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Spitschan M. Selecting, implementing and evaluating control and placebo conditions in light therapy and light-based interventions. Ann Med 2024; 56:2298875. [PMID: 38329797 PMCID: PMC10854444 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2298875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Light profoundly influences human physiology, behaviour and cognition by affecting various functions through light-sensitive cells in the retina. Light therapy has proven effective in treating seasonal depression and other disorders. However, designing appropriate control conditions for light-based interventions remains a challenge.Materials and methods: This article presents a novel framework for selecting, implementing and evaluating control conditions in light studies, offering theoretical foundations and practical guidance. It reviews the fundamentals of photoreception and discusses control strategies such as dim light, darkness, different wavelengths, spectral composition and metameric conditions. Special cases like dynamic lighting, simulated dawn and dusk, complex interventions and studies involving blind or visually impaired patients are also considered.Results: The practical guide outlines steps for selection, implementation, evaluation and reporting, emphasizing the importance of α-opic calculations and physiological validation.Conclusion: In conclusion, constructing effective control conditions is crucial for demonstrating the efficacy of light interventions in various research scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Spitschan
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Translational Sensory & Circadian Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Chronobiology & Health, Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, TUM Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Garching, Germany
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2
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Saito M, Miyamoto K, Murakami I. Illumination by short-wavelength light inside the blind spot decreases light detectability. iScience 2024; 27:110612. [PMID: 39220265 PMCID: PMC11363485 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the optic disk corresponding to the blind spot contains no classical photoreceptors, it contains photopigment melanopsin. To clarify whether melanopsin is involved in light detection, we conducted detection tasks for light stimuli presented in the normal visual field, with and without another illumination inside the blind spot. We found that a blue blind-spot illumination decreased the light detectability on a dark background. This effect was replicable when it was determined immediately after the blind-spot illumination was turned off, suggesting the contribution of a sluggish system rather than scattering. Moreover, the aforementioned effect was not observed when the blind-spot illumination was in red, indicating wavelength specificity in favor of melanopsin's sensitivity profile. These findings suggest that melanopsin is activated by the blind-spot illumination and thereby interferes with light detection near the absolute threshold. Light detection originating from conventional photoreceptors is modulated by melanopsin-based computation presumably estimating a baseline noise level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Saito
- Department of Psychology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
- Faculty of Design and Architecture, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyamoto
- Laboratory for Imagination and Executive Functions, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ikuya Murakami
- Department of Psychology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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3
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Rao F, Xue T. Circadian-independent light regulation of mammalian metabolism. Nat Metab 2024; 6:1000-1007. [PMID: 38831000 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The daily light-dark cycle is a key zeitgeber (time cue) for entraining an organism's biological clock, whereby light sensing by retinal photoreceptors, particularly intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, a central pacemaker that in turn orchestrates the rhythm of peripheral metabolic activities. Non-rhythmic effects of light on metabolism have also been long known, and their transduction mechanisms are only beginning to unfold. Here, we summarize emerging evidence that, in mammals, light exposure or deprivation profoundly affects glucose homeostasis, thermogenesis and other metabolic activities in a clock-independent manner. Such light regulation could involve melanopsin-based, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell-initiated brain circuits via the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and other nuclei, or direct stimulation of opsins expressed in the hypothalamus, adipose tissue, blood vessels and skin to regulate sympathetic tone, lipolysis, glucose uptake, mitochondrial activation, thermogenesis, food intake, blood pressure and melanogenesis. These photic signalling events may coordinate with circadian-based mechanisms to maintain metabolic homeostasis, with dysregulation of this system underlying metabolic diseases caused by aberrant light exposure, such as environmental night light and shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Rao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Assembling and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Tian Xue
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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4
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Foster RG. Introduction and reflections on the comparative physiology of sleep and circadian rhythms. J Comp Physiol B 2024; 194:225-231. [PMID: 38856727 PMCID: PMC11233284 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms and the sleep/wake cycle allows us, and most life on Earth, to function optimally in a dynamic world, adjusting all aspects of biology to the varied and complex demands imposed by the 24-hour rotation of the Earth upon its axis. A key element in understanding these rhythms, and the success of the field in general, has been because researchers have adopted a comparative approach. Across all taxa, fundamental questions relating to the generation and regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms have been address using biochemical, molecular, cellular, system and computer modelling techniques. Furthermore, findings have been placed into an ecological and evolutionary context. By addressing both the "How" - mechanistic, and "Why" - evolutionary questions in parallel, the field has achieved remarkable successes, including how circadian rhythms are generated and regulated by light. Yet many key questions remain. In this special issue on the Comparative Physiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Journal of Comparative Physiology, important new discoveries are detailed. These findings illustrate the power of comparative physiology to address novel questions and demonstrate that sleep and circadian physiology are embedded within the biological framework of an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell G Foster
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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5
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Barrionuevo PA, Sandoval Salinas ML, Fanchini JM. Are ipRGCs involved in human color vision? Hints from physiology, psychophysics, and natural image statistics. Vision Res 2024; 217:108378. [PMID: 38458004 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Human photoreceptors consist of cones, rods, and melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). First studied in circadian regulation and pupillary control, ipRGCs project to a variety of brain centers suggesting a broader involvement beyond non-visual functions. IpRGC responses are stable, long-lasting, and with a particular codification of photoreceptor signals. In comparison with the transient and adaptive nature of cone and rod signals, ipRGCs' signaling might provide an ecological advantage to different attributes of color vision. Previous studies have indicated melanopsin's influence on visual responses yet its contribution to color perception in humans remains debated. We summarized evidence and hypotheses (from physiology, psychophysics, and natural image statistics) about direct and indirect involvement of ipRGCs in human color vision, by first briefly assessing the current knowledge about the role of melanopsin and ipRGCs in vision and codification of spectral signals. We then approached the question about melanopsin activation eliciting a color percept, discussing studies using the silent substitution method. Finally, we explore various avenues through which ipRGCs might impact color perception indirectly, such as through involvement in peripheral color matching, post-receptoral pathways, color constancy, long-term chromatic adaptation, and chromatic induction. While there is consensus about the role of ipRGCs in brightness perception, confirming its direct contribution to human color perception requires further investigation. We proposed potential approaches for future research, emphasizing the need for empirical validation and methodological thoroughness to elucidate the exact role of ipRGCs in human color vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Barrionuevo
- Allgemeine Psychologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany; Instituto de Investigación en Luz, Ambiente y Visión (ILAV), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - María L Sandoval Salinas
- Instituto de Investigación en Luz, Ambiente y Visión (ILAV), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina (PIDBA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - José M Fanchini
- Instituto de Investigación en Luz, Ambiente y Visión (ILAV), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina; Departamento de Luminotecnia, Luz y Visión, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina
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6
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Anderson T, Adams WM, Burns GT, Post EG, Baumann S, Clark E, Cogan K, Finnoff JT. Addressing Circadian Disruptions in Visually Impaired Paralympic Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:212-218. [PMID: 38168013 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transmeridian travel is common for elite athletes participating in competitions and training. However, this travel can lead to circadian misalignment wherein the internal biological clock becomes desynchronized with the light-dark cycle of the new environment, resulting in performance decrement and potential negative health consequences. Existing literature extensively discusses recommendations for managing jet lag, predominantly emphasizing light-based interventions to synchronize the internal clock with the anticipated time at the destination. Nevertheless, visually impaired (VI) athletes may lack photoreceptiveness, diminishing or nullifying the effectiveness of this therapy. Consequently, this invited commentary explores alternative strategies for addressing jet lag in VI athletes. CONCLUSIONS VI athletes with light perception but reduced visual acuity or visual fields may still benefit from light interventions in managing jet lag. However, VI athletes lacking a conscious perception of light should rely on gradual shifts in behavioral factors, such as meal timing and exercise, to facilitate the entrainment of circadian rhythms to the destination time. Furthermore, interventions like melatonin supplementation may prove useful during and after travel. In addition, it is recommended that athlete guides adopt phase-forward or phase-back approaches to synchronize with the athlete, aiding in jet-lag management and optimizing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Anderson
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - William M Adams
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Burns
- Department of Para & Internal Sports, United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric G Post
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Sally Baumann
- Department of Para & Internal Sports, United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Emily Clark
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Karen Cogan
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan T Finnoff
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Huang CH, Yu S, Yu HS, Tu HP, Yeh YT, Yu HS. Chronic blue light-emitting diode exposure harvests gut dysbiosis related to cholesterol dysregulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1320713. [PMID: 38259967 PMCID: PMC10800827 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1320713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Night shift workers have been associated with circadian dysregulation and metabolic disorders, which are tightly coevolved with gut microbiota. The chronic impacts of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting at night on gut microbiota and serum lipids were investigated. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to blue or white LED lighting at Zeitgeber time 13.5-14 (ZT; ZT0 is the onset of "lights on" and ZT12 is the "lights off" onset under 12-hour light, 12-hour dark schedule). After 33 weeks, only the high irradiance (7.2 J/cm2) of blue LED light reduced the alpha diversity of gut microbiota. The high irradiance of white LED light and the low irradiance (3.6 J/cm2) of both lights did not change microbial alpha diversity. However, the low irradiance, but not the high one, of both blue and white LED illuminations significantly increased serum total cholesterol (TCHO), but not triglyceride (TG). There was no significant difference of microbial abundance between two lights. The ratio of beneficial to harmful bacteria decreased at a low irradiance but increased at a high irradiance of blue light. Notably, this ratio was negatively correlated with serum TCHO but positively correlated with bile acid biosynthesis pathway. Therefore, chronic blue LED lighting at a high irradiance may harvest gut dysbiosis in association with decreased alpha diversity and the ratio of beneficial to harmful bacteria to specifically dysregulates TCHO metabolism in mice. Night shift workers are recommended to be avoid of blue LED lighting for a long and lasting time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsieh Huang
- Ph. D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sebastian Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Sheng Yu
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pin Tu
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tsung Yeh
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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8
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Nilsen NG, Gilson SJ, Lindgren H, Kjærland M, Pedersen HR, Baraas RC. Seasonal and Annual Change in Physiological Ocular Growth of 7- to 11-Year-Old Norwegian Children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:10. [PMID: 38064230 PMCID: PMC10709800 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate seasonal and annual change in physiological eye growth in Norwegian school children. Methods Measurements of ocular biometry, non-cycloplegic spherical equivalent autorefraction (SER), and choroidal thickness (ChT) were obtained for 92 children (44 females) aged 7 to 11 years at four time points over a year (November 2019-November 2020). Seasons (3- and 5-month intervals) were classified as winter (November-January), winter-spring (January-June), and summer-autumn (June-November). Cycloplegic SER was obtained in January and used to group children. The seasonal and annual changes were tested with a linear mixed-effects model (P values were adjusted for multiple comparisons). Results All the children experienced annual ocular growth, irrespective of SER, but less so during the summer-autumn. The baseline SER was lower (P < 0.001), axial length (AL) was longer (P < 0.038), and choroids were thicker in 10- to 11-year-old than 7- to 8-year-old mild hyperopes (P = 0.002). Assuming mild hyperopes (n = 65) experience only physiological eye growth, modeling revealed seasonal and annual increases in AL across sex and age (P < 0.018), with less change during the summer-autumn than winter-spring. The 7- to 8-year-olds had a larger decrease annually and over winter-spring in SER (P ≤ 0.036) and in ChT over winter-spring than the 10- to 11-year-olds (P = 0.006). Conclusions There were significant seasonal and annual changes in AL in children who had physiological eye growth irrespective of age within this cohort. Annual changes in SER and seasonal choroidal thinning were only observed in 7- to 8-year-old children. This indicates continued emmetropization in 7- to 8-year-olds and a transition to maintaining emmetropia in 10- to 11-year-olds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolai G. Nilsen
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Stuart J. Gilson
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Helene Lindgren
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Marianne Kjærland
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Hilde R. Pedersen
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Rigmor C. Baraas
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
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9
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Cheshmeh Noor M, Revell V, Mehdizadeh Saradj F, Yazdanfar SA. The impact of wavelength on acute non-visual responses to light: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Res 2023; 1816:148470. [PMID: 37364848 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Light is detected in the eye by three classes of photoreceptors (rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)) that are each optimized for a specific function and express a particular light-detecting photopigment. The significant role of short-wavelength light and ipRGCs in improving alertness has been well-established; however, few reviews have been undertaken to assess the other wavelengths' effects regarding timing and intensity. This study aims to evaluate the impact of different narrowband light wavelengths on subjective and objective alertness among the 36 studies included in this systematic review, 17 of which were meta-analyzed. Short-wavelength light (∼460-480 nm) significantly improves subjective alertness, cognitive function, and neurological brain activities at night, even for a sustained period (∼6h) (for λmax: 470/475 nm, 0.4 < |Hedges's g| < 0.6, p < 0.05), but except early morning, it almost does not show this effect during the day when melatonin level is lowest. Long-wavelength light (∼600-640 nm) has little effect at night, but significantly increases several measures of alertness at lower irradiance during the daytime (∼1h), particularly when there is homeostatic sleep drive (for λmax: ∼630 nm, 0.5 < |Hedges's g| < 0.8, p < 0.05). The results further suggest that melanopic illuminance may not always be sufficient to measure the alerting effect of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Cheshmeh Noor
- School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran Iran.
| | - Victoria Revell
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XP, United Kingdom.
| | - Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj
- School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran Iran.
| | - Seyed-Abbas Yazdanfar
- School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran Iran.
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Paparella I, Campbell I, Sharifpour R, Beckers E, Berger A, Aizpurua JFB, Koshmanova E, Mortazavi N, Talwar P, Degueldre C, Lamalle L, Sherif S, Phillips C, Maquet P, Vandewalle G. Light modulates task-dependent thalamo-cortical connectivity during an auditory attentional task. Commun Biol 2023; 6:945. [PMID: 37714936 PMCID: PMC10504287 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to blue wavelength light stimulates alertness and performance by modulating a widespread set of task-dependent cortical and subcortical areas. How light affects the crosstalk between brain areas to trigger this stimulating effect is not established. Here we record the brain activity of 19 healthy young participants (24.05±2.63; 12 women) while they complete an auditory attentional task in darkness or under an active (blue-enriched) or a control (orange) light, in an ultra-high-field 7 Tesla MRI scanner. We test if light modulates the effective connectivity between an area of the posterior associative thalamus, encompassing the pulvinar, and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), key areas in the regulation of attention. We find that only the blue-enriched light strengthens the connection from the posterior thalamus to the IPS. To the best of our knowledge, our results provide the first empirical data supporting that blue wavelength light affects ongoing non-visual cognitive activity by modulating task-dependent information flow from subcortical to cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Paparella
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Islay Campbell
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Roya Sharifpour
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Elise Beckers
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ET, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Berger
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Synergia Medical SA, 1435, Mont-Saint-Guibert, Belgium
| | | | - Ekaterina Koshmanova
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nasrin Mortazavi
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Puneet Talwar
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Degueldre
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Lamalle
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Siya Sherif
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Phillips
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maquet
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Neurology Department, CHU de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles Vandewalle
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Arimitsu T, Fukutomi R, Kumagai M, Shibuma H, Yamanishi Y, Takahashi KI, Gima H, Seto Y, Adachi H, Arai H, Higuchi M, Ohgi S, Ohta H. Designing artificial circadian environments with multisensory cares for supporting preterm infants' growth in NICUs. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1152959. [PMID: 37694118 PMCID: PMC10491019 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1152959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest the importance of stable circadian environments for fetuses to achieve sound physiology and intrauterine development. This idea is also supported by epidemiological and animal studies, in which pregnant females exposed to repeated shifting of light-dark cycles had increased rates of reproductive abnormalities and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In response to such findings, artificial circadian environments with light-dark (LD) cycles have been introduced to NICUs to promote better physical development of preterm infants. Such LD cycles, however, may not be fully effective for preterm infants who are less than 30 weeks gestational age (WGA) since they are too premature to be adequately responsive to light. Instead, circadian rhythmicity of incubated preterm infants less than 30 WGA may be able to be developed through stimulation of the non-visual senses such as touch and sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Arimitsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- The Japan Developmental Care Study Group, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Seirei Christopher University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Rika Fukutomi
- Section of Pediatric Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kumagai
- Department of Nursing, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hayato Shibuma
- Department of Rehabilitation, Yamagata Saisei Hospital, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamanishi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei-ichi Takahashi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Gima
- The Japan Developmental Care Study Group, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Seirei Christopher University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Seto
- Maternity and Perinatal Care Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Adachi
- Department of Pediatrics, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Arai
- Department of Neonatology, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Higuchi
- The Japan Developmental Care Study Group, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Seirei Christopher University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Ohgi
- The Japan Developmental Care Study Group, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Seirei Christopher University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Seirei Christopher University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Ohta
- The Japan Developmental Care Study Group, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Seirei Christopher University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Asai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Chien SE, Yeh SL, Yamashita W, Tsujimura SI. Enhanced human contrast sensitivity with increased stimulation of melanopsin in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Vision Res 2023; 209:108271. [PMID: 37331304 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are known to serve non-image-forming functions, such as photoentrainment of the circadian rhythm and pupillary light reflex. However, how they affect human spatial vision is largely unknown. The spatial contrast sensitivity function (CSF), which measures contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency, was used in the current study to investigate the function of ipRGCs in pattern vision. To compare the effects of different background lights on the CSF, we utilized the silent substitution technique. We manipulated the stimulation level of melanopsin (i.e., the visual pigment of ipRGCs) from the background light while keeping the cone stimulations constant, or vice versa. We conducted four experiments to measure the CSFs at various spatial frequencies, eccentricities, and levels of background luminance. Results showed that melanopsin stimulation from the background light enhances spatial contrast sensitivity across different eccentricities and luminance levels. Our finding that melanopsin contributes to CSF, combined with the receptive field analysis, suggests a role for the magnocellular pathway and challenges the conventional view that ipRGCs are primarily responsible for non-visual functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-En Chien
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Ganzin Technology Inc., New Taipei City 23141, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ling Yeh
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Wakayo Yamashita
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichi Tsujimura
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Faculty of Design and Architecture, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan.
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13
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Karesvuo M, Kanclerz P, Hecht I, Achiron A, Tuuminen R. Association of clear vs blue-light filtering intraocular lenses with mental and behavioral disorders and diseases of the nervous system among patients receiving bilateral cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2023; 49:679-685. [PMID: 36940191 PMCID: PMC10284132 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000001184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze new-onset mental and behavioral disorders and nervous system diseases in patients with cataract implanted with either non-blue-light filtering (BLF) or BLF intraocular lenses (IOLs) in both eyes. SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland. DESIGN A retrospective registry-based cohort study of patients operated between September 2007 and December 2018 who were followed until December 2021. We included 4986 patients who underwent bilateral cataract surgery. METHODS Patients were implanted with either non-BLF IOLs (N = 2609) or BLF IOLs (N = 2377) in both eyes. Follow-up before the first-eye surgery and between the first-eye and the second-eye surgery was performed to acknowledge the preexisting disorders and diseases. After the second-eye surgery, the groups were analyzed for the new-onset mental and behavioral disorders and diseases of the nervous system subcategorized by the International Classification of Diseases codes. RESULTS 1707 male and 3279 female patients, aged 73.2 ± 8.6 years at the first-eye surgery and 74.3 ± 8.8 years at the second-eye surgery, were identified. In univariate log-rank tests, the use of BLF IOLs showed no association in overall new-onset disorders or diseases over non-BLF IOLs, in any subtype diagnosis codes except for sleep disorders, which favored BLF IOLs ( P = .003). A multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex identified no associations in any new-onset disorders or diseases. Multivariate analysis of sleep disorders showed a nonsignificant advantage for BLF-IOLs (hazard ratio 0.756, 95% CI 0.534-1.070, P = .114). CONCLUSIONS BLF IOLs were not associated with mental and behavioral disorders or diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Karesvuo
- From the Helsinki Retina Research Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Karesvuo, Kanclerz, Hecht, Tuuminen); Health Services Dental Care, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Karesvuo); Hygeia Clinic, Gdańsk, Poland (Kanclerz); Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Hecht); Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Hecht, Achiron); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Achiron); Department of Ophthalmology, Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland (Tuuminen)
| | - Piotr Kanclerz
- From the Helsinki Retina Research Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Karesvuo, Kanclerz, Hecht, Tuuminen); Health Services Dental Care, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Karesvuo); Hygeia Clinic, Gdańsk, Poland (Kanclerz); Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Hecht); Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Hecht, Achiron); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Achiron); Department of Ophthalmology, Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland (Tuuminen)
| | - Idan Hecht
- From the Helsinki Retina Research Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Karesvuo, Kanclerz, Hecht, Tuuminen); Health Services Dental Care, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Karesvuo); Hygeia Clinic, Gdańsk, Poland (Kanclerz); Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Hecht); Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Hecht, Achiron); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Achiron); Department of Ophthalmology, Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland (Tuuminen)
| | - Asaf Achiron
- From the Helsinki Retina Research Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Karesvuo, Kanclerz, Hecht, Tuuminen); Health Services Dental Care, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Karesvuo); Hygeia Clinic, Gdańsk, Poland (Kanclerz); Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Hecht); Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Hecht, Achiron); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Achiron); Department of Ophthalmology, Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland (Tuuminen)
| | - Raimo Tuuminen
- From the Helsinki Retina Research Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Karesvuo, Kanclerz, Hecht, Tuuminen); Health Services Dental Care, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Karesvuo); Hygeia Clinic, Gdańsk, Poland (Kanclerz); Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Hecht); Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Hecht, Achiron); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Achiron); Department of Ophthalmology, Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland (Tuuminen)
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14
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Campbell I, Sharifpour R, Vandewalle G. Light as a Modulator of Non-Image-Forming Brain Functions—Positive and Negative Impacts of Increasing Light Availability. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:116-140. [PMID: 36975552 PMCID: PMC10047820 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Light use is rising steeply, mainly because of the advent of light-emitting diode (LED) devices. LEDs are frequently blue-enriched light sources and may have different impacts on the non-image forming (NIF) system, which is maximally sensitive to blue-wavelength light. Most importantly, the timing of LED device use is widespread, leading to novel light exposure patterns on the NIF system. The goal of this narrative review is to discuss the multiple aspects that we think should be accounted for when attempting to predict how this situation will affect the NIF impact of light on brain functions. We first cover both the image-forming and NIF pathways of the brain. We then detail our current understanding of the impact of light on human cognition, sleep, alertness, and mood. Finally, we discuss questions concerning the adoption of LED lighting and screens, which offer new opportunities to improve well-being, but also raise concerns about increasing light exposure, which may be detrimental to health, particularly in the evening.
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15
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Xu W, Wu P, Yao Q, Zhang R, Li P, Bao L, Wang C, Chen S, Zhang Y, Shen Y. Does the smartphone's eye protection mode work? OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:10420-10433. [PMID: 37157589 DOI: 10.1364/oe.485195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
People spend about 5-8 hours per day on phones, causing circadian disruption and eye fatigue, thus raising a great need for comfort and health. Most phones have eye protection modes, claiming a potential eye protection effect. To examine the effectiveness, we investigated the color quality, namely gamut area and just noticeable color difference (JNCD), and circadian effect, namely equivalent melanopic lux (EML) and melanopic daylight efficacy ratio (MDER), characteristics of two smartphones: iPhone 13 and HUAWEI P30, in normal and eye protection mode. The results show that the circadian effect is inversely proportional to color quality when the iPhone 13 and HUAWEI P30 changed from normal to eye protection mode. The gamut area changed from 102.51% to 82.5% sRGB and 100.36% to 84.55% sRGB, respectively. The EML and MDER decreased by 13 and 15, and, 0.50 and 0.38, respectively, affected by the eye protection mode and screen luminance. The EML and JNCD results in different modes show that the eye protection mode benefits the nighttime circadian effect at the cost of the image quality. This study provides a way to precisely assess the image quality and circadian effect of displays and elucidates the tradeoff relationship between them.
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16
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Tan DX, Reiter RJ, Zimmerman S, Hardeland R. Melatonin: Both a Messenger of Darkness and a Participant in the Cellular Actions of Non-Visible Solar Radiation of Near Infrared Light. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:89. [PMID: 36671781 PMCID: PMC9855654 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the history of melatonin research, almost exclusive focus has been on nocturnally-generated pineal melatonin production, which accounts for its circadian rhythm in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid; these light/dark melatonin cycles drive the daily and seasonal photoperiodic alterations in organismal physiology. Because pineal melatonin is produced and secreted primarily at night, it is referred to as the chemical expression of darkness. The importance of the other sources of melatonin has almost been ignored. Based on current evidence, there are at least four sources of melatonin in vertebrates that contribute to the whole-body melatonin pool. These include melatonin produced by (1) the pineal gland; (2) extrapineal cells, tissues, and organs; (3) the microbiota of the skin, mouth, nose, digestive tract, and vagina as well as (4) melatonin present in the diet. These multiple sources of melatonin exhibit differentially regulated mechanisms for its synthesis. Visible light striking the retina or an intense physical stimulus can suppress nocturnal pineal melatonin levels; in contrast, there are examples where extrapineal melatonin levels are increased during heavy exercise in daylight, which contains the whole range of NIR radiation. The cumulative impact of all cells producing augmented extrapineal melatonin is sufficient to elevate sweat concentrations, and potentially, if the exposure is sustained, to also increasing the circulating values. The transient increases in sweat and plasma melatonin support the premise that extrapineal melatonin has a production capacity that exceeds by far what can be produced by the pineal gland, and is used to maintain intercellular homeostasis and responds to rapid changes in ROS density. The potential regulatory mechanisms of near infrared light (NIR) on melatonin synthesis are discussed in detail herein. Combined with the discovery of high levels of melanopsin in most fat cells and their response to light further calls into question pineal centric theories. While the regulatory processes related to microbiota-derived melatonin are currently unknown, there does seem to be crosstalk between melatonin derived from the host and that originating from microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | - Ruediger Hardeland
- Johann Friedric Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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17
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The spectral sensitivity of human circadian phase resetting and melatonin suppression to light changes dynamically with light duration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205301119. [PMID: 36508661 PMCID: PMC9907124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205301119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human circadian, neuroendocrine, and neurobehavioral responses to light are mediated primarily by melanopsin-containing intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) but they also receive input from visual photoreceptors. Relative photoreceptor contributions are irradiance- and duration-dependent but results for long-duration light exposures are limited. We constructed irradiance-response curves and action spectra for melatonin suppression and circadian resetting responses in participants exposed to 6.5-h monochromatic 420, 460, 480, 507, 555, or 620 nm light exposures initiated near the onset of nocturnal melatonin secretion. Melatonin suppression and phase resetting action spectra were best fit by a single-opsin template with lambdamax at 481 and 483 nm, respectively. Linear combinations of melanopsin (ipRGC), short-wavelength (S) cone, and combined long- and medium-wavelength (L+M) cone functions were also fit and compared. For melatonin suppression, lambdamax was 441 nm in the first quarter of the 6.5-h exposure with a second peak at 550 nm, suggesting strong initial S and L+M cone contribution. This contribution decayed over time; lambdamax was 485 nm in the final quarter of light exposure, consistent with a predominant melanopsin contribution. Similarly, for circadian resetting, lambdamax ranged from 445 nm (all three functions) to 487 nm (L+M-cone and melanopsin functions only), suggesting significant S-cone contribution, consistent with recent model findings that the first few minutes of a light exposure drive the majority of the phase resetting response. These findings suggest a possible initial strong cone contribution in driving melatonin suppression and phase resetting, followed by a dominant melanopsin contribution over longer duration light exposures.
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18
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Nugent TW, Zele AJ. A five-primary Maxwellian-view display for independent control of melanopsin, rhodopsin, and three-cone opsins on a fine spatial scale. J Vis 2022; 22:20. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.12.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Nugent
- Center for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Zele
- Center for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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19
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Gabinet NM, Portnov BA. Investigating the combined effect of ALAN and noise on sleep by simultaneous real-time monitoring using low-cost smartphone devices. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113941. [PMID: 35931188 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The association between artificial light at night (ALAN) and noise, on the one hand, and sleep, on the other, is well established. Yet studies investigating these associations have been infrequent and mostly conducted in controlled laboratory conditions. As a result, little is known about the applicability of their results to real-world settings. In this paper, we attempt to bridge this knowledge gap by carrying out an individual-level real-world study, involving 72 volunteers from different urban localities in Israel. The survey participants were asked to use their personal smartphones and smartwatches to monitor sleep patterns for 30 consecutive days, while ALAN and noise exposures were monitored in parallel, with inputs reported each second. The volunteers were also asked to fill in a questionnaire about their individual attributes, daily habits, room settings, and personal health, to serve as individual-level controls. Upon cointegration, the assembled data were co-analyzed using bivariate and multivariate statistical tools. As the study reveals, the effect of ALAN and noise on sleep largely depends on when the exposure occurred, that is, before sleep or during sleep. In particular, the effect of ALAN exposure was found to be most pronounced if it occurred before sleep, while exposure to noise mattered most if it occurred during the sleep phase. As the study also reveals, the effects of ALAN and noise appear to amplify each other, with a 14-15.3% reduction in sleep duration and an 8-9% reduction in sleep efficiency observed at high levels of ALAN-noise exposures. The study helped to assemble a massive amount of real-time observations, enabling a robust individual-level analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum M Gabinet
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
| | - Boris A Portnov
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
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20
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Meyer N, Harvey AG, Lockley SW, Dijk DJ. Circadian rhythms and disorders of the timing of sleep. Lancet 2022; 400:1061-1078. [PMID: 36115370 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The daily alternation between sleep and wakefulness is one of the most dominant features of our lives and is a manifestation of the intrinsic 24 h rhythmicity underlying almost every aspect of our physiology. Circadian rhythms are generated by networks of molecular oscillators in the brain and peripheral tissues that interact with environmental and behavioural cycles to promote the occurrence of sleep during the environmental night. This alignment is often disturbed, however, by contemporary changes to our living environments, work or social schedules, patterns of light exposure, and biological factors, with consequences not only for sleep timing but also for our physical and mental health. Characterised by undesirable or irregular timing of sleep and wakefulness, in this Series paper we critically examine the existing categories of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders and the role of the circadian system in their development. We emphasise how not all disruption to daily rhythms is driven solely by an underlying circadian disturbance, and take a broader, dimensional approach to explore how circadian rhythms and sleep homoeostasis interact with behavioural and environmental factors. Very few high-quality epidemiological and intervention studies exist, and wider recognition and treatment of sleep timing disorders are currently hindered by a scarcity of accessible and objective tools for quantifying sleep and circadian physiology and environmental variables. We therefore assess emerging wearable technology, transcriptomics, and mathematical modelling approaches that promise to accelerate the integration of our knowledge in sleep and circadian science into improved human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Meyer
- Insomnia and Behavioural Sleep Medicine Clinic, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Allison G Harvey
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Steven W Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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21
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Polese D, Riccio ML, Fagioli M, Mazzetta A, Fagioli F, Parisi P, Fagioli M. The Newborn's Reaction to Light as the Determinant of the Brain's Activation at Human Birth. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:933426. [PMID: 36118115 PMCID: PMC9478760 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.933426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental neuroscience research has not yet fully unveiled the dynamics involved in human birth. The trigger of the first breath, often assumed to be the marker of human life, has not been characterized nor has the process entailing brain modification and activation at birth been clarified yet. To date, few researchers only have investigated the impact of the extrauterine environment, with its strong stimuli, on birth. This ‘hypothesis and theory' article assumes the role of a specific stimulus activating the central nervous system (CNS) at human birth. This stimulus must have specific features though, such as novelty, efficacy, ubiquity, and immediacy. We propose light as a robust candidate for the CNS activation via the retina. Available data on fetal and neonatal neurodevelopment, in particular with reference to retinal light-responsive pathways, will be examined together with the GABA functional switch, and the subplate disappearance, which, at an experimental level, differentiate the neonatal brain from the fetal brain. In this study, we assume how a very rapid activation of retinal photoreceptors at birth initiates a sudden brain shift from the prenatal pattern of functions to the neonatal setup. Our assumption implies the presence of a photoreceptor capable of capturing and transducing light/photon stimulus, transforming it into an effective signal for the activation of new brain functions at birth. Opsin photoreception or, more specifically, melanopsin-dependent photoreception, which is provided by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), is considered as a valid candidate. Although what is assumed herein cannot be verified in humans based on knowledge available so far, proposing an important and novel function can trigger a broad range of diversified research in different domains, from neurophysiology to neurology and psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Polese
- PhD Program on Sensorineural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs NESMOS, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Daniela Polese
| | | | - Marcella Fagioli
- Department of Mental Health, National Health System ASL Rome 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mazzetta
- PhD Program on Neuroscience, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fagioli
- Department of Mental Health, National Health System ASL Rome 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs NESMOS, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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22
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Spitschan M, Mead J, Roos C, Lowis C, Griffiths B, Mucur P, Herf M, Nam S, Veitch JA. luox: validated reference open-access and open-source web platform for calculating and sharing physiologically relevant quantities for light and lighting. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:69. [PMID: 34017925 PMCID: PMC8095192 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16595.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Light exposure has a profound impact on human physiology and behaviour. For example, light exposure at the wrong time can disrupt our circadian rhythms and acutely suppress the production of melatonin. In turn, appropriately timed light exposure can support circadian photoentrainment. Beginning with the discovery that melatonin production is acutely suppressed by bright light more than 40 years ago, understanding which aspects of light drive the 'non-visual' responses to light remains a highly active research area, with an important translational dimension and implications for "human-centric" or physiologically inspired architectural lighting design. In 2018, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standardised the spectral sensitivities for predicting the non-visual effects of a given spectrum of light with respect to the activation of the five photoreceptor classes in the human retina: the L, M and S cones, the rods, and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Here, we described a novel, lean, user-friendly, open-access and open-source platform for calculating quantities related to light. The platform, called luox, enables researchers and research users in vision science, lighting research, chronobiology, sleep research and adjacent fields to turn spectral measurements into reportable quantities. The luox code base, released under the GPL-3.0 License, is modular and therefore extendable to other spectrum-derived quantities. luox calculations of CIE quantities and indices have been endorsed by the CIE following black-box validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Spitschan
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- TUM Department of Sport and Health Sciences (TUM SG), Chronobiology & Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Translational Sensory & Circadian Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
- TUM Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Somang Nam
- National Research Council of Canada, Construction Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Veitch
- National Research Council of Canada, Construction Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
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23
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Oster J, Huang J, White BJ, Radach R, Itti L, Munoz DP, Wang CA. Pupillary responses to differences in luminance, color and set size. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1873-1885. [PMID: 35445861 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pupil responds to a salient stimulus appearing in the environment, in addition to its modulation by global luminance. These pupillary responses can be evoked by visual or auditory stimuli, scaled with stimulus salience, and enhanced by multisensory presentation. In addition, pupil size is modulated by various visual stimulus attributes, such as color, area, and motion. However, research that concurrently examines the influence of different factors on pupillary responses is limited. To explore how presentation of multiple visual stimuli influences human pupillary responses, we presented arrays of visual stimuli and systematically varied their luminance, color, and set size. Saliency level, computed by the saliency model, systematically changed with set size across all conditions, with higher saliency levels in larger set sizes. Pupillary constriction responses were evoked by the appearance of visual stimuli, with larger pupillary responses observed in larger set size. These effects were pronounced even though the global luminance level was unchanged using isoluminant chromatic stimuli. Furthermore, larger pupillary constriction responses were obtained in the blue, compared to other color conditions. Together, we argue that both cortical and subcortical areas contribute to the observed pupillary constriction modulated by set size and color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oster
- Department of General and Biological Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jeff Huang
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Room 234, Botterell Hall, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brian J White
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Room 234, Botterell Hall, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ralph Radach
- Department of General and Biological Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Laurent Itti
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Room 234, Botterell Hall, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Chin-An Wang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
- Cognitive Intelligence and Precision Healthcare Research Center, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
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24
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Abstract
Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into the feature representations of ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these representations to the brain. Functional, morphological, and transcriptomic surveys have identified more than 40 retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types in mice. RGCs extract features of varying complexity; some simply signal local differences in brightness (i.e., luminance contrast), whereas others detect specific motion trajectories. To understand the retina, we need to know how retinal circuits give rise to the diverse RGC feature representations. A catalog of the RGC feature set, in turn, is fundamental to understanding visual processing in the brain. Anterograde tracing indicates that RGCs innervate more than 50 areas in the mouse brain. Current maps connecting RGC types to brain areas are rudimentary, as is our understanding of how retinal signals are transformed downstream to guide behavior. In this article, I review the feature selectivities of mouse RGCs, how they arise, and how they are utilized downstream. Not only is knowledge of the behavioral purpose of RGC signals critical for understanding the retinal contributions to vision; it can also guide us to the most relevant areas of visual feature space. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerschensteiner
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Biomedical Engineering; and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA;
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25
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Brown TM, Brainard GC, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA, Hanifin JP, Lockley SW, Lucas RJ, Münch M, O’Hagan JB, Peirson SN, Price LLA, Roenneberg T, Schlangen LJM, Skene DJ, Spitschan M, Vetter C, Zee PC, Wright KP. Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001571. [PMID: 35298459 PMCID: PMC8929548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular light exposure has important influences on human health and well-being through modulation of circadian rhythms and sleep, as well as neuroendocrine and cognitive functions. Prevailing patterns of light exposure do not optimally engage these actions for many individuals, but advances in our understanding of the underpinning mechanisms and emerging lighting technologies now present opportunities to adjust lighting to promote optimal physical and mental health and performance. A newly developed, international standard provides a SI-compliant way of quantifying the influence of light on the intrinsically photosensitive, melanopsin-expressing, retinal neurons that mediate these effects. The present report provides recommendations for lighting, based on an expert scientific consensus and expressed in an easily measured quantity (melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (melaponic EDI)) defined within this standard. The recommendations are supported by detailed analysis of the sensitivity of human circadian, neuroendocrine, and alerting responses to ocular light and provide a straightforward framework to inform lighting design and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Brown
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - George C. Brainard
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles A. Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John P. Hanifin
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven W. Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mirjam Münch
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - John B. O’Hagan
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N. Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luke L. A. Price
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Till Roenneberg
- Institutes for Medical Psychology and Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Luc J. M. Schlangen
- Human Technology Interaction Group, Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Intelligent Lighting Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Spitschan
- Translational Sensory & Circadian Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- TUM Department of Sport and Health Sciences (TUM SG), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Céline Vetter
- Circadian and Sleep Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Phyllis C. Zee
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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26
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Zauner J, Plischke H, Strasburger H. Spectral dependency of the human pupillary light reflex. Influences of pre-adaptation and chronotype. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0253030. [PMID: 35020744 PMCID: PMC8754338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-visual photoreceptors (ipRGCs) and rods both exert a strong influence on the human pupil, yet pupil models regularly use cone-derived sensitivity as their basis. This inconsistency is further exacerbated by the fact that circadian effects can modulate the wavelength sensitivity. We assessed the pupillary reaction to narrowband light stimuli in the mesopic range. Pupil size for eighty-three healthy participants with normal color vision was measured in nine experimental protocols with varying series of continuous or discontinuous light stimuli under Ganzfeld conditions, presented after 90 seconds of dark adaptation. One hundred and fifty series of stimulation were conducted across three experiments, and were analyzed for wavelength-dependency on the normalized pupillary constriction (nPC), conditional on experimental settings and individual traits. Traits were surveyed by questionnaire; color vision was tested by Ishihara plates or the Lanthony D15 test. Data were analyzed with generalized additive mixed models (GAMM). The normalized pupillary constriction response is consistent with L+M-cone derived sensitivity when the series of light stimuli is continuous, i.e., is not interrupted by periods of darkness, but not otherwise. The results also show that a mesopic illuminance weighing led to an overall best prediction of pupillary constriction compared to other types of illuminance measures. IpRGC influence on nPC is not readily apparent from the results. When we explored the interaction of chronotype and time of day on the wavelength dependency, differences consistent with ipRGC influence became apparent. The models indicate that subjects of differing chronotype show a heightened or lowered sensitivity to short wavelengths, depending on their time of preference. IpRGC influence is also seen in the post-illumination pupil reflex if the prior light-stimulus duration is one second. However, shorter wavelengths than expected become more important if the light-stimulus duration is fifteen or thirty seconds. The influence of sex on nPC was present, but showed no interaction with wavelength. Our results help to define the conditions, under which the different wavelength sensitivities in the literature hold up for narrowband light settings. The chronotype effect might signify a mechanism for strengthening the individual´s chronotype. It could also be the result of the participant’s prior exposure to light (light history). Our explorative findings for this effect demand replication in a controlled study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zauner
- Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Hans Strasburger
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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27
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van Mazijk R, Haarman AEG, Hoefsloot LH, Polling JR, van Tienhoven M, Klaver CCW, Verhoeven VJM, Loudon SE, Thiadens AAHJ, Kievit AJA. Early onset X-linked female limited high myopia in three multigenerational families caused by novel mutations in the ARR3 gene. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:380-388. [PMID: 35001458 PMCID: PMC9303208 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the clinical spectrum and genetic background of high myopia caused by mutations in the ARR3 gene. We performed an observational case series of three multigenerational families with high myopia (SER≤-6D), from the departments of Clinical Genetics and Ophthalmology of a tertiary Dutch hospital. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) with a vision-related gene panel was performed, followed by a full open exome sequencing. We identified three Caucasian families with high myopia caused by three different pathogenic variants in the ARR3 gene (c.214C>T, p.Arg72*; c.767+1G>A; p.?; c.848delG, p.(Gly283fs)). Myopia was characterized by a high severity (<-8D), an early onset (<6 years), progressive nature, and a moderate to bad atropine treatment response. Remarkably, a female limited inheritance pattern was present in all three families accordant with previous reports. The frequency of a pathogenic variant in the ARR3 gene in our diagnostic WES cohort was 5%. To conclude, we identified three families with early onset, therapy-resistant, high myopia with a female-limited inheritance pattern, caused by a mutation in the ARR3 gene. The singular mode of inheritance might be explained by metabolic interference due to X-inactivation. Identification of this type of high myopia will improve prompt myopia treatment, monitoring, and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph van Mazijk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien E G Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lies H Hoefsloot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan R Polling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Virginie J M Verhoeven
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoukje E Loudon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anneke J A Kievit
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Mason BJ, Tubbs AS, Fernandez FX, Grandner MA. Spectrophotometric properties of commercially available blue blockers across multiple lighting conditions. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:653-664. [PMID: 34983271 PMCID: PMC9106867 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.2021229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Lenses that filter short-wavelength ("blue") light are commercially marketed to improve sleep and circadian health. Despite their widespread use, minimal data are available regarding their comparative efficacy in curtailing blue light exposure while maintaining visibility. Fifty commercial lenses were evaluated using five light sources: a blue LED array, a computer tablet display, an incandescent lamp, a fluorescent overhead luminaire, and sunlight. Absolute irradiance was measured at baseline and for each lens across the visual spectrum (380-780 nm), which allowed calculation of percent transmission. Transmission specificity was also calculated to determine whether light transmission was predominantly circadian-proficient (455-560 nm) or non-proficient (380-454 nm and 561-780 nm). Lenses were grouped by tint and metrics were compared between groups. Red-tinted lenses exhibited the lowest transmission of circadian-proficient light, while reflective blue lenses had the highest transmission. Orange-tinted lenses transmitted similar circadian-proficient light as red-tinted lenses but transmitted more non-circadian-proficient light, resulting in higher transmission specificity. Orange-tinted lenses had the highest transmission specificity while limiting biologically active light exposure in ordinary lighting conditions. Glasses incorporating these lenses currently have the greatest potential to support circadian sleep-wake rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke J Mason
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Andrew S Tubbs
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Fabian-Xosé Fernandez
- Light Algorithms Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona College of Science, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael A Grandner
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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29
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Fernandez FX. Current Insights into Optimal Lighting for Promoting Sleep and Circadian Health: Brighter Days and the Importance of Sunlight in the Built Environment. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:25-39. [PMID: 35023979 PMCID: PMC8747801 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s251712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective considers the possibility that daytime's intrusion into night made possible by electric lighting may not be as pernicious to sleep and circadian health as the encroachment of nighttime into day wrought by 20th century architectural practices that have left many people estranged from sunlight.
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30
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Tir S, Steel LCE, Tam SKE, Semo M, Pothecary CA, Vyazovskiy VV, Foster RG, Peirson SN. Rodent models in translational circadian photobiology. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 273:97-116. [PMID: 35940726 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades remarkable advances have been made in the understanding of the photobiology of circadian rhythms. The identification of a third photoreceptive system in the mammalian eye, in addition to the rods and cones that mediate vision, has transformed our appreciation of the role of light in regulating physiology and behavior. These photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs) express the blue-light sensitive photopigment melanopsin and project to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)-the master circadian pacemaker-as well as many other brain regions. Much of our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of the pRGCs, and the processes that they regulate, comes from mouse and other rodent models. Here we describe the contribution of rodent models to circadian photobiology, including both their strengths and limitations. In addition, we discuss how an appreciation of both rodent and human data is important for translational circadian photobiology. Such an approach enables a bi-directional flow of information whereby an understanding of basic mechanisms derived from mice can be integrated with studies from humans. Progress in this field is being driven forward at several levels of analysis, not least by the use of personalized light measurements and photoreceptor specific stimuli in human studies, and by studying the impact of environmental, rather than laboratory, lighting on different rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Tir
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura C E Steel
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S K E Tam
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ma'ayan Semo
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carina A Pothecary
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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31
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Unsupervised Clustering Pipeline to Obtain Diversified Light Spectra for Subject Studies and Correlation Analyses. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Current subject studies and data-driven approaches in lighting research often use manually selected light spectra, which usually exhibit a large bias due to the applied selection criteria. This paper, therefore, presents a novel approach to minimize this bias by using a data-driven framework for selecting the most diverse candidates from a given larger set of possible light spectra. The spectral information per wavelength is first reduced by applying a convolutional autoencoder. The relevant features are then selected based on Laplacian Scores and transformed to a two-dimensional embedded space for subsequent clustering. The low dimensional embedding, from which the required diversity follows, is done with respect to the locality of the features. In a second step, photometric parameters are considered and a second clustering is performed. As a result of this algorithmic pipeline, the most diverse selection of light spectra complying with a given set of relevant photometric parameters can be extracted and used for further experiments or applications.
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32
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Evangelisti S, La Morgia C, Testa C, Manners DN, Brizi L, Bianchini C, Carbonelli M, Barboni P, Sadun AA, Tonon C, Carelli V, Vandewalle G, Lodi R. Brain functional MRI responses to blue light stimulation in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 191:114488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Spectral sensitivity of circadian phase resetting, melatonin suppression and acute alerting effects of intermittent light exposure. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 191:114504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ptito M, Paré S, Dricot L, Cavaliere C, Tomaiuolo F, Kupers R. A quantitative analysis of the retinofugal projections in congenital and late-onset blindness. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 32:102809. [PMID: 34509923 PMCID: PMC8435915 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Congenital (CB) and late blind (LB) affects the integrity brain visual structures. We measured the integrity of the retino-fugal system using structural MRI images. Optic nerve, optic tract, optic chiasm and LGN were reduced by 50 to 60% in CB and LB. There were no differences between CB and LB. In LB, optic nerve volume correlated negatively with blindness duration.
Vision loss early in life has dramatic consequences on the organization of the visual system and hence on structural plasticity of its remnant components. Most of the studies on the anatomical changes in the brain following visual deprivation have focused on the re-organization of the visual cortex and its afferent and efferent projections. In this study, we performed a quantitative analysis of the volume and size of the optic chiasm, optic nerve, optic tract and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the retino recipient thalamic nucleus. Analysis was carried out on structural T1-weighted MRIs from 22 congenitally blind (CB), 14 late blind (LB) and 29 age -and sex-matched sighted control (SC) subjects. We manually segmented the optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract, while LGN volumes were extracted using in-house software. We also measured voxel intensity of optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract. Mean volumes of the optic nerve, optic tract and optic chiasm were reduced by 50 to 60% in both CB and LB participants. No significant differences were found between the congenitally and late-onset blind participants for any of the measures. Our data further revealed reduced white matter voxel intensities in optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract in blind compared to sighted participants, suggesting decreased myelin content in the atrophied white matter. The LGN was reduced by 50% and 44% in CB and LB, respectively. In LB, optic nerve volume correlated negatively with the blindness duration index; no such correlation was found for optic chiasm, optic tract and LGN. The observation that despite the absence of visual input about half of the subcortical retinofugal projections are structurally preserved raises the question of their functional role. One possibility is that the surviving fibers play a role in the maintenance of circadian rhythms in the blind through the intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Ptito
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; BRAINlab, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Samuel Paré
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Dricot
- Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium
| | - Carlo Cavaliere
- IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy; Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Center and Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Francesco Tomaiuolo
- Univesità degli Studi di Messina, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale
| | - Ron Kupers
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; BRAINlab, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium.
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35
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Guven S, Kilic D, Bolatturk OF. Thinning of the inner and outer retinal layers, including the ganglion cell layer and photoreceptor layers, in obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome unrelated to the disease severity. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41:3559-3569. [PMID: 34170478 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to analyze the segmented layers of the macula in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome (OSAS) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS This single-center, cross-sectional study included 31 OSAS patients and 31 age- and gender-matched control subjects. SD-OCT and overnight polysomnography were performed on all participants. The OSAS patients were categorized according to disease severity (mild, moderate, severe). The groups were compared in respect of each segmented macular layer through the use of segmentation software on SD-OCT. Total retinal thickness (RT), peripapillary retina nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness, central corneal thickness (CCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) values were also compared between the groups. RESULTS Mean CCT (p:0.015) and nasal pRNFL values (p:0.042) were lower and mean IOP was higher (p:0.018) in OSAS patients than in the control group. The statistical analysis revealed significantly thinner total RT, inner retinal layers (IRL), outer retinal layers (ORL), photoreceptor layers (PRL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thicknesses in the OSAS groups compared to healthy subjects. No significant differences were found between the three OSAS subgroups in all segmented macular layers and pRNFL measurements. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed relatively thinner nasal pRNFL, total RT, IRL, ORL, PRL and GCL layers in OSAS patients compared to healthy subjects. Moreover, this thinning of the segmented layers was unrelated to disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Guven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri City Hospital, Mevlana mh. Tamer cd. 5/14, Talas, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Deniz Kilic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri City Hospital, Mevlana mh. Tamer cd. 5/14, Talas, Kayseri, Turkey
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36
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Spitschan M, Mead J, Roos C, Lowis C, Griffiths B, Mucur P, Herf M. luox: novel validated open-access and open-source web platform for calculating and sharing physiologically relevant quantities for light and lighting. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:69. [PMID: 34017925 PMCID: PMC8095192 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16595.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Light exposure has a profound impact on human physiology and behaviour. For example, light exposure at the wrong time can disrupt our circadian rhythms and acutely suppress the production of melatonin. In turn, appropriately timed light exposure can support circadian photoentrainment. Beginning with the discovery that melatonin production is acutely suppressed by bright light more than 40 years ago, understanding which aspects of light drive the 'non-visual' responses to light remains a highly active research area, with an important translational dimension and implications for "human-centric" or physiologically inspired architectural lighting design. In 2018, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standardised the spectral sensitivities for predicting the non-visual effects of a given spectrum of light with respect to the activation of the five photoreceptor classes in the human retina: the L, M and S cones, the rods, and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Here, we described a novel, lean, user-friendly, open-access and open-source platform for calculating quantities related to light. The platform, called luox, enables researchers and research users in chronobiology, sleep research and adjacent field to turn spectral measurements into reportable quantities. The luox code base, released under the GPL-3.0 License, is modular and therefore extendable to other spectrum-derived quantities. luox has been endorsed by the CIE following black-box validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Spitschan
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Abstract
Photophobia is one of the most common symptoms in migraine, and the underlying mechanism is uncertain. The discovery of the intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells which signal the intensity of light on the retina has led to discussion of their role in the pathogenesis of photophobia. In the current review, we discuss the relationship between pain and discomfort leading to light aversion (traditional photophobia) and discomfort from flicker, patterns, and colour that are also common in migraine and cannot be explained solely by the activity of intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. We argue that, at least in migraine, a cortical mechanism provides a parsimonious explanation for discomfort from all forms of visual stimulation, and that the traditional definition of photophobia as pain in response to light may be too restrictive. Future investigation that directly compares the retinal and cortical contributions to photophobia in migraine with that in other conditions may offer better specificity in identifying biomarkers and possible mechanisms to target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M Haigh
- Department of Psychology and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Omar A Mahroo
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK and Retinal Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
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Spitschan M, Mead J, Roos C, Lowis C, Griffiths B, Mucur P, Herf M. luox: novel open-access and open-source web platform for calculating and sharing physiologically relevant quantities for light and lighting. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:69. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16595.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Light exposure has a profound impact on human physiology and behaviour. For example, light exposure at the wrong time can disrupt our circadian rhythms and acutely suppress the production of melatonin. In turn, appropriately timed light exposure can support circadian photoentrainment. Beginning with the discovery that melatonin production is acutely suppressed by bright light more than 40 years ago, understanding which aspects of light drive the 'non-visual' responses to light remains a highly active research area, with an important translational dimension and implications for "human-centric" or physiologically inspired architectural lighting design. In 2018, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standardised the spectral sensitivities for predicting the non-visual effects of a given spectrum of light with respect to the activation of the five photoreceptor classes in the human retina: the L, M and S cones, the rods, and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Here, we described a novel, lean, user-friendly, open-access and open-source platform for calculating quantities related to light. The platform, called luox, enables researchers and research users in chronobiology, sleep research and adjacent field to turn spectral measurements into reportable quantities. The luox code base, released under the GPL-3.0 License, is modular and therefore extendable to other spectrum-derived quantities.
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Mure LS. Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells of the Human Retina. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636330. [PMID: 33841306 PMCID: PMC8027232 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Light profoundly affects our mental and physical health. In particular, light, when not delivered at the appropriate time, may have detrimental effects. In mammals, light is perceived not only by rods and cones but also by a subset of retinal ganglion cells that express the photopigment melanopsin that renders them intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs). ipRGCs participate in contrast detection and play critical roles in non-image-forming vision, a set of light responses that include circadian entrainment, pupillary light reflex (PLR), and the modulation of sleep/alertness, and mood. ipRGCs are also found in the human retina, and their response to light has been characterized indirectly through the suppression of nocturnal melatonin and PLR. However, until recently, human ipRGCs had rarely been investigated directly. This gap is progressively being filled as, over the last years, an increasing number of studies provided descriptions of their morphology, responses to light, and gene expression. Here, I review the progress in our knowledge of human ipRGCs, in particular, the different morphological and functional subtypes described so far and how they match the murine subtypes. I also highlight questions that remain to be addressed. Investigating ipRGCs is critical as these few cells play a major role in our well-being. Additionally, as ipRGCs display increased vulnerability or resilience to certain disorders compared to conventional RGCs, a deeper knowledge of their function could help identify therapeutic approaches or develop diagnostic tools. Overall, a better understanding of how light is perceived by the human eye will help deliver precise light usage recommendations and implement light-based therapeutic interventions to improve cognitive performance, mood, and life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic S Mure
- Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Schlangen LJM, Price LLA. The Lighting Environment, Its Metrology, and Non-visual Responses. Front Neurol 2021; 12:624861. [PMID: 33746879 PMCID: PMC7970181 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.624861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
International standard CIE S 026:2018 provides lighting professionals and field researchers in chronobiology with a method to characterize light exposures with respect to non-visual photoreception and responses. This standard defines five spectral sensitivity functions that describe optical radiation for its ability to stimulate each of the five α-opic retinal photoreceptor classes that contribute to the non-visual effects of light in humans via intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The CIE also recently published an open-access α-opic toolbox that calculates all the quantities and ratios of the α-opic metrology in the photometric, radiometric and photon systems, based on either a measured (user-defined) spectrum or selected illuminants (A, D65, E, FL11, LED-B3) built into the toolbox. For a wide variety of ecologically-valid conditions, the melanopsin-based photoreception of ipRGCs has been shown to account for the spectral sensitivity of non-visual responses, from shifting the timing of nocturnal sleep and melatonin secretion to regulating steady-state pupil diameter. Recent findings continue to confirm that the photopigment melanopsin also plays a role in visual responses, and that melanopsin-based photoreception may have a significant influence on brightness perception and aspects of spatial vision. Although knowledge concerning the extent to which rods and cones interact with ipRGCs in driving non-visual effects is still growing, a CIE position statement recently used melanopic equivalent daylight (D65) illuminance in preliminary guidance on applying "proper light at the proper time" to manipulate non-visual responses. Further guidance on this approach is awaited from the participants of the 2nd International Workshop on Circadian and Neurophysiological Photometry (in Manchester, August 2019). The new α-opic metrology of CIE S 026 enables traceable measurements and a formal, quantitative specification of personal light exposures, photic interventions and lighting designs. Here, we apply this metrology to everyday light sources including a natural daylight time series, a range of LED lighting products and, using the toobox, to a smartphone display screen. This collection of examples suggests ways in which variations in the melanopic content of light over the day can be adopted in strategies that use light to support human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc J. M. Schlangen
- Department Human-Technology Interaction, Intelligent Lighting Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Luke L. A. Price
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot, United Kingdom
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Influence of Circadian Rhythm in the Eye: Significance of Melatonin in Glaucoma. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030340. [PMID: 33668357 PMCID: PMC7996162 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm and the molecules involved in it, such as melanopsin and melatonin, play an important role in the eye to regulate the homeostasis and even to treat some ocular conditions. As a result, many ocular pathologies like dry eye, corneal wound healing, cataracts, myopia, retinal diseases, and glaucoma are affected by this cycle. This review will summarize the current scientific literature about the influence of circadian patterns on the eye, focusing on its relationship with increased intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuations and glaucoma. Regarding treatments, two ways should be studied: the first one, to analyze if some treatments could improve their effect on the ocular disease when their posology is established in function of circadian patterns, and the second one, to evaluate new drugs to treat eye pathologies related to the circadian rhythm, as it has been stated with melatonin or its analogs, that not only could be used as the main treatment but as coadjutant, improving the circadian pattern or its antioxidant and antiangiogenic properties.
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Chellappa SL. Individual differences in light sensitivity affect sleep and circadian rhythms. Sleep 2021; 44:zsaa214. [PMID: 33049062 PMCID: PMC7879412 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial lighting is omnipresent in contemporary society with disruptive consequences for human sleep and circadian rhythms because of overexposure to light, particularly in the evening/night hours. Recent evidence shows large individual variations in circadian photosensitivity, such as melatonin suppression, due to artificial light exposure. Despite the emerging body of research indicating that the effects of light on sleep and circadian rhythms vary dramatically across individuals, recommendations for appropriate light exposure in real-life settings rarely consider such individual effects. This review addresses recently identified links among individual traits, for example, age, sex, chronotype, genetic haplotypes, and the effects of evening/night light on sleep and circadian hallmarks, based on human laboratory and field studies. Target biological mechanisms for individual differences in light sensitivity include differences occurring within the retina and downstream, such as the central circadian clock. This review also highlights that there are wide gaps of uncertainty, despite the growing awareness that individual differences shape the effects of evening/night light on sleep and circadian physiology. These include (1) why do certain individual traits differentially affect the influence of light on sleep and circadian rhythms; (2) what is the translational value of individual differences in light sensitivity in populations typically exposed to light at night, such as night shift workers; and (3) what is the magnitude of individual differences in light sensitivity in population-based studies? Collectively, the current findings provide strong support for considering individual differences when defining optimal lighting specifications, thus allowing for personalized lighting solutions that promote quality of life and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Chellappa
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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43
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Aranda ML, Schmidt TM. Diversity of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: circuits and functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:889-907. [PMID: 32965515 PMCID: PMC8650628 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are a relatively recently discovered class of atypical ganglion cell photoreceptor. These ipRGCs are a morphologically and physiologically heterogeneous population that project widely throughout the brain and mediate a wide array of visual functions ranging from photoentrainment of our circadian rhythms, to driving the pupillary light reflex to improve visual function, to modulating our mood, alertness, learning, sleep/wakefulness, regulation of body temperature, and even our visual perception. The presence of melanopsin as a unique molecular signature of ipRGCs has allowed for the development of a vast array of molecular and genetic tools to study ipRGC circuits. Given the emerging complexity of this system, this review will provide an overview of the genetic tools and methods used to study ipRGCs, how these tools have been used to dissect their role in a variety of visual circuits and behaviors in mice, and identify important directions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L Aranda
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tiffany M Schmidt
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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44
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Széll N, Fehér T, Maróti Z, Kalmár T, Latinovics D, Nagy I, Orosz ZZ, Janáky M, Facskó A, Sohajda Z. Myopia-26, the female-limited form of early-onset high myopia, occurring in a European family. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:45. [PMID: 33482870 PMCID: PMC7825233 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Female-limited early-onset high myopia, also called Myopia-26 is a rare monogenic disorder characterized by severe short sightedness starting in early childhood and progressing to blindness potentially by the middle ages. Despite the X-linked locus of the mutated ARR3 gene, the disease paradoxically affects females only, with males being asymptomatic carriers. Previously, this disease has only been observed in Asian families and has not gone through detailed investigation concerning collateral symptoms or pathogenesis. Results We found a large Hungarian family displaying female-limited early-onset high myopia. Whole exome sequencing of two individuals identified a novel nonsense mutation (c.214C>T, p.Arg72*) in the ARR3 gene. We carried out basic ophthalmological testing for 18 family members, as well as detailed ophthalmological examination (intraocular pressure, axial length, fundus appearance, optical coherence tomography, visual field- testing) as well as colour vision- and electrophysiology tests (standard and multifocal electroretinography, pattern electroretinography and visual evoked potentials) for eight individuals. Ophthalmological examinations did not reveal any signs of cone dystrophy as opposed to animal models. Electrophysiology and colour vision tests similarly did not evidence a general cone system alteration, rather a central macular dysfunction affecting both the inner and outer (postreceptoral and receptoral) retinal structures in all patients with ARR3 mutation. Conclusions This is the first description of a Caucasian family displaying Myopia-26. We present two hypotheses that could potentially explain the pathomechanism of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Széll
- Kenézy Gyula University Hospital, Debrecen Medical University, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Fehér
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Maróti
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kalmár
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - István Nagy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Seqomics Biotechnology Ltd, Mórahalom, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Z Orosz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márta Janáky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Facskó
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Sohajda
- Kenézy Gyula University Hospital, Debrecen Medical University, Debrecen, Hungary. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Abstract
Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) are the third class of retinal photoreceptors with unique anatomical, electrophysiological, and biological features. There are different mRGC subtypes with differential projections to the brain. These cells contribute to many nonimage-forming functions of the eye, the most relevant being the photoentrainment of circadian rhythms through the projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Other relevant biological functions include the regulation of the pupillary light reflex, mood, alertness, and sleep, as well as a possible role in formed vision. The relevance of the mRGC-related pathways in the brain is highlighted by the role that the dysfunction and/or loss of these cells may play in affecting circadian rhythms and sleep in many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease and in aging. Moreover, the occurrence of circadian dysfunction is a known risk factor for dementia. In this chapter, the anatomy, physiology, and functions of these cells as well as their resistance to neurodegeneration in mitochondrial optic neuropathies or their predilection to be lost in other neurodegenerative disorders will be discussed.
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Hou X, Liu C, Ding Y, Liu L, Wang S, Zhou P. A Logic-Memory Transistor with the Integration of Visible Information Sensing-Memory-Processing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002072. [PMID: 33173738 PMCID: PMC7610317 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To meet the demands of future intelligent application scenarios, the time-efficient information acquisition and energy-efficient data processing capabilities of terminal electronic systems are indispensable. However, in current commercial visual systems, the visible information is collected by image sensors, converted into digital format data, and transferred to memory units and processors for subsequent processing tasks. As a result, most of the time and energy are wasted in the data conversion and movement, which leads to large time latency and low energy efficiency. Here, based on 2D semiconductor WSe2, a logic-memory transistor that integrates visible information sensing-memory-processing capabilities is successfully demonstrated. Furthermore, based on 3 × 3 fabricated devices, an artificial visible information sensing-memory-processing system is proposed to perform image distinction tasks, in which the time latency and energy consumption caused by data conversion and movement can be avoided. On the other hand, the logic-memory transistor can also execute digital logic processing (logic) and logic results storage (memory) at the same time, such as AND logic function. Such a logic-memory transistor could provide a compact approach to develop next-generation efficient visual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and SystemSchool of MicroelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Chunsen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and SystemSchool of MicroelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
- School of Computer ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and SystemSchool of MicroelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Lan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and SystemSchool of MicroelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Shuiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and SystemSchool of MicroelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and SystemSchool of MicroelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
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47
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Zele AJ, Dey A, Adhikari P, Feigl B. Melanopsin hypersensitivity dominates interictal photophobia in migraine. Cephalalgia 2020; 41:217-226. [PMID: 33040593 DOI: 10.1177/0333102420963850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To define the melanopsin and cone luminance retinogeniculate pathway contributions to photophobia in healthy controls and migraineurs. METHODS Healthy controls and migraineurs were categorized according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria. Photophobia was measured under full-field illumination using electromyography in response to narrowband lights spanning the melanopsin and cone luminance action spectra. Migraineurs were tested during their interictal headache-free period. Melanopsin-mediated post-illumination pupil responses quantified intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell (ipRGC) function. RESULTS A model combining the melanopsin and cone luminance action spectra best described photophobia thresholds in controls and migraineurs; melanopsin contributions were ∼1.5× greater than cone luminance. In the illumination range causing photophobia, migraineurs had lower photophobia thresholds (∼0.55 log units; p < 0.001) and higher post-illumination pupil response amplitudes (p = 0.03) than controls. CONCLUSION Photophobia is driven by melanopsin and cone luminance inputs to the cortex via the retino-thalamocortical pathway. In migraineurs, lower photophobia thresholds reflect hypersensitivity of ipRGC and cone luminance pathways, with the larger and prolonged post-illumination pupil response amplitude indicative of a supranormal melanopsin response. Our findings inform artificial lighting strategies incorporating luminaires with low melanopsin excitation and photopic luminance to limit the lighting conditions leading to photophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Zele
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ashim Dey
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Prakash Adhikari
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Beatrix Feigl
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Eye Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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48
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Brubaker JR, Swan A, Beverly EA. A brief intervention to reduce burnout and improve sleep quality in medical students. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:345. [PMID: 33023594 PMCID: PMC7539390 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceived stress, burnout, and poor sleep quality are high among medical students. Interventions designed to target these issues are necessary to promote the health and well-being of medical students. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to assess the feasibility of implementing a sunrise alarm clock intervention with medical students and 2) to evaluate the impact of the intervention on perceived stress, burnout scores, and sleep quality. METHODS We conducted a feasibility study to evaluate the efficacy of a two-week, sunrise alarm clock intervention in combination with electronic device removal at bedtime. We assessed first- and second-year medical students' perceived stress, burnout scores, including Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Low Sense of Personal Achievement, and sleep quality before and after the intervention. In addition, we measured smartphone addiction prior to the intervention. RESULTS A total of 57 students consented to participate, of which 55 completed both the pre- and post-assessments (3.5% attrition). The mean age of the participants was 24.8 ± 1.9 years, 50.9% (n = 29) identified as women, and 68.4% (n = 39) identified as white. Pre-intervention, 42.1% (n = 24) of students met criteria for smartphone addiction and 77.2% (n = 44) met criteria for poor sleep quality. In addition, 22.8% (n = 13) of participants had high emotional exhaustion, 64.9% (n = 31) high depersonalization, and 42.1% (n = 24) low sense of personal accomplishment prior to the intervention. Following the two-week intervention, participants showed improvements in emotional exhaustion (p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.353), depersonalization (p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.411) low sense of personal accomplishment (p = 0.023, Cohen's d = 0.275), perceived stress (p < .001, Cohen's d = .334), and sleep quality (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.925). The number of participants who reported poor sleep quality decreased to 41.8% (n = 23), demonstrating a significant decline (p = 0.026). Participants also improved subjective sleep quality (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.033), sleep duration (p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.431), sleep latency (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.433), and sleep efficiency (p = 0.021, Cohen's d = 0.673). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the two-week sunrise alarm clock protocol with electronic device removal was effective in improving sleep quality and reducing burnout scores, and perceived stress. However, additional research comparing this intervention to a proper control group is needed to draw meaningful conclusions about the effectiveness of this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Brubaker
- Department of Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Aili Swan
- Department of Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Beverly
- Department of Primary Care, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
- Heritage Faculty Endowed Fellowship in Behavioral DiabetesOHF Ralph S. Licklider, D.O., Research Endowment, Athens, USA.
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49
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Brown TM. Melanopic illuminance defines the magnitude of human circadian light responses under a wide range of conditions. J Pineal Res 2020; 69:e12655. [PMID: 32248548 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ocular light drives a range of nonvisual responses in humans including suppression of melatonin secretion and circadian phase resetting. These responses are driven by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) which combine intrinsic, melanopsin-based, phototransduction with extrinsic rod/cone-mediated signals. As a result of this arrangement, it has remained unclear how best to quantify light to predict its nonvisual effects. To address this, we analysed data from nineteen different laboratory studies that measured melatonin suppression, circadian phase resetting and/or alerting responses in humans to a wide array of stimulus types, intensities and durations with or without pupil dilation. Using newly established SI-compliant metrics to quantify ipRGC-influenced responses to light, we show that melanopic illuminance consistently provides the best available predictor for responses of the human circadian system. In almost all cases, melanopic illuminance is able to fully account for differences in sensitivity to stimuli of varying spectral composition, acting to drive responses that track variations in illumination characteristic of those encountered over civil twilight (~1-1000 lux melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance). Collectively, our data demonstrate widespread utility of melanopic illuminance as a metric for predicting the circadian impact of environmental illumination. These data therefore provide strong support for the use of melanopic illuminance as the basis for guidelines that seek to regulate light exposure to benefit human health and to inform future lighting design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Brown
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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50
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Santhi N, Ball DM. Applications in sleep: How light affects sleep. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 253:17-24. [PMID: 32771123 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is an active physiological state that plays a critical role in our physical and mental health and well-being. It is generated by a complex interplay between two oscillators, namely, the circadian oscillator and the sleep-wake homeostat. Sleep propensity is a function of wakefulness, that is, the longer one is awake the greater the homeostatic sleep pressure. Sleep onset occurs as a wake promoting circadian signal subsides, coinciding with an evening rise in melatonin and drop in core temperature. Light is one of the strongest time signals for the circadian oscillator. Poor sleep is a prevalent complaint today, attributable, in part, to our easy access to artificial light, especially after dusk. This non-visual effect of light is mediated by a multi-component photoreceptive system, consisting of rods, cones and melanopsin-expressing intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC). Perhaps, with this available biological knowledge we can engineer artificial light to minimize its disruptive effect on sleep. We will highlight this by discussing circadian photoreception and its effect on sleep, in the blind population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayantara Santhi
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
| | - Danny M Ball
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University College London, London, England
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