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Qi W, Zhang Y, Li M, Zhang P, Xing J, Chen Y, Zhang L. Endocytic recycling in plants: pathways and regulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4712-4728. [PMID: 38655916 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Endocytic recycling is an intracellular trafficking pathway that returns endocytosed molecules to the plasma membrane via the recycling endosome. This pathway plays a crucial role in remodelling plasma membrane composition and is thus essential for cellular homeostasis. In plants, endocytic recycling regulates the localization and abundance of receptors, transporters, and channels at the plasma membrane that are involved in many aspects of plant growth and development. Despite its importance, the recycling endosome and the underlying sorting mechanisms for cargo recycling in plants remain understudied in comparison to the endocytic recycling pathways in animals. In this review, we focus on the cumulative evidence suggesting the existence of endosomes decorated by regulators that contribute to recycling in plant cells. We summarize the chemical inhibitors used for analysing cargo recycling and discuss recent advances in our understanding of how endocytic recycling participates in various plant cellular and physiological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Qi
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mengting Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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Lv X, Yao Q, Mao F, Liu M, Wang Y, Wang X, Gao Y, Wang Y, Liao S, Wang P, Huang S. Heat stress and sexual reproduction in maize: unveiling the most pivotal factors and the greatest opportunities. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4219-4243. [PMID: 38183327 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The escalation in the intensity, frequency, and duration of high-temperature (HT) stress is currently unparalleled, which aggravates the challenges for crop production. Yet, the stage-dependent responses of reproductive organs to HT stress at the morphological, physiological, and molecular levels remain inadequately explored in pivotal staple crops. This review synthesized current knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which HT stress induces abnormalities and aberrations in reproductive growth and development, as well as by which it alters the morphology and function of florets, flowering patterns, and the processes of pollination and fertilization in maize (Zea mays L.). We identified the stage-specific sensitivities to HT stress and accurately defined the sensitive period from a time scale of days to hours. The microspore tetrad phase of pollen development and anthesis (especially shortly after pollination) are most sensitive to HT stress, and even brief temperature spikes during these stages can lead to significant kernel loss. The impetuses behind the heat-induced impairments in seed set are closely related to carbon, reactive oxygen species, phytohormone signals, ion (e.g. Ca2+) homeostasis, plasma membrane structure and function, and others. Recent advances in understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying HT stress responses during maize sexual reproduction have been systematically summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanlong Lv
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Yao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Mao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mayang Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingbo Gao
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Agronomy, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuhua Liao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shoubing Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Yao Q, Li P, Wang X, Liao S, Wang P, Huang S. Molecular mechanisms underlying the negative effects of transient heatwaves on crop fertility. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:101009. [PMID: 38915200 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Transient heatwaves occurring more frequently as the climate warms, yet their impacts on crop yield are severely underestimated and even overlooked. Heatwaves lasting only a few days or even hours during sensitive stages, such as microgametogenesis and flowering, can significantly reduce crop yield by disrupting plant reproduction. Recent advances in multi-omics and GWAS analysis have shed light on the specific organs (e.g., pollen, lodicule, style), key metabolic pathways (sugar and reactive oxygen species metabolism, Ca2+ homeostasis), and essential genes that are involved in crop responses to transient heatwaves during sensitive stages. This review therefore places particular emphasis on heat-sensitive stages, with pollen development, floret opening, pollination, and fertilization as the central narrative thread. The multifaceted effects of transient heatwaves and their molecular basis are systematically reviewed, with a focus on key structures such as the lodicule and tapetum. A number of heat-tolerance genes associated with these processes have been identified in major crops like maize and rice. The mechanisms and key heat-tolerance genes shared among different stages may facilitate the more precise improvement of heat-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shuhua Liao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shoubing Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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4
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Bali S, Gleason C. Unveiling the Diversity: Plant Parasitic Nematode Effectors and Their Plant Interaction Partners. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:179-189. [PMID: 37870371 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0124-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot and cyst nematodes are two groups of plant parasitic nematodes that cause the majority of crop losses in agriculture. As a result, these nematodes are the focus of most nematode effector research. Root-knot and cyst nematode effectors are defined as secreted molecules, typically proteins, with crucial roles in nematode parasitism. There are likely hundreds of secreted effector molecules exuded through the nematode stylet into the plant. The current research has shown that nematode effectors can target a variety of host proteins and have impacts that include the suppression of plant immune responses and the manipulation of host hormone signaling. The discovery of effectors that localize to the nucleus indicates that the nematodes can directly modulate host gene expression for cellular reprogramming during feeding site formation. In addition, plant peptide mimicry by some nematode effectors highlights the sophisticated strategies the nematodes employ to manipulate host processes. Here we describe research on the interactions between nematode effectors and host proteins that will provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning plant-nematode interactions. By identifying the host proteins and pathways that are targeted by root-knot and cyst nematode effectors, scientists can gain a better understanding of how nematodes establish feeding sites and subvert plant immune responses. Such information will be invaluable for future engineering of nematode-resistant crops, ultimately fostering advancements in agricultural practices and crop protection. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapinder Bali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
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5
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Delesalle C, Vert G, Fujita S. The cell surface is the place to be for brassinosteroid perception and responses. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:206-218. [PMID: 38388723 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Adjusting the microenvironment around the cell surface is critical to responding to external cues or endogenous signals and to maintaining cell activities. In plant cells, the plasma membrane is covered by the cell wall and scaffolded with cytoskeletal networks, which altogether compose the cell surface. It has long been known that these structures mutually interact, but the mechanisms that integrate the whole system are still obscure. Here we spotlight the brassinosteroid (BR) plant hormone receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) since it represents an outstanding model for understanding cell surface signalling and regulation. We summarize how BRI1 activity and dynamics are controlled by plasma membrane components and their associated factors to fine-tune signalling. The downstream signals, in turn, manipulate cell surface structures by transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Moreover, the changes in these architectures impact BR signalling, resulting in a feedback loop formation. This Review discusses how BRI1 and BR signalling function as central hubs to integrate cell surface regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Delesalle
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Grégory Vert
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
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Xie Z, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Lu Y, Dong C, Li D, Liu X, Xia C, Kong X. A Glu209Lys substitution in DRG1/TaACT7, which disturbs F-actin organization, reduces plant height and grain length in bread wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1913-1929. [PMID: 37668262 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant height and grain size are two important agronomic traits that are closely related to crop yield. Numerous dwarf and grain-shape mutants have been studied to identify genes that can be used to increase crop yield and improve breeding programs. In this study, we characterized a dominant mutant, dwarf and round grain 1 (drg1-D), in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). drg1-D plants exhibit multiple phenotypic changes, including dwarfism, round grains, and insensitivity to brassinosteroids (BR). Cell structure observation in drg1-D mutant plants showed that the reduced organ size is due to irregular cell shape. Using map-based cloning and verification in transgenic plants, we found that a Glu209Lys substitution in the DRG1 protein is responsible for the irregular cell size and arrangement in the drg1-D mutant. DRG1/TaACT7 encodes an actin family protein that is essential for polymerization stability and microfilament (MF) formation. In addition, the BR response and vesicular transport were altered by the abnormal actin cytoskeleton in drg1-D mutant plants. Our study demonstrates that DRG1/TaACT7 plays an important role in wheat cell shape determination by modulating actin organization and intracellular material transport, which could in the longer term provide tools to better understand the polymerization of actin and its assembly into filaments and arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhencheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunhao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Danping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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7
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Gonzalez JP, Frandsen KEH, Kesten C. The role of intrinsic disorder in binding of plant microtubule-associated proteins to the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:404-436. [PMID: 37578201 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) represent one of the main components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and support numerous critical cellular functions. MTs are in principle tube-like structures that can grow and shrink in a highly dynamic manner; a process largely controlled by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Plant MAPs are a phylogenetically diverse group of proteins that nonetheless share many common biophysical characteristics and often contain large stretches of intrinsic protein disorder. These intrinsically disordered regions are determinants of many MAP-MT interactions, in which structural flexibility enables low-affinity protein-protein interactions that enable a fine-tuned regulation of MT cytoskeleton dynamics. Notably, intrinsic disorder is one of the major obstacles in functional and structural studies of MAPs and represents the principal present-day challenge to decipher how MAPs interact with MTs. Here, we review plant MAPs from an intrinsic protein disorder perspective, by providing a complete and up-to-date summary of all currently known members, and address the current and future challenges in functional and structural characterization of MAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Perez Gonzalez
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristian E H Frandsen
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christopher Kesten
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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8
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Mahati K, Padmasree K. Brassinolide promotes interaction between chloroplasts and mitochondria during the optimization of photosynthesis by the mitochondrial electron transport chain in mesophyll cell protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1099474. [PMID: 37113597 PMCID: PMC10126290 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1099474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The current experimental data unveils the role of brassinolide (BL), a phytohormone of class brassinosteroids (BRs), in augmenting the cross-talk between the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) and chloroplasts to strengthen the efficiency of the Calvin-Benson cycle (CBC) for higher assimilation of carbon dioxide in the mesophyll cell protoplasts (MCP) of Arabidopsis thaliana. The outcome of total respiration (TR) and photosynthetic carbon assimilation (PCA) was monitored as O2 uptake under dark and NaHCO3-dependent O2 evolution under light, respectively, after pre-incubation of MCP at a broad spectrum of BL concentration from 0.05 pM to 5 pM at 25 °C and optimum light intensity of 1000 μmol m-2 s-1. The addition of optimal concentration (0.5 pM) of BL to MCP stimulated the (i) TR, (ii) PCA, and (iii) para-benzoquinone-dependent O2 evolution (PSII activity). Further, in response to BL, the enzyme activity or transcript levels of redox-regulated CBC enzymes and glucose-6-phosphate raised considerably. Also, the addition of BL to MCP remarkably accelerated the capacity of the cytochrome oxidase (COX) and alternative oxidase (AOX) pathways concurrently with an increase in total cellular pyruvate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Besides, malate valve components (Malate, Chl-MDH, M-MDH) increased in response to BL. At the same time, the cellular redox ratios of pyridine nucleotides (NADPH and NADH) were kept low in the presence of BL. However, BL could not keep up the CBC activity of photosynthesis along with its associated light-activated enzymes/transcripts when mETC through COX or AOX pathway is restricted by antimycin A (AA) or salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), respectively. In contrast, adding BL to MCP under restricted mETC showed aggravation in total cellular ROS, pyruvate, malate, and redox ratio of pyridine nucleotides with a concomitant increase in transcripts associated with malate valve and antioxidant systems. These results suggest that BL enhances the PCA by coordinating in cross-talk of chloroplasts and mitochondria to regulate the cellular redox ratio or ROS through the involvement of COX and AOX pathways along with the malate valve and antioxidant systems.
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9
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Kim TW, Park CH, Hsu CC, Kim YW, Ko YW, Zhang Z, Zhu JY, Hsiao YC, Branon T, Kaasik K, Saldivar E, Li K, Pasha A, Provart NJ, Burlingame AL, Xu SL, Ting AY, Wang ZY. Mapping the signaling network of BIN2 kinase using TurboID-mediated biotin labeling and phosphoproteomics. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:975-993. [PMID: 36660928 PMCID: PMC10015162 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating enzyme-substrate relationships in posttranslational modification (PTM) networks is crucial for understanding signal transduction pathways but is technically difficult because enzyme-substrate interactions tend to be transient. Here, we demonstrate that TurboID-based proximity labeling (TbPL) effectively and specifically captures the substrates of kinases and phosphatases. TbPL-mass spectrometry (TbPL-MS) identified over 400 proximal proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE2 (BIN2), a member of the GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3 (GSK3) family that integrates signaling pathways controlling diverse developmental and acclimation processes. A large portion of the BIN2-proximal proteins showed BIN2-dependent phosphorylation in vivo or in vitro, suggesting that these are BIN2 substrates. Protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that the BIN2-proximal proteins include interactors of BIN2 substrates, revealing a high level of interactions among the BIN2-proximal proteins. Our proteomic analysis establishes the BIN2 signaling network and uncovers BIN2 functions in regulating key cellular processes such as transcription, RNA processing, translation initiation, vesicle trafficking, and cytoskeleton organization. We further discovered significant overlap between the GSK3 phosphorylome and the O-GlcNAcylome, suggesting an evolutionarily ancient relationship between GSK3 and the nutrient-sensing O-glycosylation pathway. Our work presents a powerful method for mapping PTM networks, a large dataset of GSK3 kinase substrates, and important insights into the signaling network that controls key cellular functions underlying plant growth and acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Wuk Kim
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Chan Ho Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Chuan-Chih Hsu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Woo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Woo Ko
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yu-Chun Hsiao
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tess Branon
- Departments of Genetics, Biology, and Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Krista Kaasik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Evan Saldivar
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kevin Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Asher Pasha
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Provart
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Shou-Ling Xu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Alice Y Ting
- Departments of Genetics, Biology, and Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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10
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Zouhar J, Cao W, Shen J, Rojo E. Retrograde transport in plants: Circular economy in the endomembrane system. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151309. [PMID: 36933283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of endomembrane trafficking is crucial for understanding how cells and whole organisms function. Moreover, there is a special interest in investigating endomembrane trafficking in plants, given its role in transport and accumulation of seed storage proteins and in secretion of cell wall material, arguably the two most essential commodities obtained from crops. The mechanisms of anterograde transport in the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways of plants have been thoroughly discussed in recent reviews, but, comparatively, retrograde trafficking pathways have received less attention. Retrograde trafficking is essential to recover membranes, retrieve proteins that have escaped from their intended localization, maintain homeostasis in maturing compartments, and recycle trafficking machinery for its reuse in anterograde transport reactions. Here, we review the current understanding on retrograde trafficking pathways in the endomembrane system of plants, discussing their integration with anterograde transport routes, describing conserved and plant-specific retrieval mechanisms at play, highlighting contentious issues and identifying open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zouhar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Wenhan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Enrique Rojo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Wang J, Wang G, Liu W, Yang H, Wang C, Chen W, Zhang X, Tian J, Yu Y, Li J, Xue Y, Kong Z. Brassinosteroid signals cooperate with katanin-mediated microtubule severing to control stamen filament elongation. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111883. [PMID: 36546550 PMCID: PMC9929639 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper stamen filament elongation is essential for pollination and plant reproduction. Plant hormones are extensively involved in every stage of stamen development; however, the cellular mechanisms by which phytohormone signals couple with microtubule dynamics to control filament elongation remain unclear. Here, we screened a series of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants showing different microtubule defects and revealed that only those unable to sever microtubules, lue1 and ktn80.1234, displayed differential floral organ elongation with less elongated stamen filaments. Prompted by short stamen filaments and severe decrease in KTN1 and KTN80s expression in qui-2 lacking five BZR1-family transcription factors (BFTFs), we investigated the crosstalk between microtubule severing and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. The BFTFs transcriptionally activate katanin-encoding genes, and the microtubule-severing frequency was severely reduced in qui-2. Taken together, our findings reveal how BRs can regulate cytoskeletal dynamics to coordinate the proper development of reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Houji Laboratory of Shanxi Province, Academy of AgronomyShanxi Agricultural UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Guangda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Weiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Feed ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Weiyue Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, School of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, School of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yongbiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Houji Laboratory of Shanxi Province, Academy of AgronomyShanxi Agricultural UniversityTaiyuanChina
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12
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Zhang L, Lin X, Yang Z, Jiang L, Hou Q, Xie Z, Li Y, Pei H. The role of microtubules in microalgae: promotion of lipid accumulation and extraction. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:7. [PMID: 36635732 PMCID: PMC9837904 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtubules in cells are closely related to the growth and metabolism of microalgae. To date, the study of microalgal microtubules has mainly concentrated on revealing the relationship between microtubule depolymerization and synthesis of precursors for flagellar regeneration. While information on the link between microtubule depolymerization and biosynthesis of precursors for complex organic matter (such as lipid, carbohydrate and protein), is still lacking, a better understanding of this could help to achieve a breakthrough in lipid regulation. With the aim of testing the assumption that microtubule disruption could regulate carbon precursors and redirect carbon flow to promote lipid accumulation, Chlorella sorokiniana SDEC-18 was pretreated with different concentrations of oryzalin. RESULTS Strikingly, microalgae that were pretreated with 1.5 mM oryzalin accumulated lipid contents of 41.06%, which was attributed to carbon redistribution induced by microtubule destruction. To promote the growth of microalgae, two-stage cultivation involving microtubule destruction was employed, which resulted in the lipid productivity being 1.44 times higher than that for microalgae with routine single-stage cultivation, as well as yielding a desirable biodiesel quality following from increases in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content. Furthermore, full extraction of lipid was achieved after only a single extraction step, because microtubule destruction caused removal of cellulose synthase and thereby blocked cellulose biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an important advance towards observation of microtubules in microalgae through immunocolloidal gold techniques combined with TEM. Moreover, the observation of efficient lipid accumulation and increased cell fragility engendered by microtubule destruction has expanded our knowledge of metabolic regulation by microtubules. Finally, two-stage cultivation involving microtubule destruction has established ideal growth, coupling enhanced lipid accumulation and efficient oil extraction; thus gaining advances in both applied and fundamental research in algal biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Xiao Lin
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS UK
| | - Zhigang Yang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Liqun Jiang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Qingjie Hou
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Zhen Xie
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Yizhen Li
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China ,Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061 China
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13
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Xin P, Schier J, Šefrnová Y, Kulich I, Dubrovsky JG, Vielle-Calzada JP, Soukup A. The Arabidopsis TETRATRICOPEPTIDE-REPEAT THIOREDOXIN-LIKE (TTL) family members are involved in root system formation via their interaction with cytoskeleton and cell wall remodeling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:946-965. [PMID: 36270031 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots (LR) are essential components of the plant edaphic interface; contributing to water and nutrient uptake, biotic and abiotic interactions, stress survival, and plant anchorage. We have identified the TETRATRICOPEPTIDE-REPEAT THIOREDOXIN-LIKE 3 (TTL3) gene as being related to LR emergence and later development. Loss of function of TTL3 leads to a reduced number of emerged LR due to delayed development of lateral root primordia (LRP). This trait is further enhanced in the triple mutant ttl1ttl3ttl4. TTL3 interacts with microtubules and endomembranes, and is known to participate in the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway. Both ttl3 and ttl1ttl3ttl4 mutants are less sensitive to BR treatment in terms of LR formation and primary root growth. The ability of TTL3 to modulate biophysical properties of the cell wall was established under restrictive conditions of hyperosmotic stress and loss of root growth recovery, which was enhanced in ttl1ttl3ttl4. Timing and spatial distribution of TTL3 expression is consistent with its role in development of LRP before their emergence and subsequent growth of LR. TTL3 emerged as a component of the root system morphogenesis regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xin
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Schier
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Yvetta Šefrnová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kulich
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jean-Philippe Vielle-Calzada
- Group of Reproductive Development and Apomixis, UGA Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36821, Mexico
| | - Aleš Soukup
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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14
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Zhang L, Ambrose C. CLASP balances two competing cell division plane cues during leaf development. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:682-693. [PMID: 35668154 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Starting as small, densely packed boxes, leaf mesophyll cells expand to form an intricate mesh of interconnected cells and air spaces, the organization of which dictates the internal surface area of the leaf for light capture and gas exchange during photosynthesis. Despite their importance, little is known about the basic patterns of mesophyll cell division, and how they contribute to cell and intercellular space organization. To address this, we tracked divisions within individual cell lineages in three dimensions over time in Arabidopsis spongy mesophyll. We found that early on, successive cell division planes switch their orientation such that each new cell wall intersects the previous at a right angle, creating a new multi-cell junction (the intersection of three or more cells). These junctions then open to create intercellular spaces. During subsequent enlargement of the spaces, the division planes of the surrounding cells show an increasing tendency to tilt in the direction of their adjacent intercellular spaces. This disrupts the alternating pattern, and by extension, halts the initiation of new multi-cell junctions and intercellular spaces, but allows the expansion of existing spaces. Both division patterns are specified before mitosis by the orientation of interphase cortical microtubules, which gradually narrow to form a preprophase band in the same orientation to establish the future plane of cell division. In the absence of the microtubule-associated protein CLASP, the early alternating division plane and microtubule patterns are compromised, whereas space-oriented divisions are exacerbated. This results in large distortions of the topological relations between cells and intercellular spaces, as well as changes in their relative abundance. Our data reveal the existence of two competing cell division mechanisms that are balanced by CLASP to specify the distribution of cells and intercellular spaces in spongy mesophyll tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- Department of Biology, The University of Saskatchewan, College of Arts and Science, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chris Ambrose
- Department of Biology, The University of Saskatchewan, College of Arts and Science, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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15
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Huang L, Peng Y, Tao X, Ding X, Li R, Jiang Y, Zuo W. Microtubule Organization Is Essential for Maintaining Cellular Morphology and Function. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1623181. [PMID: 35295719 PMCID: PMC8920689 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1623181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are highly dynamic polymers essential for a wide range of cellular physiologies, such as acting as directional railways for intracellular transport and position, guiding chromosome segregation during cell division, and controlling cell polarity and morphogenesis. Evidence has established that maintaining microtubule (MT) stability in neurons is vital for fundamental cellular and developmental processes, such as neurodevelopment, degeneration, and regeneration. To fulfill these diverse functions, the nervous system employs an arsenal of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to control MT organization and function. Subsequent studies have identified that the disruption of MT function in neurons is one of the most prevalent and important pathological features of traumatic nerve damage and neurodegenerative diseases and that this disruption manifests as a reduction in MT polymerization and concomitant deregulation of the MT cytoskeleton, as well as downregulation of microtubule-associated protein (MAP) expression. A variety of MT-targeting agents that reverse this pathological condition, which is regarded as a therapeutic opportunity to intervene the onset and development of these nervous system abnormalities, is currently under development. Here, we provide an overview of the MT-intrinsic organization process and how MAPs interact with the MT cytoskeleton to promote MT polymerization, stabilization, and bundling. We also highlight recent advances in MT-targeting therapeutic agents applied to various neurological disorders. Together, these findings increase our current understanding of the function and regulation of MT organization in nerve growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Huang
- The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 291 Donggu Road, Xiangshan County, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Hangzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuetao Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Beilun District, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315807, China
| | - Rui Li
- The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 291 Donggu Road, Xiangshan County, Zhejiang 315000, China
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yongsheng Jiang
- The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 291 Donggu Road, Xiangshan County, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 291 Donggu Road, Xiangshan County, Zhejiang 315000, China
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16
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Chen X, Liu C, Zhang Z, Wang M, Guo S, Li T, Sun H, Zhang P. ZNF655 Promotes the Progression of Glioma Through Transcriptional Regulation of AURKA. Front Oncol 2022; 12:770013. [PMID: 35280721 PMCID: PMC8907887 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.770013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Glioma has a high degree of malignancy, strong invasiveness, and poor prognosis, which is always a serious threat to human health. Previous studies have reported that C2H2 zinc finger (ZNF) protein is involved in the progression of various cancers. In this study, the clinical significance, biological behavior, and molecule mechanism of ZNF655 in glioma were explored. Methods The expression of ZNF655 in glioma and its correlation with prognosis were analyzed through public datasets and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The shRNA-mediated ZNF655 knockdown was used to explore the effects of ZNF655 alteration on the phenotypes and tumorigenesis of human glioma cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR and luciferase reporter assays were performed to determine the potential mechanism of ZNF655 regulating Aurora kinase A (AURKA). Results ZNF655 was abundantly expressed in glioma tissue and cell lines SHG-44 and U251. Knockdown of suppressed the progression of glioma cells, which was characterized by reduced proliferation, enhanced apoptosis, cycle repression in G2, inhibition of migration, and weakened tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, transcription factor ZNF655 activated the expression of AURKA by directly binding to the promoter of AURKA. In addition, downregulation of AURKA partially reversed the promoting effects of overexpression of ZNF655 on glioma cells. Conclusions ZNF655 promoted the progression of glioma by binding to the promoter of AURKA, which may be a promising target for molecular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Shewei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Tianhao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
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17
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Liu Z, Chen C, Yan M, Zeng X, Zhang Y, Lai D. CENPO regulated proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal cancer in a p53-dependent manner. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:8. [PMID: 35201521 PMCID: PMC8810981 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered to be a leading cause of cancer-related death. Centromere protein O (CENPO) can prevent the separation of sister chromatids and cell death after spindle injury. Nevertheless, the role of CENPO in CRC has not been reported. The expression level of CENPO in CRC was revealed by TCGA database and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Subsequently, the loss-of-function assays were performed to identified the role of CENPO in CRC in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrated that CENPO was highly expressed in CRC. The expression of CENPO was positively correlated with the deterioration of CRC. Moreover, CENPO knockdown inhibited the malignant phenotypes of CRC cells, which was characterized by slowed proliferation, cycle repression at G2, promotion of apoptosis, reduced migration and weakened tumorigenesis. Furthermore, CENPO knockdown downregulated the expression of N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, CCND1, PIK3CA and inhibited AKT phosphorylation in CRC cells. Moreover, the function of CENPO in regulating proliferation and apoptosis depended on p53. In summary, CENPO may play a promoting role in CRC through the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which can be regarded as a molecular therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chuangqi Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Center of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mei Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiangtai Zeng
- Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, GanNan Medical University, 23 Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dongming Lai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong Province, China.
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18
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Yu B, Wu Q, Li X, Zeng R, Min Q, Huang J. GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-like gene OsGLR3.4 is required for plant growth and systemic wound signaling in rice (Oryza sativa). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1238-1256. [PMID: 34767648 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the physiological roles of glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) in Arabidopsis; however, the functions of GLRs in rice remain largely unknown. Here, we show that knockout of OsGLR3.4 in rice leads to brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated growth defects and reduced BR sensitivity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient transactivation assays indicated that OsGLR3.4 is the downstream target of OsBZR1. Further, agonist profile assays showed that multiple amino acids can trigger transient Ca2+ influx in an OsGLR3.4-dependent manner, indicating that OsGLR3.4 is a Ca2+ -permeable channel. Meanwhile, the study of internode cells demonstrated that OsGLR3.4-mediated Ca2+ flux is required for actin filament organization and vesicle trafficking. Following root injury, the triggering of both slow wave potentials (SWPs) in leaves and the jasmonic acid (JA) response are impaired in osglr3.4 mutants, indicating that OsGLR3.4 is required for root-to-shoot systemic wound signaling in rice. Brassinosteroid treatment enhanced SWPs and OsJAZ8 expression in root-wounded plants, suggesting that BR signaling synergistically regulates the OsGLR3.4-mediated systemic wound response. In summary, this article describes a mechanism of OsGLR3.4-mediated cell elongation and long-distance systemic wound signaling in plants and provides new insights into the contribution of GLRs to plant growth and responses to mechanical wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongfeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Min
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Junli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
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19
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Halat LS, Bali B, Wasteneys G. Cytoplasmic Linker Protein-Associating Protein at the Nexus of Hormone Signaling, Microtubule Organization, and the Transition From Division to Differentiation in Primary Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:883363. [PMID: 35574108 PMCID: PMC9096829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.883363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The transition from cell division to differentiation in primary roots is dependent on precise gradients of phytohormones, including auxin, cytokinins and brassinosteroids. The reorganization of microtubules also plays a key role in determining whether a cell will enter another round of mitosis or begin to rapidly elongate as the first step in terminal differentiation. In the last few years, progress has been made to establish connections between signaling pathways at distinct locations within the root. This review focuses on the different factors that influence whether a root cell remains in the division zone or transitions to elongation and differentiation using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system. We highlight the role of the microtubule-associated protein CLASP as an intermediary between sustaining hormone signaling and controlling microtubule organization. We discuss new, innovative tools and methods, such as hormone sensors and computer modeling, that are allowing researchers to more accurately visualize the belowground growth dynamics of plants.
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20
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Graeff M, Rana S, Wendrich JR, Dorier J, Eekhout T, Aliaga Fandino AC, Guex N, Bassel GW, De Rybel B, Hardtke CS. A single-cell morpho-transcriptomic map of brassinosteroid action in the Arabidopsis root. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1985-1999. [PMID: 34358681 PMCID: PMC8674818 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of brassinosteroid signaling on shoot and root development have been characterized in great detail but a simple consistent positive or negative impact on a basic cellular parameter was not identified. In this study, we combined digital 3D single-cell shape analysis and single-cell mRNA sequencing to characterize root meristems and mature root segments of brassinosteroid-blind mutants and wild type. The resultant datasets demonstrate that brassinosteroid signaling affects neither cell volume nor cell proliferation capacity. Instead, brassinosteroid signaling is essential for the precise orientation of cell division planes and the extent and timing of anisotropic cell expansion. Moreover, we found that the cell-aligning effects of brassinosteroid signaling can propagate to normalize the anatomy of both adjacent and distant brassinosteroid-blind cells through non-cell-autonomous functions, which are sufficient to restore growth vigor. Finally, single-cell transcriptome data discern directly brassinosteroid-responsive genes from genes that can react non-cell-autonomously and highlight arabinogalactans as sentinels of brassinosteroid-dependent anisotropic cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Graeff
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Surbhi Rana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jos R Wendrich
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julien Dorier
- Bioinformatics Competence Center, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Eekhout
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Cecilia Aliaga Fandino
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Bioinformatics Competence Center, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George W Bassel
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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21
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Conway SJ, Walcher-Chevillet CL, Salome Barbour K, Kramer EM. Brassinosteroids regulate petal spur length in Aquilegia by controlling cell elongation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:931-942. [PMID: 34508638 PMCID: PMC8577200 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aquilegia produce elongated, three-dimensional petal spurs that fill with nectar to attract pollinators. Previous studies have shown that the diversity of spur length across the Aquilegia genus is a key innovation that is tightly linked with its recent and rapid diversification into new ranges, and that evolution of increased spur lengths is achieved via anisotropic cell elongation. Previous work identified a brassinosteroid response transcription factor as being enriched in the early developing spur cup. Brassinosteroids are known to be important for cell elongation, suggesting that brassinosteroid-mediated response may be an important regulator of spur elongation and potentially a driver of spur length diversity in Aquilegia. In this study, we investigated the role of brassinosteroids in the development of the Aquilegia coerulea petal spur. METHODS We exogenously applied the biologically active brassinosteroid brassinolide to developing petal spurs to investigate spur growth under high hormone conditions. We used virus-induced gene silencing and gene expression experiments to understand the function of brassinosteroid-related transcription factors in A. coerulea petal spurs. KEY RESULTS We identified a total of three Aquilegia homologues of the BES1/BZR1 protein family and found that these genes are ubiquitously expressed in all floral tissues during development, yet, consistent with the previous RNAseq study, we found that two of these paralogues are enriched in early developing petals. Exogenously applied brassinosteroid increased petal spur length due to increased anisotropic cell elongation as well as cell division. We found that targeting of the AqBEH genes with virus-induced gene silencing resulted in shortened petals, a phenotype caused in part by a loss of cell anisotropy. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results support a role for brassinosteroids in anisotropic cell expansion in Aquilegia petal spurs and highlight the brassinosteroid pathway as a potential player in the diversification of petal spur length in Aquilegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Conway
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Cristina L Walcher-Chevillet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- 10x Genomics Inc., 6230 Stoneridge Mall Road, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - Kate Salome Barbour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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22
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Fridman Y, Strauss S, Horev G, Ackerman-Lavert M, Reiner-Benaim A, Lane B, Smith RS, Savaldi-Goldstein S. The root meristem is shaped by brassinosteroid control of cell geometry. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1475-1484. [PMID: 34782771 PMCID: PMC8592843 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Growth extent and direction determine cell and whole-organ architecture. How they are spatio-temporally modulated to control size and shape is not well known. Here we tackled this question by studying the effect of brassinosteroid (BR) signalling on the structure of the root meristem. Quantification of the three-dimensional geometry of thousands of individual meristematic cells across different tissue types showed that the modulation of BR signalling yields distinct changes in growth rate and anisotropy, which affects the time that cells spend in the meristem and has a strong impact on the final root form. By contrast, the hormone effect on cell volume was minor, establishing cell volume as invariant to the effect of BR. Thus, BR has the highest effect on cell shape and growth anisotropy, regulating the overall longitudinal and radial growth of the meristem, while maintaining a coherent distribution of cell sizes. Moving from single-cell quantification to the whole organ, we developed a computational model of radial growth. The simulation demonstrates how differential BR-regulated growth between the inner and outer tissues shapes the meristem and thus explains the non-intuitive outcomes of tissue-specific perturbation of BR signalling. The combined experimental data and simulation suggest that the inner and outer tissues have distinct but coordinated roles in growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fridman
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - S Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - G Horev
- Lorey I. Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - M Ackerman-Lavert
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Reiner-Benaim
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - B Lane
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - R S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK.
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23
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Supraoptimal Brassinosteroid Levels Inhibit Root Growth by Reducing Root Meristem and Cell Elongation in Rice. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091962. [PMID: 34579493 PMCID: PMC8469756 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Root growth depends on cell proliferation and cell elongation at the root meristem, which are controlled by plant hormones and nutrient availability. As a foraging strategy, rice (Oryza sativa L.) grows longer roots when nitrogen (N) is scarce. However, how the plant steroid hormone brassinosteroid (BR) regulates rice root meristem development and responses to N deficiency remains unclear. Here, we show that BR has a negative effect on meristem size and a dose-dependent effect on cell elongation in roots of rice seedlings treated with exogenous BR (24-epicastasterone, ECS) and the BR biosynthesis inhibitor propiconazole (PPZ). A genome-wide transcriptome analysis identified 4110 and 3076 differentially expressed genes in response to ECS and PPZ treatments, respectively. The gene ontology (GO) analysis shows that terms related to cell proliferation and cell elongation were enriched among the ECS-repressed genes. Furthermore, microscopic analysis of ECS- and PPZ-treated roots grown under N-sufficient and N-deficient conditions demonstrates that exogenous BR or PPZ application could not enhance N deficiency-mediated root elongation promotion as the treatments could not promote root meristem size and cell elongation simultaneously. Our study demonstrates that optimal levels of BR in the rice root meristem are crucial for optimal root growth and the foraging response to N deficiency.
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24
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Abstract
The plant cell wall is an extracellular matrix that envelopes cells, gives them structure and shape, constitutes the interface with symbionts, and defends plants against external biotic and abiotic stress factors. The assembly of this matrix is regulated and mediated by the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeletal elements define where new cell wall material is added and how fibrillar macromolecules are oriented in the wall. Inversely, the cytoskeleton is also key in the perception of mechanical cues generated by structural changes in the cell wall as well as the mediation of intracellular responses. We review the delivery processes of the cell wall precursors that are required for the cell wall assembly process and the structural continuity between the inside and the outside of the cell. We provide an overview of the different morphogenetic processes for which cell wall assembly is a crucial element and elaborate on relevant feedback mechanisms.
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25
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Averkina IO, Harris M, Asare EO, Hourdin B, Paponov IA, Lillo C. Pinpointing regulatory protein phosphatase 2A subunits involved in beneficial symbiosis between plants and microbes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:183. [PMID: 33863284 PMCID: PMC8052836 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A (PP2A) expression is crucial for the symbiotic association between plants and various microbes, and knowledge on these symbiotic processes is important for sustainable agriculture. Here we tested the hypothesis that PP2A regulatory subunits, especially B'φ and B'θ, are involved in signalling between plants and mycorrhizal fungi or plant-growth promoting bacteria. RESULTS Treatment of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas simiae indicated a role for the PP2A B'θ subunit in responses to PGPR. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influenced B'θ transcript levels in soil-grown plants with canonical arbuscular mycorrhizae. In plant roots, transcripts of B'φ were scarce under all conditions tested and at a lower level than all other PP2A subunit transcripts. In transformed tomato plants with 10-fold enhanced B'φ expression, mycorrhization frequency was decreased in vermiculite-grown plants. Furthermore, the high B'φ expression was related to abscisic acid and gibberellic acid responses known to be involved in plant growth and mycorrhization. B'φ overexpressor plants showed less vigorous growth, and although fruits were normal size, the number of seeds per fruit was reduced by 60% compared to the original cultivar. CONCLUSIONS Expression of the B'θ gene in tomato roots is strongly influenced by beneficial microbes. Analysis of B'φ overexpressor tomato plants and established tomato cultivars substantiated a function of B'φ in growth and development in addition to a role in mycorrhization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina O Averkina
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Muhammad Harris
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Edward Ohene Asare
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Berenice Hourdin
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ivan A Paponov
- NIBIO, Norwegian institute of Bioeconomy Research, Division of Food Production and Society, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
- Current address: Department of Food Science, 8200 Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Lillo
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway.
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26
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Bao Z, Xu Z, Zang J, Bürstenbinder K, Wang P. The Morphological Diversity of Plant Organs: Manipulating the Organization of Microtubules May Do the Trick. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649626. [PMID: 33842476 PMCID: PMC8033015 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiru Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingze Zang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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27
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Ortiz-Morea FA, He P, Shan L, Russinova E. It takes two to tango - molecular links between plant immunity and brassinosteroid signalling. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/22/jcs246728. [PMID: 33239345 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the invasion of microorganisms, plants actively balance their resources for growth and defence, thus ensuring their survival. The regulatory mechanisms underlying plant immunity and growth operate through complex networks, in which the brassinosteroid phytohormone is one of the central players. In the past decades, a growing number of studies have revealed a multi-layered crosstalk between brassinosteroid-mediated growth and plant immunity. In this Review, by means of the tango metaphor, we immerse ourselves into the intimate relationship between brassinosteroid and plant immune signalling pathways that is tailored by the lifestyle of the pathogen and modulated by other phytohormones. The plasma membrane is the unique stage where brassinosteroid and immune signals are dynamically integrated and where compartmentalization into nanodomains that host distinct protein consortia is crucial for the dance. Shared downstream signalling components and transcription factors relay the tango play to the nucleus to activate the plant defence response and other phytohormonal signalling pathways for the finale. Understanding how brassinosteroid and immune signalling pathways are integrated in plants will help develop strategies to minimize the growth-defence trade-off, a key challenge for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA .,Amazonian Research Center Cimaz-Macagual, University of the Amazon, Florencia 180002622, Colombia
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium .,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Mao J, Li J. Regulation of Three Key Kinases of Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4340. [PMID: 32570783 PMCID: PMC7352359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important plant growth hormones that regulate a wide range of plant growth and developmental processes. The BR signals are perceived by two cell surface-localized receptor kinases, Brassinosteroid-Insensitive1 (BRI1) and BRI1-Associated receptor Kinase (BAK1), and reach the nucleus through two master transcription factors, bri1-EMS suppressor1 (BES1) and Brassinazole-resistant1 (BZR1). The intracellular transmission of the BR signals from BRI1/BAK1 to BES1/BZR1 is inhibited by a constitutively active kinase Brassinosteroid-Insensitive2 (BIN2) that phosphorylates and negatively regulates BES1/BZR1. Since their initial discoveries, further studies have revealed a plethora of biochemical and cellular mechanisms that regulate their protein abundance, subcellular localizations, and signaling activities. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the current literature concerning activation, inactivation, and other regulatory mechanisms of three key kinases of the BR signaling cascade, BRI1, BAK1, and BIN2, and discuss some unresolved controversies and outstanding questions that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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29
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Abstract
CLIP-associating proteins (CLASPs) form an evolutionarily conserved family of regulatory factors that control microtubule dynamics and the organization of microtubule networks. The importance of CLASP activity has been appreciated for some time, but until recently our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms remained basic. Over the past few years, studies of, for example, migrating cells, neuronal development, and microtubule reorganization in plants, along with in vitro reconstitutions, have provided new insights into the cellular roles and molecular basis of CLASP activity. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we will summarize some of these recent advances, emphasizing how they impact our current understanding of CLASP-mediated microtubule regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Lawrence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Luke M Rice
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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30
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Wolf S. Deviating from the Beaten Track: New Twists in Brassinosteroid Receptor Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051561. [PMID: 32106564 PMCID: PMC7084826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A key feature of plants is their plastic development tailored to the environmental conditions. To integrate environmental signals with genetic growth regulatory programs, plants rely on a number of hormonal pathways, which are intimately connected at multiple levels. Brassinosteroids (BRs), a class of plant sterol hormones, are perceived by cell surface receptors and trigger responses instrumental in tailoring developmental programs to environmental cues. Arguably, BR signalling is one of the best-characterized plant signalling pathways, and the molecular composition of the core signal transduction cascade seems clear. However, BR research continues to reveal new twists to re-shape our view on this key signalling circuit. Here, exciting novel findings pointing to the plasma membrane as a key site for BR signalling modulation and integration with other pathways are reviewed and new inputs into the BR signalling pathway and emerging “non-canonical” functions of the BR receptor complex are highlighted. Together, this new evidence underscores the complexity of plant signalling integration and serves as a reminder that highly-interconnected signalling pathways frequently comprise non-linear aspects which are difficult to convey in classical conceptual models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, INF230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Ackerman-Lavert M, Savaldi-Goldstein S. Growth models from a brassinosteroid perspective. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:90-97. [PMID: 31809963 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth relies on interconnected hormonal pathways, their corresponding transcriptional networks and mechanical signals. This work reviews recent brassinosteroid (BR) studies and integrates them with current growth models derived from research in roots. The relevance of spatiotemporal BR signaling in the longitudinal and radial root axes and its multifaceted interaction with auxin, the impact of BR on final cell size determination and its interplay with microtubules and the cell wall are discussed. Also highlighted are emerging variations of canonical BR signaling that could function in developmental-specific context.
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32
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Retzer K, Akhmanova M, Konstantinova N, Malínská K, Leitner J, Petrášek J, Luschnig C. Brassinosteroid signaling delimits root gravitropism via sorting of the Arabidopsis PIN2 auxin transporter. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5516. [PMID: 31797871 PMCID: PMC6892858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis PIN2 protein directs transport of the phytohormone auxin from the root tip into the root elongation zone. Variation in hormone transport, which depends on a delicate interplay between PIN2 sorting to and from polar plasma membrane domains, determines root growth. By employing a constitutively degraded version of PIN2, we identify brassinolides as antagonists of PIN2 endocytosis. This response does not require de novo protein synthesis, but involves early events in canonical brassinolide signaling. Brassinolide-controlled adjustments in PIN2 sorting and intracellular distribution governs formation of a lateral PIN2 gradient in gravistimulated roots, coinciding with adjustments in auxin signaling and directional root growth. Strikingly, simulations indicate that PIN2 gradient formation is no prerequisite for root bending but rather dampens asymmetric auxin flow and signaling. Crosstalk between brassinolide signaling and endocytic PIN2 sorting, thus, appears essential for determining the rate of gravity-induced root curvature via attenuation of differential cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263 Praha 6, 165 02, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Akhmanova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nataliia Konstantinova
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263 Praha 6, 165 02, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Leitner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Wien, Austria
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263 Praha 6, 165 02, Praha, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 44, Prague 2, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria.
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33
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Lindeboom JJ, Nakamura M, Saltini M, Hibbel A, Walia A, Ketelaar T, Emons AMC, Sedbrook JC, Kirik V, Mulder BM, Ehrhardt DW. CLASP stabilization of plus ends created by severing promotes microtubule creation and reorientation. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:190-205. [PMID: 30377221 PMCID: PMC6314540 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Central to the building and reorganizing cytoskeletal arrays is creation of new polymers. Although nucleation has been the major focus of study for microtubule generation, severing has been proposed as an alternative mechanism to create new polymers, a mechanism recently shown to drive the reorientation of cortical arrays of higher plants in response to blue light perception. Severing produces new plus ends behind the stabilizing GTP-cap. An important and unanswered question is how these ends are stabilized in vivo to promote net microtubule generation. Here we identify the conserved protein CLASP as a potent stabilizer of new plus ends created by katanin severing in plant cells. Clasp mutants are defective in cortical array reorientation. In these mutants, both rescue of shrinking plus ends and the stabilization of plus ends immediately after severing are reduced. Computational modeling reveals that it is the specific stabilization of severed ends that best explains CLASP's function in promoting microtubule amplification by severing and array reorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer J Lindeboom
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Masayoshi Nakamura
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Anneke Hibbel
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ankit Walia
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne Mie C Emons
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John C Sedbrook
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | - Viktor Kirik
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | - Bela M Mulder
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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