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Bolduc MÈ, Potter KJ, Olmos M, Bonhoure A, Coriati A, Alexandre-Heymann L, Tremblay F, Lavoie A, Carricart M, Senior PA, Boudreau V, Rabasa-Lhoret R. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes develops from a combination of insulin secretion defects and insulin resistance. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:4744-4752. [PMID: 39118592 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
AIM The relative contributions of insulin secretory defects and possible additional contribution of insulin resistance for the development of cystic fibrosis (CF)-related diabetes (CFRD) are poorly understood. We aimed to (a) determine which indices of insulin resistance predict progression to CFRD, and (b) to model the relative contributions of insulin secretory function and insulin resistance to predict the risk of CFRD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three hundred and three individuals living with CF underwent a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test with blood sampling every 30 min at 12-24-month intervals until they developed CFRD or until the end of follow-up (up to 15 years). Indices of insulin resistance (e.g. Stumvoll) and insulin secretion were calculated from oral glucose tolerance test glucose and insulin measurements. CFRD-free survival was assessed by survival analysis. RESULTS Estimated insulin resistance showed associations with glucose homeostasis and risk of progression to CFRD. The CFRD-free survival was significantly different between quartiles of insulin resistance (p < 0.0001). When patients were subdivided according to both insulin resistance and insulin secretion (insulinogenic index), CFRD-free survival was significantly lower in those with combined lowest insulin secretion and highest insulin resistance (Stumvoll) indices (hazard ratio: 11.2; p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference when the same analysis was performed for the nine other indices. CONCLUSIONS Insulin resistance is correlated with glucose homeostasis and the risk of progression to CFRD. Patients combining low insulin secretion and high insulin resistance had the greatest odds of developing CFRD over a 15-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Bolduc
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kathryn J Potter
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maxime Olmos
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne Bonhoure
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Adèle Coriati
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Centre of Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - François Tremblay
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annick Lavoie
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maité Carricart
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter A Senior
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Valérie Boudreau
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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2
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Bovee LB, Hirsch IB. Should We Bury HbA1c? Diabetes Technol Ther 2024; 26:509-513. [PMID: 38350127 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2024.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Bovee
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Irl B Hirsch
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Scully KJ, Brenner L, Martin K, Ruazol M, Sawicki GS, Uluer A, Neuringer I, Yonker LM, Sicilian L, Putman MS. Continuous glucose monitoring and advanced glycation endproducts for prediction of clinical outcomes and development of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in adults with CF. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1293709. [PMID: 38379863 PMCID: PMC10876871 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1293709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introductions Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is associated with pulmonary decline, compromised nutritional status, and earlier mortality. Onset is often insidious, so screening for early detection of glycemic abnormalities is important. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been validated in people with CF and has been shown to detect early glycemic variability otherwise missed on 2-hour oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT). We previously reported that CGM measures of hyperglycemia and glycemic variability are superior to hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in distinguishing those with and without CFRD. However, little is known about the long-term predictive value of CGM measures of glycemia for both the development of CFRD and their effect on key clinical outcomes such as weight maintenance and pulmonary function. In addition, there have been no studies investigating advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) assessed by skin autofluorescence in people with CF. Methods In this prospective observational study, CGM and HbA1c were measured at 2 to 3 time points 3 months apart in 77 adults with CF. Participants who did not have CFRD at the time of enrollment underwent OGTT at the baseline visit, and all participants had AGE readings at baseline. Follow up data including anthropometric measures, pulmonary function and CFRD status were collected by review of medical records 1- and 2-years after the baseline visits. We applied multivariable linear regression models correlating glycemic measures to change in key clinical outcomes (weight, BMI, FEV1) accounting for age, gender and elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) use. We also conducted logistic regression analyses comparing baseline glycemic data to development of CFRD during the 2-year follow up period. Results Of the 77 participants, 25 had pre-existing CFRD at the time of enrollment, and six participants were diagnosed with CFRD by the OGTT performed at the baseline visit. When adjusting for age, gender, and ETI use, multiple CGM measures correlated with weight and BMI decline after one year but not after two years. CGM and HbA1c at baseline did not predict decline in FEV1 (p>0.05 for all). In the 46 participants without a diagnosis of CFRD at baseline, two participants were diagnosed with CFRD over the following two years, but CGM measures at baseline did not predict progression to CFRD. Baseline AGE values were higher in individuals with CFRD and correlated with multiple measures of dysglycemia (HbA1c, AG, SD, CV, TIR, % time >140, >180, >250) as well as weight. AGE values also correlated with FEV1 decline at year 1 and weight decline at year 1 and year 2. Conclusions Several key CGM measures of hyperglycemia and glycemic variability were predictive of future decline in weight and BMI over one year in this population of adults with CF with and without CFRD. None of the baseline glycemic variables predicted progression to CFRD over 2 years. To our knowledge, this is the first report correlating AGE levels with key clinical and glycemic measures in CF. Limitations of these analyses include the small number of participants who developed CFRD (n=2) during the follow up period and the initiation of ETI by many participants, affecting their trajectory in weight and pulmonary function. These results provide additional data supporting the potential role for CGM in identifying clinically significant dysglycemia in CF. Future studies are needed to investigate CGM as a diagnostic and screening tool for CFRD and to understand the implications of AGE measures in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Scully
- Division of Endocrinology, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Laura Brenner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kimberly Martin
- Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Melanie Ruazol
- Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gregory S. Sawicki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ahmet Uluer
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Isabel Neuringer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lael M. Yonker
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leonard Sicilian
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Melissa S. Putman
- Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Park J, Walsh A, Kerr S, Woodland C, Southward S, Deakin M, Senniappan S, Thursfield R. Improvements in Glucose Regulation in Children and Young People with Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes following Initiation of Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor. Horm Res Paediatr 2023; 97:94-98. [PMID: 37040724 DOI: 10.1159/000530571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators are increasingly used in children and young people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Data in adults show there may be an impact on glycaemic control in those with CF-related diabetes (CFRD). Paediatric data are rare. Case Series/Presentation: Children aged >12 years with CFRD, who were eligible for elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ELX/TEZ/IVA) were commenced on treatment. Glucose monitoring via the FreeStyle Libre system was commenced prior to, immediately after, and several months after commencing ELX/TEZ/IVA. Glycaemic control, shown by time in range (3-10 mmol/L), percentage of time spent hypoglycaemic (<3 mmol/L), and percentage of time spent hyperglycaemic (>10 mmol/L) on Insulin doses were recorded. Following ELX/TEZ/IVA, four of seven children stopped insulin, two required substantially reduced doses of insulin, one showed no response. Glycaemic control remained similar on lower doses or no insulin. Hypoglycaemia was detected in those not requiring insulin. CONCLUSION ELX/TEZ/IVA has a positive impact on glycaemic control and insulin requirements in children with CFRD. Close monitoring is required when commencing treatment. Children with CFRD need counselling regarding possible reductions in insulin requirement and re-education regarding symptoms, signs, and management of hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Park
- Department of Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Sue Kerr
- Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Clare Woodland
- Department of Respiratory, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Mark Deakin
- Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Senthil Senniappan
- Department of Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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Kumar S, Pallin M, Soldatos G, Teede H. Comparison of continuous glucose monitoring to reference standard oral glucose tolerance test for the detection of dysglycemia in cystic Fibrosis: A systematic review. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2022; 30:100305. [PMID: 36200022 PMCID: PMC9529501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2022.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Increasing evidence for benefit of early detection of cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) coupled with limitations of current diagnostic investigations has led to interest and utilisation of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). We conducted a systematic review to assess current evidence on CGM compared to reference standard oral glucose tolerance test for the detection of dysglycemia in people with cystic fibrosis without confirmed diabetes. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews, grey literature and six relevant journals were searched for studies published after year 2000. Studies reporting contemporaneous CGM metrics and oral glucose tolerance test results were included. Outcomes on oral glucose tolerance tests were categorised into a) normal, b) abnormal (indeterminate and impaired) or c) diabetic as defined by American Diabetes Association criteria. CGM outcomes were defined as hyperglycemia (≥1 peak sensor glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL), dysglycemia (≥1 peak sensor glucose ≥ 140-199 mg/dL) or normoglycemia (all sensor glucose peaks < 140 mg/dL). CGM hyperglycemia in people with normal or abnormal glucose tolerances was used to define an arbitrary CGM-diagnosis of diabetes. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool was used to assess risk of bias. Primary outcome was relative risk of an arbitrary CGM-diagnosis of diabetes compared to the oral glucose tolerance test. Results We identified 1277 publications, of which 19 studies were eligible comprising total of 416 individuals with contemporaneous CGM and oral glucose tolerance test results. Relative risk of an arbitrary CGM-diagnosis of diabetes compared to oral glucose tolerance test was 2.92. Studies analysed were highly heterogenous, prone to bias and inadequately assessed longitudinal associations between CGM and relevant disease-specific sequela. Conclusions A single reading > 200 mg/dL on CGM is not appropriate for the diagnosis of CFRD. Prospective studies correlating CGM metrics to disease-specific outcomes are needed to determine appropriate cut-points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanal Kumar
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit, Monash Health
| | | | - Georgia Soldatos
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit, Monash Health
| | - Helena Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit, Monash Health
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Prentice BJ, Potter KJ, Coriati A, Boudreau V, Rusnell L, Kherani T, Senior PA, Hameed S, Rabasa-Lhoret R. Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes: Clinical approach and knowledge gaps. Paediatr Respir Rev 2022:S1526-0542(22)00067-7. [PMID: 36376223 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes (CFRD) is a unique type of diabetes mellitus that shares some features with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Yet, its distinguishing feature of acute pulmonary complications associated with hyperglycemia and the catabolic metabolism associated with a relative insulin deficiency poses challenges to the application of traditional definitions and treatments for diabetes mellitus. People with CF (pwCF) undergo rigorous annual screening starting at age 10, a process that is challenging for patients and limited by sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. As pwCF continue to live longer, over 50% are expected to develop CFRD over their lifetime, including up to 20% of adolescents. Increasing numbers of people with CFRD will make this disease increasingly relevant to diabetes practitioners. Evidence-guided practice in CFRD care is limited by small and short studies. Our current understanding of CFRD may change significantly with the recent introduction of CF Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) modulator medications. This review will explore current challenges in the diagnosis and management of CFRD, specifically highlighting knowledge gaps in the pathophysiology of CFRD, optimal screening methods, priorities for research and provide guidance with regards to screening, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette J Prentice
- Discipline of Pediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Respiratory Department, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Potter
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Adèle Coriati
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Valérie Boudreau
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Leah Rusnell
- Department of Pediatric Respirology, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tamizan Kherani
- Department of Pediatric Respirology, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter A Senior
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shihab Hameed
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Randwick, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Dept of Endocrinology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia; Dept of Paediatric Endocrinology Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Escudero García J, Martín Rivada Á, Uribe Posada A, Sanz Santiago V, Argente J, Martos-Moreno GÁ. Carbohydrate metabolism impairment in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2022; 69:576-583. [PMID: 36347795 DOI: 10.1016/j.endien.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Development of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is associated with worsening of nutritional status and lung function, as well as increased mortality. The relevance of diagnosing the «pre-diabetic» status in these patients has not been addressed and the utility of HbA1c measurement in these patients is under discussion. AIM To study and characterise the different categories of carbohydrate metabolism impairment in paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS A transversal study for characterisation of carbohydrate metabolism impairment according to clinical and anthropometric status and genetic background in 50 paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) was undertaken. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) for determination of glucose and insulin levels measurement and continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring (CSGM) were performed. RESULTS 6% of patients presented with CFRD, 26% impaired glucose tolerance, 10% an indeterminate glucose alteration and 2% impaired fasting glucose. The severity of glycaemic impairment correlated positively with age and negatively with standardised height (p < 0.05) with intergroup differences in HbA1c levels (p < 0.01), with the latter correlating with the duration of hyperglycaemia throughout CSGM. No intergroup differences in mutation prevalence, pulmonary function test, nutritional status or disease exacerbations in the previous year were found. The daily enzyme replacement dose correlated with the glucose area under the curve (AUC, p < 0.05) but not with insulin-AUC. CONCLUSIONS An older age and greater enzyme replacement need are correlated with more severe carbohydrate metabolism impairment and lower standardized height in paediatric CF patients, with HbA1c correlating with the duration of hyperglycaemia. The study of the full glucose/insulin AUCs throughout the OGTT affords no additional information compared to glucose determination at 120 min in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janire Escudero García
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martín Rivada
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Uribe Posada
- Sección de Neumología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Argente
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Ángel Martos-Moreno
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Escudero García J, Martín Rivada Á, Uribe Posada A, Sanz Santiago V, Argente J, Martos-Moreno GÁ. Alteraciones del metabolismo hidrocarbonado en niños y adolescentes afectos de fibrosis quística. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Scully KJ, Sherwood JS, Martin K, Ruazol M, Marchetti P, Larkin M, Zheng H, Sawicki GS, Uluer A, Neuringer I, Yonker LM, Sicilian L, Wexler DJ, Putman MS. Continuous Glucose Monitoring and HbA1c in Cystic Fibrosis: Clinical Correlations and Implications for CFRD Diagnosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1444-e1454. [PMID: 34850006 PMCID: PMC8947309 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The clinical utility and implications of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in cystic fibrosis (CF) are unclear. OBJECTIVE We examined the correlation between CGM measures and clinical outcomes in adults with CF, investigated the relationship between hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and CGM-derived average glucose (AG), and explored CGM measures that distinguish cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) from normal and abnormal glucose tolerance. METHODS This prospective observational study included 77 adults with CF who had CGM and HbA1c measured at 2 to 3 time points 3 months apart. RESULTS Thirty-one of the 77 participants met American Diabetes Association-recommended diagnostic criteria for CFRD by oral glucose tolerance testing and/or HbA1c. In all participants, CGM measures of hyperglycemia and glycemic variability correlated with nutritional status and pulmonary function. HbA1c was correlated with AG (R2 = 0.71, P < 0.001), with no significant difference between this regression line and that previously established in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and healthy volunteers. Cutoffs of 17.5% time > 140 mg/dL and 3.4% time > 180 mg/dL had sensitivities of 87% and 90%, respectively, and specificities of 95%, for identifying CFRD. Area under the curve and percent of participants correctly classified with CFRD were higher for AG, SD, % time > 140, > 180, and > 250 mg/dL than for HbA1c. CONCLUSION CGM measures of hyperglycemia and glycemic variability are superior to HbA1c in distinguishing those with and without CFRD. CGM-derived AG is strongly correlated with HbA1c in adults with CF, with a similar relationship to other diabetes populations. Future studies are needed to investigate CGM as a diagnostic and screening tool for CFRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Scully
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Jordan S Sherwood
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Martin
- Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melanie Ruazol
- Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Marchetti
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Larkin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory S Sawicki
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmet Uluer
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabel Neuringer
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lael M Yonker
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonard Sicilian
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah J Wexler
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa S Putman
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Correspondence: Melissa Putman, MD, MS, 50 Blossom Street, THR-1051, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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10
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HOMA indices as screening tests for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. J Cyst Fibros 2021; 21:123-128. [PMID: 34090803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the diagnostic performances of homeostasis model assessment indices (HOMA) of β-cell function (HOMA-%β) and of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) for cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) screening. METHODS Data were collected from a prospective cohort of 228 patients with CF (117 adults and 111 children). Fasting insulin and glucose levels were measured to calculate HOMA-%β and HOMA-IR. HOMA-%β <100 indicated insulin secretion deficiency and HOMA-IR >1 insulin resistance. Both were used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). Two-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (2h-OGTT) defined CFRD. Analyses were conducted separately for children and adults. Performances of HOMA-%β and HOMA-IR were calculated at inclusion, for each year of follow-up and for pooled data over the follow-up period. RESULTS Sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV were respectively: 88%, 45%, 98% and 11% for HOMA-%β and 42%, 48%, 91% and 6% for HOMA-IR in the pooled data of children; and 83%, 18%, 90% and 10% for HOMA-%β, and 39%, 80%, 92% and 18% for HOMA-IR in the pooled data of adults. Combining HOMA-%β and HOMA-IR did not improve performances. CONCLUSION Within both age groups, HOMA-%β <100 provided good sensitivity and NPV. HOMA-IR >1 had low sensitivity. Calculation of the HOMA-%β could be an interesting first-line screening approach to exclude CFRD and thus avoid unnecessary OGTT in patients for whom value is ≥100. However, HOMA-%β<100 does not support the diagnosis of CFRD and should be complemented by OGTT.
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Bonhoure A, Potter KJ, Colomba J, Boudreau V, Bergeron C, Desjardins K, Carricart M, Tremblay F, Lavoie A, Rabasa-Lhoret R. Peak glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test is associated with future diabetes risk in adults with cystic fibrosis. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1332-1341. [PMID: 33693987 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) affects up to 50% of adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) and its presence is associated with adverse effects on nutritional status and pulmonary function. Early diagnosis could minimise CFRD morbidity, yet current methods of an OGTT at 0 and 2 h yield unreliable results. Our aim was to determine which indices from a 2 h OGTT with sampling every 30 min might improve prediction of CFRD. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis at baseline (n = 293) and observational prospective analysis (n = 185; mean follow-up of 7.5 ± 4.2 years) of the Montreal Cystic Fibrosis Cohort were performed. Blood glucose and insulinaemia OGTT variables were studied in relation to lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1]), BMI and risk of developing CFRD. RESULTS At baseline, maximum OGTT glucose (Gmax) was negatively associated with FEV1 (p = 0.003). Other OGTT values, including classical 2 h glucose, were not. A higher Gmax was associated with lower insulin secretory capacity, delayed insulin peak timing and greater pancreatic insufficiency (p < 0.01). Gmax was positively associated with the risk of developing CFRD (p = 0.0029); no individual with a Gmax < 8 mmol/l developed CFRD over the following decade. No OGTT variable correlated to the rate of change in BMI or FEV1. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In adults with CF, Gmax is strongly associated with the risk of developing CFRD; Gmax < 8 mmol/l could identify those at very low risk of future CFRD. Gmax is higher in individuals with pancreatic insufficiency and is associated with poorer insulin secretory capacity and pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bonhoure
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Johann Colomba
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Boudreau
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cindy Bergeron
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Maïté Carricart
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, University of Montreal Hospital Center (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - François Tremblay
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, University of Montreal Hospital Center (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Annick Lavoie
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, University of Montreal Hospital Center (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, University of Montreal Hospital Center (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Darukhanavala A, Van Dessel F, Ho J, Hansen M, Kremer T, Alfego D. Use of hemoglobin A1c to identify dysglycemia in cystic fibrosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250036. [PMID: 33882078 PMCID: PMC8059836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) leads to pancreatic endocrine dysfunction with progressive glycemic disturbance. Approximately 30%–50% of people with CF eventually develop CF–related diabetes (CFRD). Pre-CFRD states progress from indeterminant glycemia (INDET) to impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Screening guidelines recommend inconvenient annual 2-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), beginning at age 10 years. More efficient methods, such as hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), have been evaluated, but only limited, relatively small studies have evaluated the association between HbA1c and pre-CFRD dysglycemic states. Objective To determine whether HbA1c is an appropriate screening tool for identifying patients with pre-CFRD dysglycemia to minimize the burden of annual OGTTs. Methods This retrospective review evaluated medical records data of all University of Massachusetts Memorial Health System CF patients with an HbA1c result within 90 days of an OGTT between 1997 and 2019. Exclusion criteria were uncertain CF diagnosis, other forms of diabetes, or incomplete OGTT. In total, 56 patients were included and categorized according to OGTT results (American Diabetes Association criteria): normal glucose tolerance, INDET, IFG, or IGT. Associations were evaluated between HbA1c and OGTT results and between HbA1c and pre-CFRD dysglycemic states. Results Mean HbA1c was not significantly different between patients with normal glucose tolerance and those in the INDET (p = 0.987), IFG (p = 0.690), and IGT (p = 0.874) groups. Analysis of variance confirmed the lack of association between HbA1c and glycemia, as mean HbA1c was not significantly different amongst the four categories (p = 0.250). Conclusion There is increasing awareness of the impact of pre-CFRD states, including reduced pulmonary function and nutritional status. Unfortunately, our results do not support using HbA1c as a screening tool for pre-CFRD dysglycemia, specifically INDET, IFG, and IGT. Further studies are warranted to evaluate more efficient screening methods to reduce the burden of annual OGTTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Darukhanavala
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Filia Van Dessel
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Jannifer Ho
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Megan Hansen
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Ted Kremer
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - David Alfego
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
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13
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Glycated Hemoglobin as a First-line Screening Test for Cystic Fibrosis‒Related Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Children With Cystic Fibrosis: A Validation Study. Can J Diabetes 2021; 45:768-774. [PMID: 33926819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aims in this study were to document the screening rate for cystic fibrosis‒related diabetes (CFRD) in children followed at a cystic fibrosis (CF) clinic in Canada and to evaluate the accuracy of various glycated hemoglobin (A1C) cutoffs to screen for CFRD and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in a pediatric CF population. METHODS The CFRD screening rate was calculated over a follow-up period of up to 8 years among children who attended the CF clinic between 1993 and 2018. Test performance of A1C at various thresholds ranging from 5.5% to 6.2% was compared with the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as the reference method. Children with CF aged ≥10 years with an OGTT performed within 120 days of A1C measurement were included in the analysis. RESULTS The overall CFRD screening rate was 53.0%. A total of 256 children were included for the A1C performance analysis, of whom 8.6% had an OGTT-confirmed CFRD diagnosis. An A1C threshold of 5.8% demonstrated an optimal balance between sensitivity (90.9%) and specificity (60.7%) for CFRD screening, leading to a potential reduction of 56.3% of the annual required OGTTs. A1C demonstrated poor accuracy for identifying children with IGT. CONCLUSIONS An A1C threshold ≥5.8% allows for identification of children requiring further CFRD investigations, which may reduce the clinical burden of children with CF without compromising the ability of early CFRD diagnosis.
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14
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A bird eye view on cystic fibrosis: An underestimated multifaceted chronic disorder. Life Sci 2020; 268:118959. [PMID: 33383045 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease which involves the mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. CF involves in the inflammatory processes and is considered as a multisystem disorder that is not confined to lungs, but it also affects other vital organs that leads to numerous co-morbidities. The respiratory disorder in the CF results in mortality and morbidity which is characterized by series of serious events involving mucus hypersecretion, microbial infections, airways obstruction, inflammation, destruction of epithelium, tissue remodeling and terminal lung diseases. Mucins are the high molecular weight glycoproteins important for the viscoelastic properties of the mucus, play a significant role in the disease mechanisms. Determining the functional association between the CFTR and mucins might help to identify the putative target for specific therapeutic approach. In fact, furin enzyme which helps in the entry of novel COVID-19 virus into the cell, is upregulated in CF and this can also serve as a potential target for CF treatment. Moreover, the use of nano-formulations for CF treatment is an area of research being widely studied as they have also demonstrated promising outcomes. The in-depth knowledge of non-coding RNAs like miRNAs and lncRNAs and their functional association with CFTR gene expression and mutation can provide a different range of opportunity to identify the promising therapeutic approaches for CF.
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15
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Copur S, Onal EM, Afsar B, Ortiz A, van Raalte DH, Cherney DZ, Rossing P, Kanbay M. Diabetes mellitus in chronic kidney disease: Biomarkers beyond HbA1c to estimate glycemic control and diabetes-dependent morbidity and mortality. J Diabetes Complications 2020; 34:107707. [PMID: 32861562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Optimal glycemic control contributes to improved outcomes in patients with DM, particularly for microvascular damage, but blood glucose levels are too variable to provide an accurate assessment and instead markers averaging long-term glycemic load are used. The most established glycemic biomarker of long-term glycemic control is HbA1c. Nevertheless, HbA1c has pitfalls that limit its accuracy to estimate glycemic control, including the presence of altered red blood cell survival, hemoglobin glycation and suboptimal performance of HbA1c assays. Alternative methods to evaluate glycemic control in patients with DM include glycated albumin, fructosamine, 1-5 anhydroglucitol, continuous glucose measurement, self-monitoring of blood glucose and random blood glucose concentration measurements. Accordingly, our aim was to review the advantages and pitfalls of these methods in the context of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidar Copur
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine M Onal
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baris Afsar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Dialysis Unit, School of Medicine, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avd. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel H van Raalte
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Z Cherney
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lundholm MD, Emanuele MA, Ashraf A, Nadeem S. Applications and pitfalls of hemoglobin A1C and alternative methods of glycemic monitoring. J Diabetes Complications 2020; 34:107585. [PMID: 32553575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intensive glycemic control minimizes the risks of microvascular complications in diabetes. A1C is a convenient estimate of mean blood glucose, but is not the only marker available. The practical use and limitations of alternative markers and continuous glucose monitors are the focus of this review. METHODS PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies concerning applications or limitations of A1C, fructosamine, glycated albumin, 1,5-anhydroglucitol, skin autofluorescence, and continuous glucose monitoring. Papers reporting on strengths, limitations, or comparisons of these methods were reviewed for inclusion. RESULTS A1C reflects three months of glycemic control and is not an ideal marker in all patient populations. Fructosamine and glycated albumin reflect mean blood glucose over three weeks. 1,5-Anhydroglucitol can measure hyperglycemic excursions in days to weeks. Continuous glucose monitors provide immediate feedback for timely intervention to reduce glycemic excursions and can assess glycemic variability. Current barriers to continuous glucose monitor use include inexperience, cost, discomfort, and medication interference. CONCLUSIONS Many promising alternative glycemic markers exist. The main limitations for all alternative methods of glycemic monitoring are a lack of standardization for clinically useful cut-offs or guidelines, and a lack of long-term data on their association with complications, particularly in varied patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Lundholm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Mary Ann Emanuele
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Loyola University Health Care System, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - Alina Ashraf
- Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sarah Nadeem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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Christian F, Thierman A, Shirley E, Allen K, Cross C, Jones K. Sustained Glycemic Control With Ivacaftor in Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2020; 7:2324709619842898. [PMID: 31010313 PMCID: PMC6480995 DOI: 10.1177/2324709619842898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is a common comorbidity in cystic fibrosis with pancreatic insufficiency occurring early in the disease process. Current treatment is exogenous insulin therapy as CFRD is due to impaired insulin secretion. Recent small studies have shown improvement in endogenous insulin secretion with a short period of ivacaftor therapy in primarily pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutations amenable to potentiation. In this article, we present the case of an adult patient with long-standing CFRD who developed sustained improvement in glycemic control after initiation of ivacaftor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Christian
- 1 University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Erin Shirley
- 2 University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Karen Allen
- 1 University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Cory Cross
- 1 University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kellie Jones
- 1 University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Abstract
Medical research in children typically lags behind that of adult research in both quantity and quality. The conduct of rigorous clinical trials in children can raise ethical concerns because of children's status as a 'vulnerable' population. Moreover, carrying out studies in pediatrics also requires logistical considerations that rarely occur with adult clinical trials. Due to the relatively smaller number of pediatric studies to support evidence-based medicine, the practice of medicine in children is far more reliant upon expert opinion than in adult medicine. Children are at risk of not receiving the same level of benefits from precision medicine research, which has flourished with new technologies capable of generating large amounts of data quickly at an individual level. Although progress has been made in pediatric pharmacokinetics, which has led to safer and more effective dosing, gaps in knowledge still exists when it comes to characterization of pediatric disease and differences in pharmacodynamic response between children and adults. This review highlights three specific therapeutic areas where biomarker development can enhance precision medicine in children: asthma, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and pain. These 'case studies' are meant to update the reader on biomarkers used currently in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions, and their shortcomings within a pediatric context. Current research on surrogate endpoints and pharmacodynamic biomarkers in the above therapeutic areas will also be described. These cases highlight the current lack in pediatric specific surrogate endpoints and pharmacodynamic biomarkers, as well as the research presently being conducted to address these deficiencies. We finally briefly highlight other therapeutic areas where further research in pediatric surrogate endpoints and pharmacodynamic biomarkers can be impactful to the care of children.
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Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes Screening in Adults: A Gap Analysis and Evaluation of Accuracy of Glycated Hemoglobin Levels. Can J Diabetes 2019; 43:13-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chan CL, Hope E, Thurston J, Vigers T, Pyle L, Zeitler PS, Nadeau KJ. Hemoglobin A 1c Accurately Predicts Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Derived Average Glucose in Youth and Young Adults With Cystic Fibrosis. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:1406-1413. [PMID: 29674323 PMCID: PMC6014540 DOI: 10.2337/dc17-2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In cystic fibrosis (CF), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is thought to underestimate glycemia. However, few studies have directly assessed the relationship between HbA1c and average glucose in CF. We determined the relationships among glycemic markers-HbA1c, fructosamine (FA), glycated albumin (%GA), and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG)-and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in CF, hypothesizing that alternate markers would better predict average sensor glucose (ASG) than HbA1c. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS CF participants and a group of healthy control subjects (HCs), ages 6-25 years, wore CGM for up to 7 days. Pearson correlations assessed the relationships between CGM variables and HbA1c, FA, %GA, and 1,5-AG. The regression line between HbA1c and ASG was compared in CF versus HC. Linear regressions determined whether alternate markers predicted ASG after adjustment for HbA1c. RESULTS CF (n = 93) and HC (n = 29) groups wore CGM for 5.2 ± 1 days. CF participants were 14 ± 3 years of age and 47% were male, with a BMI z score -0.1 ± 0.8 and no different from HCs in age, sex, or BMI. Mean HbA1c in CF was 5.7 ± 0.8% (39 ± 9 mmol/mol) vs. HC 5.1 ± 0.2% (32 ± 2 mmol/mol) (P < 0.0001). All glycemic markers correlated with ASG (P ≤ 0.01): HbA1c (r = 0.86), FA (r = 0.69), %GA (r = 0.83), and 1,5-AG (r = -0.26). The regression line between ASG and HbA1c did not differ in CF versus HC (P = 0.44). After adjustment for HbA1c, %GA continued to predict ASG (P = 0.0009) in CF. CONCLUSIONS HbA1c does not underestimate ASG in CF as previously assumed. No alternate glycemic marker correlated more strongly with ASG than HbA1c. %GA shows strong correlation with ASG and added to the prediction of ASG beyond HbA1c. However, we are not advocating use of HbA1c for diabetes screening in CF based on these results. Further study will determine whether glycemic measures other than ASG differ among different types of diabetes for a given HbA1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Chan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Emma Hope
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Jessica Thurston
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Department of Biostatistics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Timothy Vigers
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Laura Pyle
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Department of Biostatistics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Philip S Zeitler
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Zorrón Mei Hsia Pu M, Gonçalves AC, Minnicucci WJ, Morcillo AM, Ribeiro JD, Ribeiro AF. Continuous glucose monitoring to evaluate glycaemic abnormalities in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:592-596. [PMID: 29378680 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-314250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the glycaemic profile of patients with cystic fibrosis using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS), and to evaluate the associations of glycaemic abnormalities with sex, age, pubertal stage, CFTR gene mutations, nutritional status, lung function, oral glucose tolerance test, glycated haemoglobin concentrations, fasting insulin concentrations, C peptide concentrations and exocrine pancreatic function. STUDY DESIGN This observational study evaluated CGMS data from 39 patients with cystic fibrosis who were treated at a referral centre. The patients were 10-19.9 years old, and were categorised according to whether they had normal results (27 patients) or glucose intolerance (12 patients) during the oral glucose tolerance test. RESULTS The maximum interstitial glucose concentration among individuals with normal oral glucose tolerance test results was 174.9±65.1 mg/dL (9.7-3.61 mmol/L), compared with 170.4±40.9 mg/dL (9.46-2.27 mmol/L) among individuals with glucose intolerance. The CGMS revealed that 18 of the 27 patients with normal oral glucose tolerance test results had peak interstitial glucose concentrations of >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L), and that 4 of these individuals had peak levels of >200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). None of the analysed clinical or laboratory characteristics predicted the occurrence of hyperglycaemic peaks on CGMS. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that CGMS could detect hyperglycaemia among patients with cystic fibrosis and 'normal' oral glucose tolerance test results, and that their clinical and laboratory characteristics were not useful in discerning between patients who did and did not exhibit these excursions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - André Moreno Morcillo
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Dirceu Ribeiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Geyer MC, Rayner CK, Horowitz M, Couper JJ. Targeting postprandial glycaemia in children with diabetes: Opportunities and challenges. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:766-774. [PMID: 29072820 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial glycaemia makes a substantial contribution to overall glycaemic control in diabetes, particularly in patients whose preprandial glycaemia is relatively well controlled and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) only modestly elevated. Our review addresses the determinants of postprandial glycaemia and how it may be targeted therapeutically in children with diabetes. Postprandial glycaemia is influenced by preprandial glycaemia, macronutrients and their absorption, insulin delivery and sensitivity, the action of the enteroendocrine system, and the rate of gastric emptying. Contemporary continuous glucose monitoring systems reveal patterns of post prandial glycaemia and allow management to be guided more precisely. Delays in blood glucose determination, insulin delivery and its absorption remain challenges in the rapidly evolving closed loop continuous subcutaneous insulin and glucagon delivery systems developed for children with type 1 diabetes. Augmentation of the incretin system through nutritional preloads or incretin mimetics targets postprandial glycaemia by slowing gastric emptying as well as insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects. These treatments are of particular relevance to children with type 2 diabetes. Following the development of targeted therapies in adults, postprandial blood glucose control will now be increasingly targeted in the treatment of diabetes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myfanwy C Geyer
- Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jennifer J Couper
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Ahmed MI, Fox R, Shinkins B, Sutton S, Tziaferi V, Gaillard EA. Continuous glucose monitoring systems for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Hippokratia 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Molla Imaduddin Ahmed
- University Hospitals of Leicester; Department of Paediatrics, Leicester Royal Infirmary; Infirmary Square Leicester UK LE1 5WW
- University of Leicester; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building University Road Leicester UK LE1 9HN
| | - Rachel Fox
- Leicester Royal Infirmary; Leicester Nutrition and Dietetic Service; Infirmary Square Leicester UK LE1 5WW
| | - Bethany Shinkins
- University of Leeds; Academic Unit of Health Economics; 101 Clarendon Road Leeds UK LS29LJ
| | - Sarah Sutton
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Clinical Librarian Service; Infirmary Square Leicester Leicestershire UK LE1 5WW
| | - Vaitsa Tziaferi
- Leicester Royal Infirmary; Department of Women's and Children's Health; Infirmary Square Leicester UK LE1 5WW
| | - Erol A Gaillard
- University Hospitals of Leicester; Department of Paediatrics, Leicester Royal Infirmary; Infirmary Square Leicester UK LE1 5WW
- University of Leicester; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building University Road Leicester UK LE1 9HN
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive disorder in Caucasian populations. Individuals with CF have seen significant increases in life expectancy in the last 60 years. As a result, previously rare complications are now coming to light. The most common of these is cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), which affects 40-50% of CF adults. CFRD significantly impacts the pulmonary function and longevity of CF patients, yet a lack of consensus on the best methods to diagnose and treat CFRD remains. We begin by reviewing our understanding of the pathogenesis of CFRD, as emerging evidence shows the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) also has important roles in the release of insulin and glucagon and in the protection of β cells from oxidative stress. We then discuss how current recommended methods of CFRD diagnosis are not appropriate, as continuous glucose monitoring becomes more effective, practical, and cost-effective. Finally, we evaluate emerging treatments which have narrowed the mortality gap within the CF patient group. In the future, pharmacological potentiators and correctors directly targeting CFTR show huge promise for both CFRD and the wider CF patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayani Kayani
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Raihan Mohammed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Raihan Mohammed,
| | - Hasan Mohiaddin
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Lam GY, Doll-Shankaruk M, Dayton J, Rodriguez-Capote K, Higgins TN, Thomas D, Mulchey K, Smith MP, Brown NE, Leung WM, Estey MP. The use of fructosamine in cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) screening. J Cyst Fibros 2017. [PMID: 28648493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether serum fructosamine correlates with glycemic control and clinical outcomes in patients being screened for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD). METHODS Fructosamine and percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) were measured in patients undergoing a 2h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for CFRD screening. Fractional serum fructosamine (FSF) was calculated as fructosamine/total protein. RESULTS FSF exhibited a positive correlation with 2h OGTT results (r2=0.3201, p=0.009), and ROC curve analysis suggested that FSF can identify patients with an abnormal OGTT (AUC=0.840, p=0.0002). FSF also exhibited a negative correlation with FEV1 (r2=0.3732, p=0.035). Patients with FSF≥3.70μmol/g had significantly lower FEV1 (median 47%) compared to those with FSF<3.70μmol/g (median 90%; p=0.015). CONCLUSIONS FSF correlated with both OGTT results and FEV1, and reliably identified patients with abnormal OGTT results. This simple blood test shows potential as an effective tool in CFRD screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Lam
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2R3, Canada
| | | | - Jan Dayton
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, Edmonton T5J 5E2, Canada
| | - Karina Rodriguez-Capote
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, Edmonton T5J 5E2, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Trefor N Higgins
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, Edmonton T5J 5E2, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Dylan Thomas
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, Edmonton T5J 5E2, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Kimberley Mulchey
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Maeve P Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Neil E Brown
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Winnie M Leung
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Mathew P Estey
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, Edmonton T5J 5E2, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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Ronan NJ, Elborn JS, Plant BJ. Current and emerging comorbidities in cystic fibrosis. Presse Med 2017; 46:e125-e138. [PMID: 28554721 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is expressed ubiquitously throughout the body. Thus, while respiratory manifestations dominate much of cystic fibrosis (CF) care, there are prominent multi-organ manifestations and comorbidities. In the general population, the number of comorbidities increases with aging. Few illnesses have experienced such a dramatic improvement in survival as CF, which has been transformed from an illness of childhood death to one of adult survival. Hence, as longevity increases in CF, it is paralleled by an increasing number of patients with multicomplex comorbidities availing of care from adult CF multi-disciplinary teams. This review gives an overview of the traditional CF associated comorbidities and those emerging in an aging adult cohort. While historically the treatment of CF focused on the consequences of CFTR dysfunction, the recent advent of CFTR modulators with the potential to enhance CFTR function represents an opportunity to potentially reverse or delay the development of some of the comorbidities associated with CF. Where evidence is available for the impact of CFTR modulatory therapy, namely ivacaftor on comorbidities in CF, this is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Ronan
- Cork university hospital, university college Cork, Cork adult cystic fibrosis centre, HRB clinical research facility, Wilton,T12 DFK4 Cork, Ireland
| | - Joseph Stuart Elborn
- London and Queen's university Belfast, National heart and lung institute, Imperial College, Royal Brompton hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barry J Plant
- Cork university hospital, university college Cork, Cork adult cystic fibrosis centre, HRB clinical research facility, Wilton,T12 DFK4 Cork, Ireland.
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Mainguy C, Bellon G, Delaup V, Ginoux T, Kassai-Koupai B, Mazur S, Rabilloud M, Remontet L, Reix P. Sensitivity and specificity of different methods for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes screening: is the oral glucose tolerance test still the standard? J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 30:27-35. [PMID: 27977404 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2016-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is a late cystic fibrosis (CF)-associated comorbidity whose prevalence is increasing sharply lifelong. Guidelines for glucose metabolism (GM) monitoring rely on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). However, this test is neither sensitive nor specific. The aim of this study was to compare sensitivity and specificity of different methods for GM monitoring in children and adolescents with CF. METHODS Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS), used as the reference method, was compared with the OGTT, intravenous glucose tolerance test (IGTT), homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment index of β-cell function (HOMA-%B) and glycated haemoglobin A1C. Patients were classified into three groups according to CGMS: normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes mellitus (DM). RESULTS Twenty-nine patients (median age: 13.1 years) were recruited. According to CGMS, 11 had DM, 12 IGT and six NGT, whereas OGTT identified three patients with DM and five with IGT. While 13 of 27 had insulin deficiency according to IGTT, there was 19 of 28 according to HOMA-%B. According to HOMA-IR, 12 of 28 had insulin resistance. HOMA-%B was the most sensitive method for CFRD screening [sensitivity 91% (95% CI), specificity 47% (95% CI) and negative predictive value 89% (95% CI)]. CONCLUSIONS OGTT showed the weak capacity to diagnose DM in CF and should no longer be considered as the reference method for CFRD screening in patients with CF. In our study, HOMA-%B showed promising metrics for CFRD screening. Finally, CGMS revealed that pathological glucose excursions were frequent even early in life.
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a common genetic condition and abnormal glucose handling leading to cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is a frequent comorbidity. CFRD is mainly thought to be the result of progressive pancreatic damage resulting in beta cell dysfunction and loss of insulin secretion. Whilst Oral Glucose Tolerance Testing is still recommended for diagnosing CFRD, the relationship between glucose abnormalities and adverse outcomes in CF is complex and occurs at stages of dysglycaemia occurring prior to diagnosis of diabetes by World Health Organisation criteria. Insulin remains the mainstay of treatment of CF-related glucose abnormalities but the timing of insulin commencement, optimum insulin regime and targets of glycaemic control are not clear. These complexities are compounded by common issues with nutritional status, need for enteral feeding, steroid use and high disease burden on CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Jones
- Diabetes Department, Gartnavel General Hospital, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow, G12 0YN, UK.
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31
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Screening for Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes: Matching Pathophysiology and Addressing Current Challenges. Can J Diabetes 2016; 40:466-470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.08.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Konrad K, Kapellen T, Lilienthal E, Prinz N, Bauer M, Thon A, Rietschel E, Wiemann D, Holl RW. Does β-Cell Autoimmunity Play a Role in Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes? Analysis Based on the German/Austrian Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumentation Registry. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:1338-44. [PMID: 27271187 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on β-cell autoimmunity in cystic fibrosis (CF)-related diabetes (CFRD) is still rare. We aimed to analyze the frequency of β-cell autoimmunity and the influence on age at diabetes onset, insulin requirement, type of insulin therapy, and hypoglycemic or ketoacidotic events in patients with CFRD compared with antibody-negative patients with CFRD in the Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumentation (DPV) registry. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed data of 837 patients with CFRD in the German/Austrian DPV database by multivariable mixed-regression modeling. RESULTS In our cohort, 8.5% of patients with CFRD (n = 72) were found to be β-cell antibody positive. There was a female preponderance in this patient group: 65.3 vs. 57.6%. Diabetes onset (median [interquartile range]) was earlier (14.00 [10.15-15.90] vs. 16.10 [13.50-21.20] years; P < 0.005), and insulin dose/kg body weight was higher (0.95 [0.61-1.15] vs. 0.67 [0.33-1.04] IU/kg; P < 0.05). There were also differences in the type of insulin treatment. Insulin pump therapy was used significantly more often in patients with CFRD with β-cell autoimmunity (18.2 vs. 6.4%; P < 0.05). The differences for multiple daily injections (ICT) and conventional therapy (CT) were not significant (ICT: 67.7 vs. 79.0%; CT: 15.2 vs. 14.6). Oral antidiabetic agents were rarely used in both groups. Rate of severe hypoglycemia with coma and rate of ketoacidosis were higher in antibody-positive patients (hypoglycemia with coma: 8.0 vs. 1.4, P < 0.05; ketoacidosis: 9.3 vs. 0.9, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Presence of β-cell autoantibodies in our cohort of patients with CFRD (8.5%) appeared to be greater than in the general population and was associated with female sex, earlier onset of diabetes, and higher insulin requirement. Insulin pump therapy was used significantly more often in patients with β-cell antibodies. Severe hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis were significantly more frequent in CFRD with β-cell autoimmunity compared with β-cell antibody-negative patients with CFRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Konrad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Elisabeth-Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kapellen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Prinz
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Bauer
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Angelika Thon
- Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ernst Rietschel
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dagobert Wiemann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
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Prentice B, Hameed S, Verge CF, Ooi CY, Jaffe A, Widger J. Diagnosing cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: current methods and challenges. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:799-811. [DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2016.1190646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Prentice
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
| | - Shihab Hameed
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Charles F. Verge
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Chee Y. Ooi
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Adam Jaffe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
| | - John Widger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
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Chan CL, Pyle L, Kelsey M, Newnes L, Zeitler PS, Nadeau KJ. Screening for type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in obese youth: evaluating alternate markers of glycemia - 1,5-anhydroglucitol, fructosamine, and glycated albumin. Pediatr Diabetes 2016; 17:206-11. [PMID: 25652226 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is increasingly performed over the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as the initial screening test for type 2 diabetes in youth. However, the optimal strategy for identifying type 2 diabetes in youth remains controversial. Alternate glycemic markers have been proposed as potentially useful tools for diabetes screening. We examined the relationships among fructosamine (FA), glycated albumin (GA), and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) with traditional screening tests, HbA1c and OGTT. Youth 10-18 yrs, BMI ≥85th‰, and HbA1c <7.5% had a single visit with measurement of HbA1c, 1,5-AG, FA, GA, and a standard OGTT. Distributions of FA, GA, and 1,5-AG by HbA1c and 2-hour glucose (2hG) categories were compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)-curves were generated to determine the cut points at which alternate markers maximized sensitivity and specificity for predicting prediabetes and diabetes. One hundred and seventeen, 62% female, 59% Hispanic, 22% White, 17% black, median 14.1 yr, and body mass index (BMI) z-score 2.3 participated. Median values of each alternate marker differed significantly between prediabetes and diabetes HbA1c and 2hG categories (p < 0.017). Only GA medians differed (p = 0.006) between normal and prediabetes HbA1c. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC-AUCs) for alternate markers as predictors of prediabetes (0.5-0.66) were low; however, alternate marker ROC-AUCs for identifying diabetes (0.82-0.98) were excellent. Although the alternate markers were poor predictors of prediabetes, they all performed well predicting diabetes by 2hG and HbA1c. Whereas the usefulness of these markers for identifying prediabetes is limited, they may be useful in certain scenarios as second line screening tools for diabetes in overweight/obese youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura Pyle
- Department of Pediatrics, Administrative Section, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Megan Kelsey
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lindsey Newnes
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Philip S Zeitler
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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Boudreau V, Coriati A, Desjardins K, Rabasa-Lhoret R. Glycated hemoglobin cannot yet be proposed as a screening tool for cystic fibrosis related diabetes. J Cyst Fibros 2016; 15:258-60. [PMID: 26905501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
With improved life expectancy of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, CF-related diabetes (CFRD) has become a major complication. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is the standard test to detect it. However, the use of OGTT is controversial, in addition to being a burden for patients and the treatment team. Research to find alternative ways of testing is ongoing. While some propose that glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) may be an effective alternative, our past results suggest otherwise. A new analysis involving the OGTT and HbA1c values of 207 patients, between 2004 and 2015, proposes that the threshold of a lower value of HbA1c of ≥5.8%(39.9 mmol/mol) gives a sensitivity of 68.2% and a specificity of 60.5%. With such sensitivity to identify patients in need of an OGTT, 31.8% of CFRD diagnosis would be missed if the suggested HbA1c value of ≥5.8% was used as a screening tool to identify patients in need of OGTTs. Considering our results, we believe the HbA1c does not possess the characteristics of a suitable screening test for CFRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Boudreau
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Adèle Coriati
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Katherine Desjardins
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Hôtel-Dieu, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Taylor-Cousar JL, Janssen JS, Wilson A, Clair CGS, Pickard KM, Jones MC, Brayshaw SJ, Chacon CS, Barboa CM, Sontag MK, Accurso FJ, Nichols DP, Saavedra MT, Nick JA. Glucose >200 mg/dL during Continuous Glucose Monitoring Identifies Adult Patients at Risk for Development of Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:1527932. [PMID: 27999822 PMCID: PMC5143745 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1527932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale. Cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) is the most common comorbidity in patients with CF. In spite of increased screening, diagnosis, and treatment of CFRD, the mortality rate in patients with CFRD still far exceeds the mortality rate in those without CFRD. Guidelines suggest that screening for CFRD be performed annually using the 2-hour 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Adherence to recommended screening has been poor, with only approximately one-quarter of adults with CF undergoing OGTT in 2014. Use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for diagnosis may become an alternative. Objectives. Our objective was to determine whether abnormal CGM predicts subsequent development of CFRD, lung function, and body mass index (BMI) decline and increased rate of CF pulmonary exacerbations in adults with CF. Methods. In a prospective single center pilot trial from September 2009 to September 2010, 21 adult patients due for routine OGTT were recruited to complete simultaneous 3-day CGM and 2-hour 75 gram OGTT. Subsequently, clinical information was reviewed from 2008 to 2015. Conclusions. There was a moderate correlation between interpreted results of 2-hour OGTT and CGM (p = 0.03); CGM indicated a greater level of glucose impairment than OGTT. Glucose >200 mg/dL by CGM predicted development of CFRD (p = 0.0002).
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Taylor-Cousar
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- *J. L. Taylor-Cousar:
| | - J. S. Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - A. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - C. G. St. Clair
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - K. M. Pickard
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - M. C. Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123 E 16th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - S. J. Brayshaw
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - C. S. Chacon
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - C. M. Barboa
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - M. K. Sontag
- Colorado School of Public Health and University of Colorado, 13001 East 17th Place, Campus Box B119, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - F. J. Accurso
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123 E 16th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - D. P. Nichols
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - M. T. Saavedra
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - J. A. Nick
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Franzese A, Mozzillo E, Fattorusso V, Raia V, Valerio G. Screening of glucose metabolism derangements in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients: how, when, why. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:633-8. [PMID: 25863781 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-015-0743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common comorbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF), occurring in a variable number of children and adolescents. Glucose metabolism derangements (GMDs) are responsible for a negative impact on the general health status of CF patients. Screening of GMDs is important since the youngest age and should be performed by means of OGTT, including its intermediate times, that could detect other non-traditional GMDs. Insulin treatment, administered before overt diabetes, could be beneficial in reducing the number of pulmonary infections, in improving both pulmonary function and nutritional status. Early screening of GMDs in pediatric age can exert an important preventing role regarding all aspects of health status of patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Franzese
- Department of Medical and Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy,
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HbA1c as a screening tool for cystic fibrosis related diabetes. J Cyst Fibros 2015; 15:251-7. [PMID: 25869326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Early diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) related diabetes (CFRD) is important to improve outcomes. International guidelines recommend an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for all CF patients aged ≥10 years - this approach is controversial. The aim of this study was to develop an effective screening tool and reduce the need for a universal OGTT. METHODS Adult CF patients (without CFRD) attending an annual review assessment were recruited prospectively (March 2009-July 2012) into two sequential studies - a primary investigative study followed by validation study. All patients underwent an OGTT and were simultaneously screened by predetermined biochemical/clinical criteria to identify their risk of CFRD. A sensitivity/specificity analysis was performed using the World Health Organisation diabetes criteria as gold standard; modifications were made to improve the screening tool's accuracy and determine the optimal screening thresholds. This was tested in the validation study. RESULTS 429 patients (primary, n=94; validation, n=335: mean age=31.7 ± 10.4(SD), 43% female, 77% on pancreatic supplements). Primary study: in predicting a positive OGTT, the test sensitivity was 66.7% and specificity 60%. HbA1c was carried over to the validation study as it was the most discriminative (optimal threshold ≥5.8% (40 mmol/mol); receiver operating curve, ROC, score 0.60). Validation study: the number of patients with a normal, impaired and diabetic OGTT was 268(80%), 51(15.2%) and 16(4.8%), respectively. HbA1c provided a test sensitivity, specificity and ROC score of 93.8%, 53.0% and 0.73, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The use of HbA1c ≥ 5.8%(40 mmol/mol) is an effective tool for CFRD screening and reduced the need for an OGTT by 50.7%.
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Abstract
Improved life expectancy in cystic fibrosis (CF) has led to an expanding population of adults with CF, now representing almost 50 % of the total CF population. This creates new challenges from long-term complications such as diabetes mellitus (DM), a condition that is present in 40 %-50 % of adults with CF. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) results from a primary defect of insulin deficiency and although sharing features with type 1 (DM1) and type 2 diabetes (DM2), it is a clinically distinct condition. Progression to diabetes is associated with poorer CF clinical outcomes and increased mortality. CFRD is not associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and the prevalence of microvascular complications is lower than DM1 or DM2. Rather, the primary goal of insulin therapy is the preservation of lung function and optimization of nutritional status. There is increasing evidence that appropriate screening and early intervention with insulin can reverse weight loss and improve pulmonary function. This approach may include targeting postprandial hyperglycemia not detected by standard diagnostic tests such as the oral glucose tolerance test. Further clinical research is required to guide when and how much to intervene in patients who are already dealing with the burden of one chronic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal O'Shea
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
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40
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Scheuing N, Berger G, Bergis D, Gohlke B, Konrad K, Laubner K, Lilienthal E, Moser C, Schütz-Fuhrmann I, Thon A, Holl RW. Adherence to clinical care guidelines for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in 659 German/Austrian patients. J Cyst Fibros 2014; 13:730-6. [PMID: 24917115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Germany/Austria, data on medical care for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is limited. METHODS Anonymized data from 659 CFRD patients were analyzed and compared to the latest ADA/CFF guidelines. RESULTS Specialized diabetes clinics were attended less frequently than recommended (3.1 vs. 4.0 times yearly). 7.9% of patients had a complete profile of examinations: diabetes education (44.9%), HbA1c (88.8%), blood pressure (79.5%), BMI (86.5%), lipid status (37.5%), retinopathy (29.9%), microalbuminuria (33.2%), and self-monitoring of blood glucose (71.6%). HbA1c and blood pressure were measured less frequently than recommended (2.3 and 2.0 vs. 4.0 times yearly). Overall, guidelines were followed more frequently in children than adults. Contrary to recommendations, not all patients were treated with insulin (77.2 vs. 100.0%). Insulin therapy was initiated earlier in children than adults, but there was still a substantial delay (0.9 vs. 2.7years after diagnosis, p<0.001). CONCLUSION In CFRD patients studied, adherence to care guidelines was suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Scheuing
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 41, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Berger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Bergis
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bettina Gohlke
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Adenauerallee 119, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Konrad
- Department of Pediatrics II, University Children's Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Katharina Laubner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 49, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eggert Lilienthal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Bochum, Alexandrinenstraße 5, D-44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christine Moser
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Christoph Probst Platz 1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ingrid Schütz-Fuhrmann
- 3rd Medical Department, Hospital Hietzing, Wolkersbergenstraße 1, A-1130 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Thon
- Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 41, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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41
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Middleton PG, Wagenaar M, Matson AG, Craig ME, Holmes-Walker DJ, Katz T, Hameed S. Australian standards of care for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Respirology 2013; 19:185-192. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria E. Craig
- Sydney Children's Hospital Network (Westmead); Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Tamarah Katz
- Sydney Children's Hospital Network; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Shihab Hameed
- Sydney Children's Hospital Network; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Coriati A, Elisha B, Virassamynaik S, Phaneuf M, Ziai S, Gauthier MS, Rabasa-Lhoret R. Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis-related glucose abnormalities: Can we shorten the standard oral glucose tolerance test? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:1254-9. [PMID: 24195626 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult patients with cystic fibrosis (APCF) are at high risk of developing impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and CF-related diabetes (CFRD) and thus an annual screening with a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is recommended. This population would greatly benefit from a simplified and harmless alternative to the standard OGTT. Thus, we aimed to compare the diagnostic values of HbA1c and glycemias at interval time points during the 2-h OGTT for IGT and CFRD detection in APCF. To do so, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 194 APCF with normal fasting plasma glucose values (≤ 7.0 mmol · L(-1)) who underwent a 2-h OGTT. Receivers operating characteristic area under the curves (ROC-AUC) were analyzed to assess the diagnostic value of HbA1c and intermediate OGTT glycemias using 2-h OGTT glycemia as reference. For both IGT and CFRD diagnoses, ROC-AUC values obtained from glycemia at 90 min were significantly higher than HbA1c and remaining intermediate glycemias (p < 0.001). The best 90-min OGTT cut-off values for these diagnoses were >9.3 mmol · L(-1) (IGT) and ≥ 11.5 mmol · L(-1) (CFRD). A 90-min OGTT glycemia might be a simplified alternative to 2-h OGTT glycemia for earlier glucose tolerance abnormalities diagnosis in APCF. This finding should be confirmed in other APCF cohorts and its predictive value should be established prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Coriati
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue Des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
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43
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Kelly A, Moran A. Update on cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. J Cyst Fibros 2013; 12:318-31. [PMID: 23562217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a common comorbidity in cystic fibrosis and is considered a clinical entity (cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, CFRD) distinct from that of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The relevance of this diagnosis extends not only from its imposition of additional medical burden but its association with worse health outcomes in individuals with CF. This paper will review the 2010 U.S. and other international guidelines for screening and treating CFRD. It will highlight newer data regarding early glucose and insulin secretion defects, mechanisms linking CFRD to worse outcomes, and recent advances in T2DM that may provide insights for CFRD; insulin secretion will be reviewed as background for these recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kelly
- Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Konrad K, Thon A, Fritsch M, Fröhlich-Reiterer E, Lilienthal E, Wudy SA, Holl RW. Comparison of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes with type 1 diabetes based on a German/Austrian Pediatric Diabetes Registry. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:879-86. [PMID: 23238661 PMCID: PMC3609515 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) has increased with improved life expectancy of patients. Clinical and care characteristics were compared with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in a multicenter analysis of pediatric data. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Auxological and treatment data from 47,227 patients aged younger than 21 years with CFRD or T1DM in the German/Austrian Diabetes Prospective Documentation Initiative registry were analyzed by multivariable mixed regression modeling. RESULTS Diabetes onset (mean [interquartile range]) occurred later in individuals with CFRD (14.5 [11.8-16.3] years) than in individuals with T1DM (8.5 [4.9-11.8] years), with female preponderance in CFRD (59.1% vs. 47.5%; P < 0.01). CFRD patients had lower BMI standard deviation scores (-0.85 [-1.59 to -0.12] vs. +0.52 [-0.10 to +1.16]; P < 0.01) and lower HbA(1c) (6.87% vs. 7.97%; P < 0.01). Self-monitoring of blood glucose was more frequent in patients with T1DM (4.5 vs. 3.5; P < 0.01); 72% of CFRD patients received insulin. In insulin-treated patients, insulin dosage adjusted for age, sex, and diabetes duration differed significantly (T1DM: 0.79 IE per kilogram of body weight; CFRD: 0.83 IE per kilogram of body weight). Use of short-acting and long-acting insulin analogs was significantly more frequent in T1DM (47% vs. 39% and 37% vs. 28%; both P < 0.05). Metabolic control in CFRD patients without insulin was better compared with CFRD on insulin (HbA(1c): 6.00 vs. 7.12; P < 0.01), but duration of disease was significantly shorter (0.8 years [0.1-2.4] compared with 2.4 years [0.6-4.6]). There was no significant difference for BMI standard deviations scores between CFRD patients with or without insulin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric patients with CFRD show clear auxological and metabolic differences from those with T1DM, with different treatment choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Konrad
- Department of Pediatrics II, University Children's Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Noronha RMD, Calliari LEP, Damaceno N, Muramatu LH, Monte O. Update on diagnosis and monitoring of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus (CFRD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 55:613-21. [PMID: 22218444 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302011000800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common recessive autosomal disease among Caucasian. Children with CF have benefitted from advances in medical and nutritional treatments, and this can be gleaned from the improvement in the survival of these patients. The increase in the survival rate brought with it the appearance of co-morbidities related to CF. Nowadays cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is considered the most common complication associated with CF. It can appear as early as infancy or adolescence, and its prevalence can be as high as 50% in adult patients. Because of its high prevalence, difficulties in early detection and the risks involved, in recent years several studies and consensuses have focused on this condition, adding information about the epidemiology, pathophysiology, prognosis and treatment of CFRD. The main aspects of these new concepts, as well as the current recommendations for its diagnosis and follow-up, will be presented in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Maria de Noronha
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Pediatric Department, Santa Casa de São Paulo Hospital, Brazil.
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Street ME, Spaggiari C, Ziveri MA, Rossi M, Volta C, Viani I, Grzincich GL, Sartori C, Zanzucchi M, Raia V, Terzi C, Pisi G, Zanetti E, Boguszewski MCS, Kamoi TO, Bernasconi S. Insulin production and resistance in cystic fibrosis: effect of age, disease activity, and genotype. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:246-53. [PMID: 21483232 DOI: 10.3275/7628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the major determinants of glucose tolerance between age, genotype, and clinical status in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, and study if defects of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were associated with the onset of CF-related diabetes (CFRD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS One hundred and nineteen patients, in stable clinical condition were studied. They were subdivided into 3 groups based on age, and 2 groups based on Schwachman-Kulczycki clinical score. All patients were genotyped, and subsequently divided into 3 groups. Ninety-four healthy normal-weight controls, comparable for sex and age were also studied. All subjects had baseline blood samples taken for glucose and insulin, C-peptide, and glycated hemoglobin. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting glucose/insulin ratio (FGIR) were calculated as indices of IR and insulinogenic index as a marker of pancreatic β-cell function. All patients underwent an oral glucose tolerance test, and 57 underwent an IVGTT for the calculation of first-phase (FPIR) and acute insulin responses (AIR). RESULTS The F508del homozygous patients had an increased chance of developing impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and significantly lower FPIR, decreased HOMA-IR, and insulinogenic index. Heterozygote F508del patients had an increased chance of having normal glucose tolerance. HOMA-IR, FGIR, and insulinogenic index did not change with age or clinical score. HOMAIR correlated with FPIR. FPIR correlated positively with insulinogenic index. AIR correlated negatively with FGIR, and positively with C-reactive protein. In multiple linear regression analyses, glucose tolerance was related to the agegroup, and to the HOMA-IR and insulinogenic indexes. CONCLUSIONS IGT and CFRD were related mainly to genotype, although, as expected, the prevalence increased with age. The data suggested a possible combined contribution of insulin deficiency, β-cell function, and reduced insulin sensitivity to the onset of CFRD; however, further studies are warranted to better elucidate this aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Street
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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The complex exocrine-endocrine relationship and secondary diabetes in exocrine pancreatic disorders. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45:850-61. [PMID: 21897283 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e31822a2ae5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas is a dual organ with exocrine and endocrine functions. The interrelationship of the endocrine-exocrine parts of the pancreas is a complex one, but recent clinical and experimental studies have expanded our knowledge. Many disorders primarily of the exocrine pancreas, often solely in the clinical realm of gastroenterologists are associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Although, the DM becoming disorders are often grouped with type 2 diabetes, the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management differ. We review here data on the association of exocrine-endocrine pancreas, the many hormones of the pancreas and their possible effects on the exocrine functions followed by data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of DM in chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, and clinical states after pancreatic surgery.
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48
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Hameed S, Jaffé A, Verge CF. Cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD)--the end stage of progressive insulin deficiency. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46:747-60. [PMID: 21626717 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis, gradual pancreatic destruction causes progressive insulin deficiency, culminating in cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD). As a consequence of insulin deficiency, elevated glucose levels can be detected (well before the diagnosis of CFRD), by continuous ambulatory subcutaneous interstitial fluid glucose monitoring or 30-min sampled oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Current diagnostic criteria for CFRD (based on 0 and 120-min OGTT blood glucose levels) were originally designed to forecast microvascular disease in type 2 diabetes, rather than CF-specific outcomes such as declining weight or lung function. In CF, decline in either weight or lung function predicts early mortality. Both may precede the diagnosis of CFRD by several years. Insulin, a potent anabolic hormone, is recommended treatment for CFRD, but use in earlier stages of insulin deficiency is not established. Conventional dosing (with four or more insulin injections per day) is burdensome and carries substantial risk of hypoglycemia. However, recent uncontrolled trials suggest that once-daily injection of intermediate or long-acting insulin improves weight and lung function, with minimal hypoglycemia risk, in CFRD and also in early insulin deficiency. It is plausible that insulin may be of greater benefit to respiratory function when given prior to the diagnosis of CFRD, after which structural lung disease may be irreversible. It is also plausible that early insulin treatment may prolong the lifespan of the remaining insulin-secreting β-cells. Randomized controlled trials are now needed to determine whether or not current clinical practice should be altered toward the earlier commencement of insulin in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihab Hameed
- Department of Endocrinology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
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Moran A, Brunzell C, Cohen RC, Katz M, Marshall BC, Onady G, Robinson KA, Sabadosa KA, Stecenko A, Slovis B. Clinical care guidelines for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a clinical practice guideline of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, endorsed by the Pediatric Endocrine Society. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:2697-708. [PMID: 21115772 PMCID: PMC2992215 DOI: 10.2337/dc10-1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Moran
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) is the most common co-morbidity in persons with cystic fibrosis (CF). As the life expectancy of persons with CF continues to increase, the need to proactively diagnose and aggressively treat CFRD and its potential complications has become more apparent. CFRD negatively impacts lung function, growth and mortality, making its diagnosis and management crucial in a population already at high risk for early mortality. Compared to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, CFRD is a unique entity, requiring a thorough understanding of its unique pathophysiology to facilitate the creation and utilization of an effective medical treatment plan. The physiology of CFRD is complex, likely consisting of a combination of insulin deficiency, insulin resistance and a genetic predisposition towards the development of diabetes. However, the hallmark of CFRD is insulin deficiency, necessitating the use of exogenous insulin as the mainstay of therapy. Insulin administration, in combination with a multidisciplinary team of health professionals with expertise in the care of patients with CF and CFRD, is the cornerstone of the care for these patients. The goals of treatment of the CFRD population are to reverse protein catabolism, maintain a healthy weight, and reduce acute and chronic diabetes complications. Creating a partnership between the treatment team and the patient is the ideal way to accomplish these goals and is essential for successful diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Laguna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine and Amplatz Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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