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Halfen J, Carpinelli NA, Lasso-Ramirez S, Michelotti TC, Fowler EC, St-Pierre B, Trevisi E, Osorio JS. Physiological Conditions Leading to Maternal Subclinical Ketosis in Holstein Dairy Cows Can Impair the Offspring's Postnatal Growth and Gut Microbiome Development. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1839. [PMID: 37513011 PMCID: PMC10383123 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal metabolic disruptions, such as ketosis, can have adverse effects on fetal development and influence postnatal factors. Twelve Holstein calves were randomly enrolled in this study at birth and monitored until 8 weeks of age. The study was conducted from fall 2018 until spring 2019. After completing the data collection period, calves were classified according to their respective dams ketotic condition after parturition. This classification was based on dam blood β-hydroxybutyrate < 1.4 mmol/L nonketotic (NONKET; n = 6 calves) or ≥1.4 mmol/L subclinical-ketotic (SK; n = 6 calves). SK calves had greater birth body weight (p = 0.05) but exhibited a slower growth rate compared to NONKET calves from 1 to 8 weeks (p = 0.02). At birth, SK calves had lower (p < 0.01) levels of non-esterified fatty acids and bilirubin compared to NONKET calves. Analysis of feces alpha diversity indicates that by 3 weeks, NONKET calves had greater diversity, richness, and evenness. Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum and Gallibacterium anatis were more abundant in SK calves (p < 0.05) at 3 weeks. In contrast, NONKET calves had a greater (p < 0.05) abundance of Sharpae azabuensis at 3 weeks. These findings suggest that subclinical ketosis in cows can impact the in-utero development, postnatal growth, and maturing gut microbiome of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Halfen
- School of Animal Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Nathaly Ana Carpinelli
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Sergio Lasso-Ramirez
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- Deparment of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tainara Cristina Michelotti
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores, INRAE, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Emily C Fowler
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Johan S Osorio
- School of Animal Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Poczynek M, Nogueira LDS, Carrari IF, Carneiro JH, de Almeida R. Associations of Body Condition Score at Calving, Parity, and Calving Season on the Performance of Dairy Cows and Their Offspring. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:596. [PMID: 36830381 PMCID: PMC9951722 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of body condition score (BCS) at calving, parity, and the calving season on the performance of dairy cows and their offspring. Data from 521 Holstein cows that calved a female calf and had their BCS evaluated at calving from a single commercial farm located in Southern Brazil were used. Cows were categorized into five BCS classes: class 1: <3.0 (n = 19), class 2: 3.0-3.25 (n = 134), class 3: 3.5-3.75 (n = 160), class 4: 4.0-4.25 (n = 142), and class 5: >4.25 (n = 66). Data were also categorized by calving order (primiparous and multiparous dams) and by calving season. The study was designed as a prospective cohort study. Variables with normal distribution were analyzed by the MIXED procedure of SAS, while binary outcomes were analyzed by the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Daughters from primiparous dams were born lighter (39.1 ± 0.42 vs. 41.4 ± 0.29 kg, p < 0.01), but they had the same weights as the daughters from multiparous cows at weaning (121.5 ± 1.67 vs. 120.4 ± 1.58 kg, p = 0.20). As expected, primiparous cows showed lower (p < 0.01) 305-day milk yields than multiparous ones: 8633 ± 363 vs. 10,761 ± 249 kg, respectively. Regarding the calving season, cows that calved in the winter were the most productive ones, and those that calved in the fall had lower milk yields (p = 0.01). Calves born in the winter were heavier at birth (p < 0.01), calved younger (p = 0.04), and produced more milk at first lactation (p = 0.03). The BCS class had an impact (p < 0.01) on calf birth weights; daughters from Class 1 cows (BCS < 3.0) were lighter (38.0 ± 1.0 kg) than the calves from Class 5 cows with a BCS > 4.25 (41.9 ± 0.57 kg). Calves from dams with a BCS < 3 (Class 1) had a 31.8% culling rate until weaning, while calves from cows with a BCS of 3.0-3.25 (Class 2) had a 9.6% culling rate (p = 0.12). These results suggest that maternal and environmental factors, such as calving season and parity, in addition to the dams' body condition score at calving, are associated with different offspring performances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rodrigo de Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, Curitiba 80035-050, Paraná, Brazil
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Wichman LG, Redifer CA, Meyer AM. Maternal nutrient restriction during late gestation reduces vigor and alters blood chemistry and hematology in neonatal beef calves. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad342. [PMID: 37788576 PMCID: PMC10648570 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fall-calving primiparous beef females [body weight: 451 ± 28 (SD) kg; body condition score: 5.4 ± 0.7] were individually-fed either 100% (control; CON; n = 13) or 70% (nutrient restricted; NR; n = 13) of metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, pregnancy, and growth from day 160 of gestation to parturition. Calves were reared naturally by their dams and monitored for latency times from birth to first sternal recumbency, attempt to stand, and stand; vigor scores were assigned at 2, 5, 10, and 20 min of age. Rectal temperatures and jugular blood were obtained at 0 (pre-suckling), 6, 12, 24, and 48 h of age, and blood chemistry, hematology, cortisol, and insulin were determined. Data were analyzed with fixed effects of late gestational nutritional plane (single data point) or nutritional plane, hour, and their interaction (data over time, repeated measures). Calving date was a fixed effect; calf sex was included when P < 0.25. We previously reported that late gestational nutritional plane did not affect gestation length or calf size at birth, but calving assistance and fetal malpresentation occurred more often in NR. Nutritional plane did not affect (P = 0.65) duration of parturition, but calves born to NR dams had slower times to attempt to stand (P = 0.09), slower times to stand (P = 0.02), and poorer 20 min vigor scores (P = 0.05). Serum immunoglobulin G and A concentrations at 48 h were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for NR calves. Rectal temperature of NR calves was less (P = 0.02) at 0 h, but greater (P = 0.04) at 24 h compared with CON. Circulating glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, cortisol, and insulin were not affected by nutritional plane (P ≥ 0.18). Total protein and globulin from 6 to 48 h were greater (P ≤ 0.02) in NR calves. Calves from NR dams had greater (P ≤ 0.08) gamma-glutamyl transferase at 6, 12, and 48 h. Serum aspartate aminotransferase was greater (P ≤ 0.07) from 0 to 24 h and creatine kinase was greater (P ≤ 0.04) from 6 to 24 h in NR calves. At 0 h, potassium was greater (P = 0.03) in NR calves. Calves born to CON had greater chloride (P = 0.08; main effect), sodium (P ≤ 0.09) from 0 to 48 h, and anion gap (P = 0.02) at 6 h. Hematocrit from 6 to 24 h and red blood cells and hemoglobin at 6 and 12 h were greater (P ≤ 0.09) in CON calves. These data indicate that nutrient restriction during late gestation resulted in less vigorous calves with more indicators of trauma in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey G Wichman
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Colby A Redifer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Allison M Meyer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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The Impact of Heat Stress on Immune Status of Dairy Cattle and Strategies to Ameliorate the Negative Effects. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010107. [PMID: 36611716 PMCID: PMC9817836 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is well known to influence animal health and livestock productivity negatively. Heat stress is a multi-billion-dollar global problem. It impairs animal performance during summer when animals are exposed to high ambient temperatures, direct and indirect solar radiations, and humidity. While significant developments have been achieved over the last few decades to mitigate the negative impact of HS, such as physical modification of the environment to protect the animals from direct heat, HS remains a significant challenge for the dairy industry compromising dairy cattle health and welfare. In such a scenario, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of how the immune system of dairy cattle responds to HS and identify the variable responses among the animals. This understanding could help to identify heat-resilient dairy animals for breeding and may lead to the development of climate resilient breeds in the future to support sustainable dairy cattle production. There are sufficient data demonstrating the impact of increased temperature and humidity on endocrine responses to HS in dairy cattle, especially changes in concentration of hormones like prolactin and cortisol, which also provide an indication of the likely im-pact on the immune system. In this paper, we review the recent research on the impact of HS on immunity of calves during early life to adult lactating and dry cows. Additionally, different strategies for amelioration of negative effects of HS have been presented.
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Cattaneo L, Laporta J, Dahl GE. Programming effects of late gestation heat stress in dairy cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022; 35:106-117. [PMID: 36592976 DOI: 10.1071/rd22209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The final weeks of gestation represent a critical period for dairy cows that can determine the success of the subsequent lactation. Many physiological changes take place and additional exogenous stressors can alter the success of the transition into lactation. Moreover, this phase is pivotal for the final stage of intrauterine development of the fetus, which can have negative long-lasting postnatal effects. Heat stress is widely recognised as a threat to dairy cattle welfare, health, and productivity. Specifically, late gestation heat stress impairs the dam's productivity by undermining mammary gland remodelling during the dry period and altering metabolic and immune responses in early lactation. Heat stress also affects placental development and function, with relevant consequences on fetal development and programming. In utero heat stressed newborns have reduced birth weight, growth, and compromised passive immune transfer. Moreover, the liver and mammary DNA of in utero heat stressed calves show a clear divergence in the pattern of methylation relative to that of in utero cooled calves. These alterations in gene regulation might result in depressed immune function, as well as altered thermoregulation, hepatic metabolism, and mammary development jeopardising their survival in the herd and productivity. Furthermore, late gestation heat stress appears to exert multigenerational effects, influencing milk yield and survival up to the third generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cattaneo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - G E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Moriel P, Palmer EA, Harvey KM, Cooke RF. Improving Beef Progeny Performance Through Developmental Programming. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.728635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutritional management during gestation appears to modulate fetal development and imprint offspring postnatal health and performance, via altered organ and tissue development and tissue-specific epigenetics. This review highlighted the studies demonstrating how developmental programming could be explored by beef producers to enhance offspring performance (growth, immune function, and reproduction), including altering cow body condition score (BCS) during pregnancy and maternal supplementation of protein and energy, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), trace minerals, frequency of supplementation, specific amino acids, and vitamins. However, this review also highlighted that programming effects on offspring performance reported in the literature were highly variable and depended on level, duration, timing, and type of nutrient restriction during gestation. It is suggested that maternal BCS gain during gestation, rather than BCS per se, enhances offspring preweaning growth. Opportunities for boosting offspring productive responses through maternal supplementation of protein and energy were identified more consistently for pre- vs. post-weaning phases. Maternal supplementation of specific nutrients (i.e., PUFA, trace minerals, and methionine) demonstrated potential for improving offspring performance, health and carcass characteristics during immunological challenging scenarios. Despite the growing body of evidence in recent years, the complexity of investigating developmental programming in beef cattle production is also growing and potential reasons for current research challenges are highlighted herein. These challenges include: (1) intrinsic difficulty of accurately measuring cow milk production multiple times in cow-calf systems; (2) larger focus on Bos taurus vs. Bos indicus breeds despite the predominance of Bos indicus-influenced beef breeds in tropical/subtropical environments and their specific, and sometimes opposite, physiological and performance outcomes compared to Bos taurus breeds; (3) limited focus on interaction between prenatal and postnatal management; (4) sex-specific outcomes following similar maternal nutrition during gestation; (5) greater focus on nutrient deficiency vs. excess; (6) limited implementation of immunological challenges; and (7) lack of multigeneration and longer periods of offspring evaluation. This review provides multiple evidence that such obstacles need to be overcome in order to significantly advance the scientific knowledge of developmental programming in beef cattle and promote global beef production.
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Cappellozza BI, Cooke RF, Harvey KM. Omega-6 Fatty Acids: A Sustainable Alternative to Improve Beef Production Efficiency. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061764. [PMID: 34204706 PMCID: PMC8231484 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The global beef industry is currently challenged with improving production efficiency while fostering judicious use of limited natural resources. Sustainable management systems are warranted to ensure that worldwide demands for beef and ecological stewardship are met. Supplementing cattle with omega-6 fatty acids is a nutritional intervention shown to sustainably enhance productivity across different sectors of the beef industry. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent research that describes the advantages of supplementing omega-6 fatty acids on traits that are critical to beef production efficiency, including reproduction, immunocompetence, growth, and quality of carcass and beef products. Abstract Global beef production must increase in the next decades to meet the demands of a growing population, while promoting sustainable use of limited natural resources. Supplementing beef cattle with omega-6 fatty acids (FAs) is a nutritional approach shown to enhance production efficiency, with research conducted across different environments and sectors of the beef industry. Omega-6 FA from natural feed ingredients such as soybean oil are highly susceptible to ruminal biohydrogenation. Hence, our and other research groups have used soybean oil in the form of Ca soaps (CSSO) to lessen ruminal biohydrogenation, and maximize delivery of omega-6 FA to the duodenum for absorption. In cow–calf systems, omega-6 FA supplementation to beef cows improved pregnancy success by promoting the establishment of early pregnancy. Cows receiving omega-6 FA during late gestation gave birth to calves that were healthier and more efficient in the feedlot, suggesting the potential role of omega-6 FA on developmental programming. Supplementing omega-6 FA to young cattle also elicited programming effects toward improved adipogenesis and carcass quality, and improved calf immunocompetence upon a stress stimulus. Cattle supplemented with omega-6 FA during growing or finishing periods also experienced improved performance and carcass quality. All these research results were generated using cattle of different genetic composition (Bos taurus and B. indicus influenced), and in different environments (tropical, subtropical, and temperate region). Hence, supplementing omega-6 FA via CSSO is a sustainable approach to enhance the production efficiency of beef industries across different areas of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reinaldo Fernandes Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-458-2703
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Harvey KM, Cooke RF, Colombo EA, Rett B, de Sousa OA, Harvey LM, Russell JR, Pohler KG, Brandão AP. Supplementing organic-complexed or inorganic Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn to beef cows during gestation: postweaning responses of offspring reared as replacement heifers or feeder cattle. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6170620. [PMID: 33715010 PMCID: PMC8186539 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred and ninety nonlactating, pregnant beef cows (¾ Bos taurus and ¼ Bos indicus; 138 multiparous and 52 primiparous) were assigned to this experiment at 117 ± 2.2 d of gestation (day 0). Cows were ranked by parity, pregnancy type (artificial insemination = 102, natural service = 88), body weight (BW) and body condition score, and assigned to receive a supplement containing: (1) sulfate sources of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (INR; n = 95) or (2) an organic complexed source of Cu, Mn, Co, and Zn (AAC; Availa4; Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN; n = 95). The INR and AAC provided the same daily amount of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn, based on 7 g of the AAC source. From day 0 to calving, cows were maintained in a single pasture and segregated 3 times weekly into 1 of 24 individual feeding pens to receive treatments. Calves were weaned on day 367 (200 ± 2 d of age), managed as a single group for a 45-d preconditioning period (days 367 to 412), and transferred to a single oat (Avena sativa L.) pasture on day 412. Heifer calves were moved to an adjacent oat pasture on day 437, where they remained until day 620. Heifer puberty status was verified weekly (days 437 to 619) based on plasma progesterone concentrations. Steer calves were shipped to a commercial feedlot on day 493, where they were managed as a single group until slaughter (day 724). Plasma cortisol concentration was greater (P = 0.05) in AAC calves at weaning but tended to be less (P = 0.10) on day 370 compared with INR calves. Mean plasma haptoglobin concentration was greater (P = 0.03) in INR vs. AAC calves during preconditioning, and no treatment effects were noted (P = 0.76) for preconditioning average daily gain (ADG). Puberty attainment was hastened in AAC heifers during the experiment (treatment × day; P < 0.01), despite similar (P = 0.39) ADG between treatments from days 412 to 620. Expression of myogenin mRNA in the longissimus muscle was greater (P = 0.05) in INR vs. AAC heifers on day 584. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.24) for steer ADG from day 412 until slaughter, nor for carcass quality traits. Hepatic mRNA expression of metallothionein 1A was greater (P = 0.02) in INR vs. AAC steers on day 586. In summary, supplementing Co, Cu, Zn, and Mn as organic complexed instead of sulfate sources to beef cows during the last 5 mo of gestation did not improve performance and physiological responses of the steer progeny until slaughter, but hastened puberty attainment in the female progeny reared as replacement heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Harvey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA.,Prairie Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Prairie, MS 39756, USA
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Eduardo A Colombo
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Bruna Rett
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo A de Sousa
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Lorin M Harvey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA.,Pontotoc Ridge-Flatwoods Branch Experiment Station,Mississippi State University, Pontotoc, MS 38863, USA
| | | | - Ky G Pohler
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Alice P Brandão
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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El-Maghraby MM, Mahmoud AE. Clinical, hematological, and biochemical studies on hypozincemia in neonatal calves in Egypt. Vet World 2021; 14:314-318. [PMID: 33776296 PMCID: PMC7994119 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.314-318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Zinc has a wide spectrum of biological activities and its deficiency has been related to various dysfunctions. This study aimed to clarify the clinical, hematological, and biochemical changes in Holstein dairy calves with naturally occurring hypozincemia before and after treatment. Materials and Methods This study was carried out on 25 Holstein dairy calves <1 month of age in the El-Salhya Dairy Farm, Al-Sharqiya Province, Egypt. Calves were born from apparent healthy dams without any clinical signs of zinc deficiency. They were divided into two groups. The first group (G1) included five clinically healthy calves that were used as controls. The second group (G2) included 20 calves suffering from alopecia and skin lesions. The diseased calves were then treated by oral administration of zinc oxide at the rate of 80 mg/day for 10 successive days and then 20 mg/week for 2 weeks (G3). A total of 90 samples, whole blood and serum samples were collected during the study across all groups. Whole blood was evaluated for complete blood count and serum was used to estimate total protein, albumin, globulin, zinc, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase. Results The diseased calves had macrocytic normochromic anemia. Total leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were significantly reduced in the diseased calves than in the control and treated groups. Biochemical analysis of serum revealed a highly significant decrease in the globulin, zinc, and calcium concentrations in the diseased calves than in the control and treated groups. ALP activity was significantly lower in the diseased and treated calves than in control. There were no differences in any other parameters between the groups. Conclusion Zinc deficiency naturally occurring in calves caused clinical, hematological, and biochemical alterations such as alopecia, skin abnormalities, and macrocytic normochromic anemia. In addition, zinc deficiency altered the cell-mediated immunity as indicated by leukopenia and lymphopenia. These alterations were improved by oral administration of zinc oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdouh M El-Maghraby
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Mahmoud
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Brandão AP, Cooke RF, Schubach KM, Rett B, Souza OA, Pohler KG, Bohnert DW, Marques RS. Supplementing Ca salts of soybean oil to late-gestating beef cows: impacts on performance and physiological responses of the offspring. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:S22-S26. [PMID: 33381715 PMCID: PMC7754228 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, College Station, TX
| | - Kelsey M Schubach
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, College Station, TX
| | - Bruna Rett
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, College Station, TX
- Universidade Estadual Paulista—FMVZ, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo A Souza
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, College Station, TX
- Universidade Estadual Paulista—FMVZ, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ky G Pohler
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, College Station, TX
| | | | - Rodrigo S Marques
- Montana State University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Bozeman, MT
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Brandão AP, Cooke RF, Schubach KM, Rett B, Souza OA, Schachtschneider CL, Perry GA, Arispe SA, Jump DB, Pohler KG, Bohnert DW, Marques RS. Supplementing Ca salts of soybean oil to late-gestating beef cows: impacts on performance and physiological responses of the offspring. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5892292. [PMID: 32790838 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment compared the performance and physiological responses of the offspring from cows supplemented with Ca salts of soybean oil (CSSO) or prilled saturated fat (CON) during late gestation. Nonlactating, pregnant, multiparous Angus × Hereford cows (n = 104) that conceived during the same fixed-time artificial insemination protocol were assigned to this experiment. Cows were ranked by pregnancy sire (one of two sires), body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) on day -15 of the experiment (day 180 of gestation). Cows were then assigned to receive (dry matter basis) 415 g of soybean meal per cow daily in addition to: 1) 195 g/cow daily of CSSO (n = 52) or 2) 170 g/cow daily of CON (n = 52). Cows were maintained in two pastures (26 cows/treatment per pasture) and received daily 12.7 kg/cow (dry matter basis) of grass-alfalfa hay from day -15 to calving. Cows were segregated into 1 of 24 feeding pens three times weekly and received treatments individually from day 0 to calving. Calves were weaned on day 290 of the experiment, preconditioned for 35 d (day 291 to 325), and transferred to a feedyard, where they remained until slaughter (day 514). Cows receiving CSSO and their calves had greater (P < 0.01) plasma concentrations of linoleic acid and total ω-6 PUFA compared with CON after calving. Concentrations of immunoglobulin G in the colostrum and in calf plasma 24 h after birth were greater (P ≤ 0.02) in CSSO vs. CON cattle. Calves from CSSO cows had greater (P ≤ 0.05) expression of adipogenic (adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein and stearoyl-CoA desaturase) and myogenic (myogenic differentiation 1 and myogenin) genes in the longissimus muscle (LM) compared with CON. No treatment differences in birth BW, weaning BW, and final preconditioning BW were noted (P ≥ 0.36). Average daily gain and final BW in the feedyard were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in steers from CSSO cows compared with CON. The incidence of calves diagnosed with BRD that required a second antimicrobial treatment was less (P = 0.03) in calves from CSSO cows, resulting in reduced (P = 0.05) need of treatments to regain health compared with CON. Upon slaughter, LM area was greater (P = 0.03) in calves from CSSO cows compared with CON. Collectively, these results are indicative of programming effects on postnatal offspring growth and health resultant from CSSO supplementation to late-gestating cows. Hence, supplementing CSSO to beef cows during pregnancy might be a feasible alternative to optimize offspring productivity and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Kelsey M Schubach
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Bruna Rett
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo A Souza
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - George A Perry
- Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, Overton, TX
| | - Sergio A Arispe
- Malheur County Extension Office, Oregon State University, Ontario, OR
| | - Donald B Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Ky G Pohler
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - David W Bohnert
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns, OR
| | - Rodrigo S Marques
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
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12
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The influence of dietary supplementation with the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on the chemotaxis, phagocytosis and respiratory burst of peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes in calves. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:171. [PMID: 32487098 PMCID: PMC7268378 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A healthy immune system plays a particularly important role in newborns, including in calves that are far more susceptible to infections (viral, bacterial and other) than adult individuals. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of HMB on the chemotactic activity (MIGRATEST® kit), phagocytic activity (PHAGOTEST® kit) and oxidative burst (BURSTTEST® kit) of monocytes and granulocytes in the peripheral blood of calves by flow cytometry. Results An analysis of granulocyte and monocyte chemotactic activity and phagocytic activity revealed significantly higher levels of phagocytic activity in calves administered HMB than in the control group, expressed in terms of the percentage of phagocytising cells and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). HMB also had a positive effect on the oxidative metabolism of monocytes and granulocytes stimulated with PMA (4-phorbol-12-β-myristate-13-acetate) and Escherichia coli bacteria, expressed as MFI values and the percentage of oxidative metabolism. Conclusion HMB stimulates non-specific cell-mediated immunity, which is a very important consideration in newborn calves that are exposed to adverse environmental factors in the first weeks of their life. The supplementation of animal diets with HMB for both preventive and therapeutic purposes can also reduce the use of antibiotics in animal production.
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13
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Dahl GE, Tao S, Laporta J. Heat Stress Impacts Immune Status in Cows Across the Life Cycle. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:116. [PMID: 32211430 PMCID: PMC7067922 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress has a myriad of effects on dairy cattle across the life cycle. Whereas, the most commonly recognized impacts are associated with production responses, emerging evidence indicates that heat stress profoundly alters the immune response of calves and cows, from the prenatal stage through lactation. For example, in utero heat stress reduces passive immune transfer regardless of colostrum source, relative to normothermic conditions in late gestation. Dry cows exposed to heat stress have lower immunoglobulin responses to ovalbumin vaccination, but this effect dissipates with cooling following parturition. Conversely, cows under heat stress when dry exhibit carryover effects on the innate arm of the immune system in early lactation. In this paper we review the effects of heat stress throughout the life cycle of the dairy cow, with particular emphasis on the impact of heat stress during late gestation on the cow and the developing fetus, both before and after parturition. In addition, the impact of altered immune status under heat stress on other physiological systems, especially those supporting milk production, are considered. Finally, management interventions to prevent and reverse the effect of heat stress are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey E. Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sha Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Jimena Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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14
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Abuelo A. Symposium review: Late-gestation maternal factors affecting the health and development of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3882-3893. [PMID: 32037167 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Efficient production of heifers is fundamental to the productivity and sustainability of dairy farms. However, high preweaning morbidity and mortality rates are frequently reported worldwide, imposing substantial welfare and economic implications. A major contributing factor to disease susceptibility in the neonatal stage is the inability of calves to mount an effective immune response. Appreciation is now greater that exposure in utero to several stresses (nutritional, social, metabolic, and so on) during the last stages of pregnancy have downstream carryover effects in calves' health, growth, and development. Suboptimal intrauterine conditions during critical periods of development lead to changes in tissue structure and function that may have long-term consequences on the offspring's physiology and disease susceptibility. Indeed, preweaning metabolic function and growth are associated with future milk production. Thus, late-gestation carryover effects span into the lactating stage of the heifers. Nevertheless, researchers have been studying how to minimize these effects. This review will discuss the effects of maternal stress during late gestation on the offspring's growth, productivity, metabolism, and health. In addition, strategies focusing on maternal interventions that improve neonatal health will be discussed. A better understanding of the intrauterine conditions affecting calf health and growth may facilitate the design of management practices that could improve neonatal development and future cow productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Abuelo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd., East Lansing 48824.
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