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Kumar R, Kushawaha PK. Interferon inducible guanylate binding protein 1 restricts the growth of Leishmania donovani by modulating the level of cytokines/chemokines and MAP kinase transcription factors. Microb Pathog 2022; 168:105568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Volpedo G, Pacheco-Fernandez T, Bhattacharya P, Oljuskin T, Dey R, Gannavaram S, Satoskar AR, Nakhasi HL. Determinants of Innate Immunity in Visceral Leishmaniasis and Their Implication in Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748325. [PMID: 34712235 PMCID: PMC8546207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is endemic to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and is transmitted by the bite of an infected sand fly. The multifaceted interactions between Leishmania, the host innate immune cells, and the adaptive immunity determine the severity of pathogenesis and disease development. Leishmania parasites establish a chronic infection by subversion and attenuation of the microbicidal functions of phagocytic innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Other innate cells such as inflammatory monocytes, mast cells and NK cells, also contribute to resistance and/or susceptibility to Leishmania infection. In addition to the cytokine/chemokine signals from the innate immune cells, recent studies identified the subtle shifts in the metabolic pathways of the innate cells that activate distinct immune signal cascades. The nexus between metabolic pathways, epigenetic reprogramming and the immune signaling cascades that drive the divergent innate immune responses, remains to be fully understood in Leishmania pathogenesis. Further, development of safe and efficacious vaccines against Leishmaniasis requires a broader understanding of the early interactions between the parasites and innate immune cells. In this review we focus on the current understanding of the specific role of innate immune cells, the metabolomic and epigenetic reprogramming and immune regulation that occurs during visceral leishmaniasis, and the strategies used by the parasite to evade and modulate host immunity. We highlight how such pathways could be exploited in the development of safe and efficacious Leishmania vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Volpedo
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Parna Bhattacharya
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Timur Oljuskin
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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3
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Immunotherapy in treatment of leishmaniasis. Immunol Lett 2021; 233:80-86. [PMID: 33771555 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis caused by various species of protozoan transmitted by sand fly vectors occurs as a spectrum of clinical features including cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral forms. It is a geographically distributed parasitic disease and a major public health problem in the world. The clinical syndromes are highly variable depending on the parasite species, host genetics, vectors and environment. To date, there is no effective vaccine and traditional treatments are toxic, expensive with long administration duration and many adverse side effects and/or drug resistance. Instead of treatments based on chemotherapy, certain strategies aim to recover leishmaniasis and reduce the parasitic burden. Immunotherapy has focused on the induction of effective immune response to rapidly control the disease. Recent studies have indicated that a single dose of a suitable therapeutic vaccine induces a quick and lasting recovery in patients. Immunotherapy reduces the toxicity of drug and the emergence of resistance dramatically. It could be an effective addition to chemotherapy with a safe and potent drug compared with monotherapy, resulting in a prophylactic and therapeutic cure of leishmaniasis. This review has focused on treatment of leishmaniasis with particular emphasis on immunotherapy as an alternative to conventional drug treatment.
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Bazin MA, Cojean S, Pagniez F, Bernadat G, Cavé C, Ourliac-Garnier I, Nourrisson MR, Morgado C, Picot C, Leclercq O, Baratte B, Robert T, Späth GF, Rachidi N, Bach S, Loiseau PM, Le Pape P, Marchand P. In vitro identification of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine-based antileishmanial agents and evaluation of L. major casein kinase 1 inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112956. [PMID: 33148491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis constitutes a severe public health problem, with an estimated prevalence of 12 million cases. This potentially fatal disease has a worldwide distribution and in 2012, the fatal Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) was declared as new emerging disease in Europe, mainly due to global warming, with expected important public health impact. The available treatments are toxic, costly or lead to parasite resistance, thus there is an urgent need for new drugs with new mechanism of action. Previously, we reported the discovery of CTN1122, a potent imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine-based antileishmanial hit compound targeting L-CK1.2 at low micromolar ranges. Here, we described structurally related, safe and selective compounds endowed with antiparasitic properties, better than miltefosine, the reference therapy by oral route. L-CK1.2 homology model gave the first structural explanations of the role of 4-pyridyl (CTN1122) and 2-aminopyrimidin-4-yl (compound 21) moieties, at the position 3 of the central core, in the low micromolar to nanomolar L-CK1.2 inhibition, whereas N-methylpyrazole derivative 11 remained inactive against the parasite kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Bazin
- Université de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Sandrine Cojean
- BioCIS Biomolécules: Conception, Isolement, Synthèse, Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, UMR CNRS 8076, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Fabrice Pagniez
- Université de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Guillaume Bernadat
- BioCIS Biomolécules: Conception, Isolement, Synthèse, Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, UMR CNRS 8076, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Christian Cavé
- BioCIS Biomolécules: Conception, Isolement, Synthèse, Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, UMR CNRS 8076, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Isabelle Ourliac-Garnier
- Université de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Renée Nourrisson
- Université de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Cathy Morgado
- Université de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Carine Picot
- Université de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Leclercq
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Baratte
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, F-29680, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility - KISSf, Station Biologique, F-29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Thomas Robert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, F-29680, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility - KISSf, Station Biologique, F-29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Gérald F Späth
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Najma Rachidi
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bach
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, F-29680, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility - KISSf, Station Biologique, F-29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Philippe M Loiseau
- BioCIS Biomolécules: Conception, Isolement, Synthèse, Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, UMR CNRS 8076, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Patrice Le Pape
- Université de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Marchand
- Université de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France.
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Genetic variability of molecules involved in the disease pathogenesis in Leishmania infection. Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:108007. [PMID: 32979344 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are the primary host cell for Leishmania parasites, by Toll like receptors (TLR-MyD88) that are central components of the innate and adaptive immunity against leishmania infection. The CD40/CD40L interaction has also been shown to be important in resistance to various protozoa. In this context, one of the most important properties of suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins, especially SOCS1 and SOCS3, is the regulation of macrophages cell for Leishmania parasites. In the present study we evaluated variants of molecules involved in activation and modulation of leishmanicidal signaling cascades and the possible associations between polymorphisms present in the TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, CD40, SOCS1, SOCS3 genes with susceptibility/resistent to Leishmania. The results suggest the absence of any association between TLR2 and TLR4 variants and susceptibility to Leishmaniasis. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence encoding the TIR recognition domain of the MyD88 molecule showed that it is highly conserved when compared to the reference sequences. In contrast, heterozygous rs 12953258, which reflects a decrease in the expression of SOCS3, suggesting that it may be involved in the leishmaniasis susceptibility. This study is a first advance in the analysis of polymorphisms of genes involved in the signaling pathway of the macrophage and their relationship with leishmaniases infection and disease progression.
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Review on the Role of Host Immune Response in Protection and Immunopathogenesis during Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Infection. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2496713. [PMID: 32656269 PMCID: PMC7320295 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2496713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem worldwide and spreads to human via the bite of sand flies during blood meal. Following its inoculation, the promastigotes are immediately taken up by phagocytic cells and these leishmania-infected host cells produce proinflammatory cytokines that activate other immune cells and these infected host cells produce more cytokines and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species for efficient control of leishmania infection. Many experimental studies showed that resistance to infection with leishmania paraites is associated with the production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of CD4+ Th1 response. On the other hand, vulnerability to this parasitic infection is correlated to production of T helper 2 cytokines that facilitate persistence of parasites and disease progression. In addition, some studies have also indicated that CD8+ T cells play a vital role in immune defense through cytokine production and their cytotoxic activity and excessive production of proinflammatory mediators promote amplified recruitment of cells. This could be correlated with excessive inflammatory reaction and ultimately resulted in tissue destruction and development of immunopathogenesis. Thus, there are contradictions regarding the role of immune responses in protection and immunopathogenesis of CL disease. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to review the role of host immune response in protection and its contribution to disease severity for CL infection. In order to obtain more meaningful data regarding the nature of immune response to leishmania, further in-depth studies focused on immune modulation should be conducted to develop better therapeutic strategies.
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Bordbar A, Bagheri KP, Ebrahimi S, Parvizi P. Bioinformatics analyses of immunogenic T-cell epitopes of LeIF and PpSP15 proteins from Leishmania major and sand fly saliva used as model antigens for the design of a multi-epitope vaccine to control leishmaniasis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104189. [PMID: 31931259 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites belonging to 20 Leishmania species. This infectious disease is transmitted by bites of infected phlebotomine sandflies, and is widespread in 97 countries throughout the world. No preventive or effective vaccine has been developed yet. In this study, diverse computational methods were integrated to calculate evolutionary divergence, immunogenicity, IFN-γ production, epitope conservancy, and population coverage of protein fusion models of LeIF-SP15 namely SaLeish. Immunogenicity of LeIF of Leishmania species and SP15 of sandfly saliva has not been investigated in-silico in fusion form. A complete set of 9-mer MHC class I and 15-mer MHC class II peptides were identified with a high affinity for the antigenic epitopes of SaLeish inducing specific responses of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from BALB/c and human. Our preferred approach was determining truncated fragment of SaLeish rather than a whole length bearing the capacity to trigger specific immune response. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LeIF protein is under balancing selection and is conserved between different Leishmania species. Selected SaLeish model contained 19 and 35 antigenic peptides for MHC class I and II, respectively, with strong binding affinity to both highly frequent HLA-I and HLA-II alleles. Analysis of class I CTL epitopes showed that promiscuous peptides of KSLKADIRK, MSCIPHCKY, LQAGVIVAV, and YQYYGFVAM have greater affinity to interact with HLA-A*01:01, HLA-A*02 (03, 06), HLA-A*30:02, HLA-B*40:01, and HLA-B*52:01 molecules. Population coverage with a range of 78-85% confirmed SaLeish-Model4 as an appropriate vaccine candidate among Persian, South Asia, Europe, and North America population. Also, predicted antigenic epitopes of AKPEIRTFSNVLIKY, TRVQDDLRKLQAGVI, and VALFSATMPEEVLEL corresponding to MHC class II were found to provide strong ability to produce IFNγ toward TH(1)-biased-DTH responses. Findings of the current investigation warrant the future experimental assessment of promising SaLeish prophylaxis vaccine that is capable to enhance both innate and specific cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bordbar
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kamran Pooshang Bagheri
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Biotechnology Dept., Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Ebrahimi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Parvizi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Anning AS, Kwakye-Nuako G, Ameyaw EO, Mosore MT, Asare KK. In vitro activity of Erythrophleum ivorense extract against the promastigote stage of cutaneous Leishmania parasite, a member of Leishmania (Mundinia) enriettii complex isolates from Ghana. Access Microbiol 2019; 1:e000050. [PMID: 32974542 PMCID: PMC7481739 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes physical disfigurement and impairment on affected individuals, however, little attention has been paid to it eradication. The situation of this neglected disease is complicated with the expansion of the non-human pathogenic Leishmania enriettii complex causing infection in humans. We have previously shown that the extract from Erythrophleum ivorense has leishmanicidal activity against promastigote stages of the L. enriettii complex isolate from Ghana and L eishmania donovani. The extract of E. ivorense has shown to have anti-inflammatory, wound-healing ability, antiallergic, antimalarial and antischistosomal activity. However, the concentration threshold of E. ivorense extract required for leishmanicidal activity against the emerging human pathogenic L. enriettii complex isolates is not clear. AIM To test for the concentration threshold of E. ivorense extract required to obtain ideal leishmanicidal activity against the promastigote stage of human pathogenic L. enriettii complex isolates from Ghana. METHOD The ethanolic leaf extract of E. ivorense was serially diluted and tested against the promastigote stage of the L. enriettii complex. Parasite inhibition was measured at 590 nm using a spectrophotometer after staining parasites with trypan blue. To select the threshold concentration for maximum inhibition of the promastigote stage of the L. enriettii complex, the concentration cut-off statistic was used. RESULTS The MIC of E. ivorense extract for L. enriettii promastigote inhibition was 62.3 μg ml-1. The highest promastigote inhibition was observed at 72 h. CONCLUSION We show that a MIC of 62.3 μg ml-1 of E. ivorense leaf extract exhibits an ideal leishmanicidal activity against the promastigote stage of L. enriettii complex isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberta Serwah Anning
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Elvis Ofori Ameyaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mba-Tihssommah Mosore
- U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwame Kumi Asare
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Protozoology Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Leishmania major p27 gene knockout as a novel live attenuated vaccine candidate: Protective immunity and efficacy evaluation against cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2019; 37:3221-3228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dayakar A, Chandrasekaran S, Kuchipudi SV, Kalangi SK. Cytokines: Key Determinants of Resistance or Disease Progression in Visceral Leishmaniasis: Opportunities for Novel Diagnostics and Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:670. [PMID: 31024534 PMCID: PMC6459942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of humans, highly prevalent in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. The disease mainly occurs in three different clinical forms namely cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The VL affects several internal organs and is the deadliest form of the disease. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of VL are variable based on the vector, parasite (e.g., species, strains, and antigen diversity), host (e.g., genetic background, nutrition, diversity in antigen presentation and immunity) and the environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, and hygiene). Chemotherapy of VL is limited to a few drugs which is expensive and associated with profound toxicity, and could become ineffective due to the parasites developing resistance. Till date, there are no licensed vaccines for humans against leishmaniasis. Recently, immunotherapy has become an attractive strategy as it is cost-effective, causes limited side-effects and do not suffer from the downside of pathogens developing resistance. Among various immunotherapeutic approaches, cytokines (produced by helper T-lymphocytes) based immunotherapy has received great attention especially for drug refractive cases of human VL. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge on the molecular interactions of immune cells or components and on cytokines interplay in the host defense or pathogenesis is important to determine appropriate immunotherapies for leishmaniasis. Here, we summarized the current understanding of a wide-spectrum of cytokines and their interaction with immune cells that determine the clinical outcome of leishmaniasis. We have also highlighted opportunities for the development of novel diagnostics and intervention therapies for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Suresh K Kalangi
- Department of Biosciences, School of Sciences, Indrashil University, Mehsana, India
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Salgado CL, Dias EL, Stringari LL, Covre LP, Dietze R, Lima Pereira FE, de Matos Guedes HL, Rossi-Bergmann B, Gomes DCO. Pam3CSK4 adjuvant given intranasally boosts anti-Leishmania immunogenicity but not protective immune responses conferred by LaAg vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:328-335. [PMID: 30817996 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of adjuvants in vaccine formulations is a well-established practice to improve immunogenicity and protective immunity against diseases. Previously, we have demonstrated the feasibility of intranasal vaccination with the antigen of killed Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes (LaAg) against experimental leishmaniasis. In this work, we sought to optimize the immunogenic effect and protective immunity against murine visceral leishmaniasis conferred by intranasal delivery of LaAg in combination with a synthetic TLR1/TLR2 agonist (Pam3CSK4). Intranasal vaccination with LaAg/PAM did not show toxicity or adverse effects, induced the increase of delayed-type hypersensitivity response and the production of inflammatory cytokines after parasite antigen recall. However, mice vaccinated with LaAg/PAM and challenged with Leishmania infantum presented significant reduction of parasite burden in both liver and spleen, similar to those vaccinated with LaAg. Although LaAg/PAM intranasal vaccination had induced higher frequencies of specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and increased levels of IgG2a antibody isotype in serum, both LaAg and LaAg/PAM groups presented similar levels of IL-4 and IFN-y and decreased production of IL-10 when compared to controls. Our results provide the first evidence of the feasibility of intranasal immunization with antigens of killed Leishmania in association with a TLR agonist, which may be explored for developing an effective and alternative strategy for vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Loureiro Salgado
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Emmanoel Loss Dias
- Núcleo de Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Polaco Covre
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Reynaldo Dietze
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Vitória, Brazil; Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Herbet Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa UFRJ, Xerém em Biologia (NUMPEX-BIO), Polo Avançado de Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Claudio Oliveira Gomes
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Vitória, Brazil; Núcleo de Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Vitória, Brazil.
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12
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Dias DS, Ribeiro PA, Martins VT, Lage DP, Ramos FF, Dias AL, Rodrigues MR, Portela ÁS, Costa LE, Caligiorne RB, Steiner BT, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Salles BC, Santos TT, Silveira JA, Magalhães-Soares DF, Roatt BM, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Duarte MC, Menezes-Souza D, Silva ES, Galdino AS, Coelho EA. Recombinant prohibitin protein of Leishmania infantum acts as a vaccine candidate and diagnostic marker against visceral leishmaniasis. Cell Immunol 2018; 323:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A new approach for development of vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis: Lipophosphoglycan and polyacrylic acid conjugates. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:877-886. [PMID: 29080616 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the antileishmanial vaccine effectiveness of lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and polyacrylic acids (PAA) conjugates on in vivo mice models. METHODS LPG molecule was isolated and purified from large-scale Leishmania donovani parasite culture. Protection efficacies of LPG alone, in combination with Freund's adjuvant, in a physical mixture and in conjugate (consisting of various LPG concentrations) with PAA, were comparatively determined by various techniques, such as cultivation with the micro-culture method, assessment of in vitro infection rates of peritoneal macrophages, determination of parasite load in liver with Leishman-Donovan Units, and detection of cytokine responses. RESULTS Obtained results demonstrated that the highest vaccine-mediated immune protection was provided by LPG-PAA conjugate due to all parameters investigated. According to the Leishman-Donovan Units results, the sharpest decline in parasite load was seen with a ratio of 81.17% when 35 μg LPG containing conjugate was applied. This value was 44.93% for the control group immunized only with LPG. Moreover, decreases in parasite load were 53.37%, 55.2% and 65.8% for the groups immunized with 10 μg LPG containing LPG-PAA conjugate, a physical mixture of the LPG-PAA, and a mixture of LPG + Freund's adjuvant, respectively. Furthermore, cytokine results supported that Th1 mediated protection occurred when mice were immunized with LPG-PAA conjugate. CONCLUSIONS It has been demonstrated in this study that conjugate of LPG and PAA has an antileishmanial vaccine effect against visceral leishmaniasis. In this respect, the present study may lead to new vaccine approaches based on high immunogenic LPG molecule and adjuvant polymers in fighting against Leishmania infection.
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Elmekki MA, Elhassan MM, Ozbak HA, Qattan IT, Saleh SM, Alharbi AH. Epidemiological Trends of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah Province, Western Region of Saudi Arabia. J Glob Infect Dis 2017; 9:146-150. [PMID: 29302149 PMCID: PMC5750438 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_16_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the epidemiological trends of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, western region of KSA. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and sixty-seven parasitologically confirmed CL cases attending Al-Meeqat Hospital, Al-Madinah, during 2012–2015, were included in this study. Results: Both Saudi and non-Saudi nationals were infected, with the highest infection rate being among Saudis (68.7%). Males were more affected than females as 86.9% of the total CL cases were males. Moreover, CL was prevalent in all age groups with higher frequency among young adults and adolescents (23.1% and 22.7%, respectively). Interestingly, almost all the patients in the adolescent and child age groups were Saudis (96.2% and 93.5%, respectively). Considering geographical distribution, the highest percentage of the cases (40.5%) were from the northern parts of Al-Madinah province while the eastern parts reported the least infection rate (7.3%). Few cases (2.5%) were supposed to encounter the infection abroad. Additionally, the frequency of infection was found to follow a seasonal distribution. Regarding treatment, pentostam, ketoconazole, or cryotherapy were the treatment options usually used. Conclusion: CL is prevalent in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah area and new foci are being introduced. Thus, detailed studies with large surveillances regarding vector and reservoir hosts in and around the area are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miskelyemen Abdelatti Elmekki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, KSA.,Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan, KSA
| | - Mogahid M Elhassan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, KSA.,Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan, KSA
| | - Hani A Ozbak
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, KSA
| | - Ilham T Qattan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, KSA
| | - Satti M Saleh
- Department of medicine, Meeqat Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, KSA
| | - Ali H Alharbi
- Department of medicine, Meeqat Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, KSA
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15
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Mortazavidehkordi N, Farjadfar A, Khanahmad H, Ghayour Najafabadi Z, Hashemi N, Fallah A, Najafi A, Kia V, Hejazi SH. Evaluation of a novel lentiviral vaccine expressing KMP11-HASPB fusion protein againstLeishmania infantumin BALB/c mice. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:670-677. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Mortazavidehkordi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - A. Farjadfar
- Biotechnology Research Center; Mede Bioeconomy Company; Tehran Iran
| | - H. Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics; Faculty of Medicine; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Z. Ghayour Najafabadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - N. Hashemi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - A. Fallah
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Group; Mede Bioeconomy Company; Tehran Iran
| | - A. Najafi
- Department of Immunology; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - V. Kia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Faculty of Medicine; Zanjan University of Medical Sciences; Zanjan Iran
| | - S. H. Hejazi
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniais Research Center; Department of Parasitology & Mycology; School of Medicine; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
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16
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E Silva RDF, Ferreira LFGR, Hernandes MZ, de Brito MEF, de Oliveira BC, da Silva AA, de-Melo-Neto OP, Rezende AM, Pereira VRA. Combination of In Silico Methods in the Search for Potential CD4(+) and CD8(+) T Cell Epitopes in the Proteome of Leishmania braziliensis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:327. [PMID: 27621732 PMCID: PMC5002431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases widespread throughout the globe, which are caused by protozoans from the genus Leishmania and are transmitted by infected phlebotomine flies. The development of a safe and effective vaccine against these diseases has been seen as the best alternative to control and reduce the number of cases. To support vaccine development, this work has applied an in silico approach to search for high potential peptide epitopes able to bind to different major histocompatibility complex Class I and Class II (MHC I and MHC II) molecules from different human populations. First, the predicted proteome of Leishmania braziliensis was compared and analyzed by modern linear programs to find epitopes with the capacity to trigger an immune response. This approach resulted in thousands of epitopes derived from 8,000 proteins conserved among different Leishmania species. Epitopes from proteins similar to those found in host species were excluded, and epitopes from proteins conserved between different Leishmania species and belonging to surface proteins were preferentially selected. The resulting epitopes were then clustered, to avoid redundancies, resulting in a total of 230 individual epitopes for MHC I and 2,319 for MHC II. These were used for molecular modeling and docking with MHC structures retrieved from the Protein Data Bank. Molecular docking then ranked epitopes based on their predicted binding affinity to both MHC I and II. Peptides corresponding to the top 10 ranked epitopes were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their capacity to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from post-treated cutaneous leishmaniasis patients, with PBMC from healthy donors used as control. From the 10 peptides tested, 50% showed to be immunogenic and capable to stimulate the proliferation of lymphocytes from recovered individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Freitas E Silva
- Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Zaldini Hernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife, Pernambuco , Brazil
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Okwor I, Uzonna JE. Pathways leading to interleukin-12 production and protective immunity in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cell Immunol 2016; 309:32-36. [PMID: 27394077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis affects millions of people worldwide and continues to pose public health problem. There is extensive evidence supporting the critical role for IL-12 in initiating and maintaining protective immune response to Leishmania infection. Although gene deletion studies show that CD40-CD40L interaction is an important pathway for IL-12 production by antigen-presenting cells and subsequent development of protective immunity in cutaneous leishmaniasis, several studies have uncovered other pathways that could also lead to IL-12 production and immunity in the absence of intact CD40-CD40L signaling. Here, we review the literature on the role of IL-12 in the induction and maintenance of protective T cell-mediated immunity in cutaneous leishmaniasis and the different pathways leading to IL-12 production by antigen-presenting cells following Leishmania major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0T5, Canada
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18
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Clavijo-Ramirez CA. APAGANDO GENES PARA ILUMINAR LA INTERACCIÓN ENTRE EL MACRÓFAGO Y LEISHMANIA. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2016. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v21n1supl.50885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>La enfermedad causada por los parásitos del género Leishmania representa un problema de salud pública de importancia a nivel nacional e internacional. El conocimiento actual de la interacción entre el macrófago humano y el parásito aún luce insuficiente para reflejarse en mejoras del tratamiento empleado. El presente manuscrito aspira a ser un texto de divulgación para el púbico general y trata de explicar la importancia de este tipo de investigación científica y la estrategia empleada por nuestro grupo de investigación, en la búsqueda de soluciones al flagelo representado por los diferentes tipos de Leishmaniasis.</p><p> </p><p>Abstract</p><p>The diseases caused by the parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania represent a public heath challenge both at national and international levels. Current knowledge about macrophage-parasite interaction still remains insufficient in order to be translated into more effective patient treatments. The present manuscript aspires to be a communication to nonspecialists and the general public, aiming to explain the importance of this type of basic science as well as the strategy followed by our research group, in the pursuit of solutions to the burden represented by Leishmaniasis.</p>
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19
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Huang L, Hinchman M, Mendez S. Coinjection with TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 reduces the pathology of leishmanization in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003546. [PMID: 25738770 PMCID: PMC4354918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major is an
emergent, uncontrolled public health problem and there is no vaccine. A
promising prophylactic approach has been immunotherapy with Toll-like receptor
(TLR) agonists to enhance parasite-specific immune responses. We have previously
reported that vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with live L.
major plus the TLR9 agonist CpG DNA prevents lesion
development and confers immunity to reinfection. Our current study aims to
investigate whether other TLR agonists can be used in leishmanization without
induction of lesion formation. We found that live L.
major plus the TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 reduced the pathology
in both genetically resistant (C57BL/6) and susceptible (BALB/c) mouse strains.
The addition of Pam3CSK4 activated dermal dendritic cells and macrophages to
produce greater amounts of proinflammatory cytokines in both mouse strains. Both
Th1 and Th17 responses were enhanced by leishmanization with L.
major plus Pam3CSK4 in C57BL/6 mice; however, Th17 cells
were unchanged in BALB/c mice. The production of IL-17 from neutrophils was
enhanced in both strains infected with L.
major plus Pam3CSK4. However, the sustained influx of
neutrophils in sites of infection was only observed in BALB/c mice. Our data
demonstrate that the mechanism behind leishmanization with TLR agonists may be
very different depending upon the immunological background of the host. This
needs to be taken into account for the rational development of successful
vaccines against the disease. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a skin infection caused by a protozoan parasite
Leishmania major (L.
major). The only available treatment option is
chemotherapy, which is toxic and expensive. Currently, there is no vaccine.
Although inoculation of virulent L. major
(leishmanization) that provides effective protection in humans was widely
applied, it was discontinued due to safety concerns. To improve the safety of
leishmanization, we applied agonists of Toll-like receptor in the
leishmanization to induce parasite-specific immune responses. In particular, we
show here that inoculation with live L. major
plus a TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 in both resistant (C57BL/6) and susceptible
(BALB/c) mouse strains completely prevents the development of lesion and
decreases parasite burden. The improved pathology is associated with enhanced
production of IL-6 and IL-12 from dermal dendritic cells and macrophages. Both
Th1 and Th17 responses are enhanced in C57BL/6 mice. Although only the Th1
response was enhanced in BALB/c mice in the presence of Pam3CSK4, there is an
enhanced and sustained neutrophil influx at sites of infection. Overall, our
study reveals the clinical significance of TLR2 agonist in treating cutaneous
leishmaniasis. However, the protective mechanism may be quite different
depending upon the genetic background of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of
America
- * E-mail:
| | - Meleana Hinchman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of
America
| | - Susana Mendez
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of
America
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20
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Combining cationic liposomal delivery with MPL-TDM for cysteine protease cocktail vaccination against Leishmania donovani: evidence for antigen synergy and protection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3091. [PMID: 25144181 PMCID: PMC4140747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the paucity of new drugs and HIV co-infection, vaccination remains an unmet research priority to combat visceral leishmaniasis (VL) requiring strong cellular immunity. Protein vaccination often suffers from low immunogenicity and poor generation of memory T cells for long-lasting protection. Cysteine proteases (CPs) are immunogenic proteins and key mediators of cellular functions in Leishmania. Here, we evaluated the vaccine efficacies of CPs against VL, using cationic liposomes with Toll like receptor agonists for stimulating host immunity against L. donovani in a hamster model. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Recombinant CPs type I (cpb), II (cpa) and III (cpc) of L. donovani were tested singly and in combination as a triple antigen cocktail for antileishmanial vaccination in hamsters. We found the antigens to be highly immunoreactive and persistent anti-CPA, anti-CPB and anti-CPC antibodies were detected in VL patients even after cure. The liposome-entrapped CPs with monophosphoryl lipid A-Trehalose dicorynomycolate (MPL-TDM) induced significantly high nitric oxide (up to 4 fold higher than controls) mediated antileishmanial activity in vitro, and resulted in strong in vivo protection. Among the three CPs, CPC emerged as the most potent vaccine candidate in combating the disease. Interestingly, a synergistic increase in protection was observed with liposomal CPA, CPB and CPC antigenic cocktail which reduced the organ parasite burden by 1013-1016 folds, and increased the disease-free survival of >80% animals at least up to 6 months post infection. Robust secretion of IFN-γ and IL-12, along with concomitant downregulation of Th2 cytokines, was observed in cocktail vaccinates, even after 3 months post infection. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The present study is the first report of a comparative efficacy of leishmanial CPs and their cocktail using liposomal formulation with MPL-TDM against L. donovani. The level of protection attained has not been reported for any other subcutaneous single or polyprotein vaccination against VL.
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21
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Okwor I, Mou Z, Liu D, Uzonna J. Protective immunity and vaccination against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:128. [PMID: 22661975 PMCID: PMC3361738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a great deal of knowledge has been gained from studies on the immunobiology of leishmaniasis, there is still no universally acceptable, safe, and effective vaccine against the disease. This strongly suggests that we still do not completely understand the factors that control and/or regulate the development and sustenance of anti-Leishmania immunity, particularly those associated with secondary (memory) immunity. Such an understanding is critically important for designing safe, effective, and universally acceptable vaccine against the disease. Here we review the literature on the correlate of protective anti-Leishmania immunity and vaccination strategies against leishmaniasis with a bias emphasis on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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22
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Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:203818. [PMID: 22570765 PMCID: PMC3337613 DOI: 10.1155/2012/203818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis affects millions of people around the world. Several species of Leishmania infect mouse strains, and murine models closely reproduce the cutaneous lesions caused by the parasite in humans. Mouse models have enabled studies on the pathogenesis and effector mechanisms of host resistance to infection. Here, we review the role of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) in the control of parasites by macrophages, which are both the host cells and the effector cells. We also discuss the role of neutrophil-derived oxygen and nitrogen reactive species during infection with Leishmania. We emphasize the role of these cells in the outcome of leishmaniasis early after infection, before the adaptive Th-cell immune response.
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Singh RK, Srivastava A, Singh N. Toll-like receptor signaling: a perspective to develop vaccine against leishmaniasis. Microbiol Res 2012; 167:445-51. [PMID: 22326459 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the sentinel factor of the innate immunity, which are essential for host defense. These receptors detect the presence of conserved molecular patterns of potentially pathogenic microorganisms and contribute in both, cellular as well as humoral immune responses. Leishmania is an intracellular pathogen that silently invades host immune system. After phagocytosis, it divides and proliferates in the harmful environment of host macrophages by down-regulating its vital effector functions. In leishmaniasis, the outcome of the infection basically relies on the skewed balance between Th1/Th2 immune responses. Lots of work have been done and on progress but still characterization of either preventive or prophylactic candidate antigen/s is far from satisfactory. How does Leishmania regulate host innate immune system? Still it is unanswered. TLRs play very important role during inflammatory process of various diseases such as cancer, bacterial and viral infections but TLR signaling is comparatively less explained in leishmanial infection. In the context to Th1/Th2 dichotomy, identification of leishmanial antigens that modulate toll-like receptor signaling will certainly help in the development of future vaccine. This review will initially describe global properties of TLRs, and later will discuss their role in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Singh
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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Killed but metabolically active Leishmania infantum as a novel whole-cell vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:490-8. [PMID: 22323556 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05660-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no effective vaccines for visceral leishmaniasis, the second most deadly parasitic infection in the world. Here, we describe a novel whole-cell vaccine approach using Leishmania infantum chagasi promastigotes treated with the psoralen compound amotosalen (S-59) and low doses of UV A radiation. This treatment generates permanent, covalent DNA cross-links within parasites and results in Leishmania organisms termed killed but metabolically active (KBMA). In this report, we characterize the in vitro growth characteristics of both KBMA L. major and KBMA L. infantum chagasi. Concentrations of S-59 that generate optimally attenuated parasites were identified. Like live L. infantum chagasi, KBMA L. infantum chagasi parasites were able to initially enter liver cells in vivo after intravenous infection. However, whereas live L. infantum chagasi infection leads to hepatosplenomegaly in mice after 6 months, KBMA L. infantum chagasi parasites were undetectable in the organs of mice at this time point. In vitro, KBMA L. infantum chagasi retained the ability to enter macrophages and induce nitric oxide production. These characteristics of KBMA L. infantum chagasi correlated with the ability to prophylactically protect mice via subcutaneous vaccination at levels similar to vaccination with live, virulent organisms. Splenocytes from mice vaccinated with either live L. infantum chagasi or KBMA L. infantum chagasi displayed similar cytokine patterns in vitro. These results suggest that KBMA technology is a potentially safe and effective novel vaccine strategy against the intracellular protozoan L. infantum chagasi. This approach may represent a new method for whole-cell vaccination against other complex intracellular pathogens.
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease that ranges in severity from skin lesions to serious disfigurement and fatal systemic infection. WHO has classified the disease as emerging and uncontrolled and estimates that the infection results in two million new cases a year. There are 12 million people currently infected worldwide, and leishmaniasis threatens 350 million people in 88 countries. Vaccination remains the best hope for control of all forms of the disease, and the development of a safe, effective and affordable antileishmanial vaccine is a critical global public-health priority. However, to date, no such vaccine is available despite substantial efforts by many laboratories. Main obstacle in vaccine design is the transition from the laboratory to the field and extrapolation of data from animal models to humans. This review discusses recent findings in the antileishmania vaccine field and current difficulties hampering vaccine implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kedzierski
- Inflammation Division, Walter+Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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