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Ansari SS, Dillard ME, Zhang Y, Austria MA, Boatwright N, Shelton EL, Stewart DP, Johnson A, Wang CE, Young BM, Rankovic Z, Hansen BS, Pruett-Miller SM, Carisey AF, Schuetz JD, Robinson CG, Ogden SK. Sonic Hedgehog activates prostaglandin signaling to stabilize primary cilium length. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202306002. [PMID: 38856684 PMCID: PMC11166601 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202306002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) is a driver of embryonic patterning that, when corrupted, triggers developmental disorders and cancers. SHH effector responses are organized through primary cilia (PC) that grow and retract with the cell cycle and in response to extracellular cues. Disruption of PC homeostasis corrupts SHH regulation, placing significant pressure on the pathway to maintain ciliary fitness. Mechanisms by which ciliary robustness is ensured in SHH-stimulated cells are not yet known. Herein, we reveal a crosstalk circuit induced by SHH activation of Phospholipase A2α that drives ciliary E-type prostanoid receptor 4 (EP4) signaling to ensure PC function and stabilize ciliary length. We demonstrate that blockade of SHH-EP4 crosstalk destabilizes PC cyclic AMP (cAMP) equilibrium, slows ciliary transport, reduces ciliary length, and attenuates SHH pathway induction. Accordingly, Ep4-/- mice display shortened neuroepithelial PC and altered SHH-dependent neuronal cell fate specification. Thus, SHH initiates coordination between distinct ciliary receptors to maintain PC function and length homeostasis for robust downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shariq S. Ansari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Miriam E. Dillard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mary Ashley Austria
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Rhodes College Summer Plus Program, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Naoko Boatwright
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elaine L. Shelton
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel P. Stewart
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christina E. Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brandon M. Young
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Zoran Rankovic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Baranda S. Hansen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Alexandre F. Carisey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John D. Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Camenzind G. Robinson
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey K. Ogden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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2
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King SM, Sakato-Antoku M, Patel-King RS, Balsbaugh JL. The methylome of motile cilia. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar89. [PMID: 38696262 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-03-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cilia are highly complex motile, sensory, and secretory organelles that contain perhaps 1000 or more distinct protein components, many of which are subject to various posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, N-terminal acetylation, and proteolytic processing. Another common modification is the addition of one or more methyl groups to the side chains of arginine and lysine residues. These tunable additions delocalize the side-chain charge, decrease hydrogen bond capacity, and increase both bulk and hydrophobicity. Methylation is usually mediated by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases and reversed by demethylases. Previous studies have identified several ciliary proteins that are subject to methylation including axonemal dynein heavy chains that are modified by a cytosolic methyltransferase. Here, we have performed an extensive proteomic analysis of multiple independently derived cilia samples to assess the potential for SAM metabolism and the extent of methylation in these organelles. We find that cilia contain all the enzymes needed for generation of the SAM methyl donor and recycling of the S-adenosylhomocysteine and tetrahydrofolate byproducts. In addition, we find that at least 155 distinct ciliary proteins are methylated, in some cases at multiple sites. These data provide a comprehensive resource for studying the consequences of methyl marks on ciliary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 3305
| | - Miho Sakato-Antoku
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 3305
| | - Ramila S Patel-King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 3305
| | - Jeremy L Balsbaugh
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Center for Open Research Resources & Equipment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
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3
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Ma R, Chen L, Hu N, Caplan S, Hu G. Cilia and Extracellular Vesicles in Brain Development and Disease. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:1020-1029. [PMID: 37956781 PMCID: PMC11087377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary and motile cilia are thin, hair-like cellular projections from the cell surface involved in movement, sensing, and communication between cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles secreted by cells and contain various proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are delivered to and influence the behavior of other cells. Both cilia and EVs are essential for the normal functioning of brain cells, and their malfunction can lead to several neurological diseases. Cilia and EVs can interact with each other in several ways, and this interplay plays a crucial role in facilitating various biological processes, including cell-to-cell communication, tissue homeostasis, and pathogen defense. Cilia and EV crosstalk in the brain is an emerging area of research. Herein, we summarize the detailed molecular mechanisms of cilia and EV interplay and address the ciliary molecules that are involved in signaling and cellular dysfunction in brain development and diseases. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical use of cilia and EVs in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ningyun Hu
- Millard West High School, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
| | - Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
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4
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Liu Z, Sa G, Zhang Z, Wu Q, Zhou J, Yang X. Regulatory role of primary cilia in oral and maxillofacial development and disease. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102389. [PMID: 38714113 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia have versatile functions, such as receiving signals from the extracellular microenvironment, mediating signaling transduction, and transporting ciliary substances, in tissue and organ development and clinical disease pathogenesis. During early development (embryos within 10 weeks) in the oral and maxillofacial region, defects in the structure and function of primary cilia can result in severe craniofacial malformations. For example, mice with mutations in the cilia-related genes Kif3a and IFT88 exhibit midline expansion and cleft lip/palate, which occur due to abnormalities in the fusion of the single frontonasal prominence and maxillary prominences. In the subsequent development of the oral and maxillofacial region, we discussed the regulatory role of primary cilia in the development of the maxilla, mandible, Meckel cartilage, condylar cartilage, lip, tongue, and tooth, among others. Moreover, primary cilia are promising regulators in some oral and maxillofacial diseases, such as tumors and malocclusion. We also summarize the regulatory mechanisms of primary cilia in oral and maxillofacial development and related diseases, including their role in various signaling transduction pathways. For example, aplasia of submandibular glands in the Kif3a mutant mice is associated with a decrease in SHH signaling within the glands. This review summarizes the similarities and specificities of the role of primary cilia in tissue and organ development and disease progression in the oral and maxillofacial region, which is expected to contribute several ideas for the treatment of primary cilia-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Guoliang Sa
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhuoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qingwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xuewen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
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5
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Mostafazadeh N, Resnick A, Young YN, Peng Z. Microstructure-based modeling of primary cilia mechanics. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38676536 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
A primary cilium, made of nine microtubule doublets enclosed in a cilium membrane, is a mechanosensing organelle that bends under an external mechanical load and sends an intracellular signal through transmembrane proteins activated by cilium bending. The nine microtubule doublets are the main load-bearing structural component, while the transmembrane proteins on the cilium membrane are the main sensing component. No distinction was made between these two components in all existing models, where the stress calculated from the structural component (nine microtubule doublets) was used to explain the sensing location, which may be totally misleading. For the first time, we developed a microstructure-based primary cilium model by considering these two components separately. First, we refined the analytical solution of bending an orthotropic cylindrical shell for individual microtubule, and obtained excellent agreement between finite element simulations and the theoretical predictions of a microtubule bending as a validation of the structural component in the model. Second, by integrating the cilium membrane with nine microtubule doublets and simulating the tip-anchored optical tweezer experiment on our computational model, we found that the microtubule doublets may twist significantly as the whole cilium bends. Third, besides being cilium-length-dependent, we found the mechanical properties of the cilium are also highly deformation-dependent. More important, we found that the cilium membrane near the base is not under pure in-plane tension or compression as previously thought, but has significant local bending stress. This challenges the traditional model of cilium mechanosensing, indicating that transmembrane proteins may be activated more by membrane curvature than membrane stretching. Finally, we incorporated imaging data of primary cilia into our microstructure-based cilium model, and found that comparing to the ideal model with uniform microtubule length, the imaging-informed model shows the nine microtubule doublets interact more evenly with the cilium membrane, and their contact locations can cause even higher bending curvature in the cilium membrane than near the base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Mostafazadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Resnick
- Department of Physics and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Y-N Young
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhangli Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Díaz de Cerio M, Oliván S, Ochoa I, García-Sanmartín J, Martínez A. Cold-shock proteins accumulate in centrosomes and their expression and primary cilium morphology are regulated by hypothermia and shear stress. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:447-462. [PMID: 37694837 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia act as cellular sensors for multiple extracellular stimuli and regulate many intracellular signaling pathways in response. Here we investigate whether the cold-shock proteins (CSPs), CIRP and RBM3, are present in the primary cilia and the physiological consequences of such a relationship. R28, an immortalized retinal precursor cell line, was stained with antibodies against CIRP, RBM3, and ciliary markers. Both CSPs were found in intimate contact with the basal body of the cilium during all stages of the cell cycle, including migrating with the centrosome during mitosis. In addition, the morphological and physiological manifestations of exposing the cells to hypothermia and shear stress were investigated. Exposure to moderately cold (32°C) temperatures, the hypothermia mimetic small molecule zr17-2, or to shear stress resulted in a significant reduction in the number and length of primary cilia. In addition, shear stress induced expression of CIRP and RBM3 in a complex pattern depending on the specific protein, flow intensity, and type of flow (laminar versus oscillatory). Flow-mediated CSP overexpression was detected by qRT-PCR and confirmed by Western blot, at least for CIRP. Furthermore, analysis of public RNA Seq databases on flow experiments confirmed an increase of CIRP and RBM3 expression following exposure to shear stress in renal cell lines. In conclusion, we found that CSPs are integral components of the centrosome and that they participate in cold and shear stress sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Díaz de Cerio
- Angiogenesis Unit, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Sara Oliván
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TMELab), University of Zaragoza, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TMELab), University of Zaragoza, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Josune García-Sanmartín
- Angiogenesis Unit, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Angiogenesis Unit, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain.
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7
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Coschiera A, Yoshihara M, Lauter G, Ezer S, Pucci M, Li H, Kavšek A, Riedel CG, Kere J, Swoboda P. Primary cilia promote the differentiation of human neurons through the WNT signaling pathway. BMC Biol 2024; 22:48. [PMID: 38413974 PMCID: PMC10900739 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01845-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cilia emanate from most human cell types, including neurons. Cilia are important for communicating with the cell's immediate environment: signal reception and transduction to/from the ciliated cell. Deregulation of ciliary signaling can lead to ciliopathies and certain neurodevelopmental disorders. In the developing brain cilia play well-documented roles for the expansion of the neural progenitor cell pool, while information about the roles of cilia during post-mitotic neuron differentiation and maturation is scarce. RESULTS We employed ciliated Lund Human Mesencephalic (LUHMES) cells in time course experiments to assess the impact of ciliary signaling on neuron differentiation. By comparing ciliated and non-ciliated neuronal precursor cells and neurons in wild type and in RFX2 -/- mutant neurons with altered cilia, we discovered an early-differentiation "ciliary time window" during which transient cilia promote axon outgrowth, branching and arborization. Experiments in neurons with IFT88 and IFT172 ciliary gene knockdowns, leading to shorter cilia, confirm these results. Cilia promote neuron differentiation by tipping WNT signaling toward the non-canonical pathway, in turn activating WNT pathway output genes implicated in cyto-architectural changes. CONCLUSIONS We provide a mechanistic entry point into when and how ciliary signaling coordinates, promotes and translates into anatomical changes. We hypothesize that ciliary alterations causing neuron differentiation defects may result in "mild" impairments of brain development, possibly underpinning certain aspects of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Coschiera
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Masahito Yoshihara
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Gilbert Lauter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sini Ezer
- University of Helsinki, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mariangela Pucci
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, Teramo, Italy
- University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Alan Kavšek
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christian G Riedel
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
- University of Helsinki, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Swoboda
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Hilgendorf KI, Myers BR, Reiter JF. Emerging mechanistic understanding of cilia function in cellular signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-023-00698-5. [PMID: 38366037 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary, immotile sensory organelles present on most cells in the body that participate broadly in human health, physiology and disease. Cilia generate a unique environment for signal transduction with tight control of protein, lipid and second messenger concentrations within a relatively small compartment, enabling reception, transmission and integration of biological information. In this Review, we discuss how cilia function as signalling hubs in cell-cell communication using three signalling pathways as examples: ciliary G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and polycystin ion channels. We review how defects in these ciliary signalling pathways lead to a heterogeneous group of conditions known as 'ciliopathies', including metabolic syndromes, birth defects and polycystic kidney disease. Emerging understanding of these pathways' transduction mechanisms reveals common themes between these cilia-based signalling pathways that may apply to other pathways as well. These mechanistic insights reveal how cilia orchestrate normal and pathophysiological signalling outputs broadly throughout human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren I Hilgendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Luxmi R, King SM. Cilia Provide a Platform for the Generation, Regulated Secretion, and Reception of Peptidergic Signals. Cells 2024; 13:303. [PMID: 38391915 PMCID: PMC10886904 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based cellular projections that act as motile, sensory, and secretory organelles. These structures receive information from the environment and transmit downstream signals to the cell body. Cilia also release vesicular ectosomes that bud from the ciliary membrane and carry an array of bioactive enzymes and peptide products. Peptidergic signals represent an ancient mode of intercellular communication, and in metazoans are involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and various other physiological processes and responses. Numerous peptide receptors, subtilisin-like proteases, the peptide-amidating enzyme, and bioactive amidated peptide products have been localized to these organelles. In this review, we detail how cilia serve as specialized signaling organelles and act as a platform for the regulated processing and secretion of peptidergic signals. We especially focus on the processing and trafficking pathways by which a peptide precursor from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is converted into an amidated bioactive product-a chemotactic modulator-and released from cilia in ectosomes. Biochemical dissection of this complex ciliary secretory pathway provides a paradigm for understanding cilia-based peptidergic signaling in mammals and other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen M. King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3305, USA;
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10
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Lee C, Yi J, Park J, Ahn B, Won YW, Jeon J, Lee BJ, Cho WJ, Park JW. Hedgehog signalling is involved in acquired resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitors in lung cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:56. [PMID: 38225225 PMCID: PMC10789740 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Although KRASG12C inhibitors have shown promising activity in lung adenocarcinomas harbouring KRASG12C, acquired resistance to these therapies eventually occurs in most patients. Re-expression of KRAS is thought to be one of the main causes of acquired resistance. However, the mechanism through which cancer cells re-express KRAS is not fully understood. Here, we report that the Hedgehog signal is induced by KRASG12C inhibitors and mediates KRAS re-expression in cancer cells treated with a KRASG12C inhibitor. Further, KRASG12C inhibitors induced the formation of primary cilia and activated the Hedgehog-GLI-1 pathway. GLI-1 binds to the KRAS promoter region, enhancing KRAS promoter activity and KRAS expression. Inhibition of GLI using siRNA or the smoothened (Smo) inhibitor suppressed re-expression of KRAS in cells treated with a KRASG12C inhibitor. In addition, we demonstrate that KRASG12C inhibitors decreased Aurora kinase A (AURKA) levels in cancer cells, and inhibition of AURKA using siRNA or inhibitors led to increased expression levels of GLI-1 and KRAS even in the absence of KRAS inhibitor. Ectopic expression of AURKA attenuated the effect of KRASG12C inhibitors on the expression of GLI-1 and re-expression of KRAS. Together, these findings demonstrate the important role of AURKA, primary cilia, and Hedgehog signals in the re-expression of KRAS and therefore the induction of acquired resistance to KRASG12C inhibitors, and provide a rationale for targeting Hedgehog signalling to overcome acquired resistance to KRASG12C inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeyoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jawoon Yi
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jihwan Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Byungyong Ahn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
- Basic-Clinical Convergence Research Institute, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Young-Wook Won
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Texas, USA
- RopheLBio, B102, Seoul Forest M Tower, Seoul, Korea
| | - JiHeung Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
- Basic-Clinical Convergence Research Institute, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Wha Ja Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea.
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea.
- Basic-Clinical Convergence Research Institute, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea.
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11
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Lee H, Lee J, Shin M, Park S. ANKS1A-Deficiency Aberrantly Increases the Entry of the Protein Transport Machinery into the Ependymal Cilia. Mol Cells 2023; 46:757-763. [PMID: 38052491 PMCID: PMC10701301 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examine whether a change in the protein levels for FOP in Ankyrin repeat and SAM domain-containing protein 1A (ANKS1A)-deficient ependymal cells affects the intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein transport system in the multicilia. Three distinct abnormalities are observed in the multicilia of ANKS1A-deficient ependymal cells. First, there were a greater number of IFT88-positive trains along the cilia from ANKS1A deficiency. The results are similar to each isolated cilium as well. Second, each isolated cilium contains a significant increase in the number of extracellular vesicles (ECVs) due to the lack of ANKS1A. Third, Van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2), a ciliary membrane protein, is abundantly detected along the cilia and in the ECVs attached to them for ANKS1A-deficient cells. We also use primary ependymal culture systems to obtain the ECVs released from the multicilia. Consequently, we find that ECVs from ANKS1A-deficient cells contain more IFT machinery and Vangl2. These results indicate that ANKS1A deficiency increases the entry of the protein transport machinery into the multicilia and as a result of these abnormal protein transports, excessive ECVs form along the cilia. We conclude that ependymal cells make use of the ECV-based disposal system in order to eliminate excessively transported proteins from basal bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeryung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Miram Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
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12
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Gopalakrishnan J, Feistel K, Friedrich BM, Grapin‐Botton A, Jurisch‐Yaksi N, Mass E, Mick DU, Müller R, May‐Simera H, Schermer B, Schmidts M, Walentek P, Wachten D. Emerging principles of primary cilia dynamics in controlling tissue organization and function. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113891. [PMID: 37743763 PMCID: PMC10620770 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia project from the surface of most vertebrate cells and are key in sensing extracellular signals and locally transducing this information into a cellular response. Recent findings show that primary cilia are not merely static organelles with a distinct lipid and protein composition. Instead, the function of primary cilia relies on the dynamic composition of molecules within the cilium, the context-dependent sensing and processing of extracellular stimuli, and cycles of assembly and disassembly in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. Thereby, primary cilia dynamically integrate different cellular inputs and control cell fate and function during tissue development. Here, we review the recently emerging concept of primary cilia dynamics in tissue development, organization, remodeling, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute for Human Genetics, Heinrich‐Heine‐UniversitätUniversitätsklinikum DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- Department of Zoology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | | | - Anne Grapin‐Botton
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at The University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of the TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Nathalie Jurisch‐Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Elvira Mass
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Developmental Biology of the Immune SystemUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - David U Mick
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland School of MedicineHomburgGermany
| | - Roman‐Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Helen May‐Simera
- Institute of Molecular PhysiologyJohannes Gutenberg‐UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Pediatric Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUniversity Hospital FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Peter Walentek
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Renal Division, Internal Medicine IV, Medical CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical FacultyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
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13
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Bruel AL, Ganga AK, Nosková L, Valenzuela I, Martinovic J, Duffourd Y, Zikánová M, Majer F, Kmoch S, Mohler M, Sun J, Sweeney LK, Martínez-Gil N, Thauvin-Robinet C, Breslow DK. Pathogenic RAB34 variants impair primary cilium assembly and cause a novel oral-facial-digital syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2822-2831. [PMID: 37384395 PMCID: PMC10481091 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFDS) are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders characterized by defects in the development of the face and oral cavity along with digit anomalies. Pathogenic variants in over 20 genes encoding ciliary proteins have been found to cause OFDS through deleterious structural or functional impacts on primary cilia. We identified by exome sequencing bi-allelic missense variants in a novel disease-causing ciliary gene RAB34 in four individuals from three unrelated families. Affected individuals presented a novel form of OFDS (OFDS-RAB34) accompanied by cardiac, cerebral, skeletal and anorectal defects. RAB34 encodes a member of the Rab GTPase superfamily and was recently identified as a key mediator of ciliary membrane formation. Unlike many genes required for cilium assembly, RAB34 acts selectively in cell types that use the intracellular ciliogenesis pathway, in which nascent cilia begin to form in the cytoplasm. We find that the protein products of these pathogenic variants, which are clustered near the RAB34 C-terminus, exhibit a strong loss of function. Although some variants retain the ability to be recruited to the mother centriole, cells expressing mutant RAB34 exhibit a significant defect in cilium assembly. While many Rab proteins have been previously linked to ciliogenesis, our studies establish RAB34 as the first small GTPase involved in OFDS and reveal the distinct clinical manifestations caused by impairment of intracellular ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange-Line Bruel
- INSERM U1231 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement (GAD), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21070 Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU-TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Dijon Bourgogne, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Anil Kumar Ganga
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lenka Nosková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 128 08, Czech Republic
| | - Irene Valenzuela
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute,08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jelena Martinovic
- Unit of Embryo-Fetal Pathology, AP-HP, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Paris Saclay University, 92141 Clamart, France
| | - Yannis Duffourd
- INSERM U1231 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement (GAD), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21070 Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU-TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Dijon Bourgogne, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Marie Zikánová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 128 08, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Majer
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 128 08, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 128 08, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Mohler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava 708 52, Czech Republic
| | - Jingbo Sun
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lauren K Sweeney
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Núria Martínez-Gil
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute,08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- INSERM U1231 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement (GAD), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21070 Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU-TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Dijon Bourgogne, 21079 Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de référence maladies rares ‘Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs’, FHU-TRANSLAD, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - David K Breslow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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14
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Daggubati V, Vykunta A, Choudhury A, Qadeer Z, Mirchia K, Saulnier O, Zakimi N, Hines K, Paul M, Wang L, Jura N, Xu L, Reiter J, Taylor M, Weiss W, Raleigh D. Hedgehog target genes regulate lipid metabolism to drive basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3058335. [PMID: 37577529 PMCID: PMC10418546 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3058335/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is essential for development, homeostasis, and regeneration1. Misactivation of the Hh pathway underlies medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in children, and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common cancer in the United States2. Primary cilia regulate Hh signal transduction3, but target genes that drive cell fate decisions in response to ciliary ligands or oncogenic Hh signaling are incompletely understood. Here we define the Hh gene expression program using RNA sequencing of cultured cells treated with ciliary ligands, BCCs from humans, and Hh-associated medulloblastomas from humans and mice (Fig. 1a). To validate our results, we integrate lipidomic mass spectrometry and bacterial metabolite labeling of free sterols with genetic and pharmacologic approaches in cells and mice. Our results reveal novel Hh target genes such as the oxysterol synthase Hsd11β1 and the adipokine Retnla that regulate lipid metabolism to drive cell fate decisions in response to Hh pathway activation. These data provide insights into cellular mechanisms underlying ciliary and oncogenic Hh signaling and elucidate targets to treat Hh-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeremy Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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15
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Mostafazadeh N, Resnick A, Young YN, Peng Z. Microstructure-Based Modeling of Primary Cilia Mechanics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.14.549117. [PMID: 37503231 PMCID: PMC10370030 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.14.549117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A primary cilium, made of nine microtubule doublets enclosed in a cilium membrane, is a mechanosensing organelle that bends under an external mechanical load and sends an intracellular signal through transmembrane proteins activated by cilium bending. The nine microtubule doublets are the main load-bearing structural component, while the transmembrane proteins on the cilium membrane are the main sensing component. No distinction was made between these two components in all existing models, where the stress calculated from the structural component (nine microtubule doublets) was used to explain the sensing location, which may be totally misleading. For the first time, we developed a microstructure-based primary cilium model by considering these two components separately. First, we refined the analytical solution of bending an orthotropic cylindrical shell for individual microtubule, and obtained excellent agreement between finite element simulations and the theoretical predictions of a microtubule bending as a validation of the structural component in the model. Second, by integrating the cilium membrane with nine microtubule doublets, we found that the microtubule doublets may twist significantly as the whole cilium bends. Third, besides being cilium-length-dependent, we found the mechanical properties of the cilium are also highly deformation-dependent. More important, we found that the cilium membrane near the base is not under pure in-plane tension or compression as previously thought, but has significant local bending stress. This challenges the traditional model of cilium mechanosensing, indicating that transmembrane proteins may be activated more by membrane curvature than membrane stretching. Finally, we incorporated imaging data of primary cilia into our microstructure-based cilium model, and found that comparing to the ideal model with uniform microtubule length, the imaging-informed model shows the nine microtubule doublets interact more evenly with the cilium membrane, and their contact locations can cause even higher bending curvature in the cilium membrane than near the base. SIGNIFICANCE Factors regulating the mechanical response of a primary cilium to fluid flow remain unclear. Modeling the microtubule doublet as a composite of two orthotropic shells and the ciliary axoneme as an elastic shell enclosing nine such microtubule doublets, we found that the length distribution of microtubule doublets (inferred from cryogenic electron tomography images) is the primary determining factor in the bending stiffness of primary cilia, rather than just the ciliary length. This implies ciliary-associated transmembrane proteins may be activated by membrane curvature changes rather than just membrane stretching. These insights challenge the traditional view of ciliary mechanosensation and expands our understanding of the different ways in which cells perceive and respond to mechanical stimuli.
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16
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Mill P, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. Primary cilia as dynamic and diverse signalling hubs in development and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:421-441. [PMID: 37072495 PMCID: PMC7615029 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia, antenna-like sensory organelles protruding from the surface of most vertebrate cell types, are essential for regulating signalling pathways during development and adult homeostasis. Mutations in genes affecting cilia cause an overlapping spectrum of >30 human diseases and syndromes, the ciliopathies. Given the immense structural and functional diversity of the mammalian cilia repertoire, there is a growing disconnect between patient genotype and associated phenotypes, with variable severity and expressivity characteristic of the ciliopathies as a group. Recent technological developments are rapidly advancing our understanding of the complex mechanisms that control biogenesis and function of primary cilia across a range of cell types and are starting to tackle this diversity. Here, we examine the structural and functional diversity of primary cilia, their dynamic regulation in different cellular and developmental contexts and their disruption in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Reed R, Park K, Waddell B, Timbers TA, Li C, Baxi K, Giacomin RM, Leroux MR, Carvalho CE. The Caenorhabditis elegans Shugoshin regulates TAC-1 in cilia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9410. [PMID: 37296204 PMCID: PMC10256747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved Shugoshin (SGO) protein family is essential for mediating proper chromosome segregation from yeast to humans but has also been implicated in diverse roles outside of the nucleus. SGO's roles include inhibiting incorrect spindle attachment in the kinetochore, regulating the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), and ensuring centriole cohesion in the centrosome, all functions that involve different microtubule scaffolding structures in the cell. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a species with holocentric chromosomes, SGO-1 is not required for cohesin protection or spindle attachment but appears important for licensing meiotic recombination. Here we provide the first functional evidence that in C. elegans, Shugoshin functions in another extranuclear, microtubule-based structure, the primary cilium. We identify the centrosomal and microtubule-regulating transforming acidic coiled-coil protein, TACC/TAC-1, which also localizes to the basal body, as an SGO-1 binding protein. Genetic analyses indicate that TAC-1 activity must be maintained below a threshold at the ciliary base for correct cilia function, and that SGO-1 likely participates in constraining TAC-1 to the basal body by influencing the function of the transition zone 'ciliary gate'. This research expands our understanding of cellular functions of Shugoshin proteins and contributes to the growing examples of overlap between kinetochore, centrosome and cilia proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reed
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - K Park
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - B Waddell
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - T A Timbers
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - C Li
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - K Baxi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - R M Giacomin
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - M R Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - C E Carvalho
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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18
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Crawford AJ, Forjaz A, Bhorkar I, Roy T, Schell D, Queiroga V, Ren K, Kramer D, Bons J, Huang W, Russo GC, Lee MH, Schilling B, Wu PH, Shih IM, Wang TL, Kiemen A, Wirtz D. Precision-engineered biomimetics: the human fallopian tube. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.06.543923. [PMID: 37333379 PMCID: PMC10274705 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The fallopian tube has an essential role in several physiological and pathological processes from pregnancy to ovarian cancer. However, there are no biologically relevant models to study its pathophysiology. The state-of-the-art organoid model has been compared to two-dimensional tissue sections and molecularly assessed providing only cursory analyses of the model's accuracy. We developed a novel multi-compartment organoid model of the human fallopian tube that was meticulously tuned to reflect the compartmentalization and heterogeneity of the tissue's composition. We validated this organoid's molecular expression patterns, cilia-driven transport function, and structural accuracy through a highly iterative platform wherein organoids are compared to a three-dimensional, single-cell resolution reference map of a healthy, transplantation-quality human fallopian tube. This organoid model was precision-engineered to match the human microanatomy. One sentence summary Tunable organoid modeling and CODA architectural quantification in tandem help design a tissue-validated organoid model.
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19
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Stinchcombe JC, Asano Y, Kaufman CJG, Böhlig K, Peddie CJ, Collinson LM, Nadler A, Griffiths GM. Ectocytosis renders T cell receptor signaling self-limiting at the immune synapse. Science 2023; 380:818-823. [PMID: 37228189 DOI: 10.1126/science.abp8933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill virus-infected and cancer cells through T cell receptor (TCR) recognition. How CTLs terminate signaling and disengage to allow serial killing has remained a mystery. TCR activation triggers membrane specialization within the immune synapse, including the production of diacylglycerol (DAG), a lipid that can induce negative membrane curvature. We found that activated TCRs were shed into DAG-enriched ectosomes at the immune synapse rather than internalized through endocytosis, suggesting that DAG may contribute to the outward budding required for ectocytosis. Budding ectosomes were endocytosed directly by target cells, thereby terminating TCR signaling and simultaneously disengaging the CTL from the target cell to allow serial killing. Thus, ectocytosis renders TCR signaling self-limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Stinchcombe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Yukako Asano
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - Kristin Böhlig
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - André Nadler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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20
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Karam A, Delvallée C, Estrada-Cuzcano A, Geoffroy V, Lamouche JB, Leuvrey AS, Nourisson E, Tarabeux J, Stoetzel C, Scheidecker S, Porter LF, Génin E, Redon R, Sandron F, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Le May N, Dollfus H, Muller J. WGS Revealed Novel BBS5 Pathogenic Variants, Missed by WES, Causing Ciliary Structure and Function Defects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8729. [PMID: 37240074 PMCID: PMC10218572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive ciliopathy that affects multiple organs, leading to retinitis pigmentosa, polydactyly, obesity, renal anomalies, cognitive impairment, and hypogonadism. Until now, biallelic pathogenic variants have been identified in at least 24 genes delineating the genetic heterogeneity of BBS. Among those, BBS5 is a minor contributor to the mutation load and is one of the eight subunits forming the BBSome, a protein complex implied in protein trafficking within the cilia. This study reports on a European BBS5 patient with a severe BBS phenotype. Genetic analysis was performed using multiple next-generation sequencing (NGS) tests (targeted exome, TES and whole exome, WES), and biallelic pathogenic variants could only be identified using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), including a previously missed large deletion of the first exons. Despite the absence of family samples, the biallelic status of the variants was confirmed. The BBS5 protein's impact was confirmed on the patient's cells (presence/absence and size of the cilium) and ciliary function (Sonic Hedgehog pathway). This study highlights the importance of WGS and the challenge of reliable structural variant detection in patients' genetic explorations as well as functional tests to assess a variant's pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adella Karam
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Faculté de Médecine FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Clarisse Delvallée
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Faculté de Médecine FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alejandro Estrada-Cuzcano
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Faculté de Médecine FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Geoffroy
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Faculté de Médecine FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Lamouche
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Faculté de Médecine FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Leuvrey
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France (E.N.)
| | - Elsa Nourisson
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France (E.N.)
| | - Julien Tarabeux
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France (E.N.)
| | - Corinne Stoetzel
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Faculté de Médecine FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Scheidecker
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Faculté de Médecine FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France (E.N.)
| | - Louise Frances Porter
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Faculté de Médecine FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Centre de Référence Pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique (CARGO), Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Filière SENSGENE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emmanuelle Génin
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Richard Redon
- CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L’institut du Thorax, Nantes Université, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Florian Sandron
- CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Anne Boland
- CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Nicolas Le May
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Faculté de Médecine FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Faculté de Médecine FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Centre de Référence Pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique (CARGO), Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Filière SENSGENE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Muller
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), Faculté de Médecine FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France (E.N.)
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Bioinformatique Médicale Appliquée au Diagnostic (UF7363), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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21
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Alves MBR, Girardet L, Augière C, Moon KH, Lavoie-Ouellet C, Bernet A, Soulet D, Calvo E, Teves ME, Beauparlant CJ, Droit A, Bastien A, Robert C, Bok J, Hinton BT, Belleannée C. Hedgehog signaling regulates Wolffian duct development through the primary cilium†. Biol Reprod 2023; 108:241-257. [PMID: 36525341 PMCID: PMC9930401 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia play pivotal roles in embryonic patterning and organogenesis through transduction of the Hedgehog signaling pathway (Hh). Although mutations in Hh morphogens impair the development of the gonads and trigger male infertility, the contribution of Hh and primary cilia in the development of male reproductive ductules, including the epididymis, remains unknown. From a Pax2Cre; IFT88fl/fl knock-out mouse model, we found that primary cilia deletion is associated with imbalanced Hh signaling and morphometric changes in the Wolffian duct (WD), the embryonic precursor of the epididymis. Similar effects were observed following pharmacological blockade of primary cilia formation and Hh modulation on WD organotypic cultures. The expression of genes involved in extracellular matrix, mesenchymal-epithelial transition, canonical Hh and WD development was significantly altered after treatments. Altogether, we identified the primary cilia-dependent Hh signaling as a master regulator of genes involved in WD development. This provides new insights regarding the etiology of sexual differentiation and male infertility issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Bianchi Rodrigues Alves
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL)—Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle—Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Laura Girardet
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL)—Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle—Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Céline Augière
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL)—Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle—Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Kyeong Hye Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Camille Lavoie-Ouellet
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL)—Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle—Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Agathe Bernet
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL)—Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle—Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Soulet
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosciences, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL)—Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ezequiel Calvo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL)—Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle—Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Maria E Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Charles Joly Beauparlant
- Computational Biology Laboratory Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Computational Biology Laboratory Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Bastien
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences—Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle—Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Claude Robert
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences—Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle—Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Barry T Hinton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Clémence Belleannée
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL)—Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle—Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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22
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Aslanyan MG, Doornbos C, Diwan GD, Anvarian Z, Beyer T, Junger K, van Beersum SEC, Russell RB, Ueffing M, Ludwig A, Boldt K, Pedersen LB, Roepman R. A targeted multi-proteomics approach generates a blueprint of the ciliary ubiquitinome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1113656. [PMID: 36776558 PMCID: PMC9908615 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1113656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment and maintenance of the primary cilium as a signaling-competent organelle requires a high degree of fine tuning, which is at least in part achieved by a variety of post-translational modifications. One such modification is ubiquitination. The small and highly conserved ubiquitin protein possesses a unique versatility in regulating protein function via its ability to build mono and polyubiquitin chains onto target proteins. We aimed to take an unbiased approach to generate a comprehensive blueprint of the ciliary ubiquitinome by deploying a multi-proteomics approach using both ciliary-targeted ubiquitin affinity proteomics, as well as ubiquitin-binding domain-based proximity labelling in two different mammalian cell lines. This resulted in the identification of several key proteins involved in signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane and protein trafficking. Interestingly, using two different approaches in IMCD3 and RPE1 cells, respectively, we uncovered several novel mechanisms that regulate cilia function. In our IMCD3 proximity labeling cell line model, we found a highly enriched group of ESCRT-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis-related proteins, suggesting an important and novel role for this pathway in the regulation of ciliary homeostasis and function. In contrast, in RPE1 cells we found that several structural components of caveolae (CAV1, CAVIN1, and EHD2) were highly enriched in our cilia affinity proteomics screen. Consistently, the presence of caveolae at the ciliary pocket and ubiquitination of CAV1 specifically, were found likely to play a role in the regulation of ciliary length in these cells. Cilia length measurements demonstrated increased ciliary length in RPE1 cells stably expressing a ubiquitination impaired CAV1 mutant protein. Furthermore, live cell imaging in the same cells revealed decreased CAV1 protein turnover at the cilium as the possible cause for this phenotype. In conclusion, we have generated a comprehensive list of cilia-specific proteins that are subject to regulation via ubiquitination which can serve to further our understanding of cilia biology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam G. Aslanyan
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cenna Doornbos
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gaurav D. Diwan
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zeinab Anvarian
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Beyer
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Junger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sylvia E. C. van Beersum
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Robert B. Russell
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences, NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lotte B. Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Ronald Roepman,
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23
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Wu Y, Zhou J, Yang Y. Peripheral and central control of obesity by primary cilia. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:295-304. [PMID: 36632916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are hair-like structures that protrude from the cell surface. They are capable of sensing external cues and conveying a vast array of signals into cells to regulate a variety of physiological activities. Mutations in cilium-associated genes are linked to a group of diseases with overlapping clinical manifestations, collectively known as ciliopathies. A significant proportion of human ciliopathy cases are accompanied by metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which dysfunction of primary cilia contributes to obesity are complex. In this article, we present an overview of primary cilia and highlight obesity-related ciliopathies. We also discuss the potential role of primary cilia in peripheral organs, with a focus on adipose tissues. In addition, we emphasize the significance of primary cilia in the central regulation of obesity, especially the involvement of ciliary signaling in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. This article therefore proposes a framework of both peripheral and central regulation of obesity by primary cilia, which may benefit further exploration of the ciliary role in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yunfan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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24
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Sanchez GM, Incedal TC, Prada J, O'Callaghan P, Dyachok O, Echeverry S, Dumral Ö, Nguyen PM, Xie B, Barg S, Kreuger J, Dandekar T, Idevall-Hagren O. The β-cell primary cilium is an autonomous Ca2+ compartment for paracrine GABA signaling. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213674. [PMID: 36350286 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202108101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an organelle present in most adult mammalian cells that is considered as an antenna for sensing the local microenvironment. Here, we use intact mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans to investigate signaling properties of the primary cilium in insulin-secreting β-cells. We find that GABAB1 receptors are strongly enriched at the base of the cilium, but are mobilized to more distal locations upon agonist binding. Using cilia-targeted Ca2+ indicators, we find that activation of GABAB1 receptors induces selective Ca2+ influx into primary cilia through a mechanism that requires voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel activation. Islet β-cells utilize cytosolic Ca2+ increases as the main trigger for insulin secretion, yet we find that increases in cytosolic Ca2+ fail to propagate into the cilium, and that this isolation is largely due to enhanced Ca2+ extrusion in the cilium. Our work reveals local GABA action on primary cilia that involves Ca2+ influx and depends on restricted Ca2+ diffusion between the cilium and cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan Prada
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul O'Callaghan
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oleg Dyachok
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Özge Dumral
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Phuoc My Nguyen
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Beichen Xie
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Barg
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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25
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Abstract
Among the factors that have been strongly implicated in regulating cancerous transformation, the primary monocilium (cilium) has gained increasing attention. The cilium is a small organelle extending from the plasma membrane, which provides a localized hub for concentration of transmembrane receptors. These receptors transmit signals from soluble factors (including Sonic hedgehog (SHH), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), WNT, TGFβ, NOTCH, and others) that regulate cell growth, as well as mechanosensory cues provided by flow or extracellular matrix. Ciliation is regulated by cell cycle, with most cells that are in G0 (quiescent) or early G1 ciliation and cilia typically absent in G2/M cells. Notably, while most cells organized in solid tissues are ciliated, cancerous transformation induces significant changes in ciliation. Most cancer cells lose cilia; medulloblastomas and basal cell carcinomas, dependent on an active SHH pathway, rely on ciliary maintenance. Changes in cancer cell ciliation are driven by core oncogenic pathways (EGFR, KRAS, AURKA, PI3K), and importantly ciliation status regulates functionality of those pathways. Ciliation is both influenced by targeted cancer therapies and linked to therapeutic resistance; recent studies suggest ciliation may also influence cancer cell metabolism and stem cell identity. We review recent studies defining the relationship between cilia and cancer.
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26
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Lu Q, Westlake CJ. Multi-color live-cell fluorescence imaging of primary ciliary membrane assembly and dynamics. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 176:235-250. [PMID: 37164540 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The ciliary membrane is continuous with the plasma membrane but has distinct lipid and protein composition, which is key to defining the function of the primary cilium. Ciliary membranes dynamically assemble and disassemble in association with the cell cycle and directly transmit signals and molecules through budding membranes. Various imaging approaches have greatly advanced the understanding of the ciliary membrane function. In particular, fluorescence live-cell imaging has revealed important insights into the dynamics of ciliary membrane assembly by monitoring the changes of fluorescent-tagged ciliary proteins. Protein dynamics can be tracked simultaneously using multi-color live cell imaging by coupling ciliary-associated factors with different colored fluorescent tags. Ciliary membrane and membrane associated-proteins such as Smoothened, 5-HTr6, SSTR3, Rab8a, and Arl13b have been used to track ciliary membranes and centriole proteins like Centrin1/2, CEP164, and CEP83 are often used to mark the ciliary basal body. Here, we describe a method for studying ciliogenesis membrane dynamics using spinning disk confocal live-cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlong Lu
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States.
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States.
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27
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Park K, Leroux MR. Composition, organization and mechanisms of the transition zone, a gate for the cilium. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55420. [PMID: 36408840 PMCID: PMC9724682 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium evolved to provide the ancestral eukaryote with the ability to move and sense its environment. Acquiring these functions required the compartmentalization of a dynein-based motility apparatus and signaling proteins within a discrete subcellular organelle contiguous with the cytosol. Here, we explore the potential molecular mechanisms for how the proximal-most region of the cilium, termed transition zone (TZ), acts as a diffusion barrier for both membrane and soluble proteins and helps to ensure ciliary autonomy and homeostasis. These include a unique complement and spatial organization of proteins that span from the microtubule-based axoneme to the ciliary membrane; a protein picket fence; a specialized lipid microdomain; differential membrane curvature and thickness; and lastly, a size-selective molecular sieve. In addition, the TZ must be permissive for, and functionally integrates with, ciliary trafficking systems (including intraflagellar transport) that cross the barrier and make the ciliary compartment dynamic. The quest to understand the TZ continues and promises to not only illuminate essential aspects of human cell signaling, physiology, and development, but also to unravel how TZ dysfunction contributes to ciliopathies that affect multiple organ systems, including eyes, kidney, and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangjin Park
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and DiseaseSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Present address:
Terry Fox LaboratoryBC CancerVancouverBCCanada
- Present address:
Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Michel R Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and DiseaseSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
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28
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Yan X, Shen Y. Rab-like small GTPases in the regulation of ciliary Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) complex transport. FEBS J 2022; 289:7359-7367. [PMID: 34655445 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia, microtubule-based hair-like structures protruding from most cells, contain membranes enriched in signaling molecules and function as sensory and regulatory organelles critical for development and tissue homeostasis. Intraflagellar transport (IFT), cilia-specific bidirectional transport, is required for the assembly, maintenance, and function of cilia. BBSome, the coat complex, acts as the adaptor between the IFT complex and membrane proteins and is therefore essential for establishing the specific compartmentalization of signaling molecules in the cilia. Recent findings have revealed that three ciliary Rab-like small GTPases, IFT27, IFT22, and Rabl2, play critical regulatory roles in ciliary BBSome transport. In this review, we provide an overview of these three Rab-like small GTPases and their relationship with BBSome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Yan
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Institute of Early Life Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yidong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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29
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Melena I, Hughes JW. Islet cilia and glucose homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1082193. [PMID: 36531945 PMCID: PMC9751591 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1082193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a growing pandemic affecting over ten percent of the U.S. population. Individuals with all types of diabetes exhibit glucose dysregulation due to altered function and coordination of pancreatic islets. Within the critical intercellular space in pancreatic islets, the primary cilium emerges as an important physical structure mediating cell-cell crosstalk and signal transduction. Many events leading to hormone secretion, including GPCR and second-messenger signaling, are spatiotemporally regulated at the level of the cilium. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of cilia action in islet hormone regulation and glucose homeostasis, focusing on newly implicated ciliary pathways that regulate insulin exocytosis and intercellular communication. We present evidence of key signaling proteins on islet cilia and discuss ways in which cilia might functionally connect islet endocrine cells with the non-endocrine compartments. These discussions aim to stimulate conversations regarding the extent of cilia-controlled glucose homeostasis in health and in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing W. Hughes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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30
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Amack JD. Structures and functions of cilia during vertebrate embryo development. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:579-596. [PMID: 36367893 PMCID: PMC9805515 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are hair-like structures that project from the surface of cells. In vertebrates, most cells have an immotile primary cilium that mediates cell signaling, and some specialized cells assemble one or multiple cilia that are motile and beat synchronously to move fluids in one direction. Gene mutations that alter cilia structure or function cause a broad spectrum of disorders termed ciliopathies that impact virtually every system in the body. A wide range of birth defects associated with ciliopathies underscores critical functions for cilia during embryonic development. In many cases, the mechanisms underlying cilia functions during development and disease remain poorly understood. This review describes different types of cilia in vertebrate embryos and discusses recent research results from diverse model systems that provide novel insights into how cilia form and function during embryo development. The work discussed here not only expands our understanding of in vivo cilia biology, but also opens new questions about cilia and their roles in establishing healthy embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA,,BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse, New York, USA
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31
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Sale WS, Christensen ST. Peter Satir (1936-2022), cell biology pioneer and mentor. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:285814. [PMID: 36484464 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Winfield S Sale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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32
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The inner junction protein CFAP20 functions in motile and non-motile cilia and is critical for vision. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6595. [PMID: 36329026 PMCID: PMC9633640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33820-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile and non-motile cilia are associated with mutually-exclusive genetic disorders. Motile cilia propel sperm or extracellular fluids, and their dysfunction causes primary ciliary dyskinesia. Non-motile cilia serve as sensory/signalling antennae on most cell types, and their disruption causes single-organ ciliopathies such as retinopathies or multi-system syndromes. CFAP20 is a ciliopathy candidate known to modulate motile cilia in unicellular eukaryotes. We demonstrate that in zebrafish, cfap20 is required for motile cilia function, and in C. elegans, CFAP-20 maintains the structural integrity of non-motile cilia inner junctions, influencing sensory-dependent signalling and development. Human patients and zebrafish with CFAP20 mutations both exhibit retinal dystrophy. Hence, CFAP20 functions within a structural/functional hub centered on the inner junction that is shared between motile and non-motile cilia, and is distinct from other ciliopathy-associated domains or macromolecular complexes. Our findings suggest an uncharacterised pathomechanism for retinal dystrophy, and potentially for motile and non-motile ciliopathies in general.
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Barbarino M, Bottaro M, Spagnoletti L, de Santi MM, Guazzo R, Defraia C, Custoza C, Serio G, Iannelli F, Pesetti M, Aiello R, Rosati D, Zanfrini E, Luzzi L, Bellan C, Giordano A. Analysis of Primary Cilium Expression and Hedgehog Pathway Activation in Mesothelioma Throws Back Its Complex Biology. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5216. [PMID: 36358635 PMCID: PMC9654223 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium (PC) is a sensory organelle present on the cell surface, modulating the activity of many pathways. Dysfunctions in the PC lead to different pathologic conditions including cancer. Hedgehog signaling (Hh) is regulated by PC and the loss of its control has been observed in many cancers, including mesothelioma. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a fatal cancer of the pleural membranes with poor therapeutic options. Recently, overexpression of the Hh transcriptional activator GL1 has been demonstrated to be associated with poor overall survival (OS) in MPM. However, unlike other cancers, the response to G-protein-coupled receptor smoothened (SMO)/Hh inhibitors is poor, mainly attributable to the lack of markers for patient stratification. For all these reasons, and in particular for the role of PC in the regulation of Hh, we investigated for the first time the status of PC in MPM tissues, demonstrating intra- and inter-heterogeneity in its expression. We also correlated the presence of PC with the activation of the Hh pathway, providing uncovered evidence of a PC-independent regulation of the Hh signaling in MPM. Our study contributes to the understanding MPM heterogeneity, thus helping to identify patients who might benefit from Hh inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Barbarino
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Maria Bottaro
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Spagnoletti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Guazzo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Defraia
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cosimo Custoza
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriella Serio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-DETO, University of Bari, G. Cesare 1 Sq., 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Iannelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Matilde Pesetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Raffaele Aiello
- Toma Institute Srl, Via Cesare Rosaroll 24, 80139 Napoli, Italy
| | - Diletta Rosati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Edoardo Zanfrini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Luzzi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Bellan
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Hibbard JVK, Vázquez N, Wallingford JB. Cilia proteins getting to work - how do they commute from the cytoplasm to the base of cilia? J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259444. [PMID: 36073764 PMCID: PMC9482345 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are multifunctional organelles that originated with the last eukaryotic common ancestor and play central roles in the life cycles of diverse organisms. The motile flagella that move single cells like sperm or unicellular organisms, the motile cilia on animal multiciliated cells that generate fluid flow in organs, and the immotile primary cilia that decorate nearly all cells in animals share many protein components in common, yet each also requires specialized proteins to perform their specialized functions. Despite a now-advanced understanding of how such proteins are transported within cilia, we still know very little about how they are transported from their sites of synthesis through the cytoplasm to the ciliary base. Here, we review the literature concerning this underappreciated topic in ciliary cell biology. We discuss both general mechanisms, as well as specific examples of motor-driven active transport and passive transport via diffusion-and-capture. We then provide deeper discussion of specific, illustrative examples, such as the diverse array of protein subunits that together comprise the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system and the multi-protein axonemal dynein motors that drive beating of motile cilia. We hope this Review will spur further work, shedding light not only on ciliogenesis and ciliary signaling, but also on intracellular transport in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John B. Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78751, USA
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Inaba M, Ridwan SM, Antel M. Removal of cellular protrusions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:126-134. [PMID: 35260295 PMCID: PMC9378436 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communications are central to a variety of physiological and pathological processes in multicellular organisms. Cells often rely on cellular protrusions to communicate with one another, which enable highly selective and efficient signaling within complex tissues. Owing to significant improvements in imaging techniques, identification of signaling protrusions has increased in recent years. These protrusions are structurally specialized for signaling and facilitate interactions between cells. Therefore, physical regulation of these structures must be key for the appropriate strength and pattern of signaling outcomes. However, the typical approaches for understanding signaling regulation tend to focus solely on changes in signaling molecules, such as gene expression, protein-protein interaction, and degradation. In this short review, we summarize the studies proposing the removal of different types of signaling protrusions-including cilia, neurites, MT (microtubule based)-nanotubes and microvilli-and discuss their mechanisms and significance in signaling regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Inaba
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Sharif M Ridwan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Matthew Antel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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36
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Luxmi R, King SM. Cilia-derived vesicles: An ancient route for intercellular communication. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:82-92. [PMID: 35346578 PMCID: PMC9378432 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide a mechanism for intercellular communication that transports complex signals in membrane delimited structures between cells, tissues and organisms. Cells secrete EVs of various subtypes defined by the pathway leading to release and by the pathological condition of the cell. Cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles that can act as sensory structures surveilling the extracellular environment. Here we discuss the secretory functions of cilia and their biological implications. Studies in multiple species - from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the chlorophyte alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to mammals - have revealed that cilia shed bioactive EVs (ciliary EVs or ectosomes) by outward budding of the ciliary membrane. The content of ciliary EVs is distinct from that of other vesicles released by cells. Peptides regulate numerous aspects of metazoan physiology and development through evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Intriguingly, cilia-derived vesicles have recently been found to mediate peptidergic signaling. C. reinhardtii releases the peptide α-amidating enzyme (PAM), bioactive amidated products and components of the peptidergic signaling machinery in ciliary EVs in a developmentally regulated manner. Considering the origin of cilia in early eukaryotes, it is likely that release of peptidergic signals in ciliary EVs represents an alternative and ancient mode of regulated secretion that cells can utilize in the absence of dedicated secretory granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Luxmi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3305, USA.
| | - Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3305, USA.
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Vinay L, Belleannée C. EV duty vehicles: Features and functions of ciliary extracellular vesicles. Front Genet 2022; 13:916233. [PMID: 36061180 PMCID: PMC9438925 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.916233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that extends from a basal body at the surface of most cells. This antenna is an efficient sensor of the cell micro-environment and is instrumental to the proper development and homeostatic control of organs. Recent compelling studies indicate that, in addition to its role as a sensor, the primary cilium also emits signals through the release of bioactive extracellular vesicles (EVs). While some primary-cilium derived EVs are released through an actin-dependent ectocytosis and are called ectosomes (or large EVs, 350–500 nm), others originate from the exocytosis of multivesicular bodies and are smaller (small EVs, 50–100 nm). Ciliary EVs carry unique signaling factors, including protein markers and microRNAs (miRNAs), and participate in intercellular communication in different organism models. This review discusses the mechanism of release, the molecular features, and functions of EVs deriving from cilia, based on the existing literature.
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Abstract
Cilium formation and regeneration requires new protein synthesis, but the underlying cytosolic translational reprogramming remains largely unknown. Using ribosome footprinting, we performed global translatome profiling during cilia regeneration in Chlamydomonas and uncovered that flagellar genes undergo an early transcriptional activation but late translational repression. This pattern guided our identification of sphingolipid metabolism enzymes, including serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), as essential regulators for ciliogenesis. Cryo-electron tomography showed that ceramide loss abnormally increased the membrane-axoneme distance and generated bulged cilia. We found that ceramides interact with intraflagellar transport (IFT) particle proteins that IFT motors transport along axoneme microtubules (MTs), suggesting that ceramide-IFT particle-IFT motor-MT interactions connect the ciliary membrane with the axoneme to form rod-shaped cilia. SPT-deficient vertebrate cells were defective in ciliogenesis, and SPT mutations from patients with hereditary sensory neuropathy disrupted cilia, which could be restored by sphingolipid supplementation. These results reveal a conserved role of sphingolipid in cilium formation and link compromised sphingolipid production with ciliopathies.
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39
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Grevenstein D, Oppermann J, Winter L, Barsch F, Niedermair T, Mamilos A, Eysel P, Brochhausen C. First detection of primary cilia in injured human anterior cruciate ligament: A pilot study with pathophysiological reflections. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 237:154036. [PMID: 35907280 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) plays a significant role in knee stability, protects the joint under multiple loading conditions and shows complex biomechanics. Beside mechanical stability, the ACL seems to play a crucial role in proprioception, and it is well known, that ACL injuries can cause functional deficits due to decreased proprioception. However, the mechanism of proprioception is not completely understood yet. In this context, primary cilia (PC), which play a significant role in the signaling between the intra- and extracellular space, could be of interest. However, until today, primary cilia are not yet described in human ACL. In total, seven human ACL's underwent transmission electron microscopical examination. Three cadaveric ACL's and four freshly injured ACL's were examined. Single cells of each ACL were examined regarding the presence of axonemes or basal bodies, which represent components of a PC. In total, 276 cells of the cadaveric ACL's and 180 cells of the injured ACL's were examined. Basal bodies could be detected in three of the four specimens of the injured ACL's as well as in one of the three cadaveric ACL's, resulting in a mean positivity of 2.54% in the cadaveric group and 2.78% in the injured group. In case of PC-presence, only one PC per cell could be detected. No statistically significant difference regarding the frequency could be detected between both groups. In this pilot-study, we present for the first time an ultrastructural study of human ACLs with respect to the occurrence of PC and any structural and morphological features of these complex and dynamic cell organelles. PCs are present in almost all non-hematopoietic tissues of the human body. However, there are different reports on the number, incidence, orientation, and morphology of these cell organelles in the respective tissues. Compared to other tissues and ligaments of other species, we found a significantly lower rate of PC positive cells. This observation might represent a tissue-specific characteristic of ACL tissue. However, our observations need to be explored in more detail in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Grevenstein
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 24, 50931 Köln, Germany.
| | - Johannes Oppermann
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 24, 50931 Köln, Germany.
| | - Lina Winter
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Barsch
- Institute for Exercise and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Tanja Niedermair
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Mamilos
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Peer Eysel
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 24, 50931 Köln, Germany.
| | - Christoph Brochhausen
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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40
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van Krugten J, Danné N, Peterman EJG. A local interplay between diffusion and intraflagellar transport distributes TRPV-channel OCR-2 along C. elegans chemosensory cilia. Commun Biol 2022; 5:720. [PMID: 35858995 PMCID: PMC9300729 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive, Caenorhabditis elegans depends on sensing soluble chemicals with transmembrane proteins (TPs) in the cilia of its chemosensory neurons. Cilia rely on intraflagellar transport (IFT) to facilitate the distribution of cargo, such as TPs, along the ciliary axoneme. Here, we use fluorescence imaging of living worms and perform single-molecule tracking experiments to elucidate the dynamics underlying the ciliary distribution of the sensory TP OCR-2. Quantitative analysis reveals that the ciliary distribution of OCR-2 depends on an intricate interplay between transport modes that depends on the specific location in the cilium: in dendrite and transition zone, directed transport is predominant. Along the cilium motion is mostly due to normal diffusion together with a small fraction of directed transport, while at the ciliary tip subdiffusion dominates. These insights in the role of IFT and diffusion in ciliary dynamics contribute to a deeper understanding of ciliary signal transduction and chemosensing. Single-molecule tracking of the sensory transmembrane protein OCR-2 in C. elegans reveals an interplay of transport modes during intraflagellar transport in the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap van Krugten
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noémie Danné
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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41
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Nguyen TD, Truong ME, Reiter JF. The Intimate Connection Between Lipids and Hedgehog Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:876815. [PMID: 35757007 PMCID: PMC9222137 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.876815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signaling is an intercellular communication pathway involved in directing the development and homeostasis of metazoans. HH signaling depends on lipids that covalently modify HH proteins and participate in signal transduction downstream. In many animals, the HH pathway requires the primary cilium, an organelle with a specialized protein and lipid composition. Here, we review the intimate connection between HH signaling and lipids. We highlight how lipids in the primary cilium can create a specialized microenvironment to facilitate signaling, and how HH and components of the HH signal transduction pathway use lipids to communicate between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi D. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa E. Truong
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy F. Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Jeremy F. Reiter,
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42
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Dutta P, Ray K. Ciliary membrane, localised lipid modification and cilia function. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2613-2631. [PMID: 35661356 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cilium, a tiny microtubule-based cellular appendage critical for cell signalling and physiology, displays a large variety of receptors. The composition and turnover of ciliary lipids and receptors determine cell behaviour. Due to the exclusion of ribosomal machinery and limited membrane area, a cilium needs adaptive logistics to actively reconstitute the lipid and receptor compositions during development and differentiation. How is this dynamicity generated? Here, we examine whether, along with the Intraflagellar-Transport, targeted changes in sector-wise lipid composition could control the receptor localisation and functions in the cilia. We discuss how an interplay between ciliary lipid composition, localised lipid modification, and receptor function could contribute to cilia growth and signalling. We argue that lipid modification at the cell-cilium interface could generate an added thrust for a selective exchange of membrane lipids and the transmembrane and membrane-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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43
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Jones T, Naslavsky N, Caplan S. Differential requirements for the Eps15 homology Domain Proteins EHD4 and EHD2 in the regulation of mammalian ciliogenesis. Traffic 2022; 23:360-373. [PMID: 35510564 PMCID: PMC9324998 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The endocytic protein EHD1 controls primary ciliogenesis by facilitating fusion of the ciliary vesicle and by removal of CP110 from the mother centriole. EHD3, the closest EHD1 paralog, has a similar regulatory role, but initial evidence suggested that the other two more distal paralogs, EHD2 and EHD4 may be dispensable for ciliogenesis. Herein, we define a novel role for EHD4, but not EHD2, in regulating primary ciliogenesis. To better understand the mechanisms and differential functions of the EHD proteins in ciliogenesis, we first demonstrated a requirement for EHD1 ATP‐binding to promote ciliogenesis. We then identified two sequence motifs that are entirely conserved between EH domains of EHD1, EHD3 and EHD4, but display key amino acid differences within the EHD2 EH domain. Substitution of either P446 or E470 in EHD1 with the aligning S451 or W475 residues from EHD2 was sufficient to prevent rescue of ciliogenesis in EHD1‐depleted cells upon reintroduction of EHD1. Overall, our data enhance the current understanding of the EHD paralogs in ciliogenesis, demonstrate a need for ATP‐binding and identify conserved sequences in the EH domains of EHD1, EHD3 and EHD4 that regulate EHD1 binding to proteins and its ability to rescue ciliogenesis in EHD1‐depleted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Jones
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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Lo M, Sharir A, Paul MD, Torosyan H, Agnew C, Li A, Neben C, Marangoni P, Xu L, Raleigh DR, Jura N, Klein OD. CNPY4 inhibits the Hedgehog pathway by modulating membrane sterol lipids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2407. [PMID: 35504891 PMCID: PMC9065090 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) pathway is critical for development and adult tissue homeostasis. Aberrant HH signaling can lead to congenital malformations and diseases including cancer. Although cholesterol and several oxysterol lipids have been shown to play crucial roles in HH activation, the molecular mechanisms governing their regulation remain unresolved. Here, we identify Canopy4 (CNPY4), a Saposin-like protein, as a regulator of the HH pathway that modulates levels of membrane sterol lipids. Cnpy4-/- embryos exhibit multiple defects consistent with HH signaling perturbations, most notably changes in digit number. Knockdown of Cnpy4 hyperactivates the HH pathway in vitro and elevates membrane levels of accessible sterol lipids, such as cholesterol, an endogenous ligand involved in HH activation. Our data demonstrate that CNPY4 is a negative regulator that fine-tunes HH signal transduction, revealing a previously undescribed facet of HH pathway regulation that operates through control of membrane composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Lo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amnon Sharir
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael D Paul
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hayarpi Torosyan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Christopher Agnew
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cynthia Neben
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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45
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Sakato-Antoku M, King SM. Developmental Changes in Ciliary Composition during Gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:br10. [PMID: 35389765 PMCID: PMC9561859 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-02-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii transitions from mitotically dividing vegetative cells to sexually competent gametes of two distinct mating types following nutrient deprivation. Gametes of opposite mating type interact via their cilia, initiating an intraciliary signaling cascade and ultimately fuse forming diploid zygotes. The process of gametogenesis is genetically encode, and a previous study revealed numerous significant changes in mRNA abundance during this life-cycle transition. Here we describe a proteomic analysis of cilia derived from vegetative and gametic cells of both mating types in an effort to assess the global changes that occur within the organelle during this process. We identify numerous membrane- and/or matrix-associated proteins in gametic cilia that were not detected in cilia from vegetative cells. This includes the pro-protein from which the GATI-amide gametic chemotactic modulator derives, as well as receptors, a dynamin-related protein, ammonium transporters, two proteins potentially involved in the intraciliary signaling cascade-driven increase in cAMP, and multiple proteins with a variety of interaction domains. These changes in ciliary composition likely directly affect the functional properties of this organelle as the cell transitions between life-cycle stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Sakato-Antoku
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3305, USA
| | - Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3305, USA
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Shi P, Tian J, Ulm BS, Mallinger JC, Khoshbouei H, Deleyrolle LP, Sarkisian MR. Tumor Treating Fields Suppression of Ciliogenesis Enhances Temozolomide Toxicity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:837589. [PMID: 35359402 PMCID: PMC8962950 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are low-intensity, alternating intermediate-frequency (200 kHz) electrical fields that extend survival of glioblastoma patients receiving maintenance temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. How TTFields exert efficacy on cancer over normal cells or interact with TMZ is unclear. Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles triggered by extracellular ligands, mechanical and electrical field stimulation and are capable of promoting cancer growth and TMZ chemoresistance. We found in both low- and high-grade patient glioma cell lines that TTFields ablated cilia within 24 h. Halting TTFields treatment led to recovered frequencies of elongated cilia. Cilia on normal primary astrocytes, neurons, and multiciliated/ependymal cells were less affected by TTFields. The TTFields-mediated loss of glioma cilia was partially rescued by chloroquine pretreatment, suggesting the effect is in part due to autophagy activation. We also observed death of ciliated cells during TTFields by live imaging. Notably, TMZ and TTFields have opposing effects on glioma ciliogenesis. TMZ-induced stimulation of ciliogenesis in both adherent cells and gliomaspheres was blocked by TTFields. Surprisingly, the inhibitory effects of TTFields and TMZ on tumor cell recurrence are linked to the relative timing of TMZ exposure to TTFields and ARL13B+ cilia. Finally, TTFields disrupted cilia in patient tumors treated ex vivo. Our findings suggest that the efficacy of TTFields may depend on the degree of tumor ciliogenesis and relative timing of TMZ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jia Tian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brittany S. Ulm
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Julianne C. Mallinger
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Loic P. Deleyrolle
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew R. Sarkisian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew R. Sarkisian,
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Mentor S, Fisher D. The Ism between Endothelial Cilia and Endothelial Nanotubules Is an Evolving Concept in the Genesis of the BBB. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052457. [PMID: 35269595 PMCID: PMC8910322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is fundamental in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by regulating the chemical environment of the underlying brain parenchyma. Brain endothelial cells (BECs) constitute the anatomical and functional basis of the BBB. Communication between adjacent BECs is critical for establishing BBB integrity, and knowledge of its nanoscopic landscape will contribute to our understanding of how juxtaposed zones of tight-junction protein interactions between BECs are aligned. The review discusses and critiques types of nanostructures contributing to the process of BBB genesis. We further critically evaluate earlier findings in light of novel high-resolution electron microscopy descriptions of nanoscopic tubules. One such phenotypic structure is BEC cytoplasmic projections, which, early in the literature, is postulated as brain capillary endothelial cilia, and is evaluated and compared to the recently discovered nanotubules (NTs) formed in the paracellular spaces between BECs during barrier-genesis. The review attempts to elucidate a myriad of unique topographical ultrastructures that have been reported to be associated with the development of the BBB, viz., structures ranging from cilia to BEC tunneling nanotubules (TUNTs) and BEC tethering nanotubules (TENTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Mentor
- Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
| | - David Fisher
- Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
- School of Health Professions, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence:
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Tingler M, Philipp M, Burkhalter MD. DNA Replication proteins in primary microcephaly syndromes. Biol Cell 2022; 114:143-159. [PMID: 35182397 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Improper expansion of neural stem and progenitor cells during brain development manifests in primary microcephaly. It is characterized by a reduced head circumference, which correlates with a reduction in brain size. This often corresponds to a general underdevelopment of the brain and entails cognitive, behavioral and motoric retardation. In the past decade significant research efforts have been undertaken to identify genes and the molecular mechanisms underlying microcephaly. One such gene set encompasses factors required for DNA replication. Intriguingly, a growing body of evidence indicates that a substantial number of these genes mediate faithful centrosome and cilium function in addition to their canonical function in genome duplication. Here, we summarize, which DNA replication factors are associated with microcephaly syndromes and to which extent they impact on centrosomes and cilia. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Tingler
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
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Hoque M, Kim EN, Chen D, Li FQ, Takemaru KI. Essential Roles of Efferent Duct Multicilia in Male Fertility. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030341. [PMID: 35159149 PMCID: PMC8834061 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based hair-like organelles on the cell surface. Cilia have been implicated in various biological processes ranging from mechanosensation to fluid movement. Ciliary dysfunction leads to a plethora of human diseases, known as ciliopathies. Although non-motile primary cilia are ubiquitous, motile multicilia are found in restricted locations of the body, such as the respiratory tract, the oviduct, the efferent duct, and the brain ventricles. Multicilia beat in a whip-like motion to generate fluid flow over the apical surface of an epithelium. The concerted ciliary motion provides the driving force critical for clearing airway mucus and debris, transporting ova from the ovary to the uterus, maintaining sperm in suspension, and circulating cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. In the male reproductive tract, multiciliated cells (MCCs) were first described in the mid-1800s, but their importance in male fertility remained elusive until recently. MCCs exist in the efferent ducts, which are small, highly convoluted tubules that connect the testis to the epididymis and play an essential role in male fertility. In this review, we will introduce multiciliogenesis, discuss mouse models of male infertility with defective multicilia, and summarize our current knowledge on the biological function of multicilia in the male reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hoque
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (M.H.); (E.N.K.)
| | - Eunice N. Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (M.H.); (E.N.K.)
| | - Danny Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (D.C.); (F.-Q.L.)
| | - Feng-Qian Li
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (D.C.); (F.-Q.L.)
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (M.H.); (E.N.K.)
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (D.C.); (F.-Q.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Hwang JY, Wang H, Lu Y, Ikawa M, Chung JJ. C2cd6-encoded CatSperτ targets sperm calcium channel to Ca 2+ signaling domains in the flagellar membrane. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110226. [PMID: 34998468 PMCID: PMC8857959 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian sperm cells, regulation of spatiotemporal Ca2+ signaling relies on the quadrilinear Ca2+ signaling nanodomains in the flagellar membrane. The sperm-specific, multi-subunit CatSper Ca2+ channel, which is crucial for sperm hyperactivated motility and male fertility, organizes the nanodomains. Here, we report CatSperτ, the C2cd6-encoded membrane-associating C2 domain protein, can independently migrate to the flagella and serve as a major targeting component of the CatSper channel complex. CatSperτ loss of function in mice demonstrates that it is essential for sperm hyperactivated motility and male fertility. CatSpertτ targets the CatSper channel into the quadrilinear nanodomains in the flagella of developing spermatids, whereas it is dispensable for functional channel assembly. CatSperτ interacts with ciliary trafficking machinery in a C2-dependent manner. These findings provide insights into the CatSper channel trafficking to the Ca2+ signaling nanodomains and the shared molecular mechanisms of ciliary and flagellar membrane targeting. Hwang et al. report that the C2 domain protein CatSperτ targets the sperm CatSper Ca2+ channel to linear domains of the sperm flagellum during development. The findings provide fundamental insights into CatSper trafficking and the shared molecular mechanisms among ciliary and flagellar membrane targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Hwang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Huafeng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yonggang Lu
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Jean-Ju Chung
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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