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Gellert J, Jäkel A, Danielczyk A, Goletz C, Lischke T, Flechner A, Dix L, Günzl A, Kehler P. GT-00AxIL15, a Novel Tumor-Targeted IL-15-Based Immunocytokine for the Treatment of TA-MUC1-Positive Solid Tumors: Preclinical In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacodynamics and Biodistribution Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1406. [PMID: 38338686 PMCID: PMC10855649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
GT-00AxIL15 is a novel interleukin-15-based immunocytokine targeting a tumor-specific, glycosylated epitope of MUC1 (TA-MUC1). We characterized mode of action, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties and investigated the relevance of TA-MUC1 binding for the concept of delivering IL-15 to solid tumors. In vitro pharmacology was analyzed in binding and cell-based assays. The in vivo PK profile and IL-15-mediated PD effects of GT-00AxIL15 were investigated in tumor-free mice. Tumor accumulation, immune infiltration and anti-tumor activity were assessed in TA-MUC1+ syngeneic and xenogeneic murine tumor models. GT-00AxIL15 was shown to specifically bind TA-MUC1 on tumor cells via its mAb moiety, to IL-15 receptors on immune cells via its IL-15 fusion modules and to FcγRs via its functional Fc-part. In vitro, NK, NKT and CD8+ T cells were activated and proliferated, leading to anti-tumor cytotoxicity and synergism with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating mAbs. In vivo, GT-00AxIL15 exhibited favorable PK characteristics with a serum half-life of 13 days and specifically accumulated in TA-MUC1+ tumors. In the tumor microenvironment, GT-00AxIL15 induced robust immune activation and expansion and mediated anti-metastatic and anti-tumor effects in syngeneic and xenograft tumor models. These results support the rationale to improve PK and anti-tumor efficacy of IL-15 by increasing local concentrations at the tumor site via conjugation to a TA-MUC1 binding mAb. The tumor-selective expression pattern of TA-MUC1, powerful immune activation and anti-tumor cytotoxicity, long serum half-life and tumor targeting properties, render GT-00AxIL15 a promising candidate for treatment of solid tumors with high medical need, e.g., ovarian, lung and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Gellert
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Anika Jäkel
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Antje Danielczyk
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Christoph Goletz
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Timo Lischke
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Anke Flechner
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Laura Dix
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | | | - Patrik Kehler
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
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Wong JL, Smith P, Angulo-Lozano J, Ranti D, Bochner BH, Sfakianos JP, Horowitz A, Ravetch JV, Knorr DA. IL-15 synergizes with CD40 agonist antibodies to induce durable immunity against bladder cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306782120. [PMID: 37607227 PMCID: PMC10467355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306782120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CD40 is a central costimulatory receptor implicated in productive antitumor immune responses across multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. Despite strong preclinical rationale, systemic administration of therapeutic agonistic antibodies targeting the CD40 pathway has demonstrated dose-limiting toxicities with minimal clinical activity, emphasizing an important need for optimized CD40-targeted approaches, including rational combination therapy strategies. Here, we describe a role for the endogenous IL-15 pathway in contributing to the therapeutic activity of CD40 agonism in orthotopic bladder tumors, with upregulation of transpresented IL-15/IL-15Rα surface complexes, particularly by cross-presenting conventional type 1 DCs (Dendritic Cells), and associated enrichment of activated CD8 T cells. In bladder cancer patient samples, we identify DCs as the primary source of IL-15, although they lack high levels of IL-15Rα at baseline. Using humanized immunocompetent orthotopic bladder tumor models, we demonstrate the ability to therapeutically augment this interaction through combined treatment with anti-CD40 agonist antibodies and exogenous IL-15, including the fully-human Fc-optimized antibody 2141-V11 currently in clinical development for the treatment of bladder cancer. Collectively, these data reveal an important role for IL-15 in mediating antitumor CD40 agonist responses in bladder cancer and provide key proof-of-concept for combined use of Fc-optimized anti-CD40 agonist antibodies and agents targeting the IL-15 pathway. These data support expansion of ongoing clinical studies evaluating anti-CD40 agonist antibodies and IL-15-based approaches to develop combinations of these promising therapeutics for the treatment of patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Wong
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
| | - Patrick Smith
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Juan Angulo-Lozano
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Daniel Ranti
- The Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Bernard H. Bochner
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
| | - John P. Sfakianos
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Amir Horowitz
- The Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Jeffrey V. Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - David A. Knorr
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
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Papaevangelou E, Esteves AM, Dasgupta P, Galustian C. Cyto-IL-15 synergizes with the STING agonist ADU-S100 to eliminate prostate tumors and confer durable immunity in mouse models. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1196829. [PMID: 37465665 PMCID: PMC10350564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in men with high mortality rates. Despite the recent therapeutic advances, such as immunotherapies, survival of patients with advance disease remains significantly low. Blockade of immune checkpoints has led to low response rates in these patients probably due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment and low mutation burden of prostate tumors. Combination of multiple immunotherapeutic regimes has also been unsatisfactory due to augmented adverse effects. To activate multiple immune-stimulatory pathways in the hostile prostate cancer microenvironment, we used a combination of cytotopically modified interleukin-15 (cyto-IL-15) with the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist, ADU-S100. Methods To determine whether this combination regime could lead to both local and systemic anti-tumor effects, intratumoral administration of these agents was used in murine models of prostate cancer. Tumor growth and mouse survival were monitored, and ex vivo analyses, and RNA sequencing were performed on the tumors. Results Intratumorally injected ADU-S100 and cyto-IL-15 synergized to eliminate tumors in 58-67% of mice with unilateral tumors and promoted abscopal immunity in 50% of mice with bilateral tumors treated only at one side. Moreover, this combination regime offered immunoprotection against tumor rechallenge in 83% of cured mice. The efficacy of the combination treatment was associated with a strong innate and adaptive immune activation and induction of apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Cytokines, including type I and II interferons, and cytokine signalling pathways were activated, NK and T cell mediated cytotoxicity was increased, and B cells were activated both locally and systemically. While ADU-S100 led to an ulcerative pathology at the injection site, no other adverse effects were observed. Discussion Localised administration of a STING agonist together with cyto-IL-15 can confer significant systemic benefits and long-lasting immunity against prostate tumors while reducing immune related toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Papaevangelou
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M. Esteves
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Urology Centre, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Galustian
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Wong JL, Smith P, Angulo-Lozano J, Ranti D, Bochner BH, Sfakianos JP, Horowitz A, Ravetch JV, Knorr DA. IL-15 synergizes with CD40 agonist antibodies to induce durable immunity against bladder cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.30.526266. [PMID: 36778311 PMCID: PMC9915460 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
CD40 is a central co-stimulatory receptor implicated in the development of productive anti-tumor immune responses across multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. Despite strong preclinical rationale, systemic administration of therapeutic agonistic antibodies targeting the CD40 pathway have demonstrated dose limiting toxicities with minimal clinical activity to date, emphasizing an important need for optimized CD40-targeted approaches, including rational combination therapy strategies. Here, we describe an important role for the endogenous IL-15 pathway in contributing to the therapeutic activity of CD40 agonism in orthotopic bladder tumors, with upregulation of trans-presented IL-15/IL-15Rα surface complexes, particularly by cross-presenting cDC1s, and associated enrichment of activated CD8 T cells within the bladder tumor microenvironment. In bladder cancer patient samples, we identify DCs as the primary source of IL-15, however, they lack high levels of IL-15Rα at baseline. Using humanized immunocompetent orthotopic bladder tumor models, we demonstrate the ability to therapeutically augment this interaction through combined treatment with anti-CD40 agonist antibodies and exogenous IL-15, including the fully-human Fc-optimized antibody 2141-V11 currently in clinical development for the treatment of bladder cancer. Combination therapy enhances the crosstalk between Batf3-dependent cDC1s and CD8 T cells, driving robust primary anti-tumor activity and further stimulating long-term systemic anti-tumor memory responses associated with circulating memory-phenotype T and NK cell populations. Collectively, these data reveal an important role for IL-15 in mediating anti-tumor CD40 agonist responses in bladder cancer and provide key proof-of-concept for combined use of Fc-optimized anti-CD40 agonist antibodies and agents targeting the IL-15 pathway. These data support expansion of ongoing clinical studies evaluating anti-CD40 agonist antibodies and IL-15-based approaches to evaluate combinations of these promising therapeutics for the treatment of patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Wong
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Current address: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Smith
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Juan Angulo-Lozano
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Daniel Ranti
- The Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Bernard H. Bochner
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - John P. Sfakianos
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Amir Horowitz
- The Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jeffrey V. Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - David A. Knorr
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Sungur CM, Wang Q, Ozantürk AN, Gao H, Schmitz AJ, Cella M, Yokoyama WM, Shan L. Human NK cells confer protection against HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e162694. [PMID: 36282589 PMCID: PMC9753998 DOI: 10.1172/jci162694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of NK cells against HIV-1 infections remains to be elucidated in vivo. While humanized mouse models potentially could be used to directly evaluate human NK cell responses during HIV-1 infection, improved functional development of human NK cells in these hosts is needed. Here, we report the humanized MISTRG-6-15 mouse model, in which NK cells were quick to expand and exhibit degranulation, cytotoxicity, and proinflammatory cytokine production in nonlymphoid organs upon HIV-1 infection but had reduced functionality in lymphoid organs. Although HIV-1 infection induced functional impairment of NK cells, antiretroviral therapy reinvigorated NK cells in response to HIV-1 rebound after analytic treatment interruption. Moreover, a broadly neutralizing antibody, PGT121, enhanced NK cell function in vivo, consistent with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Monoclonal antibody depletion of NK cells resulted in higher viral loads in multiple nonlymphoid organs. Overall, our results in humanized MISTRG-6-15 mice demonstrated that NK cells provided direct anti-HIV-1 responses in vivo but were limited in their responses in lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiankun Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Hongbo Gao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Liang Shan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Novel Drug Therapeutics in Celiac Disease: A Pipeline Review. Drugs 2022; 82:1515-1526. [PMID: 36251239 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a chronic, autoimmune systemic disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten, a protein found in foods such as wheat, rye, and barley. The only effective treatment for CeD is complete removal of gluten from the diet. A strict gluten-free diet (GFD) results in symptomatic, serologic, and histologic remission in most patients. However, GFD may fail to induce clinical or histologic improvement and some patients may alternatively have difficulty strictly adhering to the GFD for other reasons. Despite this, there are currently no FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of CeD. The complex pathogenic process of CeD is becoming increasingly studied and better understood, enabling the identification of various targets for future therapies. Mechanisms under evaluation include probiotics, digestion of peptides, gluten sensitization, tight junction modulation, deamidation, and immune targets. Multiple investigational drugs are in the pipeline, and several drug candidates have entered late-phase clinical trials. Indeed, current and future studies are needed to target specific etiological mechanisms and provide an alternative to GFD alone. This review provides a broad overview of the various investigative treatment approaches for CeD, summarizing the latest progress in the pipeline.
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IL-15/IL-15Rα in SJS/TEN: Relevant Expression of IL15 and IL15RA in Affected Skin. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081868. [PMID: 36009415 PMCID: PMC9405300 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) is a life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction to medications characterized by keratinocyte apoptosis and skin detachment. IL-15 serum levels have been associated with severity and prognosis of SJS/TEN. We have measured IL-15 concentrations in serum and blister fluid (BF) from patients with SJS/TEN by ELISA and used quantitative RT-PCR to analyze the expression of IL15 and IL15RA (encoding for IL-15 Receptor-α chain) genes in peripheral blood and BF cells, including isolated monocytes, and in affected skin. A positive correlation was found between IL-15 serum levels and a percent of detached skin. BF concentrations were higher, but no correlation was found. Higher IL15 and IL15RA gene expression levels were found in skin-infiltrating blister fluid cells compared to peripheral mononuclear cells. Moreover, IL15RA transcripts were barely detected in healthy skin, being the highest expression levels found in samples from two SJS/TEN patients who did not survive. The cutaneous expression of IL-15Rα in SJS/TEN may provide an explanation to the tissue-specific immune cytotoxic response in this clinical entity, and the results suggest that the effects of IL-15 in SJS/TEN patients may be dependent on the expression of its private receptor IL-15Rα in affected skin.
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Kautzman AM, Mobulakani JMF, Marrero Cofino G, Quenum AJI, Cayarga AA, Asselin C, Fortier LC, Ilangumaran S, Menendez A, Ramanathan S. Interleukin 15 in murine models of colitis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 306:1111-1130. [PMID: 35899872 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by abnormal, non-antigen specific chronic inflammation of unknown etiology. Genome-wide association studies show that many IBD genetic susceptibility loci map to immune function genes and compelling evidence indicate that environmental factors play a critical role in IBD pathogenesis. Clinical and experimental evidence implicate the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-15 in the pathogenesis of IBD. IL-15 and IL-15α expression is increased in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients. IL-15 contributes to the maintenance of different cell subsets in the intestinal mucosa. However, very few studies have addressed the role of IL-15 in pre-clinical models of colitis. In this study, we use three well-characterized models of experimental colitis to determine the contribution of IL-15 to pathological intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Molina Kautzman
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Gisela Marrero Cofino
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Anny Armas Cayarga
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claude Asselin
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis-Charles Fortier
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Couette N, Jarjour W, Brammer JE, Simon Meara A. Pathogenesis and Treatment of T-Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia (T-LGLL) in the Setting of Rheumatic Disease. Front Oncol 2022; 12:854499. [PMID: 35747794 PMCID: PMC9209697 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.854499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex relationship exists between rheumatic diseases and cancer. This delicate balance between chronic inflammation and malignant cell transformation in hematologic neoplasms has been observed, but is not well defined. Large Granular Lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia is at the intersection of a clonal lymphoproliferative disease, chronic inflammation, and autoimmunity. The association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the spectrum of Felty’s Syndrome is well-known. Other rheumatic disorders have been reported including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren’s Syndrome (SS), vasculitis, Behcet’s Disease (BD) and systemic sclerosis. The association between T-LGLL and rheumatic disease pathogenesis has been hypothesized, but has not yet been fully understood. Components of a shared pathogenesis includes chronic antigen stimulation, JAK-STAT pathway activation and overlap of various cytokines. We will summarize current knowledge on the molecular understanding between T-LGLL and rheumatic disease. There are many potential areas of research to help meet this need and lead to development of targeted therapeutic options.
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Saleh A, Ansari U, Abughazaleh S, Glassner K, Abraham BP. Biological Therapies for the Management of Enteric Disease: Considerations for the Clinician. Biologics 2022; 16:67-83. [PMID: 35747234 PMCID: PMC9211072 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s335697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Saleh
- Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine – Division of Gastroenterology, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Usman Ansari
- Department of Medicine – Division of Gastroenterology, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shaadi Abughazaleh
- Department of Medicine – Division of Gastroenterology, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kerri Glassner
- Department of Medicine – Division of Gastroenterology, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bincy P Abraham
- Department of Medicine – Division of Gastroenterology, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
- Correspondence: Bincy P Abraham, Department of Medicine – Division of Gastroenterology, Houston Methodist, 6550 Fannin St. Suite 1201, Houston, TX, 77030, USA, Tel +1-713-441-5042, Fax +1-713-797-0622, Email
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Chen W, Bamford RN, Edmondson EF, Waldmann TA. IL15 and Anti-PD-1 Augment the Efficacy of Agonistic Intratumoral Anti-CD40 in a Mouse Model with Multiple TRAMP-C2 Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:2082-2093. [PMID: 35262675 PMCID: PMC10569074 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE IL15 promotes activation and maintenance of natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T effector memory cells making it a potential immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer. However, monotherapy with IL15 was ineffective in patients with cancer, indicating that it would have to be used in combination with other anticancer agents. The administration of high doses of common gamma chain cytokines, such as IL15, is associated with the generation of "helpless" antigen-nonspecific CD8 T cells. The generation of the tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells can be mediated by CD40 signaling via agonistic anti-CD40 antibodies. Nevertheless, parenteral administration of anti-CD40 antibodies is associated with unacceptable side effects, such as thrombocytopenia and hepatic toxicity, which can be avoided by intratumoral administration. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated the combination of IL15 with an intratumoral anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in a dual tumor TRAMP-C2 murine prostate cancer model and expanded the regimen to include an anti-PD-1 mAb. RESULTS Here we demonstrated that anti-CD40 given intratumorally not only showed significant antitumor activity in treated tumors, but also noninjected contralateral tumors, indicative of abscopal efficacy. The combination of IL15 with intratumoral anti-CD40 showed an additive immune response with an increase in the number of tumor-specific tetramer-positive CD8 T cells. Furthermore, the addition of anti-PD-1 further improved efficacy mediated by the anti-CD40/IL15 combination. CONCLUSIONS These studies support the initiation of a clinical trial in patients with cancer using IL15 in association with the checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-1, and intratumoral optimized anti-CD40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Elijah F. Edmondson
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Thomas A. Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Tempark T, John S, Rerknimitr P, Satapornpong P, Sukasem C. Drug-Induced Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions: Insights Into Clinical Presentation, Immunopathogenesis, Diagnostic Methods, Treatment, and Pharmacogenomics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:832048. [PMID: 35517811 PMCID: PMC9065683 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.832048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SCARs are rare and life-threatening hypersensitivity reactions. In general, the increased duration of hospital stays and the associated cost burden are common issues, and in the worst-case scenario, they can result in mortality. SCARs are delayed T cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Recovery can take from 2 weeks to many months after dechallenging the culprit drugs. Genetic polymorphism of the HLA genes may change the selection and presentation of antigens, allowing toxic drug metabolites to initiate immunological reactions. However, each SCARs has a different onset latency period, clinical features, or morphological pattern. This explains that, other than HLA mutations, other immuno-pathogenesis may be involved in drug-induced severe cutaneous reactions. This review will discuss the clinical morphology of various SCARs, various immune pathogenesis models, diagnostic criteria, treatments, the association of various drug-induced reactions and susceptible alleles in different populations, and the successful implementation of pharmacogenomics in Thailand for the prevention of SCARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therdpong Tempark
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,The Pediatrics-Thai Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction (Ped-Thai-SCAR) Research Group, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shobana John
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawinee Rerknimitr
- The Thai Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction (Thai-SCAR) Research Group, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Skin, and Allergy Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patompong Satapornpong
- Division of General Pharmacy Practice, Department of Pharmaceutical Care, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Excellence Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine Centre, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chonlaphat Sukasem
- The Pediatrics-Thai Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction (Ped-Thai-SCAR) Research Group, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.,The Thai Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction (Thai-SCAR) Research Group, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, The Preventive Genomics & Family Check-up Services Center, Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.,MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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13
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Biernacki T, Kokas Z, Sandi D, Füvesi J, Fricska-Nagy Z, Faragó P, Kincses TZ, Klivényi P, Bencsik K, Vécsei L. Emerging Biomarkers of Multiple Sclerosis in the Blood and the CSF: A Focus on Neurofilaments and Therapeutic Considerations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063383. [PMID: 35328802 PMCID: PMC8951485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common immune-mediated chronic neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting young people. This is due to the permanent disability, cognitive impairment, and the enormous detrimental impact MS can exert on a patient's health-related quality of life. It is of great importance to recognise it in time and commence adequate treatment at an early stage. The currently used disease-modifying therapies (DMT) aim to reduce disease activity and thus halt disability development, which in current clinical practice are monitored by clinical and imaging parameters but not by biomarkers found in blood and/or the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Both clinical and radiological measures routinely used to monitor disease activity lack information on the fundamental pathophysiological features and mechanisms of MS. Furthermore, they lag behind the disease process itself. By the time a clinical relapse becomes evident or a new lesion appears on the MRI scan, potentially irreversible damage has already occurred in the CNS. In recent years, several biomarkers that previously have been linked to other neurological and immunological diseases have received increased attention in MS. Additionally, other novel, potential biomarkers with prognostic and diagnostic properties have been detected in the CSF and blood of MS patients. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarise the most up-to-date knowledge and research conducted on the already known and most promising new biomarker candidates found in the CSF and blood of MS patients. DISCUSSION the current diagnostic criteria of MS relies on three pillars: MRI imaging, clinical events, and the presence of oligoclonal bands in the CSF (which was reinstated into the diagnostic criteria by the most recent revision). Even though the most recent McDonald criteria made the diagnosis of MS faster than the prior iteration, it is still not an infallible diagnostic toolset, especially at the very early stage of the clinically isolated syndrome. Together with the gold standard MRI and clinical measures, ancillary blood and CSF biomarkers may not just improve diagnostic accuracy and speed but very well may become agents to monitor therapeutic efficacy and make even more personalised treatment in MS a reality in the near future. The major disadvantage of these biomarkers in the past has been the need to obtain CSF to measure them. However, the recent advances in extremely sensitive immunoassays made their measurement possible from peripheral blood even when present only in minuscule concentrations. This should mark the beginning of a new biomarker research and utilisation era in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Biernacki
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Zsófia Kokas
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Dániel Sandi
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Judit Füvesi
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Zsanett Fricska-Nagy
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Péter Faragó
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Tamás Zsigmond Kincses
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Radiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-356; Fax: +36-62-545-597
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14
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Nandi M, Moyo MM, Orkhis S, Mobulakani JMF, Limoges MA, Rexhepi F, Mayhue M, Cayarga AA, Marrero GC, Ilangumaran S, Menendez A, Ramanathan S. IL-15Rα-Independent IL-15 Signaling in Non-NK Cell-Derived IFNγ Driven Control of Listeria monocytogenes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:793918. [PMID: 34956227 PMCID: PMC8703170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15, produced by hematopoietic and parenchymal cells, maintains immune cell homeostasis and facilitates activation of lymphoid and myeloid cell subsets. IL-15 interacts with the ligand-binding receptor chain IL-15Rα during biosynthesis, and the IL-15:IL-15Rα complex is trans-presented to responder cells that express the IL-2/15Rβγc complex to initiate signaling. IL-15-deficient and IL-15Rα-deficient mice display similar alterations in immune cell subsets. Thus, the trimeric IL-15Rαβγc complex is considered the functional IL-15 receptor. However, studies on the pathogenic role of IL-15 in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases indicate that IL-15 can signal independently of IL-15Rα via the IL-15Rβγc dimer. Here, we compared the ability of mice lacking IL-15 (no signaling) or IL-15Rα (partial/distinct signaling) to control Listeria monocytogenes infection. We show that IL-15-deficient mice succumb to infection whereas IL-15Rα-deficient mice clear the pathogen as efficiently as wildtype mice. IL-15-deficient macrophages did not show any defect in bacterial uptake or iNOS expression in vitro. In vivo, IL-15 deficiency impaired the accumulation of inflammatory monocytes in infected spleens without affecting chemokine and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The inability of IL-15-deficient mice to clear L. monocytogenes results from impaired early IFNγ production, which was not affected in IL-15Rα-deficient mice. Administration of IFNγ partially enabled IL-15-deficient mice to control the infection. Bone marrow chimeras revealed that IL-15 needed for early bacterial control can originate from both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. Overall, our findings indicate that IL-15-dependent IL-15Rα-independent signaling via the IL-15Rβγc dimeric complex is necessary and sufficient for the induction of IFNγ from sources other than NK/NKT cells to control bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuparna Nandi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mitterrand Muamba Moyo
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sakina Orkhis
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Marc-André Limoges
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Fjolla Rexhepi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marian Mayhue
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Anny Armas Cayarga
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Gisela Cofino Marrero
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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15
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Kenesei Á, Volkó J, Szalóki N, Mocsár G, Jambrovics K, Balajthy Z, Bodnár A, Tóth K, Waldmann TA, Vámosi G. IL-15 Trans-Presentation Is an Autonomous, Antigen-Independent Process. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2489-2500. [PMID: 34654688 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 plays a pivotal role in the long-term survival of T cells and immunological memory. Its receptor consists of three subunits (IL-15Rα, IL-2/15Rβ, and γc). IL-15 functions mainly via trans-presentation (TP), during which an APC expressing IL-15 bound to IL-15Rα presents the ligand to the βγc receptor-heterodimer on a neighboring T/NK cell. To date, no direct biophysical evidence for the intercellular assembly of the IL-15R heterotrimer exists. Ag presentation (AP), the initial step of T cell activation, is also based on APC-T cell interaction. We were compelled to ask whether AP has any effect on IL-15 TP or whether they are independent processes. In our human Raji B cell-Jurkat T cell model system, we monitored inter-/intracellular protein interactions upon formation of IL-15 TP and AP receptor complexes by Förster resonance energy transfer measurements. We detected enrichment of IL-15Rα and IL-2/15Rβ at the synapse and positive Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency if Raji cells were pretreated with IL-15, giving direct biophysical evidence for IL-15 TP. IL-15Rα and MHC class II interacted and translocated jointly to the immunological synapse when either ligand was present, whereas IL-2/15Rβ and CD3 moved independently of each other. IL-15 TP initiated STAT5 phosphorylation in Jurkat cells, which was not further enhanced by AP. Conversely, IL-15 treatment slightly attenuated Ag-induced phosphorylation of the CD3ζ chain. Our studies prove that in our model system, IL-15 TP and AP can occur independently, and although AP enhances IL-15R assembly, it has no significant effect on IL-15 signaling during TP. Thus, IL-15 TP can be considered an autonomous, Ag-independent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Kenesei
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Julianna Volkó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Szalóki
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mocsár
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Károly Jambrovics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balajthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Bodnár
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Tóth
- Division of Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - György Vámosi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary;
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16
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Coron E, Esnaud E, Chevallier P, Bessard A, Perez Cuadrado-Robles E, David G, Bossard C, Brégéon J, Jarry A, Neunlist M, Quénéhervé L. Early remodeling of the colonic mucosa after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells transplantation: An open-label controlled pilot study on 19 patients. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9:955-963. [PMID: 34431618 PMCID: PMC8498402 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), particularly acute digestive GVHD (aDGVHD), is a severe complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). It is necessary to identify predictive factors of GVHD to adapt prophylactic treatment. Objective In this context, our pilot study aimed (i) to determine whether an early remodeling of the colonic mucosa occurred after allo‐HSCT and (ii) to identify potential predictive mucosal markers of aDGVHD after allo‐HSCT. Methods Between day 21 and day 28 after the allo‐HSCT, 19 allo‐HSCT patients were included and had a rectosigmoidoscopy with probe‐based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) recording and biopsies. Sixteen patients were included in the control group. Morphological (pCLE), functional (intestinal permeability), and inflammatory parameters (cytokine multiplex immunoassay) were assessed. Results Among allo‐HSCT patients, 11 patients developed GVHD, and 6 of them developed aDGVHD. Morphological and functional changes of the colonic mucosa occurred after allo‐HSCT. Indeed, the perimeter of colonic crypts was significantly increased in allo‐HSCT patients compared to controls as well as crypt lumen fluorescein leakage (53% vs. 9%), whereas crypts sphericity, roundness, Feret diameter, and mean vessel area were significantly decreased in allo‐HSCT patients compared to the control group. In addition, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐33, and IL‐15 levels in the supernatants of 24 h explant cultures of colonic biopsies were significantly increased in allo‐HSCT patients compared to controls. Finally, there was no difference in pCLE parameters, intestinal permeability, and inflammatory cytokines between patients who developed aDGVHD and those who did not. Conclusion This pilot study identified early colonic mucosa remodeling after allo‐HSCT conditioning therapy, that is morphological and functional mucosal alterations as well as mucosal inflammation. As to whether these changes are first steps in GVHD initiation and could be considered as predictive biomarkers of aDGVHD need to be determined in a larger cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Coron
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, IMAD, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Elise Esnaud
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Patrice Chevallier
- Service d'Hématologie, CHU de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Bessard
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Enrique Perez Cuadrado-Robles
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire David
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Céline Bossard
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Jérémy Brégéon
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Jarry
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, IMAD, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Lucille Quénéhervé
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, IMAD, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
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17
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Abbas AA, Akbar AN. Induction of T Cell Senescence by Cytokine Induced Bystander Activation. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:714239. [PMID: 35821998 PMCID: PMC9261416 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.714239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As people around the world continue to live longer, maintaining a good quality of life is of increasing importance. The COVID-19 pandemic revealed that the elderly are disproportionally vulnerable to infectious diseases and Immunosenescence plays a critical role in that. An ageing immune system influences the conventional activity of T cells which are at the forefront of eliminating harmful foreign antigens. With ageing, unconventional end-stage T cells, that exhibit a senescent phenotype, amass. These senescent T cells deviate from T cell receptor (TCR) signaling toward natural killer (NK) activity. The transition toward innate immune cell function from these adaptor T cells impacts antigen specificity, contributing to increased susceptibility of infection in the elderly. The mechanism by which senescent T cells arise remains largely unclear however in this review we investigate the part that bystander activation plays in driving the change in function of T cells with age. Cytokine-induced bystander activation may offer a plausible explanation for the induction of NK-like activity and senescence in T cells. Further understanding of these specific NK-like senescent T cells allows us to identify the benefits and detriments of these cells in health and disease which can be utilized or regulated, respectively. This review discusses the dynamic of senescent T cells in adopting NK-like T cells and the implications that has in an infectious disease context, predominately in the elderly.
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18
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Xue D, Hsu E, Fu YX, Peng H. Next-generation cytokines for cancer immunotherapy. Antib Ther 2021; 4:123-133. [PMID: 34263141 PMCID: PMC8271143 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies focus on the first and second signals of T cell activation. However, the roles of cytokines in immunotherapy are not fully understood, and cytokines have not been widely used in patient care. Clinical application of cytokines is limited due to their short half-life in vivo, severe toxicity at therapeutic doses, and overall lack of efficacy. Several modifications have been engineered to extend their half-life and increase tumor targeting, including polyethylene glycol conjugation, fusion to tumor-targeting antibodies, and alteration of cytokine/cell receptor-binding affinity. These modifications demonstrate an improvement in either increased antitumor efficacy or reduced toxicity. However, these cytokine engineering strategies may still be improved further, as each strategy poses advantages and disadvantages in the delicate balance of targeting tumor cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and peripheral immune cells. This review focuses on selected cytokines, including interferon-α, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, IL-21, and IL-12, in both preclinical studies and clinical applications. We review next-generation designs of these cytokines that improve half-life, tumor targeting, and antitumor efficacy. We also present our perspectives on the development of new strategies to potentiate cytokine-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyuan Xue
- Key laboratory of Infection and Immunity Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Eric Hsu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Hua Peng
- Key laboratory of Infection and Immunity Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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19
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Wu L, Ji NN, Wang H, Hua JY, Sun GL, Chen PP, Hua R, Zhang YM. Domino Effect of Interleukin-15 and CD8 T-Cell-Mediated Neuronal Apoptosis in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1450-1463. [PMID: 30430911 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of local factors on activation of immune cells infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS) in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain elusive. The cytokine, interleukin (IL)-15, is crucial for development and activation of CD8 T lymphocytes, a prominent lymphocytic population present in TBI lesions. We investigated whether IL-15 originates from astrocytes and whether IL-15 can evoke the CD8 T-lymphocyte response in TBI. We observed that astrocytes were activated in a rat model of TBI and that IL-15 was overexpressed on the surface of astrocytes. Further, CD8 T lymphocytes infiltrating TBI lesions colocalized with IL-15-expressing astrocytes. Activated CD8 T lymphocytes released granzyme B (Gra-b), which, in turn, activated caspase-3-induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and, ultimately, neuronal apoptosis. Conversely, inhibition of astrocyte activation by pre-treatment with the specific inhibitor, fluorocitrate (FC), that reduces carbon flux through the Krebs cycle in astrocytes resulted in improved neurological function and memory. FC pre-treatment was also associated with downregulated IL-15 expression and CD8 T-cell activation as well as decreased levels of neuronal apoptosis, suggesting that IL-15 initiated a domino effect toward apoptosis. In contrast, rats pre-treated with recombinant rat IL-15 showed upregulated CD8 T-cell numbers and Gra-b levels, in addition to induction of neuronal apoptosis. Together, our results indicated that IL-15 could induce neuronal apoptosis by enhancing CD8 T-cell function in a rat model of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated with Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ning-Ning Ji
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated with Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yu Hua
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Lin Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Pan-Pan Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Faculty of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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20
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Dubois SP, Miljkovic MD, Fleisher TA, Pittaluga S, Hsu-Albert J, Bryant BR, Petrus MN, Perera LP, Müller JR, Shih JH, Waldmann TA, Conlon KC. Short-course IL-15 given as a continuous infusion led to a massive expansion of effective NK cells: implications for combination therapy with antitumor antibodies. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002193. [PMID: 33883258 PMCID: PMC8061813 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Full application of cytokines as oncoimmunotherapeutics requires identification of optimal regimens. Our initial effort with intravenous bolus recombinant human interleukin-15 (rhIL-15) was limited by postinfusional reactions. Subcutaneous injection and continuous intravenous infusion for 10 days (CIV-10) provided rhIL-15 with less toxicity with CIV-10 giving the best increases in CD8+ lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. To ease rhIL-15 administration, we shortened time of infusion. Treatment with rhIL-15 at a dose of 3-5 µg/kg as a 5-day continuous intravenous infusion (CIV-5) had no dose-limiting toxicities while effector cell stimulation was comparable to the CIV-10 regimen. METHODS Eleven patients with metastatic cancers were treated with rhIL-15 CIV-5, 3 µg (n=4), 4 µg (n=3), and 5 µg/kg/day (n=4) in a phase I dose-escalation study (April 6, 2012). RESULTS Impressive expansions of NK cells were seen at all dose levels (mean 34-fold), including CD56bright NK cells (mean 144-fold for 4 µg/kg), as well as an increase in CD8+ T cells (mean 3.38-fold). At 5 µg/kg/day, there were no dose-limiting toxicities but pulmonary capillary leak and slower patient recovery. This led to our choice of the 4 µg/kg as CIV-5 dose for further testing. Cytolytic capacity of CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells was increased by interleukin-15 assayed by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), natural cytotoxicity and natural killer group 2D-mediated cytotoxicity. The best response was stable disease. CONCLUSIONS IL-15 administered as CIV-5 substantially expanded NK cells with increased cytotoxic functions. Tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies dependent on ADCC as their mechanism of action including alemtuzumab, obinutuzumab, avelumab, and mogamulizumab could benefit from those NK cell expansions and provide a promising therapeutic strategy. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS NCT01572493, NCT03759184, NCT03905135, NCT04185220 and NCT02689453.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid P Dubois
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Milos D Miljkovic
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas A Fleisher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Hsu-Albert
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Bonita R Bryant
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael N Petrus
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Liyanage P Perera
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jürgen R Müller
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joanna H Shih
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin C Conlon
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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21
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Zhou X, Sun SC. Targeting ubiquitin signaling for cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:16. [PMID: 33436547 PMCID: PMC7804490 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has become an attractive approach of cancer treatment with tremendous success in treating various advanced malignancies. The development and clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors represent one of the most extraordinary accomplishments in cancer immunotherapy. In addition, considerable progress is being made in understanding the mechanism of antitumor immunity and characterizing novel targets for developing additional therapeutic approaches. One active area of investigation is protein ubiquitination, a post-translational mechanism of protein modification that regulates the function of diverse immune cells in antitumor immunity. Accumulating studies suggest that E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases form a family of potential targets to be exploited for enhancing antitumor immunity in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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22
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Allard-Chamard H, Mishra HK, Nandi M, Mayhue M, Menendez A, Ilangumaran S, Ramanathan S. Interleukin-15 in autoimmunity. Cytokine 2020; 136:155258. [PMID: 32919253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a member of the IL-2 family of cytokines, which use receptor complexes containing the common gamma (γc) chain for signaling. IL-15 plays important roles in innate and adaptative immune responses and is implicated in the pathogenesis of several immune diseases. The IL-15 receptor consists of 3 subunits namely, the ligand-binding IL-15Rα chain, the β chain (also used by IL-2) and the γc chain. IL-15 uses a unique signaling pathway whereby IL-15 associates with IL-15Rα during biosynthesis, and this complex is 'trans-presented' to responder cells that expresses the IL-2/15Rβγc receptor complex. IL-15 is subject to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation, and evidence also suggests that IL-15 cis-signaling can occur under certain conditions. IL-15 has been implicated in the pathology of various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease and psoriasis. Studies with pre-clinical models have shown the beneficial effects of targeting IL-15 signaling in autoimmunity. Unlike therapies targeting other cytokines, anti-IL-15 therapies have not yet been successful in humans. We discuss the complexities of IL-15 signaling in autoimmunity and explore potential immunotherapeutic approaches to target the IL-15 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Allard-Chamard
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Hemant K Mishra
- Vet & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Madhuparna Nandi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marian Mayhue
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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23
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Panigrahi S, Chen B, Fang M, Potashnikova D, Komissarov AA, Lebedeva A, Michaelson GM, Wyrick JM, Morris SR, Sieg SF, Paiardini M, Villinger FJ, Harth K, Kashyap VS, Cameron MJ, Cameron CM, Vasilieva E, Margolis L, Younes SA, Funderburg NT, Zidar DA, Lederman MM, Freeman ML. CX3CL1 and IL-15 Promote CD8 T cell chemoattraction in HIV and in atherosclerosis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008885. [PMID: 32976527 PMCID: PMC7540902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains an important cause of morbidity in the general population and risk for ASCVD is increased approximately 2-fold in persons living with HIV infection (PLWH). This risk is linked to elevated CD8 T cell counts that are abundant in atherosclerotic plaques and have been implicated in disease pathogenesis yet the mechanisms driving T cell recruitment to and activation within plaques are poorly defined. Here we investigated the role of CD8 T cells in atherosclerosis in a non-human primate model of HIV infection and in the HIV-uninfected elderly; we sought to identify factors that promote the activation, function, and recruitment to endothelium of CX3CR1+ CD8 T cells. We measured elevated expression of CX3CL1 and IL-15, and increased CD8 T cell numbers in the aortas of rhesus macaques infected with SIV or SHIV, and demonstrated similar findings in atherosclerotic vessels of HIV-uninfected humans. We found that recombinant TNF enhanced the production and release of CX3CL1 and bioactive IL-15 from aortic endothelial cells, but not from aortic smooth muscle cells. IL-15 in turn promoted CX3CR1 surface expression on and TNF synthesis by CD8 T cells, and IL-15-treated CD8 T cells exhibited enhanced CX3CL1-dependent chemoattraction toward endothelial cells in vitro. Finally, we show that CD8 T cells in human atherosclerotic plaques have an activated, resident phenotype consistent with in vivo IL-15 and CX3CL1 exposure. In this report, we define a novel model of CD8 T cell involvement in atherosclerosis whereby CX3CL1 and IL-15 operate in tandem within the vascular endothelium to promote infiltration by activated CX3CR1+ memory CD8 T cells that drive further endothelial activation via TNF. We propose that these interactions are prevalent in aging and in PLWH, populations where circulating activated CX3CR1+ CD8 T cell numbers are often expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Panigrahi
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Chen
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Mike Fang
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Daria Potashnikova
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Komissarov
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Lebedeva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gillian M. Michaelson
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Wyrick
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Morris
- Cleveland Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Scott F. Sieg
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Francois J. Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States of America
| | - Karem Harth
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Vikram S. Kashyap
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Cheryl M. Cameron
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Elena Vasilieva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Souheil-Antoine Younes
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Nicholas T. Funderburg
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - David A. Zidar
- Cleveland Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Lederman
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
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24
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Lei S, Zhang X, Men K, Gao Y, Yang X, Wu S, Duan X, Wei Y, Tong R. Efficient Colorectal Cancer Gene Therapy with IL-15 mRNA Nanoformulation. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3378-3391. [PMID: 32787272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunogene therapy is a novel method for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cytokine IL-15 has exhibited therapeutic anticancer potential due to its immune-stimulation property. However, conventional IL-15-based cancer gene therapy studies have been performed using the plasmid DNA form, which has potential shortcomings including weak delivery efficiency and backbone effect. In this study, an IL-15 immunogene therapy study for colon cancer using in vitro transcript mRNA is described. A protamine/liposome system (CLPP) is developed to provide efficient condensation and delivery capacity for in vivo mRNA transportation. They demonstrated that the prepared CLPP system could deliver the IL-15-encoding mRNA into C26 cells with high efficacy. The secretory expressed IL-15 cytokine by the C26 cells successfully produced lymphocyte stimulation and triggered anticancer cytotoxicity upon cancer cells in vitro. Local or systemic administration of the CLPP/mIL-15 complex exhibited obvious inhibition effects on multiple C26 murine colon cancer models with inhibition rates of up to 70% in the C26 abdominal cavity metastasis tumor model, 55% in the subcutaneous model, and 69% in the pulmonary metastasis model, demonstrating high efficacy and safety. These results successfully demonstrated the high therapeutic potential of the CLPP/mIL-15 complex for colorectal cancer immunogene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Men
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijing Yang
- Animal Experiment Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingmei Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China
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25
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Waldmann TA, Miljkovic MD, Conlon KC. Interleukin-15 (dys)regulation of lymphoid homeostasis: Implications for therapy of autoimmunity and cancer. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132622. [PMID: 31821442 PMCID: PMC7037239 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15 supports NK, NK-T, γδ, ILC1, and memory CD8 T cell function, and dysregulated IL-15 is associated with many autoimmune diseases. Striking IL-15–driven increases in NK and CD8 T cells in patients highlight the potential for combination therapy of cancers. IL-15, a pleiotropic cytokine, stimulates generation of NK, NK-T, γδ, ILC1, and memory CD8 T cells. IL-15 disorders play pathogenetic roles in organ-specific autoimmune diseases including celiac disease. Diverse approaches are developed to block IL-15 action. IL-15 administered to patients with malignancy yielded dramatic increases in NK numbers and modest increases in CD8 T cells. Due to immunological checkpoints, to achieve major cancer therapeutic efficacy, IL-15 will be used in combination therapy, and combination trials with checkpoint inhibitors, with anti-CD40 to yield tumor-specific CD8 T cells, and with anticancer monoclonal antibodies to increase ADCC and antitumor efficacy, have been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Milos D Miljkovic
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kevin C Conlon
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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26
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Cytokines that target immune killer cells against tumors. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:722-727. [PMID: 32523115 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell-stimulating cytokines have shown promise as monotherapies or in combination with other therapeutic modalities for immunotherapy of cancer. However, their efficacy is limited due to their short half-life, pleiotropic roles, and induction of severe toxicity even at therapeutic doses. To overcome these major therapeutic barriers, cytokine-based products are being further developed to improve their therapeutic index. These approaches include manipulating their activity to preferentially bind to effector immune cells rather than immune-suppressive cells, prolonging their half-life in vivo and modifying them to target tumors. This review focuses on IL-2, IL-15, and IL-10, which have potent effects on immune cells that mediate effective antitumor responses. We will summarize the recent progress of these cytokines in both preclinical studies and selective clinical applications and will discuss our perspectives on the development of new strategies to potentiate cytokine-based immunotherapy.
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27
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The expression levels of CHI3L1 and IL15Rα correlate with TGM2 in duodenum biopsies of patients with celiac disease. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:925-935. [PMID: 32500186 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Celiac disease (CD) is an intestinal inflammatory disorder of the small intestine. Gliadins are a component of gluten and there are three main types (α, γ, and ω). Recent studies indicate that gliadin peptides are able to activate an innate immune response. IL15 is a major mediator of the innate immune response and is involved in the early alteration of CD mucosa. The chitinase molecules are highly expressed by the innate immune cells during the inflammatory processes. MATERIAL OR SUBJECTS We analyzed several microarray datasets of PBMCs and duodenum biopsies of CD patients and healthy control subjects (HCs). We verified the modulation CHI3L1 in CD patients and correlated the expression levels to the IL15, IL15Rα, TGM2, IFNγ, and IFNGR1/2. Duodenal biopsy samples belonged to nine active and nine treated children patients (long-term effects of gliadin), and 17 adult CD patients and 10 adults HCs. We also selected 169 samples of PBMCs from 127 CD patients on adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) for at least 2 years and 44 HCs. RESULTS Our analysis showed that CHI3L1 and IL15Rα were significantly upregulated in adult and children's celiac duodenum biopsies. In addition, the two genes were correlated significantly both in children than in adults CD duodenum biopsies. No significant modulation was observed in PBMCs of adult CD patients compared to the HCs. The correlation analysis of the expression levels of CHI3L1 and IL15Rα compared to TGM showed significant values both in adults and in children duodenal biopsies. Furthermore, the IFNγ expression levels were positively correlated with CHI3L1 and IL15Rα. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis confirmed the diagnostic ability of CHI3L1 and IL15Rα to discriminate CD from HCs. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a role for CHI3L1 underlying the pathophysiology of CD and represent a starting point aiming to inspire new investigation that proves the possible use of CHI3L1 as a diagnostic factor and therapeutic target.
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Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes with unique signaling requirements for their development and differentiation. In this issue of JEM, Raynor et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20191157) report that the Hippo signaling pathway controls the maturation and effector differentiation of iNKT cells by modulating cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN
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29
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Waldmann TA, Dubois S, Miljkovic MD, Conlon KC. IL-15 in the Combination Immunotherapy of Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:868. [PMID: 32508818 PMCID: PMC7248178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We completed clinical trials of rhIL-15 by bolus, subcutaneous, and continuous intravenous infusions (CIV). IL-15 administered by CIV at 2 mcg/kg/day yielded a 38-fold increase in 10- day number of circulating NK cells, a 358-fold increase in CD56bright NK cells and a 5.8-fold increase in CD8 T cells. However, IL-15 preparations administered as monotherapy were ineffective, due to actions of immunological checkpoints and due to the lack of tumor specific targeting by NK cells. To circumvent checkpoints, trials of IL-15 in combination with other anticancer agents were initiated. Tumor-bearing mice receiving IL-15 with antibodies to CTLA-4 and PD-L1 manifested marked prolongation of survival compared to mice receiving IL-15 with either agent alone. In translation, a phase I trial was initiated involving IL-15 (rhIL-15), nivolumab and ipilimumab in patients with malignancy (NCT03388632). In rhesus macaques CIV IL-15 at 20 μg/kg/day for 10 days led to an 80-fold increase in number of circulating effector memory CD8 T cells. However, administration of γc cytokines such as IL-15 led to paralysis/depression of CD4 T-cells that was mediated through transient expression of SOCS3 that inhibited the STAT5 signaling pathway. This lost CD4 helper role could be restored alternatively by CD40 agonists. In the TRAMP-C2 prostate tumor model the combination of IL-15 with agonistic anti-CD40 produced additive effects in terms of numbers of TRAMP-C2 tumor specific Spas/SCNC/9H tetramer positive CD8 T cells expressed and tumor responses. A clinical trial is being initiated for patients with cancer using an intralesional anti-CD40 in combination with CIV rhIL-15. To translate IL-15-mediated increases in NK cells, we investigated combination therapy of IL-15 with anticancer monoclonal antibodies including rituximab in mouse models of EL-4 lymphoma transfected with human CD20 and with alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1H) in a xenograft model of adult T cell leukemia (ATL). IL-15 enhanced the ADCC and therapeutic efficacy of both antibodies. These results provided the scientific basis for trials of IL-15 combined with alemtuzumab (anti-CD52) for patients with ATL (NCT02689453), with obinutuzumab (anti-CD20) for patients with CLL (NCT03759184), and with avelumab (anti-PD-L1) in patients with T-cell lymphoma (NCT03905135) and renal cancer (NCT04150562). In the first trial, there was elimination of circulating ATL and CLL leukemic cells in select patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sigrid Dubois
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Milos D Miljkovic
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kevin C Conlon
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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30
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Abstract
Cutaneous adverse drug reactions are unpredictable and include various different skin conditions of varying degrees of severity. The most concerning are usually referred to as severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) and include acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), also known as drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DiHS) or hypersensitivity syndrome (HSS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). All are delayed type IV hypersensitivity reactions in which a T-cell-mediated drug-specific immune response is responsible for causing the disease. Nonetheless, specific T-cell subpopulations develop in response to certain environmental conditions and produce cytokines that orchestrate the various phenotypes. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), T-helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Treg), among other T-cell subpopulations, participate in the development of SCAR phenotypes. Cell subpopulations belonging to the innate immune system, comprising natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, can also participate in shaping specific immune responses in various clinical conditions. Additionally, tissue-resident cells, including keratinocytes, can contribute to epidermal damage by secreting chemokines that attract pro-inflammatory immunocytes. The final phenotypes in each clinical entity result from the complex interactions between a variety of cell lineages, their products, soluble mediators and genetic and environmental factors. Although the pathophysiology of these reactions is not fully understood, intensive research in recent years has led to major progress in our understanding of the contribution of certain cell types and soluble mediators to the variability of SCAR phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Bellón
- La Paz Hospital Health Research Institute-IdiPAZ, Pº Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
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31
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The activation of bystander CD8 + T cells and their roles in viral infection. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-9. [PMID: 31827070 PMCID: PMC6906361 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as "bystander activation." Cytokines, including type I interferons, interleukin-18, and interleukin-15, are the most important factors that induce bystander activation of T cells, each of which plays a somewhat different role. Bystander T cells lack specificity for the pathogen, but can nevertheless impact the course of the immune response to the infection. For example, bystander-activated CD8+ T cells can participate in protective immunity by secreting cytokines, such as interferon-γ. They also mediate host injury by exerting cytotoxicity that is facilitated by natural killer cell-activating receptors, such as NKG2D, and cytolytic molecules, such as granzyme B. Interestingly, it has been recently reported that there is a strong association between the cytolytic function of bystander-activated CD8+ T cells and host tissue injury in patients with acute hepatitis A virus infection. The current review addresses the induction of bystander CD8+ T cells, their effector functions, and their potential roles in immunity to infection, immunopathology, and autoimmunity.
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Nolz JC, Richer MJ. Control of memory CD8 + T cell longevity and effector functions by IL-15. Mol Immunol 2019; 117:180-188. [PMID: 31816491 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is a member of the common gamma chain family of cytokines and plays important roles in regulating several aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. Besides its established role in controlling homeostatic proliferation and survival of memory CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells, recent findings demonstrate that inflammatory IL-15 can also stimulate a variety of effector functions, such as enhanced cytotoxicity, entry into the cell cycle, and trafficking into non-lymphoid tissues. Here, we discuss how IL-15 is critical in regulating many functions of memory CD8+ T cells and how these processes act collectively to ensure optimal protective cellular immunity against re-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 712 McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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33
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Alisjahbana A, Mohammad I, Gao Y, Evren E, Ringqvist E, Willinger T. Human macrophages and innate lymphoid cells: Tissue-resident innate immunity in humanized mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113672. [PMID: 31634458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue-resident cells that play important roles in organ homeostasis and tissue immunity. Their intricate relationship with the organs they reside in allows them to quickly respond to perturbations of organ homeostasis and environmental challenges, such as infection and tissue injury. Macrophages and ILCs have been extensively studied in mice, yet important species-specific differences exist regarding innate immunity between humans and mice. Complementary to ex-vivo studies with human cells, humanized mice (i.e. mice with a human immune system) offer the opportunity to study human macrophages and ILCs in vivo within their surrounding tissue microenvironments. In this review, we will discuss how humanized mice have helped gain new knowledge about the basic biology of these cells, as well as their function in infectious and malignant conditions. Furthermore, we will highlight active areas of investigation related to human macrophages and ILCs, such as their cellular heterogeneity, ontogeny, tissue residency, and plasticity. In the near future, we expect more fundamental discoveries in these areas through the combined use of improved humanized mouse models together with state-of-the-art technologies, such as single-cell RNA-sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlisa Alisjahbana
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Imran Mohammad
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Gao
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elza Evren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Ringqvist
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Willinger
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.
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34
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Timóteo RP, Sales-Campos H, Silva MV, da Silva DAA, Da Silva Catarino J, de Sousa MAD, Júnior VR, de Andrade E Silva LE, Bittencourt ACS, Carneiro ÉM, Oliveira CJF. Pemphigus foliaceus patients (Fogo Selvagem) treated with kinesiotherapy presented lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:460-467. [PMID: 31316942 PMCID: PMC6614764 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1938146.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fogo Selvagem (FS) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by acantholysis and inflammation of the epidermis. It was evidenced in this disease the increase of proinflammatory cytokines levels which can be influenced by physical activities. Kinesiotherapy, as physiotherapeutic interventions, was associated improvement levels of the quality of live, mainly the pain. Understanding the impact of such methodology in immunology of the FS, may constitute an alternative and effective approach. We compare the levels of serum cytokines and chemokines between nine patients with FS submitted to kinesiotherapy for 12 weeks and ten patients not submitted to kinesiotherapy. The kinesiotherapy was composed by self-stretching followed by a resistance training for upper and lower limbs. The protocol was carried out in three sections of eight to ten repetitions with 70% of the maximum load measured by test maximum of ten repetitions. After strengthening period patients performed a passive stretching. The training sessions lasted 50 min and were performed 3 times a week at least 12 weeks. Cytokines and chemokines were assessed in plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and/or cytometric bead array. Patients with FS were being kinesiotherapy presented minors levels of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-22, and IL-15 when compared to those not submitted to kinesiotherapy. No differences were observed for the detection of the chemokines chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, CCL-3, CCL-5, CCL-11, C-X-C motif chemokine 8 (CXCL-8), and CXCL-10. These results suggest that kinesiotherapy had a positive impact on inflammatory markers that are associated with disease worsening in FS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Élida Mara Carneiro
- Physiotherapy Division (EBSERH/UFTM). Clinical Hospital of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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35
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36
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The deubiquitinase Otub1 controls the activation of CD8 + T cells and NK cells by regulating IL-15-mediated priming. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:879-889. [PMID: 31182807 PMCID: PMC6588407 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, central cellular components of immune responses against pathogens and cancer, rely on IL-15 for homeostasis. Here we show that IL-15 also mediates homeostatic priming of CD8 T cells for antigen-stimulated activation, which is controlled by a deubiquitinase, Otub1. IL-15 mediates membrane recruitment of Otub1, which inhibits ubiquitin-dependent activation of AKT, a pivotal kinase for T cell activation and metabolism. Otub1 deficiency in mice causes aberrant responses of CD8 T cells to IL-15, rendering naive CD8 T cells hyper-sensitive to antigen stimulation characterized by enhanced metabolic reprograming and effector functions. Otub1 also controls the maturation and activation of NK cells. Consistently, Otub1 deletion profoundly enhances anticancer immunity through unleashing the activity of CD8 T cells and NK cells. These findings suggest that Otub1 controls the activation of CD8 T cells and NK cells by functioning as a checkpoint of IL-15-mediated priming.
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37
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García MDC, Pazos P, Lima L, Diéguez C. Regulation of Energy Expenditure and Brown/Beige Thermogenic Activity by Interleukins: New Roles for Old Actors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2569. [PMID: 30158466 PMCID: PMC6164446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity rates and the burden of metabolic associated diseases are escalating worldwide Energy burning brown and inducible beige adipocytes in human adipose tissues (ATs) have attracted considerable attention due to their therapeutic potential to counteract the deleterious metabolic effects of nutritional overload and overweight. Recent research has highlighted the relevance of resident and recruited ATs immune cell populations and their signalling mediators, cytokines, as modulators of the thermogenic activity of brown and beige ATs. In this review, we first provide an overview of the developmental, cellular and functional heterogeneity of the AT organ, as well as reported molecular switches of its heat-producing machinery. We also discuss the key contribution of various interleukins signalling pathways to energy and metabolic homeostasis and their roles in the biogenesis and function of brown and beige adipocytes. Besides local actions, attention is also drawn to their influence in the central nervous system (CNS) networks governing energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen García
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Lima
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Wang W, Jin J, Dai F, Long Z, Liu X, Cai H, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Huang H. Interleukin-15 suppresses gastric cancer liver metastases by enhancing natural killer cell activity in a murine model. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:4839-4846. [PMID: 30250549 PMCID: PMC6144747 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is a promising cytokine for cancer immunotherapy as it is a critical factor for the proliferation and activation of natural killer (NK) cells. Previous studies have suggested critical roles of IL-15 in tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the association between IL-15 and liver metastasis of gastric cancer (LMGC) remains unknown. The present study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of recombinant mouse IL-15 (rmIL-15) in murine LMGC models, in which stable green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing MKN45 cells (MKN45-GFP cells) were injected into the spleen parenchyma of mice for liver metastasis. At different treatments (high dose group: 2.5 µg of rmIL-15; low dose group: 0.2 µg of rmIL-15; control group: PBS), it was found that rmIL-15 decreased the formation of liver metastasis sites. Additionally, this treatment lead to improved survival of mice following tumor cell transplantation. Treatment with a high dose of rmIL-15 provided greater therapeutic efficacy by prolonged survival of the mice compared with low dose group and control group. It was found that NK cells isolated from the liver that received the high dose of rmIL-15 showed stronger cytotoxic activity compared with the other two groups on the target cells. These findings hold significant importance for the use of IL-15 as a potential adjuvant/therapeutic for liver metastasis from gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, P.R. China
| | - Jiejie Jin
- Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Faxiang Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, P.R. China
| | - Ziwen Long
- Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, P.R. China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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39
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Sestak K, Dufour JP, Liu DX, Rout N, Alvarez X, Blanchard J, Faldas A, Laine DJ, Clarke AW, Doyle AG. Beneficial Effects of Human Anti-Interleukin-15 Antibody in Gluten-Sensitive Rhesus Macaques with Celiac Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1603. [PMID: 30050538 PMCID: PMC6050360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of interleukin-15 (IL-15) is linked with immunopathology of several autoimmune disorders including celiac disease. Here, we utilized an anti-human IL-15 antibody 04H04 (anti-IL-15) to reverse immunopathogenesis of celiac disease. Anti-IL-15 was administered to six gluten-sensitive rhesus macaques with celiac disease characteristics including gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE), and the following celiac-related metrics were evaluated: morphology (villous height/crypt depth ratio) of small intestine, counts of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, IFN-γ-producing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, plasma levels of anti-gliadin and anti-intestinal tissue transglutaminase IgG antibodies, as well as peripheral effector memory (CD3+CD28-CD95+) T cells. Anti-IL-15 treatment reversed the clinically relevant disease endpoints, intraepithelial lymphocyte counts, and villous height/crypt depth ratios within jejunal biopsies to normal levels (P < 0.001). Additionally, intestinal CD8+ and CD4+ T cell IFN-γ production was reduced (P < 0.05). Extra-intestinally, anti-IL-15 treatment reduced peripheral NK cell counts (P < 0.001), but otherwise, non-NK peripheral lymphocytes including effector memory T cells and serum blood chemistry were unaffected. Overall, providing the beneficial disease-modulatory and immunomodulatory effects observed, anti-IL-15 treatment might be considered as a novel therapy to normalize intestinal lymphocyte function in celiac disease patients with GSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Sestak
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- PreCliniTria LLC, Mandeville, LA, United States
| | - Jason P. Dufour
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - David X. Liu
- Division of Clinical Research, Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - James Blanchard
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Anne Faldas
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David J. Laine
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam W. Clarke
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony G. Doyle
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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40
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Wrangle JM, Patterson A, Johnson CB, Neitzke DJ, Mehrotra S, Denlinger CE, Paulos CM, Li Z, Cole DJ, Rubinstein MP. IL-2 and Beyond in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 38:45-68. [PMID: 29443657 PMCID: PMC5815463 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2017.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the T- and natural killer (NK) cell growth factor IL-2 has been a sentinel force ushering in the era of immunotherapy in cancer. With the advent of clinical grade recombinant IL-2 in the mid-1980s, oncologists could for the first time directly manipulate lymphocyte populations with systemic therapy. By itself, recombinant IL-2 can induce clinical responses in up to 15% of patients with metastatic cancer or renal cell carcinoma. When administered with adoptively transferred tumor-reactive lymphocytes, IL-2 promotes T cell engraftment and response rates of up to 50% in metastatic melanoma patients. Importantly, these IL-2-driven responses can yield complete and durable responses in a subset of patients. However, the use of IL-2 is limited by toxicity and concern of the expansion of T regulatory cells. To overcome these limitations and improve response rates, other T cell growth factors, including IL-15 and modified forms of IL-2, are in clinical development. Administering T cell growth factors in combination with other agents, such as immune checkpoint pathway inhibitors, may also improve efficacy. In this study, we review the development of T- and NK cell growth factors and highlight current combinatorial approaches based on these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Wrangle
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alicia Patterson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - C. Bryce Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daniel J. Neitzke
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chadrick E. Denlinger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chrystal M. Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - David J. Cole
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mark P. Rubinstein
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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41
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Guo Y, Luan L, Patil NK, Sherwood ER. Immunobiology of the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex as an antitumor and antiviral agent. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 38:10-21. [PMID: 28888485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is essential for natural killer (NK), NKT and memory (m) CD8+ T cell development and function, and is currently under investigation as an immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer. Recently, the creation of IL-15 superagonist by complexing IL-15 and its high affinity receptor alpha (IL-15 Rα) in solution, inspired by the natural trans-presentation of IL-15, advances the potential of IL-15-based tumor immunotherapy. IL-15 superagonist shows promising advantages over monomeric IL-15 such as sustaining high circulating concentrations due to prolonged half-life and more potently stimulating NK and CD8+ T effector lymphocytes. So far, there are three different forms of recombinant IL-15 superagonist fusion protein based on configurational modifications. Gene therapy using engineered cells co-expressing IL-15/IL-15 Rα complex for cancer treatment is also emerging. All forms have demonstrated efficacy in causing tumor regression in animal studies, which provides strong rationale for advancing IL-15 superagonist through clinical trials. To date, there are fourteen phase I/II IL-15 superagonist trials in cancer patients and one phase I trial in HIV patients. Information generated by ongoing trials regarding the toxicity and efficacy of IL-15 superagonist is awaited. Finally, we elaborate on immunotoxicity caused by IL-15 superagonist in preclinical studies and discuss important safety considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Guo
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Anesthesiology. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Liming Luan
- Department of Anesthesiology. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Edward R Sherwood
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Anesthesiology. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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42
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Waickman AT, Ligons DL, Hwang S, Park JY, Lazarevic V, Sato N, Hong C, Park JH. CD4 effector T cell differentiation is controlled by IL-15 that is expressed and presented in trans. Cytokine 2017; 99:266-274. [PMID: 28807496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T cells are both producers and consumers of cytokines, and autocrine cytokine signaling plays a critical role in T cell immunity. IL-15 is a homeostatic cytokine for T cells that also controls inflammatory immune responses. An autocrine role of T cell-derived IL-15, however, remains unclear. Here we examined IL-15 expression and signaling upon effector T cell differentiation in mice, and, surprisingly, found that CD4 T cells did not express IL-15. CD4 T cells lacked Il15 gene reporter activity, did not contain IL-15 transcripts, and did not produce IL-15Rα, the proprietary IL-15 receptor required for IL-15 trans-presentation. Moreover, IL-15 failed to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation and failed to generate Foxp3+ Treg cells in vitro. IL-2, which utilizes the same IL-2Rβ/γc receptor complex, however, successfully did so. Exogenous IL-15 only exerted bioactivity and controlled T cell differentiation when it was trans-presented by IL-15Rα. Consequently, IL-15Rα-bound IL-15, but not free IL-15, suppressed Th17 cell differentiation and induced Treg cell generation. Collectively, these results reveal the absence of an IL-15 autocrine loop in CD4 T cells and strongly suggest that IL-15 trans-presentation by non-CD4 T cells is the primary mechanism via which IL-15 controls CD4 effector T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Waickman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Davinna L Ligons
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - SuJin Hwang
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Vanja Lazarevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Noriko Sato
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Changwan Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Vitale S, Strisciuglio C, Pisapia L, Miele E, Barba P, Vitale A, Cenni S, Bassi V, Maglio M, Del Pozzo G, Troncone R, Staiano A, Gianfrani C. Cytokine production profile in intestinal mucosa of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182313. [PMID: 28797042 PMCID: PMC5552230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has dramatically increased in young subjects, however, the pathogenesis of paediatric IBD is poorly investigated. In this study we aimed to evaluate the cytokine pattern and the phenotype of cytokine producing cells in the intestinal mucosa of paediatric patients affected by Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) and of non-IBD healthy controls (HC). Cytokine (IL-15, TNF-α, INF-γ) production was analyzed at basal condition and after mitogen stimulation either intracellularly by flow cytometry or in intestinal cell culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A higher frequency of enterocytes (EpCam+ cells) was observed in UC patients compared to CD or HC. An expansion of enterocytes producing IL-15 and TNF-α were found in IBD patients compared to HC. A marked expression of IL-15 in the intestinal epithelium of IBD patients was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Myeloid dendritic (CD11c+) cells producing TNF-α and INF-γ were increased in IBD biopsies. Unexpectedly, only after a strong mitogen stimulus, as phytohaemagglutinin, the frequency of CD3+ cells producing IFN-γ was increased in IBD compared to control intestinal mucosa. Interestingly, functional studies performed on organ cultures of intestinal biopsies with neutralizing anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody showed a marked reduction of mononuclear cell activation, proliferation of crypt enterocytes, as well as a reduction of TNF-α release in organ culture supernatants. In conclusion, we found that in the gut mucosa of IBD children both enterocytes and dendritic cells produce proinflammatory cytokines. The over-expression of IL-15 by enterocytes in IBD intestine and the reduced IBD inflammation by IL-15 blockage suggests that this cytokine could be a therapeutic target in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vitale
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Strisciuglio
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Pisapia
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Erasmo Miele
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Barba
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vitale
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Cenni
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Bassi
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Del Pozzo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Staiano
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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44
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Schroeder JT, Bieneman AP. Activation of Human Basophils by A549 Lung Epithelial Cells Reveals a Novel IgE-Dependent Response Independent of Allergen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:855-865. [PMID: 28652400 PMCID: PMC5541892 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for epithelial cell (EC)-derived cytokines (e.g., thymic stromal lymphopoietin [TSLP]) activating human basophils remains controversial. We therefore hypothesize that ECs can directly activate basophils via cell-to-cell interaction. Basophils in medium alone or with IL-3 ± anti-IgE were coincubated with TSLP, IL-33, or IL-25. Analogous experiments cocultured basophils (1-72 h) directly with EC lines. Supernatants were tested for mediators and cytokines. Abs targeting receptors were tested for neutralizing effects. Lactic acid (pH 3.9) treatment combined with passive sensitization tested the role of IgE. Overall, IL-33 augmented IL-13 secretion from basophils cotreated with IL-3, with minimal effects on histamine and IL-4. Conversely, basophils (but not mast cells) released histamine and marked levels of IL-4/IL-13 (10-fold) when cocultured with A549 EC and IL-3, without exogenous allergen or IgE cross-linking stimuli. The inability to detect IL-33 or TSLP, or to neutralize their activity, suggested a unique mode of basophil activation by A549 EC. Half-maximal rates for histamine (4 h) and IL-4 (5 h) secretion were slower than observed with standard IgE-dependent activation. Ig stripping combined with passive sensitization ± omalizumab showed a dependency for basophil-bound IgE, substantiated by a requirement for cell-to-cell contact, aggregation, and FcεRI-dependent signaling. A yet unidentified IgE-binding lectin associated with A549 EC is implicated after discovering that LacNAc suppressed basophil activation in cocultures. These findings point to a lectin-dependent activation of basophil requiring IgE but independent of allergen or secreted cytokine. Pending further investigation, we predict this unique mode of activation is linked to inflammatory conditions whereby IgE-dependent activation of basophils occurs despite the absence of any known allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Schroeder
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Anja P Bieneman
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
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45
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Mathias CB, Schramm CM, Guernsey LA, Wu CA, Polukort SH, Rovatti J, Ser-Dolansky J, Secor E, Schneider SS, Thrall RS, Aguila HL. IL-15-deficient mice develop enhanced allergic responses to airway allergen exposure. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:639-655. [PMID: 28093832 PMCID: PMC5407912 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-15 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is critical for the development and survival of multiple haematopoietic lineages. Mice lacking IL-15 have selective defects in populations of several pro-allergic immune cells including natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, and memory CD8+ T cells. We therefore hypothesized that IL-15-/- mice will have reduced inflammatory responses during the development of allergic airway disease (AAD). OBJECTIVE To determine whether IL-15-/- mice have attenuated allergic responses in a mouse model of AAD. METHODS C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and IL-15-/- mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), and the development of AAD was ascertained by examining changes in airway inflammatory responses, Th2 responses, and lung histopathology. RESULTS Here, we report that IL-15-/- mice developed enhanced allergic responses in an OVA-induced model of AAD. In the absence of IL-15, OVA-challenged mice exhibited enhanced bronchial eosinophilic inflammation, elevated IL-13 production, and severe lung histopathology in comparison with WT mice. In addition, increased numbers of CD4+ T and B cells in the spleens and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were also observed. Examination of OVA-challenged IL-15Rα-/- animals revealed a similar phenotype resulting in enhanced airway eosinophilia compared to WT mice. Adoptive transfer of splenic CD8+ T cells from OVA-sensitized WT mice suppressed the enhancement of eosinophilia in IL-15-/- animals to levels observed in WT mice, but had no further effects. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data demonstrate that mice with an endogenous IL-15 deficiency are susceptible to the development of severe, enhanced Th2-mediated AAD, which can be regulated by CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the development of disease as well as allergen-specific Th2 responses occurs despite deficiencies in several IL-15-dependent cell types including NK, NKT, and γδ T cells, suggesting that these cells or their subsets are dispensable for the induction of AAD in IL-15-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton B. Mathias
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Craig M. Schramm
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Linda A. Guernsey
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Carol A. Wu
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Stephanie H. Polukort
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Jeffrey Rovatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Jennifer Ser-Dolansky
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199
| | - Eric Secor
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Sallie S. Schneider
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199
| | - Roger S. Thrall
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Hector L. Aguila
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
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Wolf AS, Sherratt S, Riley EM. NK Cells: Uncertain Allies against Malaria. Front Immunol 2017; 8:212. [PMID: 28337195 PMCID: PMC5343013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, studies of natural killer (NK) cells in infection have focused almost entirely on their role in viral infections. However, there is an increasing awareness of the potential for NK cells to contribute to the control of a wider range of pathogens, including intracellular parasites such as Plasmodium spp. Given the high prevalence of parasitic diseases in the developing world and the devastating effects these pathogens have on large numbers of vulnerable people, investigating interactions between NK cells and parasitized host cells presents the opportunity to reveal novel immunological mechanisms with the potential to aid efforts to eradicate these diseases. The capacity of NK cells to produce inflammatory cytokines early after malaria infection, as well as a possible role in direct cytotoxic killing of malaria-infected cells, suggests a beneficial impact of NK cells in this disease. However, NK cells may also contribute to overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the consequent immunopathology. As comparatively little is known about the role of NK cells later in the course of infection, and growing evidence suggests that heterogeneity in NK cell responses to malaria may be influenced by KIR/HLA interactions, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which NK cells might directly interact with parasitized cells may reveal a new role for these cells in the course of malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia-Sophia Wolf
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Samuel Sherratt
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
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47
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Krolopp JE, Thornton SM, Abbott MJ. IL-15 Activates the Jak3/STAT3 Signaling Pathway to Mediate Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle Cells. Front Physiol 2016; 7:626. [PMID: 28066259 PMCID: PMC5167732 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myokines are specialized cytokines that are secreted from skeletal muscle (SKM) in response to metabolic stimuli, such as exercise. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a myokine with potential to reduce obesity and increase lean mass through induction of metabolic processes. It has been previously shown that IL-15 acts to increase glucose uptake in SKM cells. However, the downstream signals orchestrating the link between IL-15 signaling and glucose uptake have not been fully explored. Here we employed the mouse SKM C2C12 cell line to examine potential downstream targets of IL-15-induced alterations in glucose uptake. Following differentiation, C2C12 cells were treated overnight with 100 ng/ml of IL-15. Activation of factors associated with glucose metabolism (Akt and AMPK) and known downstream targets of IL-15 (Jak1, Jak3, STAT3, and STAT5) were assessed with IL-15 stimulation. IL-15 stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. IL-15 treatment had no effect on phospho-Akt, phospho-Akt substrates, phospho-AMPK, phospho-Jak1, or phospho-STAT5. However, with IL-15, phospho-Jak3 and phospho-STAT3 levels were increased along with increased interaction of Jak3 and STAT3. Additionally, IL-15 induced a translocation of phospho-STAT3 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. We have evidence that a mediator of glucose uptake, HIF1α, expression was dependent on IL-15 induced STAT3 activation. Finally, upon inhibition of STAT3 the positive effects of IL-15 on glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation were abolished. Taken together, we provide evidence for a novel signaling pathway for IL-15 acting through Jak3/STAT3 to regulate glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Krolopp
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University Orange, CA, USA
| | - Shantaé M Thornton
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University Orange, CA, USA
| | - Marcia J Abbott
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman UniversityOrange, CA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
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48
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IL-15 Mediates Mitochondrial Activity through a PPAR δ-Dependent-PPAR α-Independent Mechanism in Skeletal Muscle Cells. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:5465804. [PMID: 27738421 PMCID: PMC5050360 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5465804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mediators of metabolic processes, to increase energy expenditure, have become a focus for therapies of obesity. The discovery of cytokines secreted from the skeletal muscle (SKM), termed "myokines," has garnered attention due to their positive effects on metabolic processes. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a myokine that has numerous positive metabolic effects and is linked to the PPAR family of mitochondrial regulators. Here, we aimed to determine the importance of PPARα and/or PPARδ as targets of IL-15 signaling. C2C12 SKM cells were differentiated for 6 days and treated every other day with IL-15 (100 ng/mL), a PPARα inhibitor (GW-6471), a PPARδ inhibitor (GSK-3787), or both IL-15 and the inhibitors. IL-15 increased mitochondrial activity and induced PPARα, PPARδ, PGC1α, PGC1β, UCP2, and Nrf1 expression. There was no effect of inhibiting PPARα, in combination with IL-15, on the aforementioned mRNA levels except for PGC1β and Nrf1. However, with PPARδ inhibition, IL-15 failed to induce the expression levels of PGC1α, PGC1β, UCP2, and Nrf1. Further, inhibition of PPARδ abolished IL-15 induced increases in citrate synthase activity, ATP production, and overall mitochondrial activity. IL-15 had no effects on mitochondrial biogenesis. Our data indicates that PPARδ activity is required for the beneficial metabolic effects of IL-15 signaling in SKM.
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49
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Read KA, Powell MD, McDonald PW, Oestreich KJ. IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15: Multistage regulators of CD4(+) T helper cell differentiation. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:799-808. [PMID: 27423815 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines represent a class of environmental factors that are critical drivers of immune cell development. Cytokines of the common gamma-chain family, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, and IL-15, have been the subject of intense experimental scrutiny and have well-defined roles as regulators of diverse immune cell types including CD4(+) T helper cells. Because of their pleiotropic effects on T-cell development and function, researchers and clinicians have attempted to harness the capabilities of these cytokines for therapeutic benefit. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of these cytokines on CD4(+) T cell development and briefly discuss how these immunomodulatory cytokines are being used in efforts to treat human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Powell
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA.
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50
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Du L, Liu Y, Du Y, Wang H, Zhang M, Du Y, Feng WH. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) up-regulates IL-15 through PKCβ1-TAK1-NF-κB signaling pathway. Virology 2016; 496:166-174. [PMID: 27318153 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important infectious diseases in swine industry. IL-15 is a pleiotropic cytokine and has been shown to be essential to transform NKs, CD8 T cells, and other cells of the immune systems into functional effectors. Here, we demonstrated that the broad-spectrum or conventional PKC inhibitors repressed PRRSV-induced IL-15 expression and NF-κB activation. Subsequently, we found that the PKCβ specific inhibitor inhibited PRRSV-induced IL-15 production, which was also confirmed by knock-down of PKCβ1, suggesting that PKCβ1 is involved in the PRRSV-induced IL-15 expression. In addition, we demonstrated that PRRSV activated NF-κB through PKCβ1-induced TAK1 activation. Finally, we demonstrated that PRRSV activated PKCβ1 dependent on the participation of TRIF and MAVS. These data indicate that PRRSV up-regulates IL-15 through TRIF/MAVS-PKCβ1-TAK1-NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of IL-15 production induced by PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinping Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meijie Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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