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Hu T, Zhang H, Zhang X, Hong X, Zhang T. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) in Mainland China between 2008 and 2023: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1220. [PMID: 38672367 PMCID: PMC11047601 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the overall prevalence of FIP infection in cats in mainland China and associated risk factors, studies on the prevalence of FIP conducted from 1 January 2008 to 20 December 2023 were retrieved from five databases-CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect-and comprehensively reviewed. The 21 studies selected, with a total of 181,014 samples, underwent a rigorous meta-analysis after quality assessment. The results revealed a 2% prevalence of FIP (95% CI: 1-2%) through the random-effects model, showing considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 95.2%). The subsequent subgroup analysis revealed that the age and gender of cats are significant risk factors for FIP infection in mainland China. In order to effectively reduce and control the prevalence of FIP on the Chinese mainland, we suggest improving the immunity of cats, with special attention given to health management in kittens and intact cats, and continuously monitoring FIPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Hu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | | | - Xueping Zhang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xingping Hong
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tangjie Zhang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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2
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Moyadee W, Sunpongsri S, Choowongkomon K, Roytrakul S, Rattanasrisomporn A, Tansakul N, Rattanasrisomporn J. Feline infectious peritonitis: A comprehensive evaluation of clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11:19-26. [PMID: 38680809 PMCID: PMC11055576 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2024.k742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and estimate the median survival time of FIP cats treated with prednisolone to guide further therapeutic planning. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, data from a total of 116 cats with effusion were fully recorded. Forty-five FIP-diagnosed cats were enrolled for analysis. Results The study findings indicate that FIP was a disease affecting cats aged 1-2 years and was highly prevalent among male cats. Clinical manifestations of FIP affected the digestive (60%), hematological (53.3%), respiratory (33.3%), neurological (6.7%), and ocular (4.4%) systems. Blood profiles revealed mild anemia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and an albumin to globulin ratio of 0.4. Fluid analysis and cytology of FIP cats demonstrated a transparent yellow fluid with a protein content of 6 gm/dl and a total nucleated cell count of approximately 5,000-10,000 cells. During the observation period, FIP cats treated with prednisolone exhibited a median survival time of 31 days. Conclusion Confirming FIP cases can be challenging; therefore, a tentative diagnosis of FIP must be made with care. This study provided practical diagnostic tools to diagnose FIP based on clinical signs and multiple abnormalities, which allowed for more efficient and rapid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassamon Moyadee
- Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supita Sunpongsri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Amonpun Rattanasrisomporn
- Interdisciplinary of Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthasit Tansakul
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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3
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Jiao Z, Wang P, Hu X, Chen Y, Xu J, Zhang J, Wu B, Luo R, Shi Y, Peng G. Feline infectious peritonitis virus ORF7a is a virulence factor involved in inflammatory pathology in cats. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105794. [PMID: 38176470 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A hyperinflammatory response is a prominent feature of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), but the mechanisms behind the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)-induced cytokine storm in the host have not been clarified. Studies have shown that coronaviruses encode accessory proteins that are involved in viral replication and associated with viral virulence, the inflammatory response and immune regulation. Here, we found that FIPV ORF7a gene plays a key role in viral infection and host proinflammatory responses. The recombinant FIPV strains lacking ORF7a (rQS-79Δ7a) exhibit low replication rates in macrophages and do not induce dramatic upregulation of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, through animal experiments, we found that the rQS-79Δ7a strain is nonpathogenic and do not cause symptoms of FIP in cats. Unexpectedly, after three vaccinations with rQS-79Δ7a strain, humoral and cellular immunity was increased and provided protection against virulent strains in cats, and the protection rate reaches 40%. Importantly, our results demonstrated that ORF7a is a key virulence factor that exacerbates FIPV infection and inflammatory responses. Besides, our findings will provide novel implications for future development of live attenuated FIPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Yixi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Benyuan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruxue Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuejun Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China.
| | - Guiqing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China.
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4
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Zhu J, Deng S, Mou D, Zhang G, Fu Y, Huang W, Zhang Y, Lyu Y. Analysis of spike and accessory 3c genes mutations of less virulent and FIP-associated feline coronaviruses in Beijing, China. Virology 2024; 589:109919. [PMID: 37939649 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in S and 3c genes of feline coronavirus (FCoV) have been associated with the development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). In the present study, FCoV S and 3c genes mutations were analyzed in healthy and FIP cats. M1058L mutation was found in 13.64% (3/22) feces from FIP cats, but not in feces from healthy cats (0/39). The intact 3c gene was found in feces from both healthy cats (19/19) and FIP cats (12/12). All parenteral samples from FIP cats carried one or more of the M1058L mutation, S1060A mutation and mutated 3c gene. FCoV reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of parenteral samples (including ascites, pleural effusions and tissue) is recommended as the gold standard for clinical diagnosis of FIP rather than detection of the M1058L mutation, but when cats have severe gastrointestinal symptoms and lesions, detection of the M1058L mutation in feces may be helpful in diagnosing FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuqi Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Danxia Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gege Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Huang
- China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yueping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanli Lyu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100193, China.
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5
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Aplasca AC, Martinez MP, Evans SJM, Martinez ME, Cianciolo RE, Bundschuh M, Puchulu-Campanella E, Chen X, Yan P, Bundschuh R, Seeley KE, Bapodra-Villaverde P, Garner MM, Junge RE. AN OUTBREAK OF FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS IN THREE RELATED SAND CATS ( FELIS MARGARITA) IN HUMAN CARE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:628-638. [PMID: 37817630 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a systemic disease in felid species caused by infection with mutated forms of feline coronavirus (FCoV), and outbreaks can devastate exotic felid populations in human care. Feline infectious peritonitis was diagnosed in three of four related juvenile sand cats (Felis margarita) from a single institution over a 6-wk period. Case 1 was a 7-mon-old male found deceased with no premonitory signs. Case 2, an 8-mon-old male (littermate to Case 1), and Case 3, a 6-mon-old male (from a different litter with identical parentage), were evaluated for lethargy and anorexia 1 mon after Case 1. Both exhibited transient anisocoria and progressive lethargy, anorexia, and dehydration despite antibiotic and supportive treatment. Approximately 1 wk after initial presentation, Case 2 was humanely euthanized, and Case 3 was found deceased. Necropsy findings included intrathoracic and/or intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy (3/3 cases), bicavitary effusion (2/3), multifocal tan hepatic and intestinal nodules (1/3), and multifocal yellow renal nodules (1/3). Histologically, all cats had severe pyogranulomatous vasculitis in multiple organs, and the presence of FCoV antigen was confirmed using immunohistochemical staining. Next-generation sequencing of the virus from Case 3's affected kidney demonstrated ∼93% homology to the UG-FH8 virus, a serotype 1 feline alphacoronavirus isolated from Denmark. Future research will focus on comparative viral genomic sequencing with the goals of identifying potential sources of FCoV infection and identifying features that may have contributed to the development of FIP in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Aplasca
- Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Powell, OH 43065, USA,
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael P Martinez
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Samantha J M Evans
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Margaret E Martinez
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rachel E Cianciolo
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark Bundschuh
- The Ohio State University Department of Physics, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Xi Chen
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pearlly Yan
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ralf Bundschuh
- The Ohio State University Department of Physics, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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6
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Cosaro E, Pires J, Castillo D, Murphy BG, Reagan KL. Efficacy of Oral Remdesivir Compared to GS-441524 for Treatment of Cats with Naturally Occurring Effusive Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Blinded, Non-Inferiority Study. Viruses 2023; 15:1680. [PMID: 37632022 PMCID: PMC10458979 DOI: 10.3390/v15081680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs GS-441524 and remdesivir (GS-5734) are effective in treating cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). However, no studies have compared the efficacy between antiviral medications. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of orally administered GS-442514 (12.5-15 mg/kg) compared to orally administered remdesivir (25-30 mg/kg) in a double-blinded non-inferiority trial. Eighteen cats with effusive FIP were prospectively enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either GS-442514 or remdesivir. Cats were treated daily for 12 weeks and evaluated at week 0, 12, and 16. Survival and disease remission at week 16 were compared between groups. Five of 9 (55%) cats treated GS-441524 and 7/9 (77%) cats treated with remdesivir survived, with no difference in survival rate (p = 0.2). Remdesivir fulfilled the criteria for non-inferiority with a difference in survival of 22% (90% CI; -13.5-57.5%). Three of the 18 cats died within 48 h of enrollment. Excluding these cats, 5/6 (83%) of the cats treated with GS-441524 and 7/9 (77%) of the cats treated with remdesivir survived. These findings suggest that both orally administered GS-441524 and remdesivir are safe and effective anti-viral medications for the treatment of effusive FIP. Further optimization of the first 48 h of treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Cosaro
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jully Pires
- Veterinary Center for Clinical Trials, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Diego Castillo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.C.); (B.G.M.)
| | - Brian G. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.C.); (B.G.M.)
| | - Krystle L. Reagan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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7
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Kokkinaki KCG, Saridomichelakis MN, Mylonakis ME, Leontides L, Xenoulis PG. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for feline coronavirus infection in cats from Greece. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 94:101962. [PMID: 36812794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a highly contagious and ubiquitous virus of domestic cats and wild felids. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, systemic disease caused by FCoV infection when spontaneous mutations of the viral genome take place. The aims of this study were primarily to determine the prevalence of seropositivity for FCoV in different populations of cats in Greece and assess risk factors for seropositivity. A total of 453 cats were prospectively enrolled in the study. A commercially available IFAT kit was used for the detection of FCoV IgG antibodies in serum. Overall, 55 (12.1 %) of the 453 cats were seropositive for FCoV. Based on multivariable analysis, factors associated with FCoV-seropositivity included cats adopted as strays and contact with other cats. This is the first extensive study on the epidemiology of FCoV in cats from Greece and one of the largest worldwide. Feline coronavirus infection is relatively common in Greece. Therefore, it is necessary to establish optimal strategies for the prevention of FCoV infection, considering the high-risk groups of cats identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassiopi Christina G Kokkinaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece.
| | - Manolis N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., GR-54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leonidas Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
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8
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Gao YY, Wang Q, Liang XY, Zhang S, Bao D, Zhao H, Li SB, Wang K, Hu GX, Gao FS. An updated review of feline coronavirus: mind the two biotypes. Virus Res 2023; 326:199059. [PMID: 36731629 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) includes two biotypes: feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Although both biotypes can infect cats, their pathogenicities differ. The FIPV biotype is more virulent than the FECV biotype and can cause peritonitis or even death in cats, while most FECV biotypes do not cause lesions. Even pathogenic strains of the FECV biotype can cause only mild enteritis because of their very low virulence. This article reviews recent progress in FCoV research with regard to FCoV etiological characteristics; epidemiology; clinical symptoms and pathological changes; pathogenesis; and current diagnosis, prevention and treatment methods. It is hoped that this review will provide a reference for further research on FCoV and other coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yu Gao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Liang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Di Bao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Shao-Bai Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Gui-Xue Hu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Feng-Shan Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Xuefu Street 10, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China; The Dalian Gene and Protein Engineering for Drug Screening Key Laboratory, Dalian 116622, China.
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9
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Cao H, Gu H, Kang H, Jia H. Development of a rapid reverse genetics system for feline coronavirus based on TAR cloning in yeast. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1141101. [PMID: 37032894 PMCID: PMC10076789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1141101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Reverse genetics has become an indispensable tool to gain insight into the pathogenesis of viruses and the development of vaccines. The yeast-based synthetic genomics platform has demonstrated the novel capabilities to genetically reconstruct different viruses. Methods In this study, a transformation-associated recombination (TAR) system in yeast was used to rapidly rescue different strains of feline infectious peritonitis virus, which causes a deadly disease of cats for which there is no effective vaccine. Results and discussion Using this system, the viruses could be rescued rapidly and stably without multiple cloning steps. Considering its speed and ease of manipulation in virus genome assembly, the reverse genetics system developed in this study will facilitate the research of the feline coronaviruses pathogenetic mechanism and the vaccine development.
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10
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Khan MAA, Schoene K, Cashman J, Abd El Wahed A, Truyen U. Evaluation of a simple ultrafiltration method for concentration of infective canine parvovirus and feline coronavirus from cell culture supernatants. J Virol Methods 2022; 310:114628. [PMID: 36209765 PMCID: PMC9535878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enrichment of viral infectious titers following its propagation by cell culture is desirable for various experimental studies. The performance of an ultrafiltration (UF) process to concentrate infectious titers of non-enveloped Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) and enveloped Feline coronavirus (FCoV) obtained from cell culture supernatants was evaluated in this study, and compared with ultracentrifugation (UC) process. A mean gain of > 1.0 log10 TCID50/mL was obtained for CPV-2 with UF, which was comparable with the gain obtained by UC. On the other hand, the gain was lower (0.7-1.0 log10 TCID50/mL) for FCoV with UF in contrast to UC (> 2.0 log10 TCID50/mL). However, the lower retentate volume following UC (∼120 fold) compared to that following UF (∼10 fold) for either of the viruses suggests a trend of increased infectious titer retention in UF concentrates relative to UC concentrates. The simplistic UF process evaluated here thus has the potential for use in applications requiring increased infectious titers of CPV-2 and FCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Anik Ashfaq Khan
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - John Cashman
- Sartorius UK Ltd., Epsom KT19 9QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Correspondence to: Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Thayer V, Gogolski S, Felten S, Hartmann K, Kennedy M, Olah GA. 2022 AAFP/EveryCat Feline Infectious Peritonitis Diagnosis Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:905-933. [PMID: 36002137 PMCID: PMC10812230 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221118761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is one of the most important infectious diseases and causes of death in cats; young cats less than 2 years of age are especially vulnerable. FIP is caused by a feline coronavirus (FCoV). It has been estimated that around 0.3% to 1.4% of feline deaths at veterinary institutions are caused by FIP. SCOPE This document has been developed by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine as the 2022 AAFP/EveryCat Feline Infectious Peritonitis Diagnosis Guidelines to provide veterinarians with essential information to aid their ability to recognize cats presenting with FIP. TESTING AND INTERPRETATION Nearly every small animal veterinary practitioner will see cases. FIP can be challenging to diagnose owing to the lack of pathognomonic clinical signs or laboratory changes, especially when no effusion is present. A good understanding of each diagnostic test's sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, likelihood ratio and diagnostic accuracy is important when building a case for FIP. Before proceeding with any diagnostic test or commercial laboratory profile, the clinician should be able to answer the questions of 'why this test?' and 'what do the results mean?' Ultimately, the approach to diagnosing FIP must be tailored to the specific presentation of the individual cat. RELEVANCE Given that the disease is fatal when untreated, the ability to obtain a correct diagnosis is critical. The clinician must consider the individual patient's history, signalment and comprehensive physical examination findings when selecting diagnostic tests and sample types in order to build the index of suspicion 'brick by brick'. Research has demonstrated efficacy of new antivirals in FIP treatment, but these products are not legally available in many countries at this time. The Task Force encourages veterinarians to review the literature and stay informed on clinical trials and new drug approvals.
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12
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Spada E, Carrera Nulla A, Perego R, Baggiani L, Proverbio D. Evaluation of Association between Blood Phenotypes A, B and AB and Feline Coronavirus Infection in Cats. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080917. [PMID: 36015038 PMCID: PMC9416549 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats are susceptible to feline coronavirus (FCoV), a highly contagious virus with fecal–oral transmission. In people, susceptibility to coronavirus infection, such as SARS-CoV infection, has been associated with the ABO blood group, with individuals with blood group O having significantly lower risk of SARS-CoV infection. This study evaluated a possible association between feline blood group phenotypes A, B and AB and serostatus for antibodies against FCoV. We also investigated risk or protective factors associated with seropositivity for FCoV in the investigated population. Feline populations were surveyed for AB group system blood types and for presence of antibodies against FCoV. Blood phenotype, origin, breed, gender, reproductive status and age of cats were evaluated as protective or risk factors for coronavirus infection. No blood type was associated with FCoV seropositivity, for which being a colony stray cat (p = 0.0002, OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.14–0.54) or a domestic shorthair cat (p = 0.0075, OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.09–0.69) were protective factors. Based on results of this study, feline blood phenotypes A, B or AB do not seem to predispose cats to seropositivity for FCoV. Future studies on other feline blood types and other infections could clarify whether feline blood types could play a role in predisposing to, or protecting against, feline infections.
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13
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Carossino M, Del Piero F, Lee J, Needle DB, Levine JM, Riis RR, Maes R, Wise AG, Mullaney K, Ferracone J, Langohr IM. Relationship between Uveal Inflammation and Viral Detection in 30 Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080883. [PMID: 36015004 PMCID: PMC9415852 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus is the most common infectious cause of uveitis in cats. Confirmatory diagnosis is usually only reached at postmortem examination. The relationship between the histologic inflammatory pattern, which depends on the stage of the disease, and the likelihood of detection of the viral antigen and/or RNA has not been investigated. We hypothesized that viral detection rate by either immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization or RT-qPCR is dependent upon the predominant type of uveal inflammatory response (i.e., pyogranulomatous vs. plasmacytic). Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate cases of FIP-induced uveitis, localize the viral antigen and RNA, and assess the relationship between the inflammatory pattern (macrophage- vs. plasma cell-rich) and the likelihood of detecting the FIP antigen and/or RNA. We evaluated 30 cats with FIP-induced uveitis. The viral antigen and/or RNA were detected within uveal macrophages in 11/30 cases, of which 8 tested positive by RT-qPCR. Correlation analysis determined a weak to moderate but significant negative correlation between the degree of plasmacytic uveal inflammation and the likelihood of detecting the FIP antigen and RNA. This study suggests that predominance of plasmacytic inflammation in cases of FIP uveitis reduces the odds of a confirmatory diagnosis through the viral detection methods available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (I.M.L.); Tel.: +1-(225)-578-9604 (M.C.); +1-(508)-270-2521 (I.M.L.)
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jeongha Lee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - David B. Needle
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Ronald R. Riis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Roger Maes
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Annabel G. Wise
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Keenan Mullaney
- Washtenaw Technical Middle College, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ferracone
- PennVet New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Ingeborg M. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (I.M.L.); Tel.: +1-(225)-578-9604 (M.C.); +1-(508)-270-2521 (I.M.L.)
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14
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Meli ML, Spiri AM, Zwicklbauer K, Krentz D, Felten S, Bergmann M, Dorsch R, Matiasek K, Alberer M, Kolberg L, von Both U, Hartmann K, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Fecal Feline Coronavirus RNA Shedding and Spike Gene Mutations in Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Treated with GS-441524. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051069. [PMID: 35632813 PMCID: PMC9147249 DOI: 10.3390/v14051069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As previously demonstrated by our research group, the oral multicomponent drug Xraphconn® containing GS-441524 was effective at curing otherwise fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in 18 feline coronavirus (FCoV)-infected cats. The aims of the current study were to investigate, using samples from the same animals as in the previous study, (1) the effect of treatment on fecal viral RNA shedding; (2) the presence of spike gene mutations in different body compartments of these cats; and (3) viral RNA shedding, presence of spike gene mutations, and anti-FCoV antibody titers in samples of 12 companion cats cohabitating with the treated cats. Eleven of the eighteen treated FIP cats (61%) were shedding FCoV RNA in feces within the first three days after treatment initiation, but all of them tested negative by day 6. In one of these cats, fecal shedding reoccurred on day 83. Two cats initially negative in feces were transiently positive 1–4 weeks into the study. The remaining five cats never shed FCoV. Viral RNA loads in feces decreased with time comparable with those in blood and effusion. Specific spike gene mutations linked to systemic FCoV spread were consistently found in blood and effusion from treated FIP cats, but not in feces from treated or companion cats. A new mutation that led to a not yet described amino acid change was identified, indicating that further mutations may be involved in the development of FIP. Eight of the twelve companion cats shed FCoV in feces. All but one of the twelve companion cats had anti-FCoV antibodies. Oral treatment with GS-441524 effectively decreased viral RNA loads in feces, blood, and effusion in cats with FIP. Nonetheless, re-shedding can most likely occur if cats are re-exposed to FCoV by their companion cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (R.H.-L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea M. Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Katharina Zwicklbauer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Daniela Krentz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Sandra Felten
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Roswitha Dorsch
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Martin Alberer
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany; (M.A.); (L.K.); (U.v.B.)
| | - Laura Kolberg
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany; (M.A.); (L.K.); (U.v.B.)
| | - Ulrich von Both
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany; (M.A.); (L.K.); (U.v.B.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (R.H.-L.)
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15
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Sweet AN, André NM, Stout AE, Licitra BN, Whittaker GR. Clinical and Molecular Relationships between COVID-19 and Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP). Viruses 2022; 14:v14030481. [PMID: 35336888 PMCID: PMC8954060 DOI: 10.3390/v14030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led the medical and scientific community to address questions surrounding the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of COVID-19; however, relevant clinical models outside of humans are still lacking. In felines, a ubiquitous coronavirus, described as feline coronavirus (FCoV), can present as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)—a leading cause of mortality in young cats that is characterized as a severe, systemic inflammation. The diverse extrapulmonary signs of FIP and rapidly progressive disease course, coupled with a closely related etiologic agent, present a degree of overlap with COVID-19. This paper will explore the molecular and clinical relationships between FIP and COVID-19. While key differences between the two syndromes exist, these similarities support further examination of feline coronaviruses as a naturally occurring clinical model for coronavirus disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun N. Sweet
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Feline Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (A.N.S.); (N.M.A.); (A.E.S.)
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nicole M. André
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Feline Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (A.N.S.); (N.M.A.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Alison E. Stout
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Feline Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (A.N.S.); (N.M.A.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Beth N. Licitra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Feline Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (A.N.S.); (N.M.A.); (A.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.N.L.); (G.R.W.)
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Feline Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (A.N.S.); (N.M.A.); (A.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.N.L.); (G.R.W.)
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16
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Camero M, Lanave G, Catella C, Lucente MS, Sposato A, Mari V, Tempesta M, Martella V, Buonavoglia A. ERDRP-0519 inhibits feline coronavirus in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:55. [PMID: 35078478 PMCID: PMC8787031 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronaviruses (CoVs) are major human and animal pathogens and antiviral drugs are pursued as a complementary strategy, chiefly if vaccines are not available. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal systemic disease of felids caused by FIP virus (FIPV), a virulent pathotype of feline enteric coronavirus (FeCoV). Some antiviral drugs active on FIPV have been identified, but they are not available in veterinary medicine. ERDRP-0519 (ERDRP) is a non-nucleoside inhibitor, targeting viral RNA polymerase, effective against morbilliviruses in vitro and in vivo. Results The antiviral efficacy of ERDRP against a type II FIPV was evaluated in vitro in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells. ERDRP significantly inhibited replication of FIPV in a dose-dependent manner. Viral infectivity was decreased by up to 3.00 logarithms in cell cultures whilst viral load, estimated by quantification of nucleic acids, was reduced by nearly 3.11 logaritms. Conclusions These findings confirm that ERDRP is highly effective against a CoV. Experiments will be necessary to assess whether ERDRP is suitable for treatment of FIPV in vivo. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03153-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Sposato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Viviana Mari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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17
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Vojtkovská V, Lukešová G, Voslářová E, Konvalinová J, Večerek V, Lobová D. Direct Detection of Feline Coronavirus by Three Rapid Antigen Immunochromatographic Tests and by Real-Time PCR in Cat Shelters. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020035. [PMID: 35202289 PMCID: PMC8875548 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the direct detection of feline coronavirus by real-time PCR and by three different rapid immunochromatographic (RIM) tests detecting antigens in faecal samples of shelter cats. Based on sensitivity and specificity calculated for each of the RIM tests, the utility of RIM tests was compared. Seventy faecal samples originating from shelter cats housed in quarantine were examined. Out of 70 samples analyzed by real-time PCR, 44 (62.9%) were positive. Significantly more cats (p < 0.05) tested positive than negative. Neither age nor sex of the cats played a significant role (p > 0.05) in the shedding status of the virus. The sensitivity of the RIM tests was found to be at low (<35%; RIM tests A and C) to satisfactory level (>50%, RIM test B). The number of virus particles determined by real-time RT-PCR analysis did not significantly correlate with the results detected by any of the RIM tests (p > 0.05). The results of this study indicate that the use of rapid antigen RIM tests in routine screening of FCoV shedding status in shelter cats is limited due to the occurrence of a high number of false negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vojtkovská
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (G.L.); (E.V.); (J.K.); (V.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-19-4432-1275
| | - Gabriela Lukešová
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (G.L.); (E.V.); (J.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Eva Voslářová
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (G.L.); (E.V.); (J.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Jarmila Konvalinová
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (G.L.); (E.V.); (J.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Vladimír Večerek
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (G.L.); (E.V.); (J.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Dana Lobová
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic;
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18
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Parkhe P, Verma S. Evolution, Interspecies Transmission, and Zoonotic Significance of Animal Coronaviruses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:719834. [PMID: 34738021 PMCID: PMC8560429 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.719834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that affect humans and a wide variety of animal species, including livestock, wild animals, birds, and pets. These viruses have an affinity for different tissues, such as those of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of most mammals and birds and the hepatic and nervous tissues of rodents and porcine. As coronaviruses target different host cell receptors and show divergence in the sequences and motifs of their structural and accessory proteins, they are classified into groups, which may explain the evolutionary relationship between them. The interspecies transmission, zoonotic potential, and ability to mutate at a higher rate and emerge into variants of concern highlight their importance in the medical and veterinary fields. The contribution of various factors that result in their evolution will provide better insight and may help to understand the complexity of coronaviruses in the face of pandemics. In this review, important aspects of coronaviruses infecting livestock, birds, and pets, in particular, their structure and genome organization having a bearing on evolutionary and zoonotic outcomes, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhash Verma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
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19
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Zhou Q, Li Y, Huang J, Fu N, Song X, Sha X, Zhang B. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of feline coronavirus in southwest China from 2017 to 2020. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34524074 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is the causative agent of feline infectious peritonitis and diarrhoea in kittens worldwide. In this study, a total of 173 feline diarrhoeal faecal and ascetic samples were collected from 15 catteries and six veterinary hospitals in southwest China from 2017 to 2020. FCoV was detected in 80.35 % (139/173) of the samples using the RT-nPCR method; these included infections with 122 type I FCoV and 57 type II FCoV. Interestingly, 51 cases had co-infection with types I and II, the first such report in mainland China. To further analyse the genetic diversity of FCoV, we amplified 23 full-length spike (S) genes, including 18 type I and five type II FCoV. The type I FCoV and type II FCoV strains shared 85.5-98.7% and 97.4-98.9% nucleotide (nt) sequence identities between one another, respectively. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of 23 FCoV strains showed a high degree of variation (73.6-80.3 %). There was six type I FCoV strains with two amino acid insertions (159HL160) in the NTD. In addition, 18 strains of type I FCoV belonged to the Ie cluster, and five strains of type II FCoV were in the IIb cluster based on phylogenetic analysis. Notably, it was first time that two type I FCoV strains had recombination in the NTD, and the recombination regions was located 140-857 nt of the S gene. This study constitutes a systematic investigation of the current infection status and molecular characteristics of FCoV in southwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Nengsheng Fu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xin Song
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xue Sha
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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20
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Lin CN, Chan KR, Ooi EE, Chiou MT, Hoang M, Hsueh PR, Ooi PT. Animal Coronavirus Diseases: Parallels with COVID-19 in Humans. Viruses 2021; 13:1507. [PMID: 34452372 PMCID: PMC8402828 DOI: 10.3390/v13081507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus in humans, has expanded globally over the past year. COVID-19 remains an important subject of intensive research owing to its huge impact on economic and public health globally. Based on historical archives, the first coronavirus-related disease recorded was possibly animal-related, a case of feline infectious peritonitis described as early as 1912. Despite over a century of documented coronaviruses in animals, the global animal industry still suffers from outbreaks. Knowledge and experience handling animal coronaviruses provide a valuable tool to complement our understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we present an overview of coronaviruses, clinical signs, COVID-19 in animals, genome organization and recombination, immunopathogenesis, transmission, viral shedding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. By drawing parallels between COVID-19 in animals and humans, we provide perspectives on the pathophysiological mechanisms by which coronaviruses cause diseases in both animals and humans, providing a critical basis for the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics against these deadly viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Kuan Rong Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (K.R.C.); (E.E.O.)
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (K.R.C.); (E.E.O.)
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre (ViREMiCS), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Minh Hoang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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21
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Jones S, Novicoff W, Nadeau J, Evans S. Unlicensed GS-441524-Like Antiviral Therapy Can Be Effective for at-Home Treatment of Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082257. [PMID: 34438720 PMCID: PMC8388366 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease of cats caused by feline coronavirus. The goal of this study was to formally evaluate the administration of unlicensed, crowd-sourced antiviral GS-441524-like therapy for cats suspected to have feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Members of a large social media support and GS-441524-like drug distribution group were surveyed via the Internet. Of the 393 analyzed surveys which met inclusion criteria, 73.7% of owners utilizing this therapy were from the United States. Only 8.7% of owners reported receiving significant help from their veterinarian in treating their cat. The mean cost of treatment was USD 4920. A majority of owners (88.2%) reported noticeable improvement in clinical signs within one week of initiating therapy. At the time of the survey, 96.7% (380 cats) were alive, with 54.0% of them considered cured and another 43.3% being monitored in the 12-week observation period. A total of 12.7% of the cats suffered a relapse of clinical signs of FIP, and 3.3% of the cats died despite GS-441524-like therapy. Reported complications were mostly related to owner administration of subcutaneous injections of the acidic GS-441524-like therapy, such as vocalization, pain, struggling, and injection-site wounds. Limitations of this study include a retrospective design, bias in case selection, reliance on owner-reported data, and inability to confirm the contents of unlicensed pharmaceuticals; however, important lessons can be learned from the experiences of these owners. While unconventional, and certainly not free from medical and legal risks, unlicensed, at-home GS-441524-like therapy, according to owner reports, can apparently offer benefits in the treatment of cats suspected of FIP. Abstract The goal of this study was to formally evaluate the administration of unlicensed, crowd-sourced antiviral GS-441524-like therapy for cats suspected to have feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a previously fatal disease. Members of a large social media support and GS-441524-like drug distribution group were surveyed via the Internet. The survey was targeted toward owners who had treated their cats for at least 12 weeks with unlicensed GS-441524-like drugs. Of the 393 analyzed surveys which met inclusion criteria, 73.7% of owners utilizing this therapy were from the United States. Only 8.7% of owners reported receiving help from their veterinarian in administering the treatment to their cat. The mean cost of treatment was USD 4920. A majority of owners (88.2%) reported noticeable improvement in clinical signs within one week of initiating therapy. At the time of the survey, 96.7% (380 cats) were alive, with 54.0% of them considered cured and another 43.3% being monitored in the 12-week observation period. A total of 12.7% of the cats suffered a relapse of clinical signs of FIP, and 3.3% of the cats died despite GS-441524-like therapy. Reported complications were mostly related to owner administration of subcutaneous injections of the acidic GS-441525-like therapy, such as vocalization, pain, struggling, and injection-site wounds. Limitations of this study include a retrospective design, bias in case selection, reliance on owner-reported data, and inability to confirm the contents of unlicensed pharmaceuticals; however, important lessons can be learned from the experiences of these owners. While unconventional, and certainly not free from medical and legal risks, unlicensed, at-home GS-441524-like therapy, according to owner reports, can apparently offer benefits in the treatment of cats suspected of FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jones
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Wendy Novicoff
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
| | - Julie Nadeau
- Hamilton Region Veterinary Emergency Clinic, Hamilton, ON L8P 4W3, Canada;
| | - Samantha Evans
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-292-9706
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22
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Wernike K, Aebischer A, Michelitsch A, Hoffmann D, Freuling C, Balkema‐Buschmann A, Graaf A, Müller T, Osterrieder N, Rissmann M, Rubbenstroth D, Schön J, Schulz C, Trimpert J, Ulrich L, Volz A, Mettenleiter T, Beer M. Multi-species ELISA for the detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in animals. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:1779-1785. [PMID: 33191578 PMCID: PMC7753575 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic with millions of infected humans and hundreds of thousands of fatalities. As the novel disease - referred to as COVID-19 - unfolded, occasional anthropozoonotic infections of animals by owners or caretakers were reported in dogs, felid species and farmed mink. Further species were shown to be susceptible under experimental conditions. The extent of natural infections of animals, however, is still largely unknown. Serological methods will be useful tools for tracing SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals once test systems are evaluated for use in different species. Here, we developed an indirect multi-species ELISA based on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. The newly established ELISA was evaluated using 59 sera of infected or vaccinated animals, including ferrets, raccoon dogs, hamsters, rabbits, chickens, cattle and a cat, and a total of 220 antibody-negative sera of the same animal species. Overall, a diagnostic specificity of 100.0% and sensitivity of 98.31% were achieved, and the functionality with every species included in this study could be demonstrated. Hence, a versatile and reliable ELISA protocol was established that enables high-throughput antibody detection in a broad range of animal species, which may be used for outbreak investigations, to assess the seroprevalence in susceptible species or to screen for reservoir or intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Annika Graaf
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstitutGreifswald ‐ Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstitutGreifswald ‐ Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für VirologieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life SciencesCity University of Hong KongKowloon TongHong Kong
| | | | | | - Jacob Schön
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstitutGreifswald ‐ Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Claudia Schulz
- University of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHanoverGermany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für VirologieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Lorenz Ulrich
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstitutGreifswald ‐ Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Asisa Volz
- University of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHanoverGermany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstitutGreifswald ‐ Insel RiemsGermany
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23
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The Population Diversity of Candidate Genes for Resistance/Susceptibility to Coronavirus Infection in Domestic Cats: An Inter-Breed Comparison. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060778. [PMID: 34205589 PMCID: PMC8234589 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a complex pathogen causing feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Host genetics represents a factor contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. Differential susceptibility of various breeds to FIP was reported with controversial results. The objective of this study was to compare the genetic diversity of different breeds on a panel of candidate genes potentially affecting FCoV infection. One hundred thirteen cats of six breeds were genotyped on a panel of sixteen candidate genes. SNP allelic/haplotype frequencies were calculated; pairwise FST and molecular variance analyses were performed. Principal coordinate (PCoA) and STRUCTURE analyses were used to infer population structure. Interbreed differences in allele frequencies were observed. PCoA analysis performed for all genes of the panel indicated no population substructure. In contrast to the full marker set, PCoA of SNP markers associated with FCoV shedding (NCR1 and SLX4IP) showed three clusters containing only alleles associated with susceptibility to FCoV shedding, homozygotes and heterozygotes for the susceptibility alleles, and all three genotypes, respectively. Each cluster contained cats of multiple breeds. Three clusters of haplotypes were identified by PCoA, two clusters by STRUCTURE. Haplotypes of a single gene (SNX5) differed significantly between the PCoA clusters.
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24
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Chaintoutis SC, Siarkou VI, Mylonakis ME, Kazakos GM, Skeva PN, Bampali M, Dimitriou M, Dovrolis N, Polizopoulou ZS, Karakasiliotis I, Dovas CI. Limited cross-species transmission and absence of mutations associated with SARS-CoV-2 adaptation in cats: A case study of infection in a small household setting. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1606-1616. [PMID: 33908152 PMCID: PMC8242912 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the course of SARS‐CoV‐2 natural infection in two asymptomatic cats, which were negative for immunosuppressive retroviral infections, is investigated. The source of the virus for the cats was their COVID‐19‐affected owner, with whom they were in continuous proximity in a small household setting. The owner's signs included fatigue, sneezing, anosmia and loss of taste, and diagnosis was confirmed 4 days after symptom onset. Oropharyngeal and faecal swabs were collected from the cats, to investigate the course of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA concentrations, as well as the directionality of the chain of virus transmission. Both infected cats were real‐time RT‐PCR‐positive on various time‐points. Pharyngeal shedding of at least 6 days was observed in them, with high SARS‐CoV‐2 titres (> 7 Log10 copies/swab) on the first sampling time‐point, that is, 7 days after the onset of owner's clinical signs. In one cat, after the initial decline, slightly increasing virus titres were measured 3 to 6 days after the first real‐time RT‐PCR‐positive swab. Serological testing of this cat revealed absence of seroconversion. The course of viral RNA concentrations in the faecal swabs of the other cat was similar to that in its pharynx. The detected SARS‐CoV‐2 strains, from both infected cats and their owner, underwent whole‐genome sequencing, revealing the absence of emergence of cross‐species adaptive mutations in cats. The results support the notion that human SARS‐CoV‐2 strains are relatively well‐adapted to cats. It is still unclear whether asymptomatic animals could play a role in COVID‐19 epidemiology, in case of interaction with naïve animals and/or people. Our findings highlight difficulties in SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission to cats, as neither the two infected cats nor their owner was able to transmit the virus to a third cat living in the same small flat, despite their very close contact during the days corresponding to high virus shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafeim C Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victoria I Siarkou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George M Kazakos
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota-Nefeli Skeva
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Bampali
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Marios Dimitriou
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Dovrolis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Zoe S Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Karakasiliotis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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25
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FELINE CORONAVIRUS AND FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS IN NONDOMESTIC FELID SPECIES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:14-27. [PMID: 33827157 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is reported worldwide and known to cause disease in domestic and nondomestic felid species. Although FCoV often results in mild to inapparent disease, a small subset of cats succumb to the fatal, systemic disease feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). An outbreak of FIP in Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in a zoological collection demonstrated the devastating effect of FCoV introduction into a naïve group of animals. In addition to cheetahs, FIP has been described in European wildcats (Felis silvestris), a tiger (Panthera tigris), a mountain lion (Puma concolor), and lion (Panthera leo). This paper reviews the reported cases of FIP in nondomestic felid species and highlights the surveys of FCoV in populations of nondomestic felids.
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26
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Zappulli V, Ferro S, Bonsembiante F, Brocca G, Calore A, Cavicchioli L, Centelleghe C, Corazzola G, De Vreese S, Gelain ME, Mazzariol S, Moccia V, Rensi N, Sammarco A, Torrigiani F, Verin R, Castagnaro M. Pathology of Coronavirus Infections: A Review of Lesions in Animals in the One-Health Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2377. [PMID: 33322366 PMCID: PMC7764021 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are worldwide distributed RNA-viruses affecting several species, including humans, and causing a broad spectrum of diseases. Historically, they have not been considered a severe threat to public health until two outbreaks of COVs-related atypical human pneumonia derived from animal hosts appeared in 2002 and in 2012. The concern related to CoVs infection dramatically rose after the COVID-19 global outbreak, for which a spill-over from wild animals is also most likely. In light of this CoV zoonotic risk, and their ability to adapt to new species and dramatically spread, it appears pivotal to understand the pathophysiology and mechanisms of tissue injury of known CoVs within the "One-Health" concept. This review specifically describes all CoVs diseases in animals, schematically representing the tissue damage and summarizing the major lesions in an attempt to compare and put them in relation, also with human infections. Some information on pathogenesis and genetic diversity is also included. Investigating the lesions and distribution of CoVs can be crucial to understand and monitor the evolution of these viruses as well as of other pathogens and to further deepen the pathogenesis and transmission of this disease to help public health preventive measures and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Ginevra Brocca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandro Calore
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Giorgia Corazzola
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Steffen De Vreese
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics, Technical University of Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, Vilanova i la Geltrù, 08800 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Valentina Moccia
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Nicolò Rensi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandro Sammarco
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Filippo Torrigiani
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
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27
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Drechsler Y, Vasconcelos EJR, Griggs LM, Diniz PPPV. CRFK and Primary Macrophages Transcriptomes in Response to Feline Coronavirus Infection Differ Significantly. Front Genet 2020; 11:584744. [PMID: 33343631 PMCID: PMC7745755 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.584744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are highly infectious and common in many species, including in humans, and agricultural and domestic animals. Host responses play an important role in viral entry, replication, assembly, and pathogenesis, although much is still to be understood, particularly host-virus interactions. Feline coronavirus is highly contagious, and ubiquitous in virtually all cat populations. Host-pathogen interactions have not been studied extensively due to the complex pathogenesis and development of clinical disease. Few studies have investigated cellular host responses to feline coronavirus infection, particularly at early time points. Transcriptome studies based on next-generation sequencing have the potential to elucidate the early responses of cells after viral infection and, consequently, give further insight into the pathogenesis of viruses. The current study aims to characterize and compare the viral- and immune-related differentially expressed genes in response to the coronavirus FIPV across different time points in a cell line which is permissive for productive replication versus primary cells implicated in pathogenesis. When comparing host responses in Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells to primary macrophages, many differences were observed with regards to expressed genes and their enrichments for both KEGG pathways and GO terms. CRFK cells which are permissive for productive replication of feline infectious peritonitis virus, showed induction of a large network of immunological and virally induced pathways. In contrast, Macrophages did not show similar host responses, with stronger pathway enrichment in downregulated transcripts. This study provides insights to better understand gene transcription in immune cells compared to epithelial cells discerning pathways relevant to pathogenesis in the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Drechsler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | | | - Lisa M Griggs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Pedro P P V Diniz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
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28
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Izes AM, Yu J, Norris JM, Govendir M. Current status on treatment options for feline infectious peritonitis and SARS-CoV-2 positive cats. Vet Q 2020; 40:322-330. [PMID: 33138721 PMCID: PMC7671703 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1845917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a viral-induced, immune-mediated disease of cats caused by virulent biotypes of feline coronaviruses (FCoV), known as the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). Historically, three major pharmacological approaches have been employed to treat FIP: (1) immunomodulators to stimulate the patient’s immune system non-specifically to reduce the clinical effects of the virus through a robust immune response, (2) immunosuppressive agents to dampen clinical signs temporarily, and (3) re-purposed human antiviral drugs, all of which have been unsuccessful to date in providing reliable efficacious treatment options for FIPV. Recently, antiviral studies investigating the broad-spectrum coronavirus protease inhibitor, GC376, and the adenosine nucleoside analogue GS-441524, have resulted in increased survival rates and clinical cure in many patients. However, prescriber access to these antiviral therapies is currently problematic as they have not yet obtained registration for veterinary use. Consequently, FIP remains challenging to treat. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current status of therapeutics for FIP. Additionally, due to interest in coronaviruses resulting from the current human pandemic, this review provides information on domesticated cats identified as SARS-CoV-2 positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Izes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jane Yu
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Merran Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Stranieri A, Scavone D, Paltrinieri S, Giordano A, Bonsembiante F, Ferro S, Gelain ME, Meazzi S, Lauzi S. Concordance between Histology, Immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR in the Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100852. [PMID: 33081040 PMCID: PMC7603141 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have been used to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), but no information regarding the comparison of their diagnostic performances on the same organ is available. The aims of this study were to determine the concordance among these tests and to evaluate which combination of tests and organs can be used in vivo. Histology, IHC, and nested RT-PCR (RT-nPCR) for feline coronavirus (FCoV) were performed on spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph node, kidney, large and small intestine, and lung from 14 FIP and 12 non-FIP cats. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and concordance were calculated. IHC and RT-nPCR had the highest concordance in lung and liver, histology and IHC in the other organs. The sensitivity of histology, IHC, and RT-nPCR on the different organs ranged from 41.7 to 76.9%, 46.2 to 76.9%, and 64.3 to 85.7%, respectively, and their specificity ranged from 83.3 to 100.0%, 100% and 83.3 to 100.0%. Therefore, IHC is recommended when histology is consistent with FIP. If RT-nPCR is performed as the first diagnostic approach, results should always be confirmed with IHC. Lung or liver provide accurate information regardless of the method, while IHC is preferred to RT-nPCR to confirm FIP in the kidney or intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.S.); (D.S.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (S.L.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Donatella Scavone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.S.); (D.S.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (S.L.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.S.); (D.S.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (S.L.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250334043
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.S.); (D.S.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (S.L.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (S.F.); (M.E.G.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (S.F.); (M.E.G.)
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (S.F.); (M.E.G.)
| | - Sara Meazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.S.); (D.S.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (S.L.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.S.); (D.S.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (S.L.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Haake C, Cook S, Pusterla N, Murphy B. Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features. Viruses 2020; 12:E1023. [PMID: 32933150 PMCID: PMC7551689 DOI: 10.3390/v12091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses capable of causing respiratory, enteric, or systemic diseases in a variety of mammalian hosts that vary in clinical severity from subclinical to fatal. The host range and tissue tropism are largely determined by the coronaviral spike protein, which initiates cellular infection by promoting fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Companion animal coronaviruses responsible for causing enteric infection include feline enteric coronavirus, ferret enteric coronavirus, canine enteric coronavirus, equine coronavirus, and alpaca enteric coronavirus, while canine respiratory coronavirus and alpaca respiratory coronavirus result in respiratory infection. Ferret systemic coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis virus, a mutated feline enteric coronavirus, can lead to lethal immuno-inflammatory systemic disease. Recent human viral pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and most recently, COVID-19, all thought to originate from bat coronaviruses, demonstrate the zoonotic potential of coronaviruses and their potential to have devastating impacts. A better understanding of the coronaviruses of companion animals, their capacity for cross-species transmission, and the sharing of genetic information may facilitate improved prevention and control strategies for future emerging zoonotic coronaviruses. This article reviews the clinical, epidemiologic, virologic, and pathologic characteristics of nine important coronaviruses of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Haake
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sarah Cook
- Graduate Group Integrative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Brian Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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Prevalence of Feline Coronavirus Shedding in German Catteries and Associated Risk Factors. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091000. [PMID: 32911718 PMCID: PMC7551668 DOI: 10.3390/v12091000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this prospective study was to determine prevalence and potential risk factors of feline coronavirus (FCoV) shedding. Four consecutive fecal samples of 179 cats from 37 German breeding catteries were analyzed for FCoV ribonucleic acid (RNA) by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Prevalence of shedding was calculated using different numbers of fecal samples per cat (1–4) and different sampling intervals (5–28 days). Information on potential risk factors for FCoV shedding was obtained by a questionnaire. Risk factor analysis was performed using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). Most cats (137/179, 76.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 69.8–82.2) shed FCoV at least at once. None of the tested 37 catteries was free of FCoV. Prevalence calculated including all four (76.5%, 95% CI 69.8–82.2) or the last three (73.7%, 95% CI 66.8–79.7) samples per cat was significantly higher than the prevalence calculated with only the last sample (61.5%, 95% CI 54.2–68.3; p = 0.0029 and 0.0175, respectively). Young age was significantly associated with FCoV shedding while the other factors were not. For identification of FCoV shedders in multi-cat households, at least three fecal samples per cat should be analyzed. Young age is the most important risk factor for FCoV shedding.
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Kennedy MA. Feline Infectious Peritonitis: Update on Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, and Treatment. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:1001-1011. [PMID: 32563530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a mysterious and lethal disease of cats. The causative agent, feline coronavirus (FCoV), is ubiquitous in most feline populations, yet the disease is sporadic in nature. Mutations in the infecting virus combined with an inappropriate immune response to the FCoV contribute to the development of FIP. Diagnosis can be challenging because signs may be vague, clinical pathology parameters are nonspecific, and the gold standard for diagnosis is invasive: histopathology of affected tissue. This article discusses the developments in the understanding of this disease as well as the progress in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Room A205 VMC, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4543, USA.
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Host Gene Expression of Macrophages in Response to Feline Coronavirus Infection. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061431. [PMID: 32526950 PMCID: PMC7349523 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus is a highly contagious virus potentially resulting in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), while the pathogenesis of FIP remains not well understood, particularly in the events leading to the disease. A predominant theory is that the pathogenic FIPV arises from a mutation, so that it could replicate not only in enterocytes of the intestines but also in monocytes, subsequently systemically transporting the virus. The immune status and genetics of affected cats certainly play an important role in the pathogenesis. Considering the importance of genetics and host immune responses in viral infections, the goal of this study was to elucidate host gene expression in macrophages using RNA sequencing. Macrophages from healthy male cats infected with FIPV 79-1146 ex vivo displayed a differential host gene expression. Despite the virus uptake, aligned viral reads did not increase from 2 to 17 h. The overlap of host gene expression among macrophages from different cats was limited, even though viral transcripts were detected in the cells. Interestingly, some of the downregulated genes in all macrophages were involved in immune signaling, while some upregulated genes common for all cats were found to be inhibiting immune activation. Our results highlight individual host responses playing an important role, consistent with the fact that few cats develop feline infectious peritonitis despite a common presence of enteric FCoV.
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Ng SW, Selvarajah GT, Cheah YK, Mustaffa Kamal F, Omar AR. Cellular Metabolic Profiling of CrFK Cells Infected with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Using Phenotype Microarrays. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050412. [PMID: 32466289 PMCID: PMC7281222 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal feline immune-mediated disease caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). Little is known about the biological pathways associated in FIP pathogenesis. This is the first study aiming to determine the phenotypic characteristics on the cellular level in relation to specific metabolic pathways of importance to FIP pathogenesis. METHODS The internalization of type II FIPV WSU 79-1146 in Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CrFK) cells was visualized using a fluorescence microscope, and optimization prior to phenotype microarray (PM) study was performed. Then, four types of Biolog Phenotype MicroArray™ plates (PM-M1 to PM-M4) precoated with different carbon and nitrogen sources were used to determine the metabolic profiles in FIPV-infected cells. RESULTS The utilization of palatinose was significantly low in FIPV-infected cells; however, there were significant increases in utilizing melibionic acid, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid and alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) compared to non-infected cells. CONCLUSION This study has provided the first insights into the metabolic profiling of a feline coronavirus infection in vitro using PMs and deduced that glutamine metabolism is one of the essential metabolic pathways for FIPV infection and replication. Further studies are necessary to develop strategies to target the glutamine metabolic pathway in FIPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Wei Ng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Gayathri Thevi Selvarajah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Yoke Kqueen Cheah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Farina Mustaffa Kamal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (F.M.K.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (F.M.K.); (A.R.O.)
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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Araujo G, Matta E, Lallo M, Machado G, Rocha P. Epicarditis in a cat caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus: case report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a progressive and fatal disease in domestic and wild cats, caused by Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus (FIPV). The disease is characterized by an immunomediated reaction against the virus in various organs. This work described a case report of fibrinous epicarditis caused by FIPV. A male cat, three years old, died and was received to be necropsied. Grossly, soft, multifocal to coalescing, whitish fibrinous exudate, measuring up the 2 centimeters of thickness, was observed in the epicardium, mostly at the apex of the heart. Microscopically, severe, multifocal to coalescing inflammatory infiltrate was observed in the epicardium, composed mainly by macrophages, plasmocytes and lymphocytes, associated with fibrin deposition. Immunohistochemistry was performed for FIPV and was positive in the areas of inflammation in the epicardium. To the author´s knowledge, this is the second report of epicarditis due to FIPV in a cat. Therefore, epicarditis should be considered a differential diagnosis of cardiac diseases in Feline Medicine.
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Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Melegari I, Marsilio F. Feline Virome-A Review of Novel Enteric Viruses Detected in Cats. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100908. [PMID: 31575055 PMCID: PMC6832874 DOI: 10.3390/v11100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the diagnostic and metagenomic investigations of the feline enteric environment have allowed the identification of several novel viruses that have been associated with gastroenteritis in cats. In the last few years, noroviruses, kobuviruses, and novel parvoviruses have been repetitively detected in diarrheic cats as alone or in mixed infections with other pathogens, raising a number of questions, with particular regards to their pathogenic attitude and clinical impact. In the present article, the current available literature on novel potential feline enteric viruses is reviewed, providing a meaningful update on the etiology, epidemiologic, pathogenetic, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of the infections caused by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Irene Melegari
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Li C, Liu Q, Kong F, Guo D, Zhai J, Su M, Sun D. Circulation and genetic diversity of Feline coronavirus type I and II from clinically healthy and FIP-suspected cats in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:763-775. [PMID: 30468573 PMCID: PMC7168551 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal infectious disease of wild and domestic cats, and the occurrence of FIP is frequently reported in China. To trace the evolution of type I and II feline coronavirus in China, 115 samples of ascetic fluid from FIP-suspected cats and 54 fecal samples from clinically healthy cats were collected from veterinary hospitals in China. The presence of FCoV in the samples was detected by RT-PCR targeting the 6b gene. The results revealed that a total of 126 (74.6%, 126/169) samples were positive for FCoV: 75.7% (87/115) of the FIP-suspected samples were positive for FCoV, and 72.2% (39/54) of the clinically healthy samples were positive for FCoV. Of the 126 FCoV-positive samples, 95 partial S genes were successfully sequenced. The partial S gene-based genotyping indicated that type I FCoV and type II FCoV accounted for 95.8% (91/95) and 4.2% (4/95), respectively. The partial S gene-based phylogenetic analyses showed that the 91 type I FCoV strains exhibited genetic diversity; the four type II FCoV strains exhibited a close relationship with type II FCoV strains from Taiwan. Three type I FCoV strains, HLJ/HRB/2016/10, HLJ/HRB/2016/11 and HLJ/HRB/2016/13, formed one potential new clade in the nearly complete genome-based phylogenetic trees. Further analysis revealed that FCoV infection appeared to be significantly correlated with a multi-cat environment (p < 0.01) and with age (p < 0.01). The S gene of the three type I FCoV strains identified in China, BJ/2017/27, BJ/2018/22 and XM/2018/04, exhibited a six nucleotide deletion (C4035 AGCTC4040 ). Our data provide evidence that type I and type II FCoV strains co-circulate in the FIP-affected cats in China. Type I FCoV strains exhibited high prevalence and genetic diversity in both FIP-affected cats and clinically healthy cats, and a multi-cat environment and age (<6 months) were significantly associated with FCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Qiujin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Fanzhi Kong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Junjun Zhai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Mingjun Su
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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Shirato K, Chang HW, Rottier PJM. Differential susceptibility of macrophages to serotype II feline coronaviruses correlates with differences in the viral spike protein. Virus Res 2018; 255:14-23. [PMID: 29936068 PMCID: PMC7114831 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Differences in the S protein modulate serotype II FCoV infection of macrophages. Critical residues in the spike S2 domain of type II FCoV affecting cell tropism. Cooperativity at 5 positions in the S protein modulates FCoV macrophage entry.
The ability to infect and replicate in monocytes/macrophages is a critically distinguishing feature between the two feline coronavirus (FCoV) pathotypes: feline enteric coronavirus (FECV; low-virulent) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV; lethal). Previously, by comparing serotype II strains FIPV 79-1146 and FECV 79-1683 and recombinant chimeric forms thereof in cultured feline bone marrow macrophages, we mapped this difference to the C-terminal part of the viral spike (S) protein (S2). In view of the later identified diagnostic difference in this very part of the S protein of serotype I FCoV pathotypes, the present study aimed to further define the contribution of the earlier observed ten amino acids difference to the serotype II virus phenotype in macrophages. Using targeted RNA recombination as a reverse genetics system we introduced the mutations singly and in combinations into the S gene and evaluated their effects on the infection characteristics of the mutant viruses in macrophages. While some of the single mutations had a significant effect, none of them fully reverted the infection phenotype. Only by combining five specific mutations the infections mediated by the FIPV and FECV spike proteins could be fully blocked or potentiated, respectively. Hence, the differential macrophage infection phenotype is caused by the cooperative effect of five mutations, which occur in five functionally different domains of the spike fusion subunit S2. The significance of these observations will be discussed, taking into account also some questions related to the identity of the virus strains used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Peter J M Rottier
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Felten S, Weider K, Doenges S, Gruendl S, Matiasek K, Hermanns W, Mueller E, Matiasek L, Fischer A, Weber K, Hirschberger J, Wess G, Hartmann K. Detection of feline coronavirus spike gene mutations as a tool to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:321-335. [PMID: 26701958 PMCID: PMC11119656 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15623824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an important cause of death in the cat population worldwide. The ante-mortem diagnosis of FIP in clinical cases is still challenging. In cats without effusion, a definitive diagnosis can only be achieved post mortem or with invasive methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a combined reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR) and sequencing approach in the diagnosis of FIP, detecting mutations at two different nucleotide positions within the spike (S) gene. Methods The study population consisted of 64 cats with confirmed FIP and 63 cats in which FIP was initially suspected due to similar clinical or laboratory signs, but that were definitively diagnosed with another disease. Serum/plasma and/or effusion samples of these cats were examined for feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA by RT-nPCR and, if positive, PCR products were sequenced for nucleotide transitions within the S gene. Results Specificity of RT-nPCR was 100% in all materials (95% confidence interval [CI] in serum/plasma 83.9-100.0; 95% CI in effusion 93.0-100.0). The specificity of the sequencing step could not be determined as none of the cats of the control group tested positive for FCoV RNA. Sensitivity of the 'combined RT-nPCR and sequencing approach' was 6.5% (95% CI 0.8-21.4) in serum/plasma and 65.3% (95% CI 50.4-78.3) in effusion. Conclusions and relevance A positive result is highly indicative of the presence of FIP, but as none of the control cats tested positive by RT-nPCR, it was not possible to confirm that the FCoV mutant described can only be found in cats with FIP. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the usefulness of the sequencing step including FCoV-RNA-positive cats with and without FIP. A negative result cannot be used to exclude the disease, especially when only serum/plasma samples are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Felten
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Doenges
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gruendl
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Walter Hermanns
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Lara Matiasek
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Hirschberger
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) belongs to the few animal virus diseases in which, in the course of a generally harmless persistent infection, a virus acquires a small number of mutations that fundamentally change its pathogenicity, invariably resulting in a fatal outcome. The causative agent of this deadly disease, feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), arises from feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). The review summarizes our current knowledge of the genome and proteome of feline coronaviruses (FCoVs), focusing on the viral surface (spike) protein S and the five accessory proteins. We also review the current classification of FCoVs into distinct serotypes and biotypes, cellular receptors of FCoVs and their presumed role in viral virulence, and discuss other aspects of FIPV-induced pathogenesis. Our current knowledge of genetic differences between FECVs and FIPVs has been mainly based on comparative sequence analyses that revealed “discriminatory” mutations that are present in FIPVs but not in FECVs. Most of these mutations result in amino acid substitutions in the S protein and these may have a critical role in the switch from FECV to FIPV. In most cases, the precise roles of these mutations in the molecular pathogenesis of FIP have not been tested experimentally in the natural host, mainly due to the lack of suitable experimental tools including genetically engineered virus mutants. We discuss the recent progress in the development of FCoV reverse genetics systems suitable to generate recombinant field viruses containing appropriate mutations for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tekes
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - H-J Thiel
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is one of the most important fatal infectious diseases of cats, the pathogenesis of which has not yet been fully revealed. The present review focuses on the biology of feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection and the pathogenesis and pathological features of FIP. Recent studies have revealed functions of many viral proteins, differing receptor specificity for type I and type II FCoV, and genomic differences between feline enteric coronaviruses (FECVs) and FIP viruses (FIPVs). FECV and FIP also exhibit functional differences, since FECVs replicate mainly in intestinal epithelium and are shed in feces, and FIPVs replicate efficiently in monocytes and induce systemic disease. Thus, key events in the pathogenesis of FIP are systemic infection with FIPV, effective and sustainable viral replication in monocytes, and activation of infected monocytes. The host's genetics and immune system also play important roles. It is the activation of monocytes and macrophages that directly leads to the pathologic features of FIP, including vasculitis, body cavity effusions, and fibrinous and granulomatous inflammatory lesions. Advances have been made in the clinical diagnosis of FIP, based on the clinical pathologic findings, serologic testing, and detection of virus using molecular (polymerase chain reaction) or antibody-based methods. Nevertheless, the clinical diagnosis remains challenging in particular in the dry form of FIP, which is partly due to the incomplete understanding of infection biology and pathogenesis in FIP. So, while much progress has been made, many aspects of FIP pathogenesis still remain an enigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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43
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Tekelioglu BK, Berriatua E, Turan N, Helps CR, Kocak M, Yilmaz H. A retrospective clinical and epidemiological study on feline coronavirus (FCoV) in cats in Istanbul, Turkey. Prev Vet Med 2015; 119:41-7. [PMID: 25687627 PMCID: PMC7132365 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of antibodies to feline coronavirus (FCoV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), together with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen was investigated in 169 ill household and stray cats attending a veterinary surgery in Istanbul in 2009-14. The estimated FCoV and FIV seroprevalence (95% confidence intervals) were 37% (30-45%) and 11% (6-16%), respectively and FeLV prevalence was 1% (0-3%). FCoV seroprevalence increased until 2 years of age, was highest in 2014 and among household cats living with other cats and with outdoor access, and was lower in FIV seropositive compared to seronegative cats. Symptoms typically associated with wet feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) including ascites, abdominal distention or pleural effusion, coupled in many cases with non-antibiotic responsive fever, were observed in 19% (32/169) of cats, and 75% (24/32) of these cats were FCoV seropositive. FCoV seropositivity was also associated with a high white blood cell count, high plasma globulin, low plasma albumin and low blood urea nitrogen. The percentage of FCoV seropositive and seronegative cats that died in spite of supportive veterinary treatment was 33% (21/63) and 12% (13/106), respectively. These results indicate that FCoV is widespread and has a severe clinical impact in cats from Istanbul. Moreover, the incidence of FCoV infections could be rising, and in the absence of effective vaccination cat owners need to be made aware of ways to minimize the spread of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Berriatua
- Animal Health Department, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - N Turan
- University of Istanbul, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C R Helps
- University of Bristol, Langford Veterinary Services, Churchill Building, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, UK
| | - M Kocak
- Macka Veterinary Clinic, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Yilmaz
- University of Istanbul, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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44
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Positive immunolabelling for feline infectious peritonitis in an African lion (Panthera leo) with bilateral panuveitis. J Comp Pathol 2015; 152:265-8. [PMID: 25678422 PMCID: PMC7094505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 15-year-old male African lion (Panthera leo) was presented with blindness due to bilateral panuveitis with retinal detachment. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigen was identified immunohistochemically in ocular macrophages, consistent with a diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) infection. This is the first report of FIP in an African lion and the first report of ocular FIP in a non-domestic felid.
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45
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Pedersen NC. An update on feline infectious peritonitis: diagnostics and therapeutics. Vet J 2014; 201:133-41. [PMID: 24857253 PMCID: PMC7110619 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review is concerned with what has been learned about feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) diagnostics and therapeutics since the publication of an extensive overview of literature covering the period 1963-2009. Although progress has been made in both areas, obtaining a definitive diagnosis of FIP remains a problem for those veterinarians and/or cat owners who require absolute certainty. This review will cover both indirect and direct diagnostic tests for the disease and will emphasize their limitations, as well as their specificity and sensitivity. There is still no effective treatment for FIP, although there are both claims that such therapies exist and glimmers of hope coming from new therapies that are under research. FIP has also been identified in wild felids and FIP-like disease is now a growing problem among pet ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Pedersen
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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46
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Pedersen NC. An update on feline infectious peritonitis: virology and immunopathogenesis. Vet J 2014; 201:123-32. [PMID: 24837550 PMCID: PMC7110662 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) continues to be one of the most researched infectious diseases of cats. The relatively high mortality of FIP, especially for younger cats from catteries and shelters, should be reason enough to stimulate such intense interest. However, it is the complexity of the disease and the grudging manner in which it yields its secrets that most fascinate researchers. Feline leukemia virus infection was conquered in less than two decades and the mysteries of feline immunodeficiency virus were largely unraveled in several years. After a half century, FIP remains one of the last important infections of cats for which we have no single diagnostic test, no vaccine and no definitive explanations for how virus and host interact to cause disease. How can a ubiquitous and largely non-pathogenic enteric coronavirus transform into a highly lethal pathogen? What are the interactions between host and virus that determine both disease form (wet or dry) and outcome (death or resistance)? Why is it so difficult, and perhaps impossible, to develop a vaccine for FIP? What role do genetics play in disease susceptibility? This review will explore research conducted over the last 5 years that attempts to answer these and other questions. Although much has been learned about FIP in the last 5 years, the ultimate answers remain for yet more studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Pedersen
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Unusual presentation of systemic coronavirosis in a ferret. PRATIQUE MÉDICALE ET CHIRURGICALE DE L'ANIMAL DE COMPAGNIE 2013. [PMCID: PMC7147865 DOI: 10.1016/j.anicom.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A young ferret was presented for a posterior paresis, urinary and fecal incontinence, weight loss, anorexia and lethargy. Biochemichemistry and hematology revealed hyperproteinemia with hyperglobulinemia and anemia. Abdominal ultrasonography showed splenomegaly, adenomegaly and nephromegaly with abdnomal echogenicity of the abdominal organs, compatible with a diagnosis of systemic coronavirosis. The ferret was humanely euthanized. On histopathology, a severe pyogranulomatous inflammation with neutrophilic vasculitis was seen in several organs (kidney, liver, lung, spleen and lymph node). Immunochemistry with FIPV3-70 antibody revealed the presence of coronaviral antigen within the lesions, confirming the diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis-like disease. A slight mononuclear radiculoneuritis was also present in the sciatic nerve, possibly explaining the peripheral neuropathy observed in this ferret. Whereas posterior paresis is common and non-specific in ferrets, fecal and urinary incontinence are rarely described. Radiculoneuritis caused by systemic coronavirus should be considered in young patients presenting these symptoms.
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48
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Ives EJ, Vanhaesebrouck AE, Cian F. Immunocytochemical demonstration of feline infectious peritonitis virus within cerebrospinal fluid macrophages. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:1149-53. [PMID: 23744728 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13491960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 4-month-old female entire domestic shorthair cat presented with an acute onset of blindness, tetraparesis and subsequent generalised seizure activity. Haematology and serum biochemistry demonstrated a moderate, poorly regenerative anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and hyperglobulinaemia with a low albumin:globulin ratio. Serology for feline coronavirus antibody was positive with an elevated alpha-1 acid glycoprotein. Analysis of cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) demonstrated markedly elevated protein and a mixed, predominately neutrophilic pleocytosis. Immunocytochemistry for feline coronavirus was performed on the CSF, with positive staining observed inside macrophages. The cat was subsequently euthanased, and both histopathology and immunohistochemistry were consistent with a diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. This is the first reported use of immunocytochemistry for detection of feline coronavirus within CSF macrophages. If this test proves highly specific, as for identification of feline coronavirus within tissue or effusion macrophages, it would be strongly supportive of an ante-mortem diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis in cats with central nervous system involvement without the need for biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Ives
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Barker EN, Tasker S, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Tuplin CK, Burton K, Porter E, Day MJ, Harley R, Fews D, Helps CR, Siddell SG. Phylogenetic analysis of feline coronavirus strains in an epizootic outbreak of feline infectious peritonitis. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:445-50. [PMID: 23517431 PMCID: PMC7166722 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection is common. In a small percentage of cats, FCoV infection is associated with the fatal disease feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Genetically distinct virulent and avirulent strains of FCoV might coexist within a cat population. Objectives To determine whether the strains of FCoV in FIP‐affected cats are closely related or genetically distinct from the fecally derived strains of FCoV in contemporary‐asymptomatic cats during an epizootic outbreak of FIP. Animals Four cats euthanized because of FIP and 16 asymptomatic cats. Methods This prospective outbreak investigation was initiated during an outbreak of FIP in cats within or rehomed from a rescue/rehoming center. Postmortem samples were collected from cats with FIP and contemporaneous fecal samples from asymptomatic cats. RNA was purified from tissue and fecal samples, FCoV gene fragments were reverse transcribed, PCR‐amplified using novel primers, and sequenced. Sequences were aligned with ClustalW and compared with published FCoV sequences. Results FCoV RNA was detected in all 4 FIP cat postmortem samples and in 9 of the 16 fecal samples from contemporary‐asymptomatic cats. Novel primers successfully amplified fragments from 4 regions of the genome for all FCoV‐positive samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the FIP‐associated strains of FCoV from the outbreak were very closely related to the fecally derived strains of FCoV from contemporary‐asymptomatic cats. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Sequence analysis provided no evidence that genetically distinct virulent and avirulent strains of FCoV were present during this FIP outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Barker
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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