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Liu L, Wang Y, Cao W, Yang L, Zhang C, Yuan L, Wang D, Wang W, Zhang H, Schiefelbein J, Yu F, An L. TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2 defines trichome cell shape by modulating actin cytoskeleton in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1256-1276. [PMID: 38391271 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2 (TTG2) gene encodes a WRKY transcription factor that regulates a range of development events like trichome, seed coat, and atrichoblast formation. Loss-of-function of TTG2 was previously shown to reduce or eliminate trichome specification and branching. Here, we report the identification of an allele of TTG2, ttg2-6. In contrast to the ttg2 mutants described before, ttg2-6 displayed unique trichome phenotypes. Some ttg2-6 mutant trichomes were hyper-branched, whereas others were hypo-branched, distorted, or clustered. Further, we found that in addition to specifically activating R3 MYB transcription factor TRIPTYCHON (TRY) to modulate trichome specification, TTG2 also integrated cytoskeletal signaling to regulate trichome morphogenesis. The ttg2-6 trichomes displayed aberrant cortical microtubules (cMTs) and actin filaments (F-actin) configurations. Moreover, genetic and biochemical analyses showed that TTG2 could directly bind to the promoter and regulate the expression of BRICK1 (BRK1), which encodes a subunit of the actin nucleation promoting complex suppressor of cyclic AMP repressor (SCAR)/Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin homologous protein (WAVE). Collectively, taking advantage of ttg2-6, we uncovered a function for TTG2 in facilitating cMTs and F-actin cytoskeleton-dependent trichome development, providing insight into cellular signaling events downstream of the core transcriptional regulation during trichome development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weihua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lanxin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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2
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Chen J, Ma B, Yang Y, Wang B, Hao J, Zhou X. Disulfidptosis decoded: a journey through cell death mysteries, regulatory networks, disease paradigms and future directions. Biomark Res 2024; 12:45. [PMID: 38685115 PMCID: PMC11059647 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell death is an important part of the life cycle, serving as a foundation for both the orderly development and the maintenance of physiological equilibrium within organisms. This process is fundamental, as it eliminates senescent, impaired, or aberrant cells while also promoting tissue regeneration and immunological responses. A novel paradigm of programmed cell death, known as disulfidptosis, has recently emerged in the scientific circle. Disulfidptosis is defined as the accumulation of cystine by cancer cells with high expression of the solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) during glucose starvation. This accumulation causes extensive disulfide linkages between F-actins, resulting in their contraction and subsequent detachment from the cellular membrane, triggering cellular death. The RAC1-WRC axis is involved in this phenomenon. Disulfidptosis sparked growing interest due to its potential applications in a variety of pathologies, particularly oncology, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic anomalies. Nonetheless, the complexities of its regulatory pathways remain elusive, and its precise molecular targets have yet to be definitively identified. This manuscript aims to meticulously dissect the historical evolution, molecular underpinnings, regulatory frameworks, and potential implications of disulfidptosis in various disease contexts, illuminating its promise as a groundbreaking therapeutic pathway and target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Boyuan Ma
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Yubiao Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Bitao Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jian Hao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
| | - Xianhu Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
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3
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Narayan JA, Manoj VM, Nerkar G, Chakravarthi M, Dharshini S, Subramonian N, Premachandran MN, Valarmathi R, Kumar RA, Gomathi R, Surendar KK, Hemaprabha G, Appunu C. Transgenic sugarcane with higher levels of BRK1 showed improved drought tolerance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1611-1628. [PMID: 37578541 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Transgenic sugarcane overexpressing BRK1 showed improved tolerance to drought stress through modulation of actin polymerization and formation of interlocking marginal lobes in epidermal leaf cells, a typical feature associated with BRK1 expression under drought stress. BRICK1 (BRK1) genes promote leaf epidermal cell morphogenesis and division in plants that involves local actin polymerization. Although the changes in actin filament organization during drought have been reported, the role of BRK in stress tolerance remains unknown. In our previous work, the drought-tolerant Erianthus arundinaceus exhibited high levels of the BRK gene expression under drought stress. Therefore, in the present study, the drought-responsive gene, BRK1 from Saccharum spontaneum, was transformed into sugarcane to test if it conferred drought tolerance in the commercial sugarcane cultivar Co 86032. The transgenic lines were subjected to drought stress, and analyzed using physiological parameters for drought stress. The drought-induced BRK1-overexpressing lines of sugarcane exhibited significantly higher transgene expression compared with the wild-type control and also showed improved physiological parameters. In addition, the formation of interlocking marginal lobes in the epidermal leaf cells, a typical feature associated with BRK1 expression, was observed in all transgenic BRK1 lines during drought stress. This is the first report to suggest that BRK1 plays a role in sugarcane acclimation to drought stress and may prove to be a potential candidate in genetic engineering of plants for enhanced biomass production under drought stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashwin Narayan
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - V M Manoj
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - Gauri Nerkar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - M Chakravarthi
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - S Dharshini
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - N Subramonian
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - M N Premachandran
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Valarmathi
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Arun Kumar
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Gomathi
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - K Krisha Surendar
- Deprtament of Plant Physiology, Paddy Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - G Hemaprabha
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - C Appunu
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India.
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4
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Han KA, Ko J. Orchestration of synaptic functions by WAVE regulatory complex-mediated actin reorganization. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1065-1075. [PMID: 37258575 PMCID: PMC10318009 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), composed of five components-Cyfip1/Sra1, WAVE/Scar, Abi, Nap1/Nckap1, and Brk1/HSPC300-is essential for proper actin cytoskeletal dynamics and remodeling in eukaryotic cells, likely by matching various patterned signals to Arp2/3-mediated actin nucleation. Accumulating evidence from recent studies has revealed diverse functions of the WRC in neurons, demonstrating its crucial role in dictating the assembly of molecular complexes for the patterning of various trans-synaptic signals. In this review, we discuss recent exciting findings on the physiological role of the WRC in regulating synaptic properties and highlight the involvement of WRC dysfunction in various brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Han
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Korea
- Center for Synapse Diversity and Specificity, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Jaewon Ko
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Korea.
- Center for Synapse Diversity and Specificity, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea.
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5
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Uyehara AN, Rasmussen CG. Redundant mechanisms in division plane positioning. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151308. [PMID: 36921356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Redundancies in plant cell division contribute to the maintenance of proper division plane orientation. Here we highlight three types of redundancy: 1) Temporal redundancy, or correction of earlier defects that results in proper final positioning, 2) Genetic redundancy, or functional compensation by homologous genes, and 3) Synthetic redundancy, or redundancy within or between pathways that contribute to proper division plane orientation. Understanding the types of redundant mechanisms involved provides insight into current models of division plane orientation and opens up new avenues for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee N Uyehara
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, USA.
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6
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Pain C, Tolmie F, Wojcik S, Wang P, Kriechbaumer V. intER-ACTINg: the structure and dynamics of ER and actin are interlinked. J Microsc 2022. [PMID: 35985796 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is the driver of gross ER remodelling and the movement and positioning of other membrane-bound organelles such as Golgi bodies. Rapid ER membrane remodelling is a feature of most plant cells and is important for normal cellular processes, including targeted secretion, immunity and signalling. Modifications to the actin cytoskeleton, through pharmacological agents such as Latrunculin B and phalloidin, or disruption of normal myosin function also affect ER structure and/or dynamics. Here, we investigate the impact of changes in the actin cytoskeleton on structure and dynamics on the ER as well as in return the impact of modified ER structure on the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. By expressing actin markers that affect actin dynamics, or expressing of ER-shaping proteins that influence ER architecture, we found that the structure of ER-actin networks is closely inter-related; affecting one component is likely to have a direct effect on the other. Therefore, our results indicate that a complicated regulatory machinery and cross-talk between these two structures must exist in plants to co-ordinate the function of ER-actin network during multiple subcellular processes. In addition, when considering organelle structure and dynamics, the choice of actin marker is essential in preventing off-target organelle structure and dynamics modifications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pain
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Frances Tolmie
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Stefan Wojcik
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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7
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Zhang L, Ambrose C. CLASP balances two competing cell division plane cues during leaf development. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:682-693. [PMID: 35668154 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Starting as small, densely packed boxes, leaf mesophyll cells expand to form an intricate mesh of interconnected cells and air spaces, the organization of which dictates the internal surface area of the leaf for light capture and gas exchange during photosynthesis. Despite their importance, little is known about the basic patterns of mesophyll cell division, and how they contribute to cell and intercellular space organization. To address this, we tracked divisions within individual cell lineages in three dimensions over time in Arabidopsis spongy mesophyll. We found that early on, successive cell division planes switch their orientation such that each new cell wall intersects the previous at a right angle, creating a new multi-cell junction (the intersection of three or more cells). These junctions then open to create intercellular spaces. During subsequent enlargement of the spaces, the division planes of the surrounding cells show an increasing tendency to tilt in the direction of their adjacent intercellular spaces. This disrupts the alternating pattern, and by extension, halts the initiation of new multi-cell junctions and intercellular spaces, but allows the expansion of existing spaces. Both division patterns are specified before mitosis by the orientation of interphase cortical microtubules, which gradually narrow to form a preprophase band in the same orientation to establish the future plane of cell division. In the absence of the microtubule-associated protein CLASP, the early alternating division plane and microtubule patterns are compromised, whereas space-oriented divisions are exacerbated. This results in large distortions of the topological relations between cells and intercellular spaces, as well as changes in their relative abundance. Our data reveal the existence of two competing cell division mechanisms that are balanced by CLASP to specify the distribution of cells and intercellular spaces in spongy mesophyll tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- Department of Biology, The University of Saskatchewan, College of Arts and Science, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chris Ambrose
- Department of Biology, The University of Saskatchewan, College of Arts and Science, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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8
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Qin L, Liu L, Tu J, Yang G, Wang S, Quilichini TD, Gao P, Wang H, Peng G, Blancaflor EB, Datla R, Xiang D, Wilson KE, Wei Y. The ARP2/3 complex, acting cooperatively with Class I formins, modulates penetration resistance in Arabidopsis against powdery mildew invasion. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3151-3175. [PMID: 34181022 PMCID: PMC8462814 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton regulates an array of diverse cellular activities that support the establishment of plant-microbe interactions and plays a critical role in the execution of plant immunity. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating the assembly and rearrangement of actin filaments (AFs) at plant-pathogen interaction sites remain largely elusive. Here, using live-cell imaging, we show that one of the earliest cellular responses in Arabidopsis thaliana upon powdery mildew attack is the formation of patch-like AF structures beneath fungal invasion sites. The AFs constituting actin patches undergo rapid turnover, which is regulated by the actin-related protein (ARP)2/3 complex and its activator, the WAVE/SCAR regulatory complex (W/SRC). The focal accumulation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate at fungal penetration sites appears to be a crucial upstream modulator of the W/SRC-ARP2/3 pathway-mediated actin patch formation. Knockout of W/SRC-ARP2/3 pathway subunits partially compromised penetration resistance with impaired endocytic recycling of the defense-associated t-SNARE protein PEN1 and its deposition into apoplastic papillae. Simultaneously knocking out ARP3 and knocking down the Class I formin (AtFH1) abolished actin patch formation, severely impaired the deposition of cell wall appositions, and promoted powdery mildew entry into host cells. Our results demonstrate that the ARP2/3 complex and formins, two actin-nucleating systems, act cooperatively and contribute to Arabidopsis penetration resistance to fungal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Lijiang Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Jiangying Tu
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Guogen Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | | | - Peng Gao
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Gary Peng
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | | | - Raju Datla
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Kenneth E. Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Author for correspondence:
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9
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Vadde BVL. Tip growth: SPIRRIG and BRICK1 regulate root hair development by modulating the spatiotemporal dynamics of actin. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2106-2107. [PMID: 35233604 PMCID: PMC8364235 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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10
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Chin S, Kwon T, Khan BR, Sparks JA, Mallery EL, Szymanski DB, Blancaflor EB. Spatial and temporal localization of SPIRRIG and WAVE/SCAR reveal roles for these proteins in actin-mediated root hair development. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2131-2148. [PMID: 33881536 PMCID: PMC8364238 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are single-cell protrusions that enable roots to optimize nutrient and water acquisition. These structures attain their tubular shapes by confining growth to the cell apex, a process called tip growth. The actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane systems are essential for tip growth; however, little is known about how these cellular components coordinate their activities during this process. Here, we show that SPIRRIG (SPI), a beige and Chediak Higashi domain-containing protein involved in membrane trafficking, and BRK1 and SCAR2, subunits of the WAVE/SCAR (W/SC) actin nucleating promoting complex, display polarized localizations in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs during distinct developmental stages. SPI accumulates at the root hair apex via post-Golgi compartments and positively regulates tip growth by maintaining tip-focused vesicle secretion and filamentous-actin integrity. BRK1 and SCAR2 on the other hand, mark the root hair initiation domain to specify the position of root hair emergence. Consistent with the localization data, tip growth was reduced in spi and the position of root hair emergence was disrupted in brk1 and scar1234. BRK1 depletion coincided with SPI accumulation as root hairs transitioned from initiation to tip growth. Taken together, our work uncovers a role for SPI in facilitating actin-dependent root hair development in Arabidopsis through pathways that might intersect with W/SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chin
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Bibi Rafeiza Khan
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - J. Alan Sparks
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Eileen L. Mallery
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daniel B. Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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Xie Q, Gao Y, Li J, Yang Q, Qu X, Li H, Zhang J, Wang T, Ye Z, Yang C. The HD-Zip IV transcription factor SlHDZIV8 controls multicellular trichome morphology by regulating the expression of Hairless-2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7132-7145. [PMID: 32930788 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized epidermal appendages that serve as excellent models to study cell morphogenesis. Although the molecular mechanism underlying trichome morphogenesis in Arabidopsis has been well characterized, most of the regulators essential for multicellular trichome morphology remain unknown in tomato. In this study, we determined that the recessive hairless-2 (hl-2) mutation in tomato causes severe distortion of all trichome types, along with increased stem fragility. Using map-based cloning, we found that the hl-2 phenotype was associated with a 100 bp insertion in the coding region of Nck-associated protein 1, a component of the SCAR/WAVE complex. Direct protein-protein interaction was detected between Hl-2 and Hl (SRA1, specifically Rac1-associated protein) using yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays, suggesting that these proteins may work together during trichome formation. In addition, knock-down of a HD-Zip IV transcription factor, HDZIPIV8, distorted trichomes similar to the hl-2 mutant. HDZIPIV8 regulates the expression of Hl-2 by binding to the L1-box in the Hl-2 promoter region, and is involved in organizing actin filaments. The brittleness of hl-2 stems was found to result from decreased cellulose content. Taken together, these findings suggest that the Hl-2 gene plays an important role in controlling multicellular trichome morphogenesis and mechanical properties of stems in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanna Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Bidhendi AJ, Altartouri B, Gosselin FP, Geitmann A. Mechanical Stress Initiates and Sustains the Morphogenesis of Wavy Leaf Epidermal Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1237-1250.e6. [PMID: 31365867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pavement cells form wavy interlocking patterns in the leaf epidermis of many plants. We use computational mechanics to simulate the morphogenetic process based on microtubule organization and cell wall chemistry. Based on the in silico simulations and experimental evidence, we suggest that a multistep process underlies the morphogenesis of pavement cells. The in silico model predicts alternatingly located, feedback-augmented mechanical heterogeneity of the periclinal and anticlinal walls. It suggests that the emergence of waves is created by a stiffening of the emerging indented sides, an effect that matches cellulose and de-esterified pectin patterns in the cell wall. Further, conceptual evidence for mechanical buckling of the cell walls is provided, a mechanism that has the potential to initiate wavy patterns de novo and may precede chemical and geometrical symmetry breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir J Bidhendi
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Bara Altartouri
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Frédérick P Gosselin
- Laboratoire de Mécanique Multi-échelles, Département de Génie Mécanique, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada.
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13
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García-González J, Kebrlová Š, Semerák M, Lacek J, Kotannal Baby I, Petrášek J, Schwarzerová K. Arp2/3 Complex Is Required for Auxin-Driven Cell Expansion Through Regulation of Auxin Transporter Homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:486. [PMID: 32425966 PMCID: PMC7212389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex is an actin nucleator shown to be required throughout plant morphogenesis, contributing to processes such as cell expansion, tissue differentiation or cell wall assembly. A recent publication demonstrated that plants lacking functional Arp2/3 complex also present defects in auxin distribution and transport. This work shows that Arp2/3 complex subunits are predominantly expressed in the provasculature, although other plant tissues also show promoter activity (e.g., cotyledons, apical meristems, or root tip). Moreover, auxin can trigger subunit expression, indicating a role of this phytohormone in mediating the complex activity. Further investigation of the functional interaction between Arp2/3 complex and auxin signaling also reveals their cooperation in determining pavement cell shape, presumably through the role of Arp2/3 complex in the correct auxin carrier trafficking. Young seedlings of arpc5 mutants show increased auxin-triggered proteasomal degradation of DII-VENUS and altered PIN3 distribution, with higher levels of the protein in the vacuole. Closer observation of vacuolar morphology revealed the presence of a more fragmented vacuolar compartment when Arp2/3 function is abolished, hinting a generalized role of Arp2/3 complex in endomembrane function and protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Štépánka Kebrlová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Matěj Semerák
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Innu Kotannal Baby
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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14
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McBride Z, Chen D, Lee Y, Aryal UK, Xie J, Szymanski DB. A Label-free Mass Spectrometry Method to Predict Endogenous Protein Complex Composition. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1588-1606. [PMID: 31186290 PMCID: PMC6683005 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on the composition of protein complexes can accelerate mechanistic analyses of cellular systems. Protein complex composition identifies genes that function together and provides clues about regulation within and between cellular pathways. Cytosolic protein complexes control metabolic flux, signal transduction, protein abundance, and the activities of cytoskeletal and endomembrane systems. It has been estimated that one third of all cytosolic proteins in leaves exist in an oligomeric state, yet the composition of nearly all remain unknown. Subunits of stable protein complexes copurify, and combinations of mass-spectrometry-based protein correlation profiling and bioinformatic analyses have been used to predict protein complex subunits. Because of uncertainty regarding the power or availability of bioinformatic data to inform protein complex predictions across diverse species, it would be highly advantageous to predict composition based on elution profile data alone. Here we describe a mass spectrometry-based protein correlation profiling approach to predict the composition of hundreds of protein complexes based on biochemical data. Extracts were obtained from an intact organ and separated in parallel by size and charge under nondenaturing conditions. More than 1000 proteins with reproducible elution profiles across all replicates were subjected to clustering analyses. The resulting dendrograms were used to predict the composition of known and novel protein complexes, including many that are likely to assemble through self-interaction. An array of validation experiments demonstrated that this new method can drive protein complex discovery, guide hypothesis testing, and enable systems-level analyses of protein complex dynamics in any organism with a sequenced genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary McBride
- ‡Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Donglai Chen
- §Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Youngwoo Lee
- ‡Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Uma K Aryal
- ¶Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Biosciences Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jun Xie
- §Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- ‡Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; ‖Department of Biological Sciences,Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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15
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Huang L, Chen L, Wang L, Yang Y, Rao Y, Ren D, Dai L, Gao Y, Zou W, Lu X, Zhang G, Zhu L, Hu J, Chen G, Shen L, Dong G, Gao Z, Guo L, Qian Q, Zeng D. A Nck-associated protein 1-like protein affects drought sensitivity by its involvement in leaf epidermal development and stomatal closure in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:884-897. [PMID: 30771248 PMCID: PMC6849750 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit is a major environmental threat affecting crop yields worldwide. In this study, a drought stress-sensitive mutant drought sensitive 8 (ds8) was identified in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The DS8 gene was cloned using a map-based approach. Further analysis revealed that DS8 encoded a Nck-associated protein 1 (NAP1)-like protein, a component of the SCAR/WAVE complex, which played a vital role in actin filament nucleation activity. The mutant exhibited changes in leaf cuticle development. Functional analysis revealed that the mutation of DS8 increased stomatal density and impaired stomatal closure activity. The distorted actin filaments in the mutant led to a defect in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stomatal closure and increased ABA accumulation. All these resulted in excessive water loss in ds8 leaves. Notably, antisense transgenic lines also exhibited increased drought sensitivity, along with impaired stomatal closure and elevated ABA levels. These findings suggest that DS8 affects drought sensitivity by influencing actin filament activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Yaolong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Yuchun Rao
- College of Chemistry and Life SciencesZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Liping Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Weiwei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Xueli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Lan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
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16
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Pratap Sahi V, Cifrová P, García-González J, Kotannal Baby I, Mouillé G, Gineau E, Müller K, Baluška F, Soukup A, Petrášek J, Schwarzerová K. Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking the ARP2/3 complex show defects in cell wall assembly and auxin distribution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:777-789. [PMID: 29293873 PMCID: PMC6215044 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The cytoskeleton plays an important role in the synthesis of plant cell walls. Both microtubules and actin cytoskeleton are known to be involved in the morphogenesis of plant cells through their role in cell wall building. The role of ARP2/3-nucleated actin cytoskeleton in the morphogenesis of cotyledon pavement cells has been described before. Seedlings of Arabidopsis mutants lacking a functional ARP2/3 complex display specific cell wall-associated defects. METHODS In three independent Arabidopsis mutant lines lacking subunits of the ARP2/3 complex, phenotypes associated with the loss of the complex were analysed throughout plant development. Organ size and anatomy, cell wall composition, and auxin distribution were investigated. KEY RESULTS ARP2/3-related phenotype is associated with changes in cell wall composition, and the phenotype is manifested especially in mature tissues. Cell walls of mature plants contain less cellulose and a higher amount of homogalacturonan, and display changes in cell wall lignification. Vascular bundles of mutant inflorescence stems show a changed pattern of AUX1-YFP expression. Plants lacking a functional ARP2/3 complex have decreased basipetal auxin transport. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the ARP2/3 complex has a morphogenetic function related to cell wall synthesis and auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidurya Pratap Sahi
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cifrová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gregory Mouillé
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Emilie Gineau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Karel Müller
- Institute of Experimental Botany, AS CR, Rozvojová, Czech Republic
| | - František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aleš Soukup
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, AS CR, Rozvojová, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
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17
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Yanagisawa M, Alonso JM, Szymanski DB. Microtubule-Dependent Confinement of a Cell Signaling and Actin Polymerization Control Module Regulates Polarized Cell Growth. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2459-2466.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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19
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Sánchez-Corrales YE, Hartley M, van Rooij J, Marée AFM, Grieneisen VA. Morphometrics of complex cell shapes: lobe contribution elliptic Fourier analysis (LOCO-EFA). Development 2018; 145:dev.156778. [PMID: 29444894 PMCID: PMC5897594 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying cell morphology is fundamental to the statistical study of cell populations, and can help unravel mechanisms underlying cell and tissue morphogenesis. Current methods, however, require extensive human intervention, are highly parameter sensitive, or produce metrics that are difficult to interpret biologically. We therefore developed a method, lobe contribution elliptical Fourier analysis (LOCO-EFA), which generates from digitalised two-dimensional cell outlines meaningful descriptors that can be directly matched to morphological features. This is shown by studying well-defined geometric shapes as well as actual biological cells from plant and animal tissues. LOCO-EFA provides a tool to phenotype efficiently and objectively populations of cells, here demonstrated by applying it to the complex shaped pavement cells of Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and speechless leaves, and Drosophila amnioserosa cells. To validate our method's applicability to large populations, we analysed computer-generated tissues. By controlling in silico cell shape, we explored the potential impact of cell packing on individual cell shape, quantifying through LOCO-EFA deviations between the specified shape of single cells in isolation and the resultant shape when they interact within a confluent tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Hartley
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jop van Rooij
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.,Theoretical Biology/Bioinformatics, Dept. of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Sapala A, Runions A, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Das Gupta M, Hong L, Hofhuis H, Verger S, Mosca G, Li CB, Hay A, Hamant O, Roeder AHK, Tsiantis M, Prusinkiewicz P, Smith RS. Why plants make puzzle cells, and how their shape emerges. eLife 2018; 7:e32794. [PMID: 29482719 PMCID: PMC5841943 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape and function of plant cells are often highly interdependent. The puzzle-shaped cells that appear in the epidermis of many plants are a striking example of a complex cell shape, however their functional benefit has remained elusive. We propose that these intricate forms provide an effective strategy to reduce mechanical stress in the cell wall of the epidermis. When tissue-level growth is isotropic, we hypothesize that lobes emerge at the cellular level to prevent formation of large isodiametric cells that would bulge under the stress produced by turgor pressure. Data from various plant organs and species support the relationship between lobes and growth isotropy, which we test with mutants where growth direction is perturbed. Using simulation models we show that a mechanism actively regulating cellular stress plausibly reproduces the development of epidermal cell shape. Together, our results suggest that mechanical stress is a key driver of cell-shape morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sapala
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | | | - Mainak Das Gupta
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
- Department of Microbiology and Cell BiologyIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Lilan Hong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Hugo Hofhuis
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRSLyonFrance
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Chun-Biu Li
- Department of MathematicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Angela Hay
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRSLyonFrance
| | - Adrienne HK Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | | | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
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21
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Isner JC, Xu Z, Costa JM, Monnet F, Batstone T, Ou X, Deeks MJ, Genty B, Jiang K, Hetherington AM. Actin filament reorganisation controlled by the SCAR/WAVE complex mediates stomatal response to darkness. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1059-1067. [PMID: 28636198 PMCID: PMC5519931 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomata respond to darkness by closing to prevent excessive water loss during the night. Although the reorganisation of actin filaments during stomatal closure is documented, the underlying mechanisms responsible for dark-induced cytoskeletal arrangement remain largely unknown. We used genetic, physiological and cell biological approaches to show that reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton is required for dark-induced stomatal closure. The opal5 mutant does not close in response to darkness but exhibits wild-type (WT) behaviour when exposed to abscisic acid (ABA) or CaCl2 . The mutation was mapped to At5g18410, encoding the PIR/SRA1/KLK subunit of the ArabidopsisSCAR/WAVE complex. Stomata of an independent allele of the PIR gene (Atpir-1) showed reduced sensitivity to darkness and F1 progenies of the cross between opal5 and Atpir-1 displayed distorted leaf trichomes, suggesting that the two mutants are allelic. Darkness induced changes in the extent of actin filament bundling in WT. These were abolished in opal5. Disruption of filamentous actin using latrunculin B or cytochalasin D restored wild-type stomatal sensitivity to darkness in opal5. Our findings suggest that the stomatal response to darkness is mediated by reorganisation of guard cell actin filaments, a process that is finely tuned by the conserved SCAR/WAVE-Arp2/3 actin regulatory module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Isner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Zaoxu Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Joaquim Miguel Costa
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7265, Université Aix-Marseille, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France
| | - Fabien Monnet
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7265, Université Aix-Marseille, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France
| | - Thomas Batstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Xiaobin Ou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Michael J Deeks
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Bernard Genty
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7265, Université Aix-Marseille, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France
| | - Kun Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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22
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Thyssen GN, Fang DD, Turley RB, Florane CB, Li P, Mattison CP, Naoumkina M. A Gly65Val substitution in an actin, GhACT_LI1, disrupts cell polarity and F-actin organization resulting in dwarf, lintless cotton plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:111-121. [PMID: 28078746 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Actin polymerizes to form part of the cytoskeleton and organize polar growth in all eukaryotic cells. Species with numerous actin genes are especially useful for the dissection of actin molecular function due to redundancy and neofunctionalization. Here, we investigated the role of a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) actin gene in the organization of actin filaments in lobed cotyledon pavement cells and the highly elongated single-celled trichomes that comprise cotton lint fibers. Using mapping-by-sequencing, virus-induced gene silencing, and molecular modeling, we identified the causative mutation of the dominant dwarf Ligon lintless Li1 short fiber mutant as a single Gly65Val amino acid substitution in a polymerization domain of an actin gene, GhACT_LI1 (Gh_D04G0865). We observed altered cell morphology and disrupted organization of F-actin in Li1 plant cells by confocal microscopy. Mutant leaf cells lacked interdigitation of lobes and F-actin did not uniformly decorate the nuclear envelope. While wild-type lint fiber trichome cells contained long longitudinal actin cables, the short Li1 fiber cells accumulated disoriented transverse cables. The polymerization-defective Gly65Val allele in Li1 plants likely disrupts processive elongation of F-actin, resulting in a disorganized cytoskeleton and reduced cell polarity, which likely accounts for the dominant gene action and diverse pleiotropic effects associated with the Li1 mutation. Lastly, we propose a model to account for these effects, and underscore the roles of actin organization in determining plant cell polarity, shape and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Thyssen
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
- Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - David D Fang
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Rickie B Turley
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Christopher B Florane
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Christopher P Mattison
- Food Processing and Sensory Quality Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Marina Naoumkina
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
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23
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Receptor kinase complex transmits RALF peptide signal to inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8326-E8334. [PMID: 27930296 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609626113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of hormones work together to control plant cell growth. Rapid Alkalinization Factor 1 (RALF1), a plant-derived small regulatory peptide, inhibits cell elongation through suppression of rhizosphere acidification in plants. Although a receptor-like kinase, FERONIA (FER), has been shown to act as a receptor for RALF1, the signaling mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we identified a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RPM1-induced protein kinase, RIPK), a plasma membrane-associated member of the RLCK-VII subfamily, that is recruited to the receptor complex through interacting with FER in response to RALF1. RALF1 triggers the phosphorylation of both FER and RIPK in a mutually dependent manner. Genetic analysis of the fer-4 and ripk mutants reveals RIPK, as well as FER, to be required for RALF1 response in roots. The RALF1-FER-RIPK interactions may thus represent a mechanism for peptide signaling in plants.
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Wang P, Richardson C, Hawes C, Hussey P. Arabidopsis NAP1 Regulates the Formation of Autophagosomes. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2060-2069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Teng Y, Qin H, Bahassan A, Bendzunas NG, Kennedy EJ, Cowell JK. The WASF3-NCKAP1-CYFIP1 Complex Is Essential for Breast Cancer Metastasis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5133-42. [PMID: 27432794 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the WASF3 gene suppresses invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. WASF3 function is regulated through a protein complex that includes the NCKAP1 and CYFIP1 proteins. Here, we report that silencing NCKAP1 destabilizes the WASF3 complex, resulting in a suppression of the invasive capacity of breast, prostate, and colon cancer cells. In an in vivo model of spontaneous metastasis in immunocompromized mice, loss of NCKAP1 also suppresses metastasis. Activation of the WASF protein complex occurs through interaction with RAC1, and inactivation of NCKAP1 prevents the association of RAC1 with the WASF3 complex. Thus, WASF3 depends on NCKAP1 to promote invasion and metastasis. Here, we show that stapled peptides targeting the interface between NCKAP1 and CYFIP1 destabilize the WASF3 complex and suppress RAC1 binding, thereby suppressing invasion. Using a complex-disrupting compound identified in this study termed WANT3, our results offer a mechanistic proof of concept to target this interaction as a novel approach to inhibit breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Res; 76(17); 5133-42. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia. Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - N George Bendzunas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
| | - John K Cowell
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
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26
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Zhou W, Wang Y, Wu Z, Luo L, Liu P, Yan L, Hou S. Homologs of SCAR/WAVE complex components are required for epidermal cell morphogenesis in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4311-23. [PMID: 27252469 PMCID: PMC5301933 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous actins (F-actins) play a vital role in epidermal cell morphogenesis. However, a limited number of studies have examined actin-dependent leaf epidermal cell morphogenesis events in rice. In this study, two recessive mutants were isolated: less pronounced lobe epidermal cell2-1 (lpl2-1) and lpl3-1, whose leaf and stem epidermis developed a smooth surface, with fewer serrated pavement cell (PC) lobes, and decreased papillae. The lpl2-1 also exhibited irregular stomata patterns, reduced plant height, and short panicles and roots. Molecular genetic studies demonstrated that LPL2 and LPL3 encode the PIROGI/Specifically Rac1-associated protein 1 (PIR/SRA1)-like and NCK-associated protein 1 (NAP1)-like proteins, respectively, two components of the suppressor of cAMP receptor/Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-family verprolin-homologous protein (SCAR/WAVE) regulatory complex involved in actin nucleation and function. Epidermal cells exhibited abnormal arrangement of F-actins in both lpl2 and lpl3 expanding leaves. Moreover, the distorted trichomes of Arabidopsis pir could be partially restored by an overexpression of LPL2 A yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that LPL2 can directly interact with LPL3 in vitro Collectively, the results indicate that LPL2 and LPL3 are two functionally conserved homologs of the SCAR/WAVE complex components, and that they play an important role in controlling epidermal cell morphogenesis in rice by organising F-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongliang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Longfeng Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Delibaltov DL, Gaur U, Kim J, Kourakis M, Newman-Smith E, Smith W, Belteton SA, Szymanski DB, Manjunath BS. CellECT: cell evolution capturing tool. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:88. [PMID: 26887436 PMCID: PMC4756481 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-0927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust methods for the segmentation and analysis of cells in 3D time sequences (3D+t) are critical for quantitative cell biology. While many automated methods for segmentation perform very well, few generalize reliably to diverse datasets. Such automated methods could significantly benefit from at least minimal user guidance. Identification and correction of segmentation errors in time-series data is of prime importance for proper validation of the subsequent analysis. The primary contribution of this work is a novel method for interactive segmentation and analysis of microscopy data, which learns from and guides user interactions to improve overall segmentation. RESULTS We introduce an interactive cell analysis application, called CellECT, for 3D+t microscopy datasets. The core segmentation tool is watershed-based and allows the user to add, remove or modify existing segments by means of manipulating guidance markers. A confidence metric learns from the user interaction and highlights regions of uncertainty in the segmentation for the user's attention. User corrected segmentations are then propagated to neighboring time points. The analysis tool computes local and global statistics for various cell measurements over the time sequence. Detailed results on two large datasets containing membrane and nuclei data are presented: a 3D+t confocal microscopy dataset of the ascidian Phallusia mammillata consisting of 18 time points, and a 3D+t single plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) dataset consisting of 192 time points. Additionally, CellECT was used to segment a large population of jigsaw-puzzle shaped epidermal cells from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. The cell coordinates obtained using CellECT are compared to those of manually segmented cells. CONCLUSIONS CellECT provides tools for convenient segmentation and analysis of 3D+t membrane datasets by incorporating human interaction into automated algorithms. Users can modify segmentation results through the help of guidance markers, and an adaptive confidence metric highlights problematic regions. Segmentations can be propagated to multiple time points, and once a segmentation is available for a time sequence cells can be analyzed to observe trends. The segmentation and analysis tools presented here generalize well to membrane or cell wall volumetric time series datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Delibaltov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Utkarsh Gaur
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Kourakis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Erin Newman-Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - William Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Samuel A Belteton
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - B S Manjunath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Havelková L, Nanda G, Martinek J, Bellinvia E, Sikorová L, Šlajcherová K, Seifertová D, Fischer L, Fišerová J, Petrášek J, Schwarzerová K. Arp2/3 complex subunit ARPC2 binds to microtubules. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:96-108. [PMID: 26706062 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arp2/3 complex plays a fundamental role in the nucleation of actin filaments (AFs) in yeasts, plants, and animals. In plants, the aberrant shaping and elongation of several types of epidermal cells observed in Arp2/3 complex knockout plant mutants suggest the importance of Arp2/3-mediated actin nucleation for various morphogenetic processes. Here we show that ARPC2, a core Arp2/3 complex subunit, interacts with both actin filaments (AFs) and microtubules (MTs). Plant GFP-ARPC2 expressed in Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cells, leaf epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana and root epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana decorated MTs. The interaction with MTs was demonstrated by pharmacological approach selectively interfering with either AFs or MTs dynamics as well as by the in vitro co-sedimentation assays. A putative MT-binding domain of tobacco NtARPC2 protein was identified using the co-sedimentation of several truncated NtARPC2 proteins with MTs. Newly identified MT-binding ability of ARPC2 subunit of Arp2/3 complex may represent a new molecular mechanism of AFs and MTs interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Havelková
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Gitanjali Nanda
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Martinek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Erica Bellinvia
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sikorová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Šlajcherová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Seifertová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Fischer
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřiška Fišerová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Qiu L, Lin JS, Xu J, Sato S, Parniske M, Wang TL, Downie JA, Xie F. SCARN a Novel Class of SCAR Protein That Is Required for Root-Hair Infection during Legume Nodulation. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005623. [PMID: 26517270 PMCID: PMC4627827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobial infection of legume root hairs requires a rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton to enable the establishment of plant-made infection structures called infection threads. In the SCAR/WAVE (Suppressor of cAMP receptor defect/WASP family verpolin homologous protein) actin regulatory complex, the conserved N-terminal domains of SCAR proteins interact with other components of the SCAR/WAVE complex. The conserved C-terminal domains of SCAR proteins bind to and activate the actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex, which can bind to actin filaments catalyzing new actin filament formation by nucleating actin branching. We have identified, SCARN (SCAR-Nodulation), a gene required for root hair infection of Lotus japonicus by Mesorhizobium loti. Although the SCARN protein is related to Arabidopsis thaliana SCAR2 and SCAR4, it belongs to a distinct legume-sub clade. We identified other SCARN-like proteins in legumes and phylogeny analyses suggested that SCARN may have arisen from a gene duplication and acquired specialized functions in root nodule symbiosis. Mutation of SCARN reduced formation of infection-threads and their extension into the root cortex and slightly reduced root-hair length. Surprisingly two of the scarn mutants showed constitutive branching of root hairs in uninoculated plants. However we observed no effect of scarn mutations on trichome development or on the early actin cytoskeletal accumulation that is normally seen in root hair tips shortly after M. loti inoculation, distinguishing them from other symbiosis mutations affecting actin nucleation. The C-terminal domain of SCARN binds to ARPC3 and ectopic expression of the N-terminal SCAR-homology domain (but not the full length protein) inhibited nodulation. In addition, we found that SCARN expression is enhanced by M. loti in epidermal cells and that this is directly regulated by the NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) transcription factor. Characterization of Lotus japonicus mutants defective for nodule infection by rhizobia led to the identification of a gene we named SCARN. Two of the five alleles caused formation of branched root-hairs in uninoculated seedlings, suggesting SCARN plays a role in the microtubule and actin-regulated polar growth of root hairs. SCARN is one of three L. japonicus proteins containing the conserved N and C terminal domains predicted to be required for rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. SCARN expression is induced in response to rhizobial nodulation factors by the NIN (NODULE INCEPTION) transcription factor and appears to be adapted to promoting rhizobial infection, possibly arising from a gene duplication event. SCARN binds to ARPC3, one of the predicted components in the actin-related protein complex involved in the activation of actin nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-shun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Martin Parniske
- University of Munich LMU, Faculty of Biology, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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30
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Tian J, Han L, Feng Z, Wang G, Liu W, Ma Y, Yu Y, Kong Z. Orchestration of microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton in trichome cell shape determination by a plant-unique kinesin. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26287478 PMCID: PMC4574192 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) and actin filaments (F-actin) function cooperatively to regulate plant cell morphogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between these two cytoskeletal systems, particularly in cell shape control, remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that introduction of the MyTH4-FERM tandem into KCBP (kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein) during evolution conferred novel functions. The MyTH4 domain and the FERM domain in the N-terminal tail of KCBP physically bind to MTs and F-actin, respectively. During trichome morphogenesis, KCBP distributes in a specific cortical gradient and concentrates at the branching sites and the apexes of elongating branches, which lack MTs but have cortical F-actin. Further, live-cell imaging and genetic analyses revealed that KCBP acts as a hub integrating MTs and actin filaments to assemble the required cytoskeletal configuration for the unique, polarized diffuse growth pattern during trichome cell morphogenesis. Our findings provide significant insights into the mechanisms underlying cytoskeletal regulation of cell shape determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhidi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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31
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Han B, Chen L, Wang J, Wu Z, Yan L, Hou S. Constitutive Expresser of Pathogenesis Related Genes 1 Is Required for Pavement Cell Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133249. [PMID: 26193674 PMCID: PMC4508093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 50 years, researchers have focused on the mechanisms underlying the important roles of the cytoskeleton in controlling the cell growth direction and cell expansion. In our study, we performed ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis on Col-0 background and identified two new CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSER OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED GENES 1 (CPR1) alleles with pavement cell (PC) morphogenetic defects. Morphological characterizations showed that polar growth initiation and expansion of PCs are seriously suppressed in cpr1. Closer cytoskeleton investigation showed that the directional arrangement of microtubules (MTs) during PC development is defective and the cortical fine actin filaments cannot be aggregated effectively to form actin cable networks in cpr1 mutants. These results suggest that the abnormal PC morphogenesis in cpr1 is accompanying with the aberrant arrangement of cytoskeleton. Site-directed mutagenesis and knockout within the F-box-associated (FBA) domain, which is reported to be a motif for recognizing particular substrates of CPR1, proved that the FBA domain is indispensable for normal CPR1 regulation of the PC morphogenesis. Further genetic analysis indicated that the defects on PC morphogenesis of cpr1 depend on two lipase-like proteins, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4. Our results provide further insights into the relationship between the cytoskeleton and PC morphogenesis, and suggest that the cytoskeleton-mediated PC morphogenesis control might be tightly linked to plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongliang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longfeng Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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32
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Li C, Yeh FL, Cheung AY, Duan Q, Kita D, Liu MC, Maman J, Luu EJ, Wu BW, Gates L, Jalal M, Kwong A, Carpenter H, Wu HM. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins as chaperones and co-receptors for FERONIA receptor kinase signaling in Arabidopsis. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26052747 PMCID: PMC4458842 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) is a multifunctional regulator for plant growth and reproduction. Here we report that the female gametophyte-expressed glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (GPI-AP) LORELEI and the seedling-expressed LRE-like GPI-AP1 (LLG1) bind to the extracellular juxtamembrane region of FER and show that this interaction is pivotal for FER function. LLG1 interacts with FER in the endoplasmic reticulum and on the cell surface, and loss of LLG1 function induces cytoplasmic retention of FER, consistent with transport of FER from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane in a complex with LLG1. We further demonstrate that LLG1 is a component of the FER-regulated RHO GTPase signaling complex and that fer and llg1 mutants display indistinguishable growth, developmental and signaling phenotypes, analogous to how lre and fer share similar reproductive defects. Together our results support LLG1/LRE acting as a chaperone and co-receptor for FER and elucidate a mechanism by which GPI-APs enable the signaling capacity of a cell surface receptor. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06587.001 Plants respond to changes in their environment by altering how they grow and when they reproduce. A protein called FERONIA is found in most types of cells and regulates many of the processes that drive these responses, such as cell growth and communication between male and female cells. FERONIA sits in the membrane that surrounds the cell, where it can detect molecules in the cell wall and from outside the cell, and send signals to locations within the cell. However, it is not clear how FERONIA is able to specifically regulate different processes to produce the right response in a particular cell at a particular time. A family of proteins called glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs for short) play important roles in plants, animals, and other eukaryotic organisms. Li et al. studied FERONIA and two closely related GPI-APs called LLG1—which is produced in seedlings, and LORELEI, which is only found in female sex cells. The experiments show that plants missing either LLG1 or FERONIA had similar defects in growth and in how they respond to plant hormones. Plants missing LORELEI had similar defects in their ability to reproduce as the plants missing FERONIA. This suggests that FERONIA works with either LLG1 or LORELEI to regulate similar processes in different situations. Li et al. found that FERONIA binds to LLG1 in a compartment within the cell called the endoplasmic reticulum—where proteins are assembled—before both proteins are moved together to the cell membrane. In the absence of LLG1, FERONIA fails to reach the cell membrane, and a large amount of FERONIA remains trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, LLG1 acts as a ‘chaperone’ that delivers FERONIA to the membrane where it is required to regulate plant growth. Li et al. found that LORELEI also interacts with FERONIA. Both LLG1 and LORELEI bind to the same region of FERONIA, which is on the outer surface of the cell membrane. These findings show that FERONIA is able to perform different roles in cells by teaming up with different members of the GPI-AP family of proteins. The next challenges will be to find out if, and how, LLG1 and LORELEI affect the ability of FERONIA to respond to signals from the cell wall and outside the cell. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06587.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Fang-Ling Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Qiaohong Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Daniel Kita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Ming-Che Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Jacob Maman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Emily J Luu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Brendan W Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Laura Gates
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Methun Jalal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Amy Kwong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Hunter Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Hen-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
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Yanagisawa M, Desyatova AS, Belteton SA, Mallery EL, Turner JA, Szymanski DB. Patterning mechanisms of cytoskeletal and cell wall systems during leaf trichome morphogenesis. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15014. [PMID: 27246881 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant actin cytoskeleton is an unstable network of filaments that influences polarized growth through poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we used a combination of live cell imaging and finite element computational modelling of Arabidopsis trichome morphogenesis to determine how the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons cooperate to pattern the cell wall and growth. The actin-related protein (ARP)2/3 complex generates an actin meshwork that operates within a tip-localized, microtubule-depleted zone to modulate cell wall anisotropy locally. The actin meshwork also positions an actin bundle network that organizes organelle flow patterns. This activity is required to maintain cell wall thickness gradients that enable tip-biased diffuse growth. These newly discovered couplings between cytoskeletal patterns and wall textures provide important insights into the cellular mechanism of growth control in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yanagisawa
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Anastasia S Desyatova
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Samuel A Belteton
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Eileen L Mallery
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Facette MR, Park Y, Sutimantanapi D, Luo A, Cartwright HN, Yang B, Bennett EJ, Sylvester AW, Smith LG. The SCAR/WAVE complex polarizes PAN receptors and promotes division asymmetry in maize. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:14024. [PMID: 27246760 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2014.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pre-mitotic establishment of polarity is a key event in the preparation of mother cells for asymmetric cell divisions that produce daughters of distinct fates, and ensures correct cellular patterning of tissues and eventual organ function. Previous work has shown that two receptor-like kinases, PANGLOSS2 (PAN2) and PAN1, and the small GTPase RHO GTPASE OF PLANTS (ROP) promote mother cell polarity and subsequent division asymmetry in developing maize stomata. PAN proteins become polarized prior to asymmetric cell division, however, the mechanism of this polarization is unknown. Here we show that the SCAR/WAVE regulatory complex, which activates the actin-nucleating ARP2/3 complex, is the first known marker of polarity in this asymmetric division model and is required for PAN polarization. These findings implicate actin, and specifically branched actin networks, in PAN polarization and asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Facette
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Yeri Park
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Dena Sutimantanapi
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Anding Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Heather N Cartwright
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Eric J Bennett
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Anne W Sylvester
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Laurie G Smith
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
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Szymanski DB. The kinematics and mechanics of leaf expansion: new pieces to the Arabidopsis puzzle. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:141-148. [PMID: 25460079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are the primary organs for photosynthesis, and their angle, size, and timing of deployment determine the light capture efficiency of the canopy. Therefore, leaf development is an important trait in both natural and managed populations. In dicot leaves, the spatial and temporal patterns of cell division and expansion are heterogeneous, and a long-standing challenge has been to understand how subcellular and cellular growth processes can operate across broad spatial scales to influence the macroscopic growth of leaves. This review focuses on recent time-lapse analyses that help to clarify relationships between the polarized growth of individual cells, the growth behaviors of cell clusters, and leaf morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Szymanski
- Purdue University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, United States; Purdue University, Department of Biological Sciences, United States.
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Dong Y, Li M, Zhang P, Wang X, Fan C, Zhou Y. Patatin-related phospholipase pPLAIIIδ influences auxin-responsive cell morphology and organ size in Arabidopsis and Brassica napus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:332. [PMID: 25428555 PMCID: PMC4253999 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The members of the patatin-related phospholipase subfamily III (pPLAIIIs) have been implicated in the auxin response. However, it is not clear whether and how these genes affect plant and cell morphogenesis. Here, we studied the roles of the patatin-related phospholipase pPLAIIIδ in auxin-responsive cell morphology and organ size in Arabidopsis and Brassica napus. RESULTS We show that overexpression of pPLAIIIδ inhibited longitudinal growth but promoted transverse growth in most organs of Arabidopsis and Brassica napus. Compared to wild-type plants, pPLAIIIδ-KO plants exhibited enhanced cell elongation in hypocotyls, and pPLAIIIδ-OE plants displayed broadened radial cell growth of hypocotyl and reduced leaf pavement cell polarity. For the hypocotyl phenotype in pPLAIIIδ mutants, which resembles the "triple response" to ethylene, we examined the expression of the ACS and ACO genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and found that ACS4 and ACS5 were up-regulated by 2.5-fold on average in two OE lines compared with WT plants. The endogenous auxin distribution was disturbed in plants with altered pPLAIIIδ expression. pPLAIIIδ-OE and KO plants exhibited different sensitivities to indole-3-acetic acid-promoted hypocotyl elongation in both light and dark conditions. Gene expression analysis of auxin-induced genes in the dark showed that OE plants maintained a higher auxin response compared with WT and KO plants after treatment with 1 μM IAA for 12 h. Following treatment with 10 μM IAA for 30 min in the light, early auxin-induced genes were significantly up-regulated in two OE plant lines. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the PLAIIIδ gene plays an important role in cell morphology and organ size through its involvement in the regulation of auxin distribution in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Dong
- />National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Maoyin Li
- />Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- />National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- />Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri USA
| | - Chuchuan Fan
- />National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongming Zhou
- />National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Gachomo EW, Jno Baptiste L, Kefela T, Saidel WM, Kotchoni SO. The Arabidopsis CURVY1 (CVY1) gene encoding a novel receptor-like protein kinase regulates cell morphogenesis, flowering time and seed production. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:221. [PMID: 25158860 PMCID: PMC4244047 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A molecular-level understanding of the loss of CURVY1 (CVY1) gene expression (which encodes a member of the receptor-like protein kinase family) was investigated to gain insights into the mechanisms controlling cell morphogenesis and development in Arabidopsis thaliana. RESULTS Using a reverse genetic and cell biology approaches, we demonstrate that CVY1 is a new DISTORTED gene with similar phenotypic characterization to previously characterized ARP2/3 distorted mutants. Compared to the wild type, cvy1 mutant displayed a strong distorted trichome and altered pavement cell phenotypes. In addition, cvy1 null-mutant flowers earlier, grows faster and produces more siliques than WT and the arp2/3 mutants. The CVY1 gene is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues and seems to negatively regulate growth and yield in higher plants. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that CURVY1 gene participates in several biochemical pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana including (i) cell morphogenesis regulation through actin cytoskeleton functional networks, (ii) the transition of vegetative to the reproductive stage and (iii) the production of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma W Gachomo
- />Department of Biology, Rutgers University, 315 Penn St, Camden, NJ 08102 USA
- />Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, 315 Penn St, Camden, NJ 08102 USA
| | - Lyla Jno Baptiste
- />Department of Biology, Rutgers University, 315 Penn St, Camden, NJ 08102 USA
| | - Timnit Kefela
- />Department of Biology, Rutgers University, 315 Penn St, Camden, NJ 08102 USA
| | - William M Saidel
- />Department of Biology, Rutgers University, 315 Penn St, Camden, NJ 08102 USA
- />Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, 315 Penn St, Camden, NJ 08102 USA
| | - Simeon O Kotchoni
- />Department of Biology, Rutgers University, 315 Penn St, Camden, NJ 08102 USA
- />Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, 315 Penn St, Camden, NJ 08102 USA
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Crappé J, Van Criekinge W, Menschaert G. Little things make big things happen: A summary of micropeptide encoding genes. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jacques E, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Review on shape formation in epidermal pavement cells of the Arabidopsis leaf. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 41:914-921. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1071/fp13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal pavement cells appear with a fascinating irregular wavy shape in the Arabidopsis thaliana leaf. This review addresses the questions of why this particular shape is produced during leaf development and how this is accomplished. To answer the first question most probably waviness offers some biomechanical benefits over other organisations. Different positions of lobe-formation are therefore explored and discussed. At the moment, however, no hard evidence that favours any one morphology is available. The latter question comprises the biomechanical accomplishment of shape and refers to the cell wall and cytoskeletal involvement herein. A current model for pavement cell development is discussed but remaining questions and pitfalls are put forward. Moreover, an overview of the genetic and biochemical regulatory pathways that are described up to date in the literature is presented.
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Ivakov A, Persson S. Plant cell shape: modulators and measurements. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:439. [PMID: 24312104 PMCID: PMC3832843 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell shape, seen as an integrative output, is of considerable interest in various fields, such as cell wall research, cytoskeleton dynamics and biomechanics. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge on cell shape formation in plants focusing on shape of simple cylindrical cells, as well as in complex multipolar cells such as leaf pavement cells and trichomes. We summarize established concepts as well as recent additions to the understanding of how cells construct cell walls of a given shape and the underlying processes. These processes include cell wall synthesis, activity of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, in particular their regulation by microtubule associated proteins, actin-related proteins, GTP'ases and their effectors, as well as the recently-elucidated roles of plant hormone signaling and vesicular membrane trafficking. We discuss some of the challenges in cell shape research with a particular emphasis on quantitative imaging and statistical analysis of shape in 2D and 3D, as well as novel developments in this area. Finally, we review recent examples of the use of novel imaging techniques and how they have contributed to our understanding of cell shape formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ivakov
- *Correspondence: Alexander Ivakov and Staffan Persson, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany e-mail: ;
| | - Staffan Persson
- *Correspondence: Alexander Ivakov and Staffan Persson, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany e-mail: ;
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41
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Wu Y, Zhao S, Tian H, He Y, Xiong W, Guo L, Wu Y. CPK3-phosphorylated RhoGDI1 is essential in the development of Arabidopsis seedlings and leaf epidermal cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3327-38. [PMID: 23846874 PMCID: PMC3733153 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of Rho of plants (ROP) in morphogenesis of leaf epidermal cells has been well studied, but the roles concerning regulators of ROPs such as RhoGDIs are poorly understood. This study reports that AtRhoGDI1 (GDI1) acts as a versatile regulator to modulate development of seedlings and leaf pavement cells. In mutant gdi1, leaf pavement cells showed shorter lobes in comparison with those in wild type. In GDI1-14 seedlings (GDI1-overexpression line) the growth of lobes in pavement cells was severely suppressed and the development of seedlings was altered. These results indicate that GDI1 plays an essential role in morphogenesis of epidermal pavement cells through modulating the ROP signalling pathways. The interaction between GDI1 and ROP2 or ROP6 was detected in the leaf pavement cells using FRET analysis. Dominant negative, not constitutively active, DN-rop6 could weaken the effect caused by overexpression of GDI1; because the pleiotropic phenotype of GDI1-14 plants was eliminated in the hybrid line GDI1-14 DN-rop6. GDI1 could be phosphorylated by CPK3. Three conserved Ser/Thr residues in GDI1 were determined as targeted amino acids for CPK3. Overexpression of GDI1(3D), not GDI1(3A), could rescue the abnormal growth phenotypes of gdi1-1 seedlings, demonstrating the impact of GDI1 phosphorylation in the development of Arabidopsis. In summary, these results suggest that GDI1 regulation in morphogenesis of seedlings and leaf pavement cells could be undergone through modulating the ROP signalling pathways and the phosphorylation of GDI1 by CPK3 was required for the developmental modulation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Han Tian
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuqing He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Zhang C, Mallery E, Reagan S, Boyko VP, Kotchoni SO, Szymanski DB. The endoplasmic reticulum is a reservoir for WAVE/SCAR regulatory complex signaling in the Arabidopsis leaf. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:689-706. [PMID: 23613272 PMCID: PMC3668063 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.217422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During plant cell morphogenesis, signal transduction and cytoskeletal dynamics interact to locally organize the cytoplasm and define the geometry of cell expansion. The WAVE/SCAR (for WASP family verprolin homologous/suppressor of cyclic AMP receptor) regulatory complex (W/SRC) is an evolutionarily conserved heteromeric protein complex. Within the plant kingdom W/SRC is a broadly used effector that converts Rho-of-Plants (ROP)/Rac small GTPase signals into Actin-Related Protein2/3 and actin-dependent growth responses. Although the components and biochemistry of the W/SRC pathway are well understood, a basic understanding of how cells partition W/SRC into active and inactive pools is lacking. In this paper, we report that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle for W/SRC regulation. We determined that a large intracellular pool of the core W/SRC subunit NAP1, like the known positive regulator of W/SRC, the DOCK family guanine nucleotide-exchange factor SPIKE1 (SPK1), localizes to the surface of the ER. The ER-associated NAP1 is inactive because it displays little colocalization with the actin network, and ER localization requires neither activating signals from SPK1 nor a physical association with its W/SRC-binding partner, SRA1. Our results indicate that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf pavement cells and trichomes, the ER is a reservoir for W/SRC signaling and may have a key role in the early steps of W/SRC assembly and/or activation.
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Yanagisawa M, Zhang C, Szymanski DB. ARP2/3-dependent growth in the plant kingdom: SCARs for life. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:166. [PMID: 23802001 PMCID: PMC3689024 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the human experience SCARs (suppressor of cAMP receptors) are permanent reminders of past events, not always based on bad decisions, but always those in which an interplay of opposing forces leaves behind a clear record in the form of some permanent watery mark. During plant morphogenesis, SCARs are important proteins that reflect an unusual evolutionary outcome, in which the plant kingdom relies heavily on this single class of actin-related protein (ARP) 2/3 complex activator to dictate the time and place of actin filament nucleation. This unusually simple arrangement may serve as a permanent reminder that cell shape control in plants is fundamentally different from that of crawling cells in mammals that use the power of actin polymerization to define and maintain cell shape. In plant cells, actin filaments indirectly affect cell shape by determining the transport properties of organelles and cargo molecules that modulate the mechanical properties of the wall. It is becoming increasingly clear that polarized bundles of actin filaments operate at whole cell spatial scales to organize the cytoplasm and dictate the patterns of long-distance intracellular transport and secretion. The number of actin-binding proteins and actin filament nucleators that are known to participate in the process of actin network formation are rapidly increasing. In plants, formins and ARP2/3 are two important actin filament nucleators. This review will focus on ARP2/3, and the apparent reliance of most plant species on the SCAR/WAVE (WASP family verprolin homologous) regulatory complex as the sole pathway for ARP2/3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaRiverside, CA, USA
| | - Daniel B. Szymanski
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- *Correspondence: Daniel B. Szymanski, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 1150 Lilly Hall of Life Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1150, USA e-mail:
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Zhang C, Mallery EL, Szymanski DB. ARP2/3 localization in Arabidopsis leaf pavement cells: a diversity of intracellular pools and cytoskeletal interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:238. [PMID: 23874346 PMCID: PMC3709099 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells the actin cytoskeleton adopts many configurations, but is best understood as an unstable, interconnected track that rearranges to define the patterns of long distance transport of organelles during growth. Actin filaments do not form spontaneously; instead filament nucleators, such as the evolutionarily conserved actin-related protein (ARP) 2/3 complex, can efficiently generate new actin filament networks when in a fully activated state. A growing number of genetic experiments have shown that ARP2/3 is necessary for morphogenesis in processes that range from tip growth during root nodule formation to the diffuse polarized growth of leaf trichomes and pavement cells. Although progress has been rapid in the identification of proteins that function in series to positively regulate ARP2/3, less has been learned about the actual function of ARP2/3 in cells. In this paper, we analyze the localization of ARP2/3 in Arabidopsis leaf pavement cells. We detect a pool of ARP2/3 in the nucleus, and also find that ARP2/3 is efficiently and specifically clustered on multiple organelle surfaces and associates with both the actin filament and microtubule cytoskeletons. Our mutant analyses and ARP2/3 and actin double labeling experiments indicate that the clustering of ARP2/3 on organelle surfaces and an association with actin bundles does not necessarily reflect an active pool of ARP2/3, and instead most of the complex appears to exist as a latent organelle-associated pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Daniel B. Szymanski
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biology, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- *Correspondence: Daniel B. Szymanski, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Lily Hall of Life Sciences, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA e-mail:
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Ojangu EL, Tanner K, Pata P, Järve K, Holweg CL, Truve E, Paves H. Myosins XI-K, XI-1, and XI-2 are required for development of pavement cells, trichomes, and stigmatic papillae in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:81. [PMID: 22672737 PMCID: PMC3424107 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The positioning and dynamics of vesicles and organelles, and thus the growth of plant cells, is mediated by the acto-myosin system. In Arabidopsis there are 13 class XI myosins which mediate vesicle and organelle transport in different cell types. So far the involvement of five class XI myosins in cell expansion during the shoot and root development has been shown, three of which, XI-1, XI-2, and XI-K, are essential for organelle transport. RESULTS Simultaneous depletion of Arabidopsis class XI myosins XI-K, XI-1, and XI-2 in double and triple mutant plants affected the growth of several types of epidermal cells. The size and shape of trichomes, leaf pavement cells and the elongation of the stigmatic papillae of double and triple mutant plants were affected to different extent. Reduced cell size led to significant size reduction of shoot organs in the case of triple mutant, affecting bolt formation, flowering time and fertility. Phenotype analysis revealed that the reduced fertility of triple mutant plants was caused by delayed or insufficient development of pistils. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the class XI myosins XI-K, XI-1 and XI-2 have partially redundant roles in the growth of shoot epidermis. Myosin XI-K plays more important role whereas myosins XI-1 and XI-2 have minor roles in the determination of size and shape of epidermal cells, because the absence of these two myosins is compensated by XI-K. Co-operation between myosins XI-K and XI-2 appears to play an important role in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Ly Ojangu
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Krista Tanner
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Pille Pata
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristel Järve
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Carola L Holweg
- Nachhaltigkeits-Projekte, Alte Str. 13, 79249, Merzhausen, Germany
| | - Erkki Truve
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Heiti Paves
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
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Dyachok J, Zhu L, Liao F, He J, Huq E, Blancaflor EB. SCAR mediates light-induced root elongation in Arabidopsis through photoreceptors and proteasomes. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3610-26. [PMID: 21972261 PMCID: PMC3229138 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.088823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ARP2/3 complex, a highly conserved nucleator of F-actin, and its activator, the SCAR complex, are essential for growth in plants and animals. In this article, we present a pathway through which roots of Arabidopsis thaliana directly perceive light to promote their elongation. The ARP2/3-SCAR complex and the maintenance of longitudinally aligned F-actin arrays are crucial components of this pathway. The involvement of the ARP2/3-SCAR complex in light-regulated root growth is supported by our finding that mutants of the SCAR complex subunit BRK1/HSPC300, or other individual subunits of the ARP2/3-SCAR complex, showed a dramatic inhibition of root elongation in the light, which mirrored reduced growth of wild-type roots in the dark. SCAR1 degradation in dark-grown wild-type roots by constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) E3 ligase and 26S proteasome accompanied the loss of longitudinal F-actin and reduced root growth. Light perceived by the root photoreceptors, cryptochrome and phytochrome, suppressed COP1-mediated SCAR1 degradation. Taken together, our data provide a biochemical explanation for light-induced promotion of root elongation by the ARP2/3-SCAR complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dyachok
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Ling Zhu
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Fuqi Liao
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Ji He
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Enamul Huq
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- Address correspondence to
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High-resolution X-ray structure of the trimeric Scar/WAVE-complex precursor Brk1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21327. [PMID: 21701600 PMCID: PMC3119050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Scar/WAVE-complex links upstream Rho-GTPase signaling to the activation of the conserved Arp2/3-complex. Scar/WAVE-induced and Arp2/3-complex-mediated actin nucleation is crucial for actin assembly in protruding lamellipodia to drive cell migration. The heteropentameric Scar/WAVE-complex is composed of Scar/WAVE, Abi, Nap, Pir and a small polypeptide Brk1/HSPC300, and recent work suggested that free Brk1 serves as a homooligomeric precursor in the assembly of this complex. Here we characterized the Brk1 trimer from Dictyostelium by analytical ultracentrifugation and gelfiltration. We show for the first time its dissociation at concentrations in the nanomolar range as well as an exchange of subunits within different DdBrk1 containing complexes. Moreover, we determined the three-dimensional structure of DdBrk1 at 1.5 Å resolution by X-ray crystallography. Three chains of DdBrk1 are associated with each other forming a parallel triple coiled-coil bundle. Notably, this structure is highly similar to the heterotrimeric α-helical bundle of HSPC300/WAVE1/Abi2 within the human Scar/WAVE-complex. This finding, together with the fact that Brk1 is collectively sandwiched by the remaining subunits and also constitutes the main subunit connecting the triple-coil domain of the HSPC300/WAVE1/Abi2/ heterotrimer to Sra1(Pir1), implies a critical function of this subunit in the assembly process of the entire Scar/WAVE-complex.
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Tang Z, Zhang L, Yang D, Zhao C, Zheng Y. Cold stress contributes to aberrant cytokinesis during male meiosis I in a wheat thermosensitive genic male sterile line. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:389-405. [PMID: 21062315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The male sterility of a wheat thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) line is strictly controlled by temperature. When the TGMS line BS366 was exposed to 10 °C from the pollen mother cell stage to the meiosis stage, a few pollen grains were formed and devoid of starch. We report here a large-scale transcriptomic study using the Affymetrix wheat GeneChip to follow gene expression in BS366 line anthers in response to cold stress. Notably, many cytoskeletal signaling components were gradually induced in response to cold stress in BS366 line anthers. However, the cytoskeleton-associated genes that play key roles in the dynamic organization of the cytoskeleton were dramatically repressed. Histological studies revealed that the separation of dyads occurred abnormally during male meiosis I, indicating defective male meiotic cytokinesis. Fluorescence labelling and subcellular histological observations revealed that the phragmoplast was defectively formed and the cell plate was abnormally assembled during meiosis I under cold stress. Based on the transcriptomic analysis and observations of characterized histological changes, our results suggest that cold stress repressed transcription of cytoskeleton dynamic factors and subsequently caused the defective cytokinesis during meiosis I. The results may explain the male sterility caused by low temperature in wheat TGMS lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghui Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Zhang C, Halsey LE, Szymanski DB. The development and geometry of shape change in Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledon pavement cells. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:27. [PMID: 21284861 PMCID: PMC3042916 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The leaf epidermis is an important architectural control element that influences the growth properties of underlying tissues and the overall form of the organ. In dicots, interdigitated pavement cells are the building blocks of the tissue, and their morphogenesis includes the assembly of specialized cell walls that surround the apical, basal, and lateral (anticlinal) cell surfaces. The microtubule and actin cytoskeletons are highly polarized along the cortex of the anticlinal wall; however, the relationships between these arrays and cell morphogenesis are unclear. RESULTS We developed new quantitative tools to compare population-level growth statistics with time-lapse imaging of cotyledon pavement cells in an intact tissue. The analysis revealed alternating waves of lobe initiation and a phase of lateral isotropic expansion that persisted for days. During lateral isotropic diffuse growth, microtubule organization varied greatly between cell surfaces. Parallel microtubule bundles were distributed unevenly along the anticlinal surface, with subsets marking stable cortical domains at cell indentations and others clearly populating the cortex within convex cell protrusions. CONCLUSIONS Pavement cell morphogenesis is discontinuous, and includes punctuated phases of lobe initiation and lateral isotropic expansion. In the epidermis, lateral isotropic growth is independent of pavement cell size and shape. Cortical microtubules along the upper cell surface and stable cortical patches of anticlinal microtubules may coordinate the growth behaviors of orthogonal cell walls. This work illustrates the importance of directly linking protein localization data to the growth behavior of leaf epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054, USA
| | - Leah E Halsey
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054, USA
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Sorek N, Gutman O, Bar E, Abu-Abied M, Feng X, Running MP, Lewinsohn E, Ori N, Sadot E, Henis YI, Yalovsky S. Differential effects of prenylation and s-acylation on type I and II ROPS membrane interaction and function. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:706-20. [PMID: 21139084 PMCID: PMC3032461 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.166850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Prenylation primarily by geranylgeranylation is required for membrane attachment and function of type I Rho of Plants (ROPs) and Gγ proteins, while type II ROPs are attached to the plasma membrane by S-acylation. Yet, it is not known how prenylation affects ROP membrane interaction dynamics and what are the functional redundancy and specificity of type I and type II ROPs. Here, we have used the expression of ROPs in mammalian cells together with geranylgeranylation and CaaX prenylation-deficient mutants to answer these questions. Our results show that the mechanism of type II ROP S-acylation and membrane attachment is unique to plants and likely responsible for the viability of plants in the absence of CaaX prenylation activity. The prenylation of ROPs determines their steady-state distribution between the plasma membrane and the cytosol but has little effect on membrane interaction dynamics. In addition, the prenyl group type has only minor effects on ROP function. Phenotypic analysis of the CaaX prenylation-deficient pluripetala mutant epidermal cells revealed that type I ROPs affect cell structure primarily on the adaxial side, while type II ROPs are functional and induce a novel cell division phenotype in this genetic background. Taken together, our studies show how prenyl and S-acyl lipid modifications affect ROP subcellular distribution, membrane interaction dynamics, and function.
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