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Brinker EJ, Hardcastle MR, Dittmer KE, Graff EC. Endocrine fibroblast growth factors in domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2024; 89:106872. [PMID: 39059301 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2024.106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a group of structurally homologous yet functionally pleiotropic proteins. Canonical and intracellular FGFs have primarily autocrine or paracrine effects. However, the FGF19 subfamily, composed of FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23, act as endocrine hormones that regulate bile acid, metabolic, and phosphorus homeostasis, respectively. Current research in human and rodent models demonstrates the potential of these endocrine FGFs to target various diseases, including disorders of inherited hypophosphatemia, chronic liver disease, obesity, and insulin resistance. Many diseases targeted for therapeutic use in humans have pathophysiological overlaps in domestic animals. Despite the potential clinical and economic impact, little is known about endocrine FGFs and their signaling pathways in major domestic animal species compared with humans and laboratory animals. This review aims to describe the physiology of these endocrine FGFs, discuss their current therapeutic use, and summarize the contemporary literature regarding endocrine FGFs in domestic animals, focusing on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Brinker
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA 01536
| | - Michael R Hardcastle
- IDEXX Laboratories Pty. Ltd., 20A Maui Street, Pukete, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Keren E Dittmer
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Emily C Graff
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Auburn University, 1265 HC Morgan, AL, USA 36849.
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2
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Fernandois D, Rusidzé M, Mueller-Fielitz H, Sauve F, Deligia E, Silva MSB, Evrard F, Franco-García A, Mazur D, Martinez-Corral I, Jouy N, Rasika S, Maurage CA, Giacobini P, Nogueiras R, Dehouck B, Schwaninger M, Lenfant F, Prevot V. Estrogen receptor-α signaling in tanycytes lies at the crossroads of fertility and metabolism. Metabolism 2024; 158:155976. [PMID: 39019342 PMCID: PMC7616427 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen secretion by the ovaries regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis during the reproductive cycle, influencing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, and also plays a role in regulating metabolism. Here, we establish that hypothalamic tanycytes-specialized glia lining the floor and walls of the third ventricle-integrate estrogenic feedback signals from the gonads and couple reproduction with metabolism by relaying this information to orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons. METHODS Using mouse models, including mice floxed for Esr1 (encoding estrogen receptor alpha, ERα) and those with Cre-dependent expression of designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs), along with viral-mediated, pharmacological and indirect calorimetric approaches, we evaluated the role of tanycytes and tanycytic estrogen signaling in pulsatile LH secretion, cFos expression in NPY neurons, estrous cyclicity, body-weight changes and metabolic parameters in adult females. RESULTS In ovariectomized mice, chemogenetic activation of tanycytes significantly reduced LH pulsatile release, mimicking the effects of direct NPY neuron activation. In intact mice, tanycytes were crucial for the estrogen-mediated control of GnRH/LH release, with tanycytic ERα activation suppressing fasting-induced NPY neuron activation. Selective knockout of Esr1 in tanycytes altered estrous cyclicity and fertility in female mice and affected estrogen's ability to inhibit refeeding in fasting mice. The absence of ERα signaling in tanycytes increased Npy transcripts and body weight in intact mice and prevented the estrogen-mediated decrease in food intake as well as increase in energy expenditure and fatty acid oxidation in ovariectomized mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the pivotal role of tanycytes in the neuroendocrine coupling of reproduction and metabolism, with potential implications for its age-related deregulation after menopause. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our investigation reveals that tanycytes, specialized glial cells in the brain, are key interpreters of estrogen signals for orexigenic NPY neurons in the hypothalamus. Disrupting tanycytic estrogen receptors not only alters fertility in female mice but also impairs the ability of estrogens to suppress appetite. This work thus sheds light on the critical role played by tanycytes in bridging the hormonal regulation of cyclic reproductive function and appetite/feeding behavior. This understanding may have potential implications for age-related metabolic deregulation after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fernandois
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mariam Rusidzé
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC) Equipe 4, Inserm U1297UPS, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Helge Mueller-Fielitz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florent Sauve
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Eleonora Deligia
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mauro S B Silva
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Florence Evrard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Aurelio Franco-García
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Spain, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Pascual Parrilla, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniele Mazur
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ines Martinez-Corral
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - S Rasika
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Claude-Alain Maurage
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Benedicte Dehouck
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Francoise Lenfant
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC) Equipe 4, Inserm U1297UPS, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Kannangara H, Cullen L, Miyashita S, Korkmaz F, Macdonald A, Gumerova A, Witztum R, Moldavski O, Sims S, Burgess J, Frolinger T, Latif R, Ginzburg Y, Lizneva D, Goosens K, Davies TF, Yuen T, Zaidi M, Ryu V. Emerging roles of brain tanycytes in regulating blood-hypothalamus barrier plasticity and energy homeostasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1525:61-69. [PMID: 37199228 PMCID: PMC10524199 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in food intake and adiposity in many animal species are triggered by changes in the photoperiod. These latter changes are faithfully transduced into a biochemical signal by melatonin secreted by the pineal gland. Seasonal variations, encoded by melatonin, are integrated by third ventricular tanycytes of the mediobasal hypothalamus through the detection of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released from the pars tuberalis. The mediobasal hypothalamus is a critical brain region that maintains energy homeostasis by acting as an interface between the neural networks of the central nervous system and the periphery to control metabolic functions, including ingestive behavior, energy homeostasis, and reproduction. Among the cells involved in the regulation of energy balance and the blood-hypothalamus barrier (BHB) plasticity are tanycytes. Increasing evidence suggests that anterior pituitary hormones, specifically TSH, traditionally considered to have unitary functions in targeting single endocrine sites, display actions on multiple somatic tissues and central neurons. Notably, modulation of tanycytic TSH receptors seems critical for BHB plasticity in relation to energy homeostasis, but this needs to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasni Kannangara
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Liam Cullen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sari Miyashita
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Funda Korkmaz
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anne Macdonald
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anisa Gumerova
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ronit Witztum
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ofer Moldavski
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Steven Sims
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jocoll Burgess
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tal Frolinger
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Rauf Latif
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Yelena Ginzburg
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Daria Lizneva
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ki Goosens
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Terry F. Davies
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tony Yuen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Mone Zaidi
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Vitaly Ryu
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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4
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Nampoothiri S, Nogueiras R, Schwaninger M, Prevot V. Glial cells as integrators of peripheral and central signals in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Nat Metab 2022; 4:813-825. [PMID: 35879459 PMCID: PMC7613794 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Communication between the periphery and the brain is key for maintaining energy homeostasis. To do so, peripheral signals from the circulation reach the brain via the circumventricular organs (CVOs), which are characterized by fenestrated vessels lacking the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB). Glial cells, by virtue of their plasticity and their ideal location at the interface of blood vessels and neurons, participate in the integration and transmission of peripheral information to neuronal networks in the brain for the neuroendocrine control of whole-body metabolism. Metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, can disrupt the brain-to-periphery communication mediated by glial cells, highlighting the relevance of these cell types in the pathophysiology of such complications. An improved understanding of how glial cells integrate and respond to metabolic and humoral signals has become a priority for the discovery of promising therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic disorders. This Review highlights the role of glial cells in the exchange of metabolic signals between the periphery and the brain that are relevant for the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekala Nampoothiri
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigation Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrition, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, Lille, France.
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5
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Gasser E, Sancar G, Downes M, Evans RM. Metabolic Messengers: fibroblast growth factor 1. Nat Metab 2022; 4:663-671. [PMID: 35681108 PMCID: PMC9624216 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 is expressed in multiple tissues, only adipose-derived and brain FGF1 have been implicated in the regulation of metabolism. Adipose FGF1 production is upregulated in response to dietary stress and is essential for adipose tissue plasticity in these conditions. Similarly, in the brain, FGF1 secretion into the ventricular space and the adjacent parenchyma is increased after a hypercaloric challenge induced by either feeding or glucose infusion. Potent anorexigenic properties have been ascribed to both peripheral and centrally injected FGF1. The ability of recombinant FGF1 and variants with reduced mitogenicity to lower glucose, suppress adipose lipolysis and promote insulin sensitization elevates their potential as candidates in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated comorbidities. Here, we provide an overview of the known metabolic functions of endogenous FGF1 and discuss its therapeutic potential, distinguishing between peripherally or centrally administered FGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gencer Sancar
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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6
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Moore A, Chinnaiya K, Kim DW, Brown S, Stewart I, Robins S, Dowsett GKC, Muir C, Travaglio M, Lewis JE, Ebling F, Blackshaw S, Furley A, Placzek M. Loss of Function of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule NrCAM Regulates Differentiation, Proliferation and Neurogenesis in Early Postnatal Hypothalamic Tanycytes. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:832961. [PMID: 35464310 PMCID: PMC9022636 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.832961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic tanycytes are neural stem and progenitor cells, but little is known of how they are regulated. Here we provide evidence that the cell adhesion molecule, NrCAM, regulates tanycytes in the adult niche. NrCAM is strongly expressed in adult mouse tanycytes. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analysis revealed that NrCAM loss of function leads to both a reduced number of tanycytes and reduced expression of tanycyte-specific cell markers, along with a small reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive arcuate neurons. Similar analyses of NrCAM mutants at E16 identify few changes in gene expression or cell composition, indicating that NrCAM regulates tanycytes, rather than early embryonic hypothalamic development. Neurosphere and organotypic assays support the idea that NrCAM governs cellular homeostasis. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) shows that tanycyte-specific genes, including a number that are implicated in thyroid hormone metabolism, show reduced expression in the mutant mouse. However, the mild tanycyte depletion and loss of markers observed in NrCAM-deficient mice were associated with only a subtle metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Moore
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kavitha Chinnaiya
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Brown
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Stewart
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Robins
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina K. C. Dowsett
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Muir
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Travaglio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jo E. Lewis
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fran Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Furley
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Marysia Placzek
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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7
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Landry T, Shookster D, Huang H. Circulating α-klotho regulates metabolism via distinct central and peripheral mechanisms. Metabolism 2021; 121:154819. [PMID: 34153302 PMCID: PMC8277751 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates the circulating α-klotho protein as a prominent regulator of energy balance and substrate metabolism, with diverse, tissue-specific functions. Despite its well-documented ubiquitous role inhibiting insulin signaling, α-klotho elicits potent antidiabetic and anti-obesogenic effects. α-Klotho facilitates insulin release and promotes β cell health in the pancreas, stimulates lipid oxidation in liver and adipose tissue, attenuates hepatic gluconeogenesis, and increases whole-body energy expenditure. The mechanisms underlying α-klotho's peripheral functions are multifaceted, including hydrolyzing transient receptor potential channels, stimulating integrin β1➔focal adhesion kinase signaling, and activating PPARα via inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor 1. Moreover, until recently, potential metabolic roles of α-klotho in the central nervous system remained unexplored; however, a novel α-klotho➔fibroblast growth factor receptor➔PI3kinase signaling axis in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus has been identified as a critical regulator of energy balance and glucose metabolism. Overall, the role of circulating α-klotho in the regulation of metabolism is a new focus of research, but accumulating evidence identifies this protein as an encouraging therapeutic target for Type 1 and 2 Diabetes and obesity. This review analyzes the new literature investigating α-klotho-mediated regulation of metabolism and proposes impactful future directions to progress our understanding of this complex metabolic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Landry
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Shookster
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Hu Huang
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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8
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Salgado M, García-Robles MÁ, Sáez JC. Purinergic signaling in tanycytes and its contribution to nutritional sensing. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:607-618. [PMID: 34018139 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09791-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanycytes are hypothalamic radial glial-like cells with an important role in the regulation of neuroendocrine axes and energy homeostasis. These cells have been implicated in glucose, amino acids, and fatty acid sensing in the hypothalamus of rodents, where they are strategically positioned. While their cell bodies contact the cerebrospinal fluid, their extensive processes contact neurons of the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei, protagonists in the regulation of food intake. A growing body of evidence has shown that purinergic signaling plays a relevant role in this homeostatic role of tanycytes, likely regulating the release of gliotransmitters that will modify the activity of satiety-controlling hypothalamic neurons. Connexin hemichannels have proven to be particularly relevant in these mechanisms since they are responsible for the release of ATP from tanycytes in response to nutritional signals. On the other hand, either ionotropic or metabotropic ATP receptors are involved in the generation of intracellular Ca2+ waves in response to hypothalamic nutrients, which can spread between glial cells and towards neighboring neurons. This review will summarize recent evidence that supports a nutrient sensor role for tanycytes, highlighting the participation of purinergic signaling in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdiel Salgado
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María Á García-Robles
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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Bolborea M, Langlet F. What is the physiological role of hypothalamic tanycytes in metabolism? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R994-R1003. [PMID: 33826442 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00296.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the energy balance process is tightly controlled by complex neural circuits that sense metabolic signals and adjust food intake and energy expenditure in line with the physiological requirements of optimal conditions. Within neural networks controlling energy balance, tanycytes are peculiar ependymoglial cells that are nowadays recognized as multifunctional players in the metabolic hypothalamus. However, the physiological function of hypothalamic tanycytes remains unclear, creating a number of ambiguities in the field. Here, we review data accumulated over the years that demonstrate the physiological function of tanycytes in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, opening up new research avenues. The presumed involvement of tanycytes in the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders and age-related neurodegenerative diseases will be finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matei Bolborea
- Central and Peripheral Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, INSERM U1118, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Fanny Langlet
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Tanycytes in the infundibular nucleus and median eminence and their role in the blood-brain barrier. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 180:253-273. [PMID: 34225934 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is generally attributed to endothelial cells. However, in circumventricular organs, such as the median eminence, tanycytes take over the barrier function. These ependymoglial cells form the wall of the third ventricle and send long extensions into the parenchyma to contact blood vessels and hypothalamic neurons. The shape and location of tanycytes put them in an ideal position to connect the periphery with central nervous compartments. In line with this, tanycytes control the transport of hormones and key metabolites in and out of the hypothalamus. They function as sensors of peripheral homeostasis for central regulatory networks. This chapter discusses current evidence that tanycytes play a key role in regulating glucose balance, food intake, endocrine axes, seasonal changes, reproductive function, and aging. The understanding of how tanycytes perform these diverse tasks is only just beginning to emerge and will probably lead to a more differentiated view of how the brain and the periphery interact.
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11
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Ebling FJP. Tanycytes: Gateway to the hungry brain: An Editorial for "The FGF2-induced tanycyte proliferation involves a connexin 43 hemichannel/purinergic-dependent pathway" on page 182. J Neurochem 2020; 156:143-144. [PMID: 33165910 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tanycytes are glial cells in the hypothalamus that are functionally part of the blood-brain barrier. They can sense nutrients and metabolites in the circulation such as glucose, then signal to neuronal systems to influence ingestive behaviour and energy storage, and ultimately affect body weight. The complex structure of tanycytes underpins this function, and communication is dependent upon connexin-43 gap junctions between tanycytes. This Editorial highlights studies by Recabal and coworkers (Recabal et al., 2020) in the current issue that shed some light on how this happens, and on how FGF2 might induce plasticity in hypothalamic structure through changes in tanycyte function that are dependent on connexin-43 hemichannels. This Editorial Highlights the article https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15188.
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Recabal A, Fernández P, López S, Barahona MJ, Ordenes P, Palma A, Elizondo-Vega R, Farkas C, Uribe A, Caprile T, Sáez JC, García-Robles MA. The FGF2-induced tanycyte proliferation involves a connexin 43 hemichannel/purinergic-dependent pathway. J Neurochem 2020; 156:182-199. [PMID: 32936929 PMCID: PMC7894481 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the adult hypothalamus, the neuronal precursor role is attributed to the radial glia-like cells that line the third-ventricle (3V) wall called tanycytes. Under nutritional cues, including hypercaloric diets, tanycytes proliferate and differentiate into mature neurons that moderate body weight, suggesting that hypothalamic neurogenesis is an adaptive mechanism in response to metabolic changes. Previous studies have shown that the tanycyte glucosensing mechanism depends on connexin-43 hemichannels (Cx43 HCs), purine release, and increased intracellular free calcium ion concentration [(Ca2+ )i ] mediated by purinergic P2Y receptors. Since, Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) causes similar purinergic events in other cell types, we hypothesize that this pathway can be also activated by FGF2 in tanycytes to promote their proliferation. Here, we used bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to evaluate if FGF2-induced tanycyte cell division is sensitive to Cx43 HC inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Immunocytochemical analyses showed that cultured tanycytes maintain the expression of in situ markers. After FGF2 exposure, tanycytic Cx43 HCs opened, enabling release of ATP to the extracellular milieu. Moreover, application of external ATP was enough to induce their cell division, which could be suppressed by Cx43 HC or P2Y1-receptor inhibitors. Similarly, in vivo experiments performed on rats by continuous infusion of FGF2 and a Cx43 HC inhibitor into the 3V, demonstrated that FGF2-induced β-tanycyte proliferation is sensitive to Cx43 HC blockade. Thus, FGF2 induced Cx43 HC opening, triggered purinergic signaling, and increased β-tanycytes proliferation, highlighting some of the molecular mechanisms involved in the cell division response of tanycyte. This article has an Editorial Highlight see https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15218.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Recabal
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Paola Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago
| | - Sergio López
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María J Barahona
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricio Ordenes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandra Palma
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Carlos Farkas
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amparo Uribe
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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13
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Landry T, Laing BT, Li P, Bunner W, Rao Z, Prete A, Sylvestri J, Huang H. Central α-Klotho Suppresses NPY/AgRP Neuron Activity and Regulates Metabolism in Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:1368-1381. [PMID: 32332158 PMCID: PMC7306125 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
α-Klotho is a circulating factor with well-documented antiaging properties. However, the central role of α-klotho in metabolism remains largely unexplored. The current study investigated the potential role of central α-klotho to modulate neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP)-expressing neurons, energy balance, and glucose homeostasis. Intracerebroventricular administration of α-klotho suppressed food intake, improved glucose profiles, and reduced body weight in mouse models of type 1 and 2 diabetes. Furthermore, central α-klotho inhibition via an anti-α-klotho antibody impaired glucose tolerance. Ex vivo patch clamp electrophysiology and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that α-klotho suppresses NPY/AgRP neuron activity, at least in part, by enhancing miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Experiments in hypothalamic GT1-7 cells observed that α-klotho induces phosphorylation of AKTser473, ERKthr202/tyr204, and FOXO1ser256 as well as blunts AgRP gene transcription. Mechanistically, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibition abolished the downstream signaling of α-klotho, negated its ability to modulate NPY/AgRP neurons, and blunted its therapeutic effects. Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibition also abolished α-klotho's ability to suppress food intake and improve glucose clearance. These results indicate a prominent role of hypothalamic α-klotho/FGFR1/PI3K signaling in the modulation of NPY/AgRP neuron activity and maintenance of energy homeostasis, thus providing new insight into the pathophysiology of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Landry
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Brenton Thomas Laing
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Peixin Li
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Wyatt Bunner
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Zhijian Rao
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Amber Prete
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Julia Sylvestri
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Hu Huang
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
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14
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Hypothalamic tanycytes generate acute hyperphagia through activation of the arcuate neuronal network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14473-14481. [PMID: 32513737 PMCID: PMC7322081 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919887117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanycytes are nutrient-sensing cells that line the third ventricle within the hypothalamus. The role of tanycytes in the regulation of food intake has not been documented. Indeed, the mechanistic link between nutrient concentrations in the CSF and activation of neurons responsible for the regulation of food intake, such as orexigenic (NPY/AgRP) or anorexigenic (POMC) cells, is not yet clear. Here, we demonstrate that tanycytes, engineered to express channelrhodopsin, can activate arcuate neurons to induce acute hyperphagia when activated by light. These data provide further evidence that tanycytes are an integral link between CSF nutrients and the hypothalamic neuronal networks that regulate appetite and energy balance. Hypothalamic tanycytes are chemosensitive glial cells that contact the cerebrospinal fluid in the third ventricle and send processes into the hypothalamic parenchyma. To test whether they can activate neurons of the arcuate nucleus, we targeted expression of a Ca2+-permeable channelrhodopsin (CatCh) specifically to tanycytes. Activation of tanycytes ex vivo depolarized orexigenic (neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein; NPY/AgRP) and anorexigenic (proopiomelanocortin; POMC) neurons via an ATP-dependent mechanism. In vivo, activation of tanycytes triggered acute hyperphagia only in the fed state during the inactive phase of the light–dark cycle.
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15
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Lewis JE, Monnier C, Marshall H, Fowler M, Green R, Cooper S, Chiotellis A, Luckett J, Perkins AC, Coskun T, Adams AC, Samms RJ, Ebling FJP, Tsintzas K. Whole-body and adipose tissue-specific mechanisms underlying the metabolic effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 in the Siberian hamster. Mol Metab 2019; 31:45-54. [PMID: 31918921 PMCID: PMC6889485 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been shown to rapidly lower body weight in the Siberian hamster, a preclinical model of adiposity. This induced negative energy balance mediated by FGF21 is associated with both lowered caloric intake and increased energy expenditure. Previous research demonstrated that adipose tissue (AT) is one of the primary sites of FGF21 action and may be responsible for its ability to increase the whole-body metabolic rate. The present study sought to determine the relative importance of white (subcutaneous AT [sWAT] and visceral AT [vWAT]), and brown (interscapular brown AT [iBAT]) in governing FGF21-mediated metabolic improvements using the tissue-specific uptake of glucose and lipids as a proxy for metabolic activity. Methods We used positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging in combination with both glucose (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose) and lipid (18F-4-thiapalmitate) tracers to assess the effect of FGF21 on the tissue-specific uptake of these metabolites and compared responses to a control group pair-fed to match the food intake of the FGF21-treated group. In vivo imaging was combined with ex vivo tissue-specific functional, biochemical, and molecular analyses of the nutrient uptake and signaling pathways. Results Consistent with previous findings, FGF21 reduced body weight via reduced caloric intake and increased energy expenditure in the Siberian hamster. PET-CT studies demonstrated that FGF21 increased the uptake of glucose in BAT and WAT independently of reduced food intake and body weight as demonstrated by imaging of the pair-fed group. Furthermore, FGF21 increased glucose uptake in the primary adipocytes, confirming that these in vivo effects may be due to a direct action of FGF21 at the level of the adipocytes. Mechanistically, the effects of FGF21 are associated with activation of the ERK signaling pathway and upregulation of GLUT4 protein content in all fat depots. In response to treatment with FGF21, we observed an increase in the markers of lipolysis and lipogenesis in both the subcutaneous and visceral WAT depots. In contrast, FGF21 was only able to directly increase the uptake of lipid into BAT. Conclusions These data identify brown and white fat depots as primary peripheral sites of action of FGF21 in promoting glucose uptake and also indicate that FGF21 selectively stimulates lipid uptake in brown fat, which may fuel thermogenesis. FGF21 increases glucose and lipid uptake in adipose tissue. The selective FGF21-induced increase in lipid uptake in BAT may fuel thermogenesis. Unlike BAT, glucose uptake in WAT may be used for lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Chloe Monnier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Hayley Marshall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Maxine Fowler
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Rebecca Green
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Scott Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Aristeidis Chiotellis
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jeni Luckett
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alan C Perkins
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Andrew C Adams
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Ricardo J Samms
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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16
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Lewis JE, Ebling FJP, Samms RJ, Tsintzas K. Going Back to the Biology of FGF21: New Insights. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:491-504. [PMID: 31248786 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a protein highly synthesized in the liver that exerts paracrine and endocrine control of many aspects of energy homeostasis in multiple tissues. In preclinical models of obesity and type 2 diabetes, treatment with FGF21 improves glucose homeostasis and promotes weight loss, and, as a result, FGF21 has attracted considerable attention as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of metabolic syndrome in humans. An improved understanding of the biological role of FGF21 may help to explain why its therapeutic potential in humans has not been fully realized. This review will cover the complexities in FGF21 biology in rodents and humans, with emphasis on its role in protection from central and peripheral facets of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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17
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Kaminskas B, Goodman T, Hagan A, Bellusci S, Ornitz DM, Hajihosseini MK. Characterisation of endogenous players in fibroblast growth factor-regulated functions of hypothalamic tanycytes and energy-balance nuclei. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12750. [PMID: 31111569 PMCID: PMC6772024 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian hypothalamus regulates key homeostatic and neuroendocrine functions ranging from circadian rhythm and energy balance to growth and reproductive cycles via the hypothalamic-pituitary and hypothalamic-thyroid axes. In addition to its neurones, tanycytes are taking centre stage in the short- and long-term augmentation and integration of diverse hypothalamic functions, although the genetic regulators and mediators of their involvement are poorly understood. Exogenous interventions have implicated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling, although the focal point of the action of FGF and any role for putative endogenous players also remains elusive. We carried out a comprehensive high-resolution screen of FGF signalling pathway mediators and modifiers using a combination of in situ hybridisation, immunolabelling and transgenic reporter mice, aiming to map their spatial distribution in the adult hypothalamus. Our findings suggest that β-tanycytes are the likely focal point of exogenous and endogenous action of FGF in the third ventricular wall, utilising FGF receptor (FGFR)1 and FGFR2 IIIc isoforms, but not FGFR3. Key IIIc-activating endogenous ligands include FGF1, 2, 9 and 18, which are expressed by a subset of ependymal and parenchymal cells. In the parenchymal compartment, FGFR1-3 show divergent patterns, with FGFR1 being predominant in neuronal nuclei and expression of FGFR3 being associated with glial cell function. Intracrine FGFs are also present, suggestive of multiple modes of FGF function. Our findings provide a testable framework for understanding the complex role of FGFs with respect to regulating the metabolic endocrine and neurogenic functions of hypothalamus in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Goodman
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Andrew Hagan
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMissouri
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Cardio‐Pulmonary InstituteJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
- International Collaborative Centre on Growth Factor ResearchLife Science InstituteWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMissouri
| | - Mohammad K. Hajihosseini
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- International Collaborative Centre on Growth Factor ResearchLife Science InstituteWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
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Interscapular and Perivascular Brown Adipose Tissue Respond Differently to a Short-Term High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051065. [PMID: 31086124 PMCID: PMC6566556 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) function may depend on its anatomical location and developmental origin. Interscapular BAT (iBAT) regulates acute macronutrient metabolism, whilst perivascular BAT (PVAT) regulates vascular function. Although phenotypically similar, whether these depots respond differently to acute nutrient excess is unclear. Given their distinct anatomical locations and developmental origins and we hypothesised that iBAT and PVAT would respond differently to brief period of nutrient excess. Sprague-Dawley rats aged 12 weeks (n=12) were fed either a standard (10% fat, n=6) or high fat diet (HFD: 45% fat, n=6) for 72h and housed at thermoneutrality. Following an assessment of whole body physiology, fat was collected from both depots for analysis of gene expression and the proteome. HFD consumption for 72h induced rapid weight gain (c. 2.6%) and reduced serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) with no change in either total adipose or depot mass. In iBAT, an upregulation of genes involved in insulin signalling and lipid metabolism was accompanied by enrichment of lipid-related processes and functions, plus glucagon and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signalling pathways. In PVAT, HFD induced a pronounced down-regulation of multiple metabolic pathways which was accompanied with increased abundance of proteins involved in apoptosis (e.g., Hdgf and Ywaq) and toll-like receptor signalling (Ube2n). There was also an enrichment of DNA-related processes and functions (e.g., nucleosome assembly and histone exchange) and RNA degradation and cell adhesion pathways. In conclusion, we show that iBAT and PVAT elicit divergent responses to short-term nutrient excess highlighting early adaptations in these depots before changes in fat mass.
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19
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Langlet F. Tanycyte Gene Expression Dynamics in the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:286. [PMID: 31133987 PMCID: PMC6514105 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal survival relies on a constant balance between energy supply and energy expenditure, which is controlled by several neuroendocrine functions that integrate metabolic information and adapt the response of the organism to physiological demands. Polarized ependymoglial cells lining the floor of the third ventricle and sending a single process within metabolic hypothalamic parenchyma, tanycytes are henceforth described as key components of the hypothalamic neural network controlling energy balance. Their strategic position and peculiar properties convey them diverse physiological functions ranging from blood/brain traffic controllers, metabolic modulators, and neural stem/progenitor cells. At the molecular level, these functions rely on an accurate regulation of gene expression. Indeed, tanycytes are characterized by their own molecular signature which is mostly associated to their diverse physiological functions, and the detection of variations in nutrient/hormone levels leads to an adequate modulation of genetic profile in order to ensure energy homeostasis. The aim of this review is to summarize recent knowledge on the nutritional control of tanycyte gene expression.
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Monoclonal antibody targeting of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c causes cardiac valvulopathy in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 355:147-155. [PMID: 30008375 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) have been proposed as potential drug targets for the treatment of obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the potential toxicity in rats of three anti-FGFR1c mAbs with differential binding activity prior to clinical development. Groups of male rats received weekly injections of either one of two FGFR1c-specific mAbs or an FGFR1c/FGFR4-specific mAb at 10 mg/kg for up to 4 weeks. All three mAbs caused significant reductions in food intake and weight loss leading to some animals being euthanized early for welfare reasons. In all three groups given these mAbs, microscopic changes were seen in the bones and heart valves. In the bones of the femoro-tibial joint, thickening of the diaphyseal cortex of long bones, due to deposition of well organized new lamellar bone, indicated that an osteogenic effect was observed. In the heart, valvulopathy described as an endocardial myxomatous change affecting the mitral, pulmonary, tricuspid and aortic valves was observed in all mAb-treated animals. The presence of FGFR1 mRNA expression in the heart valves was confirmed using in situ hybridization. Targeting the FGF-FGFR1c pathway with anti-FGFR1c mAbs leads to drug induced valvulopathy in rats. In effect, this precluded the development of these mAbs as potential anti-obesity drugs. The valvulopathy observed was similar to that described for fenfluramine and dexafenfluramine. The pathogenesis of the drug-induced valvulopathy is considered FGFR1c-mediated, based on the specificity of the mAbs and FGFR1 mRNA expression in the heart valves.
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21
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Prevot V, Dehouck B, Sharif A, Ciofi P, Giacobini P, Clasadonte J. The Versatile Tanycyte: A Hypothalamic Integrator of Reproduction and Energy Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:333-368. [PMID: 29351662 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fertility and survival of an individual rely on the ability of the periphery to promptly, effectively, and reproducibly communicate with brain neural networks that control reproduction, food intake, and energy homeostasis. Tanycytes, a specialized glial cell type lining the wall of the third ventricle in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, appear to act as the linchpin of these processes by dynamically controlling the secretion of neuropeptides into the portal vasculature by hypothalamic neurons and regulating blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid exchanges, both processes that depend on the ability of these cells to adapt their morphology to the physiological state of the individual. In addition to their barrier properties, tanycytes possess the ability to sense blood glucose levels, and play a fundamental and active role in shuttling circulating metabolic signals to hypothalamic neurons that control food intake. Moreover, accumulating data suggest that, in keeping with their putative descent from radial glial cells, tanycytes are endowed with neural stem cell properties and may respond to dietary or reproductive cues by modulating hypothalamic neurogenesis. Tanycytes could thus constitute the missing link in the loop connecting behavior, hormonal changes, signal transduction, central neuronal activation and, finally, behavior again. In this article, we will examine these recent advances in the understanding of tanycytic plasticity and function in the hypothalamus and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We will also discuss the putative involvement and therapeutic potential of hypothalamic tanycytes in metabolic and fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Bénédicte Dehouck
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Jerome Clasadonte
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
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22
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Ebling FJP, Lewis JE. Tanycytes and hypothalamic control of energy metabolism. Glia 2018; 66:1176-1184. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis J. P. Ebling
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre; Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom
| | - Jo E. Lewis
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre; Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom
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23
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Liu S, Marcelin G, Blouet C, Jeong JH, Jo YH, Schwartz GJ, Chua S. A gut-brain axis regulating glucose metabolism mediated by bile acids and competitive fibroblast growth factor actions at the hypothalamus. Mol Metab 2017; 8:37-50. [PMID: 29290621 PMCID: PMC5985052 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bile acids have been implicated as important regulators of glucose metabolism via activation of FXR and GPBAR1. We have previously shown that FGF19 can modulate glucose handling by suppressing the activity of hypothalamic AGRP/NPY neurons. As bile acids stimulate the release of FGF19/FGF15 into the circulation, we pursued the potential of bile acids to improve glucose tolerance via a gut-brain axis involving FXR and FGF15/FGF19 within enterocytes and FGF receptors on hypothalamic AGRP/NPY neurons. METHODS A 5-day gavage of taurocholic acid, mirroring our previous protocol of a 5-day FGF19 treatment, was performed. Oral glucose tolerance tests in mice with genetic manipulations of FGF signaling and melanocortin signaling were used to define a gut-brain axis responsive to bile acids. RESULTS The taurocholic acid gavage led to increased serum concentrations of taurocholic acid as well as increases of FGF15 mRNA in the ileum and improved oral glucose tolerance in obese (ob/ob) mice. In contrast, lithocholic acid, an FXR antagonist but a potent agonist for GPBAR1, did not improve glucose tolerance. The positive response to taurocholic acid is dependent upon an intact melanocortinergic system as obese MC4R-null mice or ob/ob mice without AGRP did not show improvements in glucose tolerance after taurocholate gavage. We also tested the FGF receptor isoform necessary for the bile acid response, using AGRP:Fgfr1-/- and AGRP:Fgfr2-/- mice. While the absence of FGFR1 in AGRP/NPY neurons did not alter glucose tolerance after taurocholate gavage, manipulations of Fgfr2 caused bidirectional changes depending upon the experimental model. We hypothesized the existence of an endogenous hypothalamic FGF, most likely FGF17, that acted as a chronic activator of AGRP/NPY neurons. We developed two short peptides based on FGF8 and FGF17 that should antagonize FGF17 action. Both of these peptides improved glucose homeostasis after a 4-day course of central and peripheral injections. Significantly, daily average blood glucose from continuous glucose monitoring was reduced in all tested animals but glucose concentrations remained in the euglycemia range. CONCLUSIONS We have defined a gut-brain axis that regulates glucose metabolism mediated by antagonistic fibroblast growth factors. From the intestine, bile acids stimulate FGF15 secretion, leading to activation of the FGF receptors in hypothalamic AGRP/NPY neurons. FGF receptor intracellular signaling subsequently silences AGRP/NPY neurons, leading to improvements of glucose tolerance that are likely mediated by the autonomic nervous system. Finally, short peptides that antagonize homodimeric FGF receptor signaling within the hypothalamus have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis without inducing hypoglycemia. These peptides could provide a new mode of regulating glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunmei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Genevieve Marcelin
- INSERM UMR S 1166, ICAN Institute, Faculte de Medecine Pitie-Salpetriere, 91 Boulevard de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Clemence Blouet
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jae Hoon Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Young-Hwan Jo
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gary J Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Streamson Chua
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Schneider JE, Deviche P. Molecular and Neuroendocrine Approaches to Understanding Trade-offs: Food, Sex, Aggression, Stress, and Longevity-An Introduction to the Symposium. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:1151-1160. [PMID: 28992053 PMCID: PMC5886330 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Life history strategies are composed of multiple fitness components, each of which incurs costs and benefits. Consequently, organisms cannot maximize all fitness components simultaneously. This situation results in a dynamic array of trade-offs in which some fitness traits prevail at the expense of others, often depending on context. The identification of specific constraints and trade-offs has helped elucidate physiological mechanisms that underlie variation in behavioral and physiological life history strategies. There is general recognition that trade-offs are made at the individual and population level, but much remains to be learned concerning the molecular neuroendocrine mechanisms that underlie trade-offs. For example, we still do not know whether the mechanisms that underlie trade-offs at the individual level relate to trade-offs at the population level. To advance our understanding of trade-offs, we organized a group of speakers who study neuroendocrine mechanisms at the interface of traits that are not maximized simultaneously. Speakers were invited to represent research from a wide range of taxa including invertebrates (e.g., worms and insects), fish, nonavian reptiles, birds, and mammals. Three general themes emerged. First, the study of trade-offs requires that we investigate traditional endocrine mechanisms that include hormones, neuropeptides, and their receptors, and in addition, other chemical messengers not traditionally included in endocrinology. The latter group includes growth factors, metabolic intermediates, and molecules of the immune system. Second, the nomenclature and theory of neuroscience that has dominated the study of behavior is being re-evaluated in the face of evidence for the peripheral actions of so-called neuropeptides and neurotransmitters and the behavioral repercussions of these actions. Finally, environmental and ecological contexts continue to be critical in unmasking molecular mechanisms that are hidden when study animals are housed in enclosed spaces, with unlimited food, without competitors or conspecifics, and in constant ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Pierre Deviche
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287–4501, USA
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25
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Lewis JE, Samms RJ, Cooper S, Luckett JC, Perkins AC, Dunbar JD, Smith DP, Emmerson PJ, Adams AC, Ebling FJP, Tsintzas K. Antibody-Mediated Targeting of the FGFR1c Isoform Increases Glucose Uptake in White and Brown Adipose Tissue in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3090-3096. [PMID: 28938451 PMCID: PMC5659699 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of obesity and its cardiometabolic implications demonstrates the imperative to identify novel therapeutic targets able to effect meaningful metabolic changes in this population. Antibody-mediated targeting of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c isoform (FGFR1c) has been shown to ameliorate hyperglycemia and protect from diet- and genetically-induced obesity in rodents and nonhuman primates. However, it is currently unknown which tissue(s) contribute to this glucose-lowering effect. Thus, to elucidate this effect, we treated euglycemic mice with H7, a monoclonal antibody that selectively targets FGFR1c, and used whole-body positron emission computed tomography with a glucose tracer (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose). Treatment with H7 increased basal glucose uptake in white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), the brain, and liver but reduced it in the quadriceps muscles. Consequentially, blood glucose was significantly reduced in response to treatment. Under insulin-stimulated conditions, the effects of H7 were maintained in WAT, BAT, liver, and muscle. Treatment with H7 decreased triglyceride (TG) content and increased adipose TG lipase content in white adipose tissue, while increasing activation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, suggesting futile cycling of TGs, albeit favoring net hydrolysis. We demonstrated, in vitro, this is a direct effect of treatment in adipose tissue, as basal cellular respiration and glucose uptake were increased in response to treatment. Taken together, these data suggest that antibody-mediated targeting of FGFR1c exerts its powerful glucose-lowering efficacy primarily due to increased glucose uptake in adipose tissue.
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MESH Headings
- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Glucose/metabolism
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Lipase/analysis
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Obesity/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/immunology
- Triglycerides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E. Lewis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo J. Samms
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Scott Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jeni C. Luckett
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan C. Perkins
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Francis J. P. Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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26
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Lewis JE, Samms RJ, Cooper S, Luckett JC, Perkins AC, Adams AC, Tsintzas K, Ebling FJP. Reduced adiposity attenuates FGF21 mediated metabolic improvements in the Siberian hamster. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4238. [PMID: 28652585 PMCID: PMC5484705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF21 exerts profound metabolic effects in Siberian hamsters exposed to long day (LD) photoperiods that increase appetite and adiposity, however these effects are attenuated in short day (SD) animals that display hypophagia and reduced adiposity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the beneficial effects of a novel mimetic of FGF21 in the LD state are a consequence of increased adiposity or of the central photoperiodic state. This was achieved by investigating effects of FGF21 in aged hamsters, which is associated with reduced adiposity. In LD hamsters with increased adiposity, FGF21 lowered body weight as a result of both reduced daily food intake and increased caloric expenditure, driven by an increase in whole-body fat oxidation. However, in LD animals with reduced adiposity, the effect of FGF21 on body weight, caloric intake and fat oxidation were significantly attenuated or absent when compared to those with increased adiposity. These attenuated/absent effects were underpinned by the inability of FGF21 to increase the expression of key thermogenic genes in interscapular and visceral WAT. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of a novel FGF21 mimetic in hamsters, but reveals attenuated effects in the animal model where adiposity is reduced naturally independent of photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | | | - Scott Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jeni C Luckett
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alan C Perkins
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Andrew C Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Rizzoti K, Lovell-Badge R. Pivotal role of median eminence tanycytes for hypothalamic function and neurogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:7-13. [PMID: 27530416 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Along with the sub-ventricular zone of the forebrain lateral ventricles and the sub-granular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus, the hypothalamus has recently emerged as a third gliogenic and neurogenic niche in the central nervous system. The hypothalamus is the main regulator of body homeostasis because it centralizes peripheral information to regulate crucial physiological functions through the pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous system. Its ability to sense signals originating outside the brain relies on its exposure to blood-born molecules through the median eminence, which is localized outside the blood brain barrier. Within the hypothalamus, a population of specialized radial glial cells, the tanycytes, control exposure to blood-born signals by acting both as sensors and regulators of the hypothalamic input and output. In addition, lineage-tracing experiments have recently revealed that tanycytes represent a population of hypothalamic stem cells, defining them as a pivotal cell type within the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic neurogenesis has moreover been shown to have an important role in feeding control and energy metabolism, which challenges previous knowledge and offers new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Rizzoti
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
| | - Robin Lovell-Badge
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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28
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Lewis JE, Ebling FJP. Tanycytes As Regulators of Seasonal Cycles in Neuroendocrine Function. Front Neurol 2017; 8:79. [PMID: 28344570 PMCID: PMC5344904 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual cycles of physiology and behavior are highly prevalent in organisms inhabiting temperate and polar regions. Examples in mammals include changes in appetite and body fat composition, hibernation and torpor, growth of antlers, pelage and horns, and seasonal reproduction. The timing of these seasonal cycles reflects an interaction of changing environmental signals, such as daylength, and intrinsic rhythmic processes: circannual clocks. As neuroendocrine signals underlie these rhythmic processes, the focus of most mechanistic studies has been on neuronal systems in the hypothalamus. Recent studies also implicate the pituitary stalk (pars tuberalis) and hypothalamic tanycytes as key pathways in seasonal timing. The pars tuberalis expresses a high density of melatonin receptors, so is highly responsive to changes in the nocturnal secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland as photoperiod changes across the year. The pars tuberalis in turn regulates tanycyte function in the adjacent hypothalamus via paracrine signals. Tanycytes are radial glial cells that persist into adulthood and function as a stem cell niche. Their cell soma are embedded in the ependymal lining of the third ventricle, and they also send elaborate projections through the arcuate nucleus, many of which terminate on capillaries in the median eminence. This anatomy underlies their function as sensors of nutrients in the circulation, and as regulators of transport of hormones and metabolites into the hypothalamus. In situ hybridization studies reveal robust seasonal changes in gene expression in tanycytes, for example, those controlling transport and metabolism of thyroid hormone and retinoic acid. These hormonal signals play a key role in the initial development of the brain, and experimental manipulation of thyroid hormone availability in the adult hypothalamus can accelerate or block seasonal cyclicity in sheep and Siberian hamsters. We hypothesize that seasonal rhythms depends upon reuse of developmental mechanisms in the adult hypothalamus and that tanycytes are key orchestrators of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre , Nottingham , UK
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre , Nottingham , UK
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Yu T, Yang Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Xu H, Li M, Ponnusamy M, Wang K, Wang JX, Li PF. A FGFR1 inhibitor patent review: progress since 2010. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:439-454. [PMID: 27976968 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1272574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION FGFR1 is a well known molecular target for anticancer therapy. Many studies have proved that the regulation of FGFR1 activity is a promising therapeutic approach to treat a series of cancers. Therefore, the development of potent inhibitors has consequently become a key focus in the present drug discovery, and it is encouraging that several highly selective FGFR1 inhibitors have been identified from various sources in recent years. Areas covered: This article reviews patents and patent applications related to selective FGFR1 inhibitors published from 2010 to 2016. This summary highlights about 15 patents from different pharmaceutical companies and academic research groups. We used Baidu and NCBI search engines to find relevant patents as a search term. Expert opinion: In the past few years, considerable progress has been made in the identification and development of selective FGFR1 inhibitors in use. At present, at least 10 inhibitors of FGFR1 are in clinical trials, and several agents have shown encouraging results under experimental conditions. Given the fact that FGFR1 plays a crucial role in the regulation of cancer and other diseases, we hope that it will gain further attraction from pharmaceutical companies and encourage development of more novel, safe and efficient FGFR1 inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- a Institute for Translational Medicine , Qingdao University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- a Institute for Translational Medicine , Qingdao University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- b Food and Drug Administration of Linyi City , Hedong District Branch , Linyi , People's Republic of China
| | - Yinfeng Zhang
- a Institute for Translational Medicine , Qingdao University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- c Department of Orthodontics , Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , People's Republic of China
| | - Mengpeng Li
- a Institute for Translational Medicine , Qingdao University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Murugavel Ponnusamy
- a Institute for Translational Medicine , Qingdao University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- a Institute for Translational Medicine , Qingdao University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Xun Wang
- a Institute for Translational Medicine , Qingdao University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- a Institute for Translational Medicine , Qingdao University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
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