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Ribeiro IS, Muniz IPR, Galantini MPL, Gonçalves CV, Lima PHB, Silva ES, Silva NR, Rosa FCS, Rosa LP, Costa DJ, Amaral JG, da Silva RAA. Characterization of Brazilian green propolis as a photosensitizer for LED light-induced antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2877-2890. [PMID: 37923909 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the primary cause of skin and soft tissue infections. Its significant adaptability and the development of resistance are the main factors linked to its spread and the challenges in its treatment. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy emerges as a promising alternative. This work aimed to characterize the antimicrobial photodynamic activity of Brazilian green propolis, along with the key bioactive compounds associated with this activity. Initially, a scanning spectrometry was conducted to assess the wavelengths with the potential to activate green propolis. Subsequently, reference strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA ATCC 43300) and vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA ATCC 700699) were exposed to varying concentrations of green propolis: 1 µg/mL, 5 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 50 µg /mL and 100 µg/mL and were stimulated by blue, green or red LED light. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry techniques, along with classic molecular networking analysis, was performed to identify potential bioactive molecules with photodynamic activity. Brazilian green propolis exhibits a pronounced absorption peak and heightened photo-responsiveness when exposed to blue light within the range of 400 nm and 450 nm. This characteristic reveals noteworthy significant photodynamic activity against MRSA and VISA at concentrations from 5 µg/mL. Furthermore, the propolis comprises compounds like curcumin and other flavonoids sourced from flavone, which possess the potential for photodynamic activity and other antimicrobial functions. Consequently, Brazilian green propolis holds promise as an excellent bactericidal agent, displaying a synergistic antibacterial property enhanced by light-induced photodynamic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Souza Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira-Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, CEP: 45.029-094, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil
- Universidade Federal Do Sul da Bahia, Campus Paulo Freire, 250 Praça Joana Angélica, Bairro São José, 45.988-058, Teixeira de Freitas, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Igor Pereira Ribeiro Muniz
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira-Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, CEP: 45.029-094, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Maria Poliana Leite Galantini
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira-Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, CEP: 45.029-094, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Caroline Vieira Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira-Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, CEP: 45.029-094, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Paulo Henrique Bispo Lima
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira-Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, CEP: 45.029-094, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Emely Soares Silva
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira-Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, CEP: 45.029-094, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Nathalia Rosa Silva
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira-Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, CEP: 45.029-094, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Francine Cristina Silva Rosa
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira-Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, CEP: 45.029-094, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Luciano Pereira Rosa
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira-Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, CEP: 45.029-094, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Dirceu Joaquim Costa
- Universidade Estadual Do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus Vitória da Conquista, Av. Edmundo Silveira Flores, 27-43-Lot, Alto da Boa Vista, CEP: 45029-066, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Juliano Geraldo Amaral
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira-Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, CEP: 45.029-094, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Robson Amaro Augusto da Silva
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira-Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, CEP: 45.029-094, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil.
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Castañeda C, Bravo K, Cortés N, Bedoya J, de Borges WS, Bastida J, Osorio E. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in skin cancer management: Photoprotective effect on human keratinocytes and anti-proliferative activity in melanoma cells. J Appl Biomed 2023; 21:36-47. [PMID: 37016777 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2023.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer has high rates of mortality and therapeutic failure. In this study, to develop a multi-agent strategy for skin cancer management, the selective cytotoxicity of several alkaloid fractions and pure alkaloids isolated from Amaryllidaceae species was evaluated in melanoma cells. In addition, UVB-stimulated keratinocytes (HaCaT) were exposed to seven alkaloid fractions characterized by GC-MS, and the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and IL-6, were measured to evaluate their photoprotection effects. The Eucharis caucana (bulb) alkaloid fraction (20 μg/ml) had a clear effect on the viability of melanoma cells, reducing it by 45.7% without affecting healthy keratinocytes. This alkaloid fraction and tazettine (both at 2.5 μg/ml) suppressed UVB-induced ROS production by 31.6% and 29.4%, respectively. The highest anti-inflammatory potential was shown by the Zephyranthes carinata (bulb) alkaloid fraction (10 μg/ml), which reduced IL-6 production by 90.8%. According to the chemometric analysis, lycoramine and tazettine had a photoprotective effect on the UVB-exposed HaCaT cells, attenuating the production of ROS and IL-6. These results suggest that Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have photoprotective and therapeutic potential in skin cancer management, especially at low concentrations.
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Mueller AM, Goessinger EV, Cerminara SE, Kostner L, Amaral M, Huber SM, Passweg LP, Moreno LG, Bodenmann D, Kunz M, Levesque MP, Maul JT, Cheng PF, Navarini AA, Maul LV. Educational level-dependent melanoma awareness in a high-risk population in Switzerland. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1174542. [PMID: 37207151 PMCID: PMC10189064 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1174542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The worldwide incidence of melanoma has been increasing rapidly in recent decades with Switzerland having one of the highest rates in Europe. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the main risk factors for skin cancer. Our objective was to investigate UV protective behavior and melanoma awareness in a high-risk cohort for melanoma. Methods In this prospective monocentric study, we assessed general melanoma awareness and UV protection habits in at-risk patients (≥100 nevi, ≥5 dysplastic nevi, known CDKN2A mutation, and/or positive family history) and melanoma patients using questionnaires. Results Between 01/2021 and 03/ 2022, a total of 269 patients (53.5% at-risk patients, 46.5% melanoma patients) were included. We observed a significant trend toward using a higher sun protection factor (SPF) in melanoma patients compared with at-risk patients (SPF 50+: 48% [n=60] vs. 26% [n=37]; p=0.0016). Those with a college or university degree used a high SPF significantly more often than patients with lower education levels (p=0.0007). However, higher educational levels correlated with increased annual sun exposure (p=0.041). Neither a positive family history for melanoma, nor gender or Fitzpatrick skin type influenced sun protection behavior. An age of ≥ 50 years presented as a significant risk factor for melanoma development with an odd's ratio of 2.32. Study participation resulted in improved sun protection behavior with 51% reporting more frequent sunscreen use after study inclusion. Discussion UV protection remains a critical factor in melanoma prevention. We suggest that melanoma awareness should continue to be raised through public skin cancer prevention campaigns with a particular focus on individuals with low levels of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Miriam Mueller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Victoria Goessinger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sara Elisa Cerminara
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Kostner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margarida Amaral
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Kunz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell Paul Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia-Tatjana Maul
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Phil Fang Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Andreas Navarini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lara Valeska Maul
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Lara Valeska Maul,
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Qu C, Li N, Liu T, He Y, Miao J. Preparation of CPD Photolyase Nanoliposomes Derived from Antarctic Microalgae and Their Effect on UVB-Induced Skin Damage in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315148. [PMID: 36499473 PMCID: PMC9738781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
UVB radiation is known to trigger the block of DNA replication and transcription by forming cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), which results in severe skin damage. CPD photolyase, a kind of DNA repair enzyme, can efficiently repair CPDs that are absent in humans and mice. Although exogenous CPD photolyases have beneficial effects on skin diseases, the mechanisms of CPD photolyases on the skin remain unknown. Here, this study prepared CPD photolyase nanoliposomes (CPDNL) from Antarctic Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L, which thrives in harsh, high-UVB conditions, and evaluated their protective mechanisms against UVB-induced damage in mice. CPDNL were optimized using response surface methodology, characterized by a mean particle size of 105.5 nm, with an encapsulation efficiency of 63.3%. Topical application of CPDNL prevented UVB-induced erythema, epidermal thickness, and wrinkles in mice. CPDNL mitigated UVB-induced DNA damage by significantly decreasing the CPD concentration. CPDNL exhibited antioxidant properties as they reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde. Through activation of the NF-κB pathway, CPDNL reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2. Furthermore, CPDNL suppressed the MAPK signaling activation by downregulating the mRNA and protein expression of ERK, JNK, and p38 as well as AP-1. The MMP-1 and MMP-2 expressions were also remarkably decreased, which inhibited the collagen degradation. Therefore, we concluded that CPDNL exerted DNA repair, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-wrinkle properties as well as collagen protection via regulation of the NF-κB/MAPK/MMP signaling pathways in UVB-induced mice, demonstrating that Antarctic CPD photolyases have the potential for skincare products against UVB and photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Marine Natural Products Research and Development Laboratory, Qingdao Key Laboratory, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Nianxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yingying He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jinlai Miao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Marine Natural Products Research and Development Laboratory, Qingdao Key Laboratory, Qingdao 266061, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-532-88967430
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Koumaki D, Papadakis M, Kouloumvakou S, Krasagakis K. Awareness, knowledge, and attitudes towards sun protection among patients with melanoma and atypical mole syndrome. World J Clin Oncol 2022; 13:587-598. [PMID: 36157160 PMCID: PMC9346423 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v13.i7.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with atypical mole syndrome (AMS) have a 3- to 20-fold higher risk of developing malignant melanoma (MM) than individuals without. The most modifiable risk factor for developing MM is the ongoing ultraviolet exposure.
AIM To assess awareness, knowledge, and attitudes towards sun protection among patients with MM and AMS.
METHODS From January 2020 till December 2021, a written survey was administered to patients with MM and AMS and a control group who attended a specialist mole clinic at the Dermatology Department of the University Hospital of Heraklion in Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Demographic data and photoprotective practices, knowledge, and perceived barriers were collected. Relevant statistical analyses were performed using SPSS IBM 25.
RESULTS In total, 121 subjects consented and participated in the survey. Their mean age was 43.92 ± 12.55 years. There were 66 (54.4%) females and 55 (45.4%) males. Forty-seven (38.8%) patients had AMS, 26 (21.5%) had a past medical history of MM, and 48 (39.7%) attended the clinic for a full skin checkup for their naevi without having AMS or MM. Although 104 (86%) participants reported using sunscreen with the majority of them (59/121 = 48.8%) wearing sunscreen with a sun protection factor of > 50, only 22 (18.2%) patients did so every day and only 20 (16.5%) all year round. Approximately 74.4% of patients recalled having received advice on how to protect their skin from sunlight, and 73% were interested in receiving education about sun protection. The most mentioned barriers in photoprotection were concerns over adequate vitamin D and lack of time.
CONCLUSION Despite mentioning having received adequate education in photoprotection, adherence to photoprotection practices is suboptimal in patients with MM and AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Koumaki
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University of Witten-Herdecke, Wuppertal 42283, Germany
| | - Stamatoula Kouloumvakou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Agios Nikolaos General Hospital, Agios Nikolaos 72100, Greece
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Kim M, Shin S, Ryu D, Cho E, Yoo J, Park D, Jung E. Evaluating the Sun Protection Factor of Cosmetic Formulations Containing Afzelin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:1039-1044. [PMID: 34456215 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to UV radiation damages the skin and increases the risk of skin cancer. Sunscreen is used to protect the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation. However, the chemical UV filters used in sunscreen can show toxicity and cause allergic reactions. A safe sunscreen that includes a lower content of chemical UV filters and exerts an excellent effect on UV protection needs to be developed. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the addition of afzelin to sunscreen could improve the sun protection factor (SPF). A synergistic effect between afzelin and organic sunscreen agents including padimate O and oxybenzone was confirmed. Interestingly, 100% in vitro SPF-boosting was observed when afzelin (0.05%) was applied with a standard SPF formulation containing organic sunscreens while afzelin alone had no contribution to the SPF. In vivo SPF analysis of the standard SPF formulation showed an SPF value of 13.3 that increased to 20.1 when supplemented with afzelin (0.05%). Additionally, afzelin showed no skin irritation in a human trial. These results suggest that afzelin is useful as a natural additive in sunscreen formulations and provides an SPF-boosting effect. Afzelin supplementation to the formulation showed the potential to reduce the use of synthetic photoprotectors, which could minimize the risk of synthetic agent toxicity.
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Weng YC, Ho HJ, Chang YL, Chang YT, Wu CY, Chen YJ. Reduced risk of skin cancer and internal malignancies in vitiligo patients: a retrospective population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20195. [PMID: 34642421 PMCID: PMC8511292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between cancer and vitiligo has been explored but with inconsistent results. To examine the long-term cancer risk in vitiligo patients, we conducted a retrospective nationwide cohort study. From the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan, a total of 13,824 vitiligo patients were identified and matched with 55,296 reference subjects without vitiligo by age, gender, and propensity score estimated by major comorbidities from 1997 to 2013. Demographic characteristics and comorbidities were compared between these two groups. Incidence rate ratios and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated to examine cancer risks. The 16-year incidence rates of overall cancers were 621.06 (566.56–675.55) and 726.99 (697.24–756.74) per 100,000 person-years in the vitiligo and reference groups. Patients with vitiligo showed a significantly decreased risk of overall cancers [adjusted HR, 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.77 to 0.93, p < 0.001] compared with reference subjects without vitiligo after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and treatments. The risks of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were significantly reduced (adjusted HR 0.21, 95% CI 0.11–0.38, p < 0.001), as well as internal malignancies (adjusted HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81–0.99, p = 0.026). The results were consistent across different subgroups of patients, including male gender, ages more than 40 years, and those receiving long-term systemic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and phototherapies. Information related to phenotype, disease duration, vitiligo lesion sites, family history of vitiligo or cancer, occupation, and personal lifestyle was not included in the database. Vitiligo is associated with reduced risks of BCC and SCC, as well as internal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Weng
- Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sec. 4, Taiwan Blvd., Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu J Ho
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sec. 4, Taiwan Blvd., Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Chang
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ying Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan. .,Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Translational Research and Center of Excellence for Cancer Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sec. 4, Taiwan Blvd., Taichung, 407, Taiwan. .,Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Zhang W, Zeng W, Jiang A, He Z, Shen X, Dong X, Feng J, Lu H. Global, regional and national incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life-years of skin cancers and trend analysis from 1990 to 2019: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Cancer Med 2021; 10:4905-4922. [PMID: 34105887 PMCID: PMC8290243 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information about global and local epidemiology and trends of skin cancers is limited, which increases the difficulty of cutaneous cancer control. METHODS To estimate the global spatial patterns and temporal trends of skin cancer burden. Based on the GBD 2019, we collected and analyzed numbers and age-standardized rates (ASR) of skin cancer incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and mortality (ASIR, ASDR, and ASMR) in 204 countries from 1990 through 2019 were estimated by age, sex, subtype (malignant skin melanoma [MSM], squamous-cell carcinoma [SCC], and basal-cell carcinoma [BCC]), Socio-demographic Index (SDI), region, and country. Temporal trends in ASR were also analyzed using estimated annual percentage change. RESULTS Globally, in 2019, there were 4.0 million BCC, 2.4 million SCC, and 0.3 million MSM. There were approximately 62.8 thousand deaths and 1.7 million DALYs due to MSM, and 56.1 thousand deaths and 1.2 million DALYs were attributed to SCC, respectively. The men had higher ASR of skin cancer burden than women. The age-specific rates of global skin cancer burden were higher in the older adults, increasing trends observed from 55 years old. Geographically, the numbers and ASR of skin cancers varied greatly across countries, with the largest burden of ASIR in high SDI regions. However, an unexpected increase was observed in some regions from 1990 to 2019, such as East Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Although there was a slight decrease of the ASMR and ASDR, the global ASIR of MSM dramatically increased, 1990-2019. Also, there was a remarkable increase in ASR of BCC and SCC burden. CONCLUSIONS Skin cancer remains a major global public health threat. Reducing morbidity and mortality strategies such as primary and secondary prevention should be reconsidered, especially in the most prevalent and unexpected increased regions, especially for those areas with the greatest proportions of their population over age 55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Department of ImmunologyBasic Medical SchoolGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Aofei Jiang
- School of ManagementDalian Polytechnic UniversityDalianChina
| | - Zhi He
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xiaoping Shen
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xian Dong
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Jianglong Feng
- Department of PathologyAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Hongguang Lu
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Department of ImmunologyBasic Medical SchoolGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
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Villani A, Fabbrocini G, Costa C, Scalvenzi M. Awareness on sun protection behavior among melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer patients: An Italian tertiary cancer center experience. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e14728. [PMID: 33381874 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Villani
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Costa
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Scalvenzi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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10
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Ufkes N, Jacobsen AA, Joseph DJ, Macpherson CN, Bidaisee S, deGuzman M, Strasswimmer J. Defining the Need for Dermatologic Surgery Global Health in an Afro-Caribbean Country. Dermatol Surg 2021; 47:38-41. [PMID: 32826598 PMCID: PMC7752230 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000002684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatologic surgery services are largely absent in Africa and in Afro-Caribbean counties. In the USA, studies of people of African ancestry have demonstrated health care gaps, but there are no data for Africa nor a Afro-Caribbean country. Dermatology surgery has been largely absent from global health because there are few data to demonstrate the need. We sought to determine skin cancer tumor types, and local knowledge and perception in an Afro-Caribbean country. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether there exist knowledge gaps and whether a dermatology surgery medical missions program would improve the health of Afro-Caribbean people. METHODS First, we conducted a survey of knowledge and behaviors related to skin cancer. Second, we analyzed the number and types of tumors treated during a multi-year surgical dermatology project. RESULTS In the survey, 62% did not know what melanoma was. Eighty-one percent did not think skin cancer is preventable. Of 163 surgical specimens, 64 were malignancies with 91% related to UV exposure. CONCLUSION There is a need for a skin cancer treatment and education program in a country of mostly African-ancestry people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ufkes
- Dermatology Medical Missions, Delray Beach, Florida
| | - Audrey A. Jacobsen
- Dermatology Medical Missions, Delray Beach, Florida
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Calum N.L. Macpherson
- School of Graduate Studies, St. George's University, Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George's, Grenada;
| | - Satesh Bidaisee
- Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, St. George's University, Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George's, Grenada;
| | | | - John Strasswimmer
- Dermatology Medical Missions, Delray Beach, Florida
- Dermatology Associates of the Palm Beaches, Delray Beach, Florida
- College of Medicine and College of Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
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Bae JM, Ju HJ, Lee RW, Oh SH, Shin JH, Kang HY, Park JH, Kim HJ, Jeong KH, Lee HJ, Lee S, Kim DH, Lee DY, Kim YC, Choi GS, Kim KH, Park CJ, Choi CW. Evaluation for Skin Cancer and Precancer in Patients With Vitiligo Treated With Long-term Narrowband UV-B Phototherapy. JAMA Dermatol 2020; 156:529-537. [PMID: 32159729 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Narrowband UV-B (NBUVB) phototherapy has been the mainstay in the treatment of vitiligo, but its long-term safety in terms of photocarcinogenesis has not been established. Objectives To investigate the risks of skin cancer and precancerous lesions among patients with vitiligo undergoing NBUVB phototherapy, based on the number of NBUVB phototherapy sessions. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study enrolled 60 321 patients with vitiligo 20 years or older between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2017. Patients and outcomes were identified through nationwide cohort data from the Korean national health insurance claims database, and frequency matching by age and sex was performed. Exposures The number of phototherapy sessions each patient received between 2008 and 2017. Patients were classified into 5 groups according to the number of phototherapy sessions (0 sessions, 20 105 patients; 1-49 sessions, 20 106 patients; 50-99 sessions, 9702 patients; 100-199 sessions, 6226 patients; and ≥200 sessions, 4182 patients). We also identifed patients who underwent at least 500 phototherapy sessions (717 patients). Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were the development of actinic keratosis, Bowen disease, nonmelanoma skin cancer, or melanoma after enrollment. Results Among the 60 321 patients with vitiligo in this study (33 617 women; mean [SD] age, 50.2 [14.9] years), the risks of Bowen disease (<50 sessions of phototherapy: hazard ratio [HR], 0.289 [95% CI, 0.060-1.392]; 50-99 sessions: HR, 0.603 [95% CI, 0.125-2.904]; 100-199 sessions: HR, 1.273 [95% CI, 0.329-4.924]; ≥200 sessions: HR, 1.021 [95% CI, 0.212-4.919]), nonmelanoma skin cancer (<50 sessions: HR, 0.914 [95% CI, 0.533-1.567]; 50-99 sessions: HR, 0.765 [95% CI, 0.372-1.576]; 100-199 sessions: HR, 0.960 [95% CI, 0.453-2.034]; ≥200 sessions: HR, 0.905 [95% CI, 0.395-2.073]), and melanoma (<50 sessions: HR, 0.660 [95% CI, 0.286-1.526]; 50-99 sessions: HR, 0.907 [95% CI, 0.348-2.362]; 100-199 sessions: HR, 0.648 [95% CI, 0.186-2.255]; ≥200 sessions: HR, 0.539 [95% CI, 0.122-2.374]) did not increase after phototherapy. The risk of actinic keratosis increased significantly for those who had undergone 200 or more NBUVB phototherapy sessions (HR, 2.269 [95% CI, 1.530-3.365]). A total of 717 patients with vitiligo underwent at least 500 sessions of NBUVB phototherapy; their risks of nonmelanoma skin cancer and melanoma were no greater than those of the patients who did not undergo NBUVB phototherapy (nonmelanoma skin cancer: HR, 0.563 [95% CI, 0.076-4.142]; melanoma: HR, not applicable). Conclusions and Relevance Our results suggest that long-term NBUVB phototherapy is not associated with an increased risk of skin cancer in patients with vitiligo and that NBUVB phototherapy may be considered a safe treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Bae
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Ju
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ro Woo Lee
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University Hospital School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Hun Park
- Drs Woo and Hann's Skin Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kim
- YK Park Yoon Kee's Dermatology Clinic, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Heon Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Cha University Bundang Cha Medical Center School of Medicine, Bundang, Korea
| | - SangHoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Soon Chun Hyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Cha University Bundang Cha Medical Center School of Medicine, Bundang, Korea
| | - Dong-Youn Lee
- Department of Dermatology, SungKyunKwann University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Chan Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University Hospital School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gwang Seong Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Dong-A University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Chul Jong Park
- Department of Dermatology, Bucheon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chong Won Choi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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12
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Boo YC. Emerging Strategies to Protect the Skin from Ultraviolet Rays Using Plant-Derived Materials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E637. [PMID: 32708455 PMCID: PMC7402153 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunlight contains a significant amount of ultraviolet (UV) ray, which leads to various effects on homeostasis in the body. Defense strategies to protect from UV rays have been extensively studied, as sunburn, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis are caused by excessive UV exposure. The primary lines of defense against UV damage are melanin and trans-urocanic acid, which are distributed in the stratum corneum. UV rays that pass beyond these lines of defense can lead to oxidative damage. However, cells detect changes due to UV rays as early as possible and initiate cell signaling processes to prevent the occurrence of damage and repair the already occurred damage. Cosmetic and dermatology experts recommend using a sunscreen product to prevent UV-induced damage. A variety of strategies using antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents have also been developed to complement the skin's defenses against UV rays. Researchers have examined the use of plant-derived materials to alleviate the occurrence of skin aging, diseases, and cancer caused by UV rays. Furthermore, studies are also underway to determine how to promote melanin production to protect from UV-induced skin damage. This review provides discussion of the damage that occurs in the skin due to UV light and describes potential defense strategies using plant-derived materials. This review aims to assist researchers in understanding the current research in this area and to potentially plan future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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13
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Kimeswenger S, Sterniczky B, Kramer A, Tillmann K, Gamper J, Foedinger D, Petzelbauer P, Jantschitsch C. Impact of infrared radiation on UVB-induced skin tumourigenesis in wild type C57BL/6 mice. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:129-139. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Additional exposure to infrared radiation leads to a more aggressive phenotype of UVB-induced skin tumours in wild type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Sterniczky
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Anne Kramer
- Centre for Biomedical Research; Medical University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Katharina Tillmann
- Centre for Biomedical Research; Medical University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Jutta Gamper
- Centre for Medical Statistics
- Informatics
- and Intelligent Systems; Medical University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Dagmar Foedinger
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
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14
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Chung Y, Jeong S, Choi HS, Ro S, Lee JS, Park JK. Upregulation of autophagy by Ginsenoside Rg2 in MCF-7 cells. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:382-389. [PMID: 30533260 PMCID: PMC6282429 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1545696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major intracellular degradation process that plays an important role in cell survival, stress responses, nutrient sensing and development. Our previous studies have shown that Rg2, a triterpenoid saponin contained in ginseng, protects cells against UVB-induced genotoxicity by increasing DNA repair, in possible association with modulation of protein levels involved in p53 pathway. In this study, we determined an upregulation of autophagy by Rg2. Rg2 treatment for 24 h in MCF-7, a breast cancer cell, did not show cytotoxicity up to 200 μM. Rg2 also upregulated the level of p-p53, p-AMPK, p-ACC, Atg-7 and LC3-II and decreased the level of p62 in concentration-dependent manners. We also determined the level of p53, AMPK, p62, Atg-7 and LC3 after UVB exposure and subsequent incubation in growth medium for 24 h. UVB increased the level of p-p53, p-AMPK, p-ACC and decreased the levels of p62, Atg-7 and LC3-II. Interestingly, Rg2 treatment for 24 h after UVB exposure increased the levels of p-p53, p-AMPK, p-ACC, Atg-7 and LC3-II and decreased the level of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer, a UVB-induced DNA damage in concentration-dependent manners. All these results suggest that Rg2 increased autophagy and decreased UVB-induced DNA damage, in possible association with the modulation of protein levels in p53- and autophagic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheon Chung
- Division of Biological Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seula Jeong
- Division of Biological Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Choi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jung Sup Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kun Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Chung YH, Jeong SA, Choi HS, Ro S, Lee JS, Park JK. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 and astaxanthin mixture against UVB-induced DNA damage. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:400-406. [PMID: 30533262 PMCID: PMC6282468 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1523806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces skin damage, skin matrix degradation, and wrinkle formation through photochemical reaction and oxidative stress. Therefore, protecting the skin from UVB can prevent skin aging. In this study, we investigated the effects of a mixture (RA) of Rg2, a ginsenoside, and astaxanthin, an antioxidant, on the responses of HaCaT cells exposed to UVB (700 J/m2). The cells were incubated for 24 h after UVB exposure and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. UVB decreased cell viability by 60% compared to that of untreated control cells, whereas RA increased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, and this increase was significantly higher than that in the single treatment groups. Further, UVB increased the levels of DNA lesions such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHdG). Conversely, RA decreased both CPD and 8-OHdG levels in a concentration-dependent manner. UVB exposure also increased phosphorylation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase and p53 and subsequently increased the levels of GADD45α, p21, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-3, -9, and -13. Additionally, UVB exposure decreased the level of COL1A1. However, RA treatment decreased the levels of p-ATM, p-p53, GADD45α, p21, MMP-3, -9, and -13 and increased the level of COL1A1 in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that RA reduces UVB-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity through up-regulation of DNA repair via the combined effects of Rg2 and astaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Heon Chung
- Research Institute for Basic Science and Division of Biological Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Seul A Jeong
- Research Institute for Basic Science and Division of Biological Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Choi
- Research Institute for Basic Science and Division of Biological Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jung Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21-plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kun Park
- Research Institute for Basic Science and Division of Biological Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Schulte P, Bhattacharya A, Butler C, Chun H, Jacklitsch B, Jacobs T, Kiefer M, Lincoln J, Pendergrass S, Shire J, Watson J, Wagner G. Advancing the framework for considering the effects of climate change on worker safety and health. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:847-65. [PMID: 27115294 PMCID: PMC5017900 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1179388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In 2009, a preliminary framework for how climate change could affect worker safety and health was described. That framework was based on a literature search from 1988-2008 that supported seven categories of climate-related occupational hazards: (1) increased ambient temperature; (2) air pollution; (3) ultraviolet radiation exposure; (4) extreme weather; (5) vector-borne diseases and expanded habitats; (6) industrial transitions and emerging industries; and (7) changes in the built environment. This article reviews the published literature from 2008-2014 in each of the seven categories. Additionally, three new topics related to occupational safety and health are considered: mental health effects, economic burden, and potential worker safety and health impacts associated with the nascent field of climate intervention (geoengineering). Beyond updating the literature, this article also identifies key priorities for action to better characterize and understand how occupational safety and health may be associated with climate change events and ensure that worker health and safety issues are anticipated, recognized, evaluated, and mitigated. These key priorities include research, surveillance, risk assessment, risk management, and policy development. Strong evidence indicates that climate change will continue to present occupational safety and health hazards, and this framework may be a useful tool for preventing adverse effects to workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.A. Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Education and Infomation Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
- CONTACT P.A. Schulte National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH45226
| | - A. Bhattacharya
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Education and Infomation Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - C.R. Butler
- Western States Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Denver, Colorado
| | - H.K. Chun
- Georgia Southern University, College of Public Health, Statesboro, Georgia
| | - B. Jacklitsch
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Education and Infomation Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - T. Jacobs
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - M. Kiefer
- Western States Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Denver, Colorado
| | - J. Lincoln
- Western States Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - S. Pendergrass
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Education and Infomation Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - J. Shire
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - J. Watson
- Western States Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Spokane, Washington
| | - G.R. Wagner
- Office of the Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Washington, D.C.
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Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Sun Protection Use Behaviour among University Students from 25 Low, Middle Income and Emerging Economy Countries. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:1385-9. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.4.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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