine and glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Moustakas
- Department of Math and Science, Dominican College, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- New York College of Podiatric Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Mezzio
- Department of Math and Science, Dominican College, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Branden R. Rodriguez
- Department of Math and Science, Dominican College, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Mic Andre Constable
- Department of Math and Science, Dominican College, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. Mulligan
- Department of Math and Science, Dominican College, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Evelyn B. Voura
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, United States of America
- Department of Math and Science, Dominican College, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Samanta D. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: another health hazard of energy drinks? Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2015; 54:186-7. [PMID: 25006115 DOI: 10.1177/0009922814541675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Samanta
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Smoyak SA, Nowik K, Lee J. High Energy Drinks, With and Without Alcohol: What Do Nurses Know and Do? J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2015; 53:39-44. [DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20141218-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Breda JJ, Whiting SH, Encarnação R, Norberg S, Jones R, Reinap M, Jewell J. Energy drink consumption in europe: a review of the risks, adverse health effects, and policy options to respond. Front Public Health 2014; 2:134. [PMID: 25360435 PMCID: PMC4197301 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the worldwide consumption of energy drinks increasing in recent years, concerns have been raised both in the scientific community and among the general public about the health effects of these products. Recent studies provide data on consumption patterns in Europe; however, more research is needed to determine the potential for adverse health effects related to the increasing consumption of energy drinks, particularly among young people. A review of the literature was conducted to identify published articles that examined the health risks, consequences, and policies related to energy drink consumption. The health risks associated with energy drink consumption are primarily related to their caffeine content, but more research is needed that evaluates the long-term effects of consuming common energy drink ingredients. The evidence indicating adverse health effects due to the consumption of energy drinks with alcohol is growing. The risks of heavy consumption of energy drinks among young people have largely gone unaddressed and are poised to become a significant public health problem in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Joaquim Breda
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen Hugh Whiting
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ricardo Encarnação
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stina Norberg
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Jones
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marge Reinap
- WHO Country Office for Estonia, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jo Jewell
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ioannidis K, Chamberlain SR, Müller U. Ostracising caffeine from the pharmacological arsenal for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder--was this a correct decision? A literature review. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:830-6. [PMID: 24989644 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114541014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is one of the most widespread psychotropic substances in the world. It exerts multiple effects on the brain including adenosine receptor antagonism, and thereby has been found to modulate aspects of cognition, including attention, in animal models and in healthy human volunteers. This review considers what is known of the effects of caffeine on symptoms and cognitive functions in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a prototypical disorder of cognitive dysfunction. We consider the merits of investigating further caffeine's therapeutic potential as a monotherapy or as an adjunctive agent in ADHD. The potential benefits of re-opening a dialogue regarding the use of caffeine in ADHD clinical practice are highlighted, along with potential implications for the use of adenosine receptor antagonists in ADHD and other disorders characterised by cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Reid SD, Ramsarran J, Brathwaite R, Lyman S, Baker A, Cornish DC, Ganga S, Mohammed Z, Sookdeo AT, Thapelo CK. Energy drink usage among university students in a Caribbean country: Patterns of use and adverse effects. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2014; 5:103-16. [PMID: 25922319 PMCID: PMC7320484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: There has been little inquiry addressing whether or not concerns about adverse effects of energy drink usage are relevant in the Caribbean. This survey investigated energy drink usage and adverse consequences among tertiary level students in Trinidad and Tobago. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1994 students from eight institutions was conducted using a de novo questionnaire based on findings from a focus group of students. Chi-squared analyses and logistic regression were used to assess relationships between energy drink usage, adverse effects and other factors affecting energy drink use, and to verify predictors of energy drink use. Results: Prevalence of use was 86%; 38% were current users. Males were more likely to use, used more frequently and at an earlier age. Energy drinks were used most commonly to increase energy (50%), combat sleepiness (45%) and enhance academic performance (40%), and occurred during sports (23%) and mixed with alcohol (22.2%). The majority (79.6%) consumed one energy drink per sitting; 62.2% experienced adverse effects, most commonly restlessness (22%), jolt and crash (17.1%) and tachycardia (16.6%). Awareness of adverse effects was associated with no use (p = 0.004), but adverse effects were not a deterrent to continued use. Conclusion: Energy drink usage is prevalent among students. The use is not excessive, but associated with high rates of adverse effects and occurs in potentially dangerous situations like during exercise and with alcohol. There is a need to educate students about the potential adverse effects of energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Reid
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Jonathan Ramsarran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Rachel Brathwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sarika Lyman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Ariane Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - D'Andra C Cornish
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Stefan Ganga
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Zahrid Mohammed
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Avinash T Sookdeo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Cathrine K Thapelo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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An emerging adolescent health risk: caffeinated energy drink consumption patterns among high school students. Prev Med 2014; 62:54-9. [PMID: 24502849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence, patterns, and correlates of energy drink use among adolescents, and determine whether more frequent use of energy drinks is associated with poorer health and behavioral outcomes. METHODS Data were from a 2012 cross-sectional survey of 8210 students in grades 7, 9, 10 and 12 attending public schools in Atlantic Canada. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine correlates of energy drink use patterns, including substance use, sensation seeking, risk of depression, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS Nearly two-thirds of survey respondents (62%) reported consuming energy drinks at least once in the previous year, with about 20% reporting use once or more per month. Sensation seeking, depression, and substance use were all higher among energy drink users relative to non-users, and in higher frequency users relative to lower frequency users. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of energy drink consumption among high school students was high. The association of energy drinks with other potential negative health and behavioral outcomes suggests that use of these products may represent a marker for other activities that may negatively affect adolescent development, health and well-being.
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