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Yang Y, Li S, Zhu Y, Che L, Wu Q, Bai S, Shu G, Zhao X, Guo P, Soaud SA, Li N, Deng M, Li J, El-Sappah AH. Saccharomyces cerevisiae additions normalized hemocyte differential genes expression and regulated crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) oxidative damage under cadmium stress. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20939. [PMID: 38016989 PMCID: PMC10684557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Because China produces the most crayfish in the world, safe solutions must be improved to mitigate the risks of ongoing heavy metal stressors accumulation. This study aimed to use Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a bioremediation agent to counteract the harmful effect of cadmium (Cd) on crayfish (Procambarus clarkia). Our study used three concentrations of S. cerevisiae on crayfish feed to assess their Cd toxicity remediation effect by measuring total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the biomarkers related to oxidative stress like malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl derivates (PCO), and DNA-protein crosslink (DPC). A graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy device was used to determine Cd contents in crayfish. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of lysozyme (LSZ), metallothionein (MT), and prophenoloxidase (proPO) were evaluated before and following the addition of S. cerevisiae. The results indicated that S. cerevisae at 5% supplemented in fundamental feed exhibited the best removal effect, and Cd removal rates at days 4th, 8th, 12th, and 21st were 12, 19, 29.7, and 66.45%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the basal diet of crayfish. The addition of S. cerevisiae increased TAC levels. On the other hand, it decreased MDA, PCO, and DPC, which had risen due to Cd exposure. Furthermore, it increased the expression of proPO, which was reduced by Cd exposure, and decreased the expression of LSZ and MT, acting in the opposite direction of Cd exposure alone. These findings demonstrated that feeding S. cerevisiae effectively reduces the Cd from crayfish and could be used to develop Cd-free crayfish-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Yang
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, China.
| | - Shuaidong Li
- College of Morden Agriculture, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, 644003, China
| | - Yumin Zhu
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Litao Che
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Qifan Wu
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Shijun Bai
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Guocheng Shu
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Xianming Zhao
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Peng Guo
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Salma A Soaud
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Nianzhen Li
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Mengling Deng
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, China.
| | - Ahmed H El-Sappah
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, China.
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
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Dong Y, Hou Q, Ye M, Li Z, Li J, You M, Yuchi Z, Lin J, You S. Clip-SP1 cleavage activates downstream prophenoloxidase activating protease (PAP) in Plutella xylostella. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 146:104737. [PMID: 37236330 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Melanization is a component of the humoral immune defense of insects and is induced by serine protease-mediated phenoloxidase (PO) catalysis. Prophenoloxidase (PPO) in the midgut of Plutella xylostella is activated by the CLIP domain serine protease (clip-SP) in response to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) infection, but the detailed signaling cascade following this activation is unknown. Here, we report that activation of clip-SP enhances PO activity in the P. xylostella midgut by cleaving three downstream PPO-activating proteases (PAPs). First, the expression level of clip-SP1 was increased in the midgut after Bt8010 infection of P. xylostella. Then, purified recombinant clip-SP1 was able to activate three PAPs - PAPa, PAPb and PAP3 - which in turn enhanced their PO activity in the hemolymph. Furthermore, clip-SP1 showed a dominant effect on PO activity compared to the individual PAPs. Our results indicate that Bt infection induces the expression of clip-SP1, which is upstream of a signaling cascade, to efficiently activate PO catalysis and mediate melanization in the midgut of P. xylostella. And it provides a basis for studying the complex PPO regulatory system in the midgut during Bt infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qing Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zeyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jingge Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Zhiguang Yuchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Junhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Department of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Shijun You
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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3
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Ma W, Li Y, Yang Y, Han Q, Zhang W. Cloning and functional analysis of a pacifastin-like protein from the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:736-745. [PMID: 36309323 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pacifastin family proteins play a crucial role in regulating innate immune responses such as phagocytosis in invertebrates. However, the function of the Ajpacifastin-like counterpart in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus remains elusive. In this study, the pacifastin gene of A. japonicus was cloned, characterized and named Ajpacifastin-like. The open reading frame of Ajpacifastin-like is 1497 bp in length and encodes a polypeptide containing 498 amino acid residues. Structural analysis revealed that the protein encoded by Ajpacifastin-like contains two pacifastin light chain domains (amino acids 287-322 and amino acids 376-407). Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR showed that Ajpacifastin-like mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest expression in muscle. Ajpacifastin-like mRNA expression was significantly upregulated to 3.27-fold after challenge with Vibrio splendidus for 24 h. To explore the function of the Ajpacifastin-like protein in the immune response of A. japonicus, dsRNA interference with Ajpacifastin-like expression and with the expression of its postulated target gene was performed. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the rate of phagocytosis by coelomocytes increased to 1.21-fold in individuals treated with specific Ajpacifastin-like siRNA. However, rate of phagocytosis by coelomocytes decreased to 86% in individuals treated with Ajphenoloxidase siRNA. These results show that the Ajpacifastin-like gene is ubiquitously expressed in almost all tissues and that Ajpacifastin-like protein acts as an immunomodulatory factor via phenoloxidase to mediate phagocytosis by coelomocytes in pathogen-challenged A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Ma
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Ya Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Yiran Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Qingxi Han
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China.
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4
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Liu M, Ni H, Zhang X, Sun Q, Wu X, He J. Comparative transcriptomics reveals the immune dynamics during the molting cycle of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1037739. [PMID: 36389847 PMCID: PMC9659622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1037739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Molting is one of the most important biological processes of crustacean species, and a number of molecular mechanisms facilitate this complex procedure. However, the understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying crustacean molting cycle remains very limited. This study performed transcriptome sequencing in hemolymph and hepatopancreas of the swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) during the four molting stages: post-molt (AB), inter-molt (C), pre-molt (D), and ecdysis (E). The results showed that there were 78,572 unigenes that were obtained in the hemolymph and hepatopancreas of P. trituberculatus. Further analysis showed that 98 DEGs were involved in immunity response of hemolymph and hepatopancreas, and most of the DEGs participated in the process of signal transduction, pattern recognition proteins/receptors, and antioxidative enzymes system. Specifically, the key genes and pathway involved in signal transduction including the GPCR126, beta-integrin, integrin, three genes in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade (MAPKKK10, MAPKK4, and p38 MAPK), and four genes in Toll pathway (Toll-like receptor, cactus, pelle-like kinase, and NFIL3). For the pattern recognition proteins/receptors, the lowest expression level of 11 genes was found in the E stage, including C-type lectin receptor, C-type lectin domain family 6 member A and SRB3/C in the hemolymph, and hepatopancreatic lectin 4, C-type lectin, SRB, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule homolog, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule isoform, and A2M. Moreover, the expression level of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase isoform 4, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, peroxiredoxin, peroxiredoxin 6, and dual oxidase 2 in stage C or stage D significantly higher than that of stage E or stage AB. These results fill in the gap of the continuous transcriptional changes that are evident during the molting cycle of crab and further provided valuable information for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of immune regulation during the molting cycle of crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Liu
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hongwei Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Qiufeng Sun
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xugan Wu
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie He
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, China
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5
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Madsari N, Maskaew S, Obchoei S, Kwankaew P, Senghoi W, Utarabhand P, Runsaeng P. Determination of the efficacy of using a serine protease gene as a DNA vaccine to protect against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Litopenaeus vannamei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104459. [PMID: 35660488 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases are proteolytic enzymes that exhibit biological roles in many biological systems. Previously, a Vibrio parahaemolyticus serine protease was reported to be a virulence factor. Here, the serine protease gene of V. parahaemolyticus was investigated as a DNA vaccine against V. parahaemolyticus in Litopenaeus vannamei. The serine protease gene was mutated to replace the conserved residues His82, Asp131 and Ser231 with Gly, Asp and Pro, respectively. Then, a pcDNA3.1 vector to express mutVpSP (mutant serine protease) was constructed for in vitro and in vivo DNA vaccine investigation. In vivo mutVpSP transcriptional analysis revealed expression in various immunized white shrimp tissues, such as hemocytes, hepatopancreas, stomach, intestine, gills, and muscle. The efficiency of prevention of V. parahaemolyticus infection was investigated in vaccinated shrimp, and the lowest cumulative mortality percentage was 30%, while the control shrimp had a 60% cumulative mortality rate. The immune system was stimulated in shrimp vaccinated with the DNA vaccine. The mRNA expression of the shrimp immune-responsive genes phenoloxidase, peroxinectin and C-type lectin was significantly upregulated. Additionally, the humoral and cellular immune responses, including the PO, phagocytic, and encapsulation activities and nodule formation, were elevated. These results suggested that the serine protease could be a V. parahaemolyticus virulence determinant and that this DNA vaccine could be applied as an effective vaccine candidate for control of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease syndrome (AHPND) in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Madsari
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Siriluk Maskaew
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Sumalee Obchoei
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Pattamaporn Kwankaew
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand; Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand
| | - Wilaiwan Senghoi
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand; Center of Excellent Research for Melioidosis (CERM), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Utarabhand
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Phanthipha Runsaeng
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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6
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Kwankaew P, Madsari N, Thongsoi R, Utarabhand P, Runsaeng P. Effects of the interaction between a clip domain serine protease and a white spot syndrome virus protein on phenoloxidase activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:104360. [PMID: 35101532 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Clip domain serine proteinases participate in invertebrate innate immunity by acting as crucial enzymes in the signaling cascade involved in shrimp immunity. To functionally characterize its role in Fenneropenaeus merguiensis, FmclipSP cDNA was cloned and characterized. The FmclipSP gene comprised 1353 bp with an open reading frame of 1110 bp and encoded 369 amino acids. The protein contained clip and serine protease domains. FmClipSP mRNA is highly expressed in hemocytes, and its expression was significantly upregulated by bacterial or viral pathogen challenge. Furthermore, FmClipSP recombinant protein (rFmClipSP) was produced and possessed protease activity, stimulating prophenoloxidase activity. Additionally, rFmClipSP exhibited antibacterial activity against pathogens and nonpathogens. ELISA results demonstrated the binding ability of rFmClipSP to a recombinant protein of VP28 (rVP28). Interestingly, the binding significantly inhibited prophenoloxidase activity. Altogether, we partially characterized the function of FmclipSP and demonstrated its association with VP28. This study indicates the importance of clipSP as a component of F. merguiensis innate immunity. However, the role of clipSP in crustaceans remains unclear and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattamaporn Kwankaew
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand; Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand
| | - Naeem Madsari
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Ratiporn Thongsoi
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Utarabhand
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Phanthipha Runsaeng
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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Zhuang XN, Luan YY, Lv TR, Ren CM, Wang L, Li Q, Li DX. PAP1 activates the prophenoloxidase system against bacterial infection in Musca domestica. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104184. [PMID: 34171367 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified three putative prophenoloxidase-activating proteinase (mdPAP1, mdPAP2, and mdPAP3) genes from housefly Musca domestica by transcriptomic analysis. In this study, mdPAP1 cDNA was cloned, and the function of its encoded protein was analyzed. The cDNA of mdPAP1 was 1358 bp, and it contained a single open reading frame of 1122 bp encoding a predicted MdPAP1 protein of 373 amino acids. The estimated molecular weight of MdPAP1 was 41267.08 Da with an isoelectric point of 6.25. The deduced amino acid sequence of MdPAP1 exhibited high similarity to known PAPs of insects. mdPAP1 was detected in larvae, pupae, and adult housefly, and the expression level of mdPAP1 was upregulated in bacterial challenged larvae. The recombinant protein of MdPAP1 expressed in Escherichia coli could cleave the prophenoloxidase into phenoloxidase in M. domestica hemolymph infected by bacteria and result in a significant increase of the total phenoloxidase activity. In addition, RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of mdPAP1 significantly increased the mortality of M. domestica larvae. Results indicated that mdPAP1 was involved in the activation of the prophenoloxidase against bacterial infection in M. domestica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Na Zhuang
- Biotechnology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Luan
- Biotechnology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Tong-Rui Lv
- Biotechnology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Cheng-Ming Ren
- Biotechnology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Biotechnology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Biotechnology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Dian-Xiang Li
- Biotechnology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
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8
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Hosseinzadeh S, Higgins SA, Ramsey J, Howe K, Griggs M, Castrillo L, Heck M. Proteomic Polyphenism in Color Morphotypes of Diaphorina citri, Insect Vector of Citrus Greening Disease. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2851-2866. [PMID: 33890474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Diaphorina citri is a vector of "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas), associated with citrus greening disease. D. citri exhibit at least two color morphotypes, blue and non-blue, the latter including gray and yellow morphs. Blue morphs have a greater capacity for long-distance flight and transmit CLas less efficiently as compared to non-blue morphs. Differences in physiology and immunity between color morphs of the insect vector may influence disease epidemiology and biological control strategies. We evaluated the effect of CLas infection on color morph and sex-specific proteomic profiles of D. citri. Immunity-associated proteins were more abundant in blue morphs as compared to non-blue morphs but were upregulated at a higher magnitude in response to CLas infection in non-blue insects. To test for differences in color morph immunity, we measured two phenotypes: (1) survival of D. citri when challenged with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and (2) microbial load of the surface and internal microbial communities. Non-blue color morphs showed higher mortality at four doses of B. bassinana, but no differences in microbial load were observed. Thus, color morph polyphenism is associated with two distinct proteomic immunity phenotypes in D. citri that may impact transmission of CLas and resistance to B. bassiana under some conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Hosseinzadeh
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Steven A Higgins
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - John Ramsey
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin Howe
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael Griggs
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Louela Castrillo
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michelle Heck
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Cao X, Lu Y, Li J, Xia X, Gao Q, Gu W, Wang W, Meng Q. An ShK-domain serine protease of Eriocheir sinensis regulates the PO activity to resist Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:186-194. [PMID: 32615165 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel serine protease contains two ShK-domain was found from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (EsShK-SP). The full-length EsShK-SP cDNA is 1927 bp and contains a 1260-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 420 amino acids, including a signal peptide, two ShK domain, and Tryp-SPC domain. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that EsShK-SP was expressed mainly in the hemocytes, gills, intestine, and nerve, but weakly in heart, muscle, and hepatopancreas. After infected with Spiroplasma eriocheiris, the expression of EsShK-SP was significantly up-regulated from 1 d to 9 d. The Tryp-SPC domain was ligated with pGEX-4T-1 vector and prokaryotic expressed to obtain recombinant protein rSPC. When rSPC and S. eriocheiris stimulated the hemocytes of E. sinensis, the PO activity was significantly up-regulated. The subcellular localization revealed that recombinant EsShK-SP was mainly located in the cytoplasm of Drosophila S2 cells. Both absolute real-time PCR and confocal laser scanning microscope results showed that over-expression of EsShK-SP in S2 cells could decrease the copy number of S. eriocheiris. Meanwhile, the over-expression of EsShK-SP also increased the PO activity and cell viability of S2 cells. After EsShK-SP RNA interference using dsRNA, the expression levels of proPO and activity of PO decreased significantly from 48 h to 96 h. The knockdown of EsShK-SP by RNAi resulted in the copy number of S. eriocheiris in the EsShK-SP silenced group was significantly increased compared to the control groups during S. eriocheiris infection. Meanwhile, the survival rate of crabs decreased in the EsShK-SP-dsRNA group. The above results indicated that EsShK-SP plays an important immune role during E. sinensis against S. eriocheiris through regulation of the proPO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yinyue Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiyun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoli Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222005, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222005, China.
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Thitarodes Armoricanus in Response to the Entomopathogenic Fungi Paecilomyces Hepiali and Ophiocordyceps Sinensis. INSECTS 2019; 11:insects11010004. [PMID: 31861642 PMCID: PMC7022891 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Thitarodes armoricanus is a medicinal and economically important Lepidopteran insect species. The larvae infected by Paecilomyces hepiali survive no more than four days, while those infected by Ophiocordyceps sinensis can survive for several months before mummification. This provides a valuable comparative system to study interactions between an insect host and different pathogenic fungi. By using the T. armoricanus genome, a time-course transcriptome analysis of the whole larvae without guts was performed to explore the larvae response to P. hepiali and O. sinensis infection. A total of 3106 differentially expressed genes in five clusters were identified. The genes involved in coagulation and multiple metabolisms were both suppressed after P. hepiali or O. sinensis infection, whereas those related to environmental information responses, cell processes, biotic stimulus, and immunity (such as cecropin (CEC)) were elevated. The rapid death of T. armoricanus after P. hepiali infection might be caused by osmotic imbalance, immunocompromise (such as DEFs and GLVs), and nervous system dysfunction (glutamatergic synapse). Up-regulation of the genes related to cuticle structure, nervous system (such as neurotrophin signal pathway and dopaminergic synapse) and immune effectors (such as attacin (ATT) and proline-rich antimicrobial peptide 1 (PRAMP1)) in T. armoricanus, may contribute to the co-existence of T. armoricanus and O. sinensis. This study provides a global view and potential key genes of the interaction between T. armoricanus and two fungal entomopathogens.
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Li H, Tian X, Zhao K, Jiang W, Dong S. Effect of Clostridium butyricum in different forms on growth performance, disease resistance, expression of genes involved in immune responses and mTOR signaling pathway of Litopenaeus vannamai. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:13-21. [PMID: 30599253 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A 42-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of diet supplemented with various additives from Clostridium butyricum (fermentation supernatant, FS; live cells, LC; cell-free extract, CE; spray-dried spores, DS; mixture of live cells and supernatant, LCS) on the growth, intestinal morphology, disease resistance, immune gene expression and mTOR signaling-related gene expression in Litopenaeus vannamai. The feeding trial showed that the final weight and specific growth rate of the shrimp were improved significantly while the feed conversion ratio were reduced significantly in LC, CE, DS and LCS groups compared to the control. The villus height and intestinal wall thickness of shrimp's mid-intestine in LC, DS and LCS group increased significantly. After challenge test to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the cumulative mortalities of the shrimp in LC, CE, DS and LCS groups were significantly lower than that of the control. As compared to the control, the relative expression levels of superoxide dismutase, lysozyme, prophenoloxidase (proPO), Toll, Immune deficiency (Imd), Relish, TOR, 4E-BP, eIF4E1α and eIF4E2 genes in the shrimp of DS and LCS groups enhanced significantly, whereas the relative expression levels of proPO, SOD, Toll, Imd, Relish, elF4E1α and elF4E2 genes were statistically the same between FS group and the control. These results suggested that the spray-dried spores and mixture of live cells and supernatant of C. butyricum exerted better probiotic benefits in modulating immune responses of shrimp. In addition, single supernatant could not be helpful to shrimp while mixture of live cells and supernatant could better improve the immune responses of shrimp in comparison to single live cells. The integration of C. butyricum and their metabolites supplemented into feed could significantly improve growth performance, intestinal morphology, immunity capacity and resistance against V. parahaemolyticus of L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Xiangli Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China.
| | - Kun Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Wenwen Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Shuanglin Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
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12
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Park K, Kim WS, Kwak IS. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals impair the innate immune prophenoloxidase system in the intertidal mud crab, Macrophthalmus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:322-332. [PMID: 30682408 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), xenobiotics that interfere with endogenous hormone function, have been studied for their impacts in aquatic environments. However, there is limited information about the potentially hazardous impact of bisphenol A (BPA) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on the marine environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of BPA and DEHP on the immune response of the intertidal mud crab, Macrophthalmus japonicus. In order to examine immunological responses involving the prophenoloxidase (proPO) system, mRNA transcript and activity levels of six immune-related genes, including lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein (LGBP), proPO, phenoloxidase (PO), peroxinectin (PE), serine protease inhibitor (Serpin), and trypsin (Tryp), were assessed in M. japonicus hepatopancreas and gills exposed to BPA or DEHP. Expression of immune genes generally decreased in M. japonicus hepatopancreas and gills exposed to all concentrations of BPA by days 4 and 7. However, at day 1, expression of Serpin and Tryp genes was significantly increased in M. japonicus hepatopancreas and gills exposed to BPA. For DEHP exposure, all genes, with the exception of Serpin, were significantly downregulated in M. japonicus gills. In the hepatopancreas, gene expression of PO, proPO, and LGBP increased at day 1, and then decreased by day 7, while mRNA expression of Serpin and Tryp exhibited up-regulation over all exposure periods. In addition, PE gene expression was upregulated in hepatopancreas at day 7 in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicated that the crab immune responses were perturbed by exposure to BPA, and, in particular, DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyun Park
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 550-749, South Korea
| | - Won-Seok Kim
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 550-749, South Korea
| | - Ihn-Sil Kwak
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 550-749, South Korea.
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13
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Wei Z, Sun W, Tran NT, Gong Y, Ma H, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Li S. Two novel serine proteases from Scylla paramamosain involved in the synthesis of anti-lipopolysaccharide factors and activation of prophenoloxidase system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:322-332. [PMID: 30300737 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases (SPs) are important in various immune responses, including prophenoloxidase (proPO) activation, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) synthesis, and hemolymph coagulation in invertebrates. In this study, SP3 and SP5 of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) were studied. SP3 and SP5 were expressed in all examined tissues (mainly in hemocytes), and are associated with the immune responses of mud crab to Vibrio parahemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as interacted with TRAF6, and are involved in the activation of anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs) probably through the TLR/NF-κB pathway. Depletion of SP3 inhibited the expression of ALF1, ALF2, ALF3, and ALF6, while knockdown of SP5 significantly decreased ALF5, and ALF6. Furthermore, both SP5 and TRAF6 regulated the PO activity in the hemolymph of mud crab. Overexpression assay showed that both SP3 and SP5 could enhance the promoter activities of ALFs in mud crab. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that SP3 and SP5 might play important roles in the immune system of mud crab against pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Wanwei Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Huaiping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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14
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Zhao Z, Zhang H, Wang M, Zhang C, Kuang P, Zhou Z, Zhang G, Wang Z, Zhang B, Shi X. The ethanol extract of honeysuckle stem modulates the innate immunity of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis against Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:304-311. [PMID: 30125699 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Honeysuckle stem had been used as feed additives to modulate immunity in breeding industry, which was limited in the aquaculture field. In this study, the immunomodulation of honeysuckle stem ethanol extract (designed as HSE) on Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis was detected. The crabs fed with HSE diets for 30 days had higher level of the total haemocyte count (HTC), lysozyme activity and PO activity (P < 0.05), and had no obvious affect on the phagocytic activity, NO and TNF-α level. When challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (1.0 × 107 colony-forming units), HSE exhibited weak antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila and increased survival rate of crabs. The decreasing of THC and the increasing of TNF-α concentration, EsCaspase and EsLITAF mRNA expression level were all inhibited significantly by HSE treatment (P < 0.05), when the crabs were challenged by A. hydrophila. Moreover, the following immune parameters of crabs were enhanced by HSE treatment after A. hydrophila infection, including the rising of phagocytosis index and phagocytic rate of haemocyte, the rising of lysozyme, PO, NOS activities and nitric oxide concentration (P < 0.05). Therefore, it was concluded that HSE had great potential to develop into feed additive of crabs, which could enhance the innate immunity of Chinese mitten crabs E. sinensis effectively after A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Haijuan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Pengqun Kuang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China.
| | - Bianbian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China.
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15
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Sangsuriya P, Charoensapsri W, Sutthangkul J, Senapin S, Hirono I, Tassanakajon A, Amparyup P. A novel white spot syndrome virus protein WSSV164 controls prophenoloxidases, PmproPOs in shrimp melanization cascade. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 86:109-117. [PMID: 29753984 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanization, mediated by the prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating system, is an important innate immune response in invertebrates. The implication of the proPO system in antiviral response and the suppression of host proPO activation by the viral protein have previously been demonstrated in shrimp. However, the molecular mechanism of viral-host interactions in the proPO cascade remains largely unexplored. Here, we characterized the viral protein, namely, WSSV164, which was initially identified from the forward suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA library of the PmproPO1/2 co-silenced black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon that was challenged with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Using the yeast two-hybrid system, WSSV164 was found to interact with the PmproPO2 protein. The subsequent validation assay by co-immunoprecipitation revealed that WSSV164 directly bound to both PmproPO1 and PmproPO2. The gene silencing experiment was carried out to explore the role of WSSV164 in the control of the proPO pathway in shrimp, and the results showed that suppression of WSSV164 can restore PO activity in WSSV-infected shrimp hemolymph. The recombinant proteins of PmproPO1 and PmproPO2 were produced in Sf-9 cells and were shown to be successfully activated by exogenous trypsin and endogenous serine proteinases from shrimp hemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS), yielding PO activity in vitro. Moreover, the activated PO activity in shrimp HLS was dose-dependently reduced by the recombinant WSSV164 protein, suggesting that WSSV164 may interfere with the activation of the proPO system in shrimp. Taken together, these results suggest an alternative infection route of WSSV through the encoded viral protein WSSV164 that binds to the PmproPO1 and PmproPO2 proteins, interfering with the activation of the melanization cascade in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Charoensapsri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jantiwan Sutthangkul
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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16
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Ran R, Li T, Liu X, Ni H, Li W, Meng F. RNA interference-mediated silencing of genes involved in the immune responses of the soybean pod borer Leguminivora glycinivorella (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). PeerJ 2018; 6:e4931. [PMID: 29910977 PMCID: PMC6003399 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology may be useful for developing new crop protection strategies against the soybean pod borer (SPB; Leguminivora glycinivorella), which is a critical soybean pest in northeastern Asia. Immune-related genes have been recently identified as potential RNAi targets for controlling insects. However, little is known about these genes or mechanisms underlying their expression in the SPB. In this study, we completed a transcriptome-wide analysis of SPB immune-related genes. We identified 41 genes associated with SPB microbial recognition proteins, immune-related effectors or signalling molecules in immune response pathways (e.g., Toll and immune deficiency pathways). Eleven of these genes were selected for a double-stranded RNA artificial feeding assay. The down-regulated expression levels of LgToll-5-1a and LgPGRP-LB2a resulted in relatively high larval mortality rates and abnormal development. Our data represent a comprehensive genetic resource for immune-related SPB genes, and may contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism regulating innate immunity in Lepidoptera species. Furthermore, two immune-related SPB genes were identified as potential RNAi targets, which may be used in the development of RNAi-mediated SPB control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Ran
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in the Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in the Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in the Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hejia Ni
- Colleges of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in the Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics & Breeding for Soybean in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fanli Meng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in the Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics & Breeding for Soybean in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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17
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Two Phytoplasmas Elicit Different Responses in the Insect Vector Euscelidius variegatus Kirschbaum. Infect Immun 2018. [PMID: 29531134 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00042-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are plant-pathogenic bacteria transmitted by hemipteran insects. The leafhopper Euscelidius variegatus is a natural vector of chrysanthemum yellows phytoplasma (CYp) and a laboratory vector of flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp). The two phytoplasmas induce different effects on this species: CYp slightly improves whereas FDp negatively affects insect fitness. To investigate the molecular bases of these different responses, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of E. variegatus infected with either CYp or FDp was performed. The sequencing provided the first de novo transcriptome assembly for a phytoplasma vector and a starting point for further analyses on differentially regulated genes, mainly related to immune system and energy metabolism. Insect phenoloxidase activity, immunocompetence, and body pigmentation were measured to investigate the immune response, while respiration and movement rates were quantified to confirm the effects on energy metabolism. The activation of the insect immune response upon infection with FDp, which is not naturally transmitted by E. variegatus, confirmed that this bacterium is mostly perceived as a potential pathogen. Conversely, the acquisition of CYp, which is naturally transmitted by E. variegatus, seems to increase the insect fitness by inducing a prompt response to stress. This long-term relationship is likely to improve survival and dispersal of the infected insect, thus enhancing the opportunity of phytoplasma transmission.
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Yang XZ, Zhang C, Huang GY, Xu MJ, Cheng YX, Yang ZG, Zhang Q, Wang YY. Cellular and biochemical parameters following autotomy and ablation-mediated cheliped loss in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:33-43. [PMID: 29146453 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the pond culture of juvenile Eriocheir sinensis, various factors have frequently led to a high rate of autotomy and limb impairments. This study evaluated the differential effects of cheliped loss with autotomy and ablation on the short-term cellular and biochemical parameters of juvenile E. sinensis. In this study, compared with the crabs before treatment, the total hemocyte counts (THC), granulocyte counts (GC), hemocyte agglutination, phosphatase activity and glucose metabolism levels were significantly increased, while hyalinocyte counts (HC) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were significantly decreased within 3 h. However, the THC levels, hemocyte agglutination and hemocyte proliferation were significantly higher in the ablation group within 3 h compared to the autotomy group. Moreover, the changes of glucose metabolism and immune-related enzymes activities in ablation groups were later than autotomy groups. The bacterial challenge showed that the mortality rate of the ablation group was significantly higher than that of the autotomy group. Therefore, the observations in this study indicate that compared with the passive trauma response of ablation, autotomy is a congenital, efficient, and active trauma response mechanism, which is of great significance to the survival and growth of E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhen Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Cong Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Gen-Yong Huang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Min-Jie Xu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yong-Xu Cheng
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yi-Yue Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Tassanakajon A, Rimphanitchayakit V, Visetnan S, Amparyup P, Somboonwiwat K, Charoensapsri W, Tang S. Shrimp humoral responses against pathogens: antimicrobial peptides and melanization. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:81-93. [PMID: 28501515 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diseases have caused tremendous economic losses and become the major problem threatening the sustainable development of shrimp aquaculture. The knowledge of host defense mechanisms against invading pathogens is essential for the implementation of efficient strategies to prevent disease outbreaks. Like other invertebrates, shrimp rely on the innate immune system to defend themselves against a range of microbes by recognizing and destroying them through cellular and humoral immune responses. Detection of microbial pathogens triggers the signal transduction pathways including the NF-κB signaling, Toll and Imd pathways, resulting in the activation of genes involved in host defense responses. In this review, we update the discovery of components of the Toll and Imd pathways in shrimp and their participation in the regulation of shrimp antimicrobial peptide (AMP) synthesis. We also focus on a recent progress on the two most powerful and the best-studied shrimp humoral responses: AMPs and melanization. Shrimp AMPs are mainly cationic peptides with sequence diversity which endues them the broad range of activities against microorganisms. Melanization, regulated by the prophenoloxidase activating cascade, also plays a crucial role in killing and sequestration of invading pathogens. The progress and emerging research on mechanisms and functional characterization of components of these two indispensable humoral responses in shrimp immunity are summarized and discussed. Interestingly, the pattern recognition protein (PRP) crosstalk is evidenced between the proPO activating cascade and the AMP synthesis pathways in shrimp, which enables the innate immune system to build up efficient immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Vichien Rimphanitchayakit
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suwattana Visetnan
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kunlaya Somboonwiwat
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Charoensapsri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sureerat Tang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Khorattanakulchai N, Amparyup P, Tassanakajon A. Binding of PmClipSP2 to microbial cell wall components and activation of the proPO-activating system in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 77:38-45. [PMID: 28735961 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Clip domain serine proteinases (ClipSPs) play an important role in the prophenoloxidase-activating (proPO) system. In the shrimp Penaeus monodon, the ClipSP PmClipSP2 has been previously shown to bind to microbial polysaccharides (LPS and β-1,3-glucan) and likely activates the proPO system. To reveal the binding site of the PmClipSP2 protein, the N-terminal clip domain (Clip-PmClipSP) and C-terminal SP domain (SP-PmClipSP2) were separately cloned. The recombinant proteins were then assayed for their binding properties and involvement in proPO activation. According to the ELISA-based binding assay, rSP-PmClipSP2, but not rClip-PmClipSP, can bind immobilized LPS and β-1,3-glucan as well as significantly activate PO activity. The binding site at the SP domain is proposed to have a pattern sequence (X-[PFY]-X-[AFILV]-[AFY]-[AITV]-X-[ILV]-X(5)-W-[IL]-X) that is located at the C-terminal region of the SP domain of PmClipSP2. Deletion of the pattern sequence abolished binding to LPS and β-1,3-glucan. Conversely, a recombinant protein containing the pattern sequence (rPT-PmClipSP2-TRX) had the ability to bind to cell wall components, confirming that the pattern sequence at the C-terminus of PmClipSP2 is responsible for binding to microbes, subsequently leading to activation of the proPO cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narach Khorattanakulchai
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Zhou Y, Jing W, Dahms HU, Hwang JS, Wang L. Oxidative damage, ultrastructural alterations and gene expressions of hemocytes in the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense exposed to cadmium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 138:130-138. [PMID: 28040618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of Cd was tested with the hemocytes of the freshwater crab, Sinopotamon henanense, which were exposed to concentrations of 0, 0.725, 1.450, and 2.900mgL-1 Cd for 7, 14 and 21 d. We investigated the effects of Cd on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and oxidative damage of biomarkers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl derivates (PCO), and DNA-protein crosslink (DPC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to assess ultrastructural changes of hemocytes. The mRNA expression levels of prophenoloxidase (proPO), lysozyme (LSZ), metallothionein (MT), and the activity of phenoloxidase (PO) were also determined. Our results showed that TAC was inhibited by Cd, resulting in an increase of MDA contents, PCO contents, and DPC levels in hemocytes, respectively. Ultrastructural observations revealed that chromatin condensation, nucleus deformation, mitochondrial dilation, rough endoplasmatic reticulum (rER) degranulation and secondary or tertiary lysosomes were observed in hemocytes of crabs exposed to Cd. Meanwhile, the expression levels of proPO were down-regulated, while the activity of PO was up-regulated in hemocytes. The expression levels of LSZ and MT were up-regulated to some extent. Our findings suggest these parameters could be used as biomarkers in the monitoring of heavy metal pollution and quantitative risk assessments of pollutant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Zhou
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Weixin Jing
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiang-Shiou Hwang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
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