Recent advances in hyaluronic acid-decorated nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapy

A Near-Infrared II Photo-Triggered Multifunctional Plasmonic Hyperthermia Immunomodulator for SERS-Guided Combination Cancer Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy represents a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, but its clinical applications are currently hindered by insufficient therapeutic potency, nonspecific delivery, and adverse side effects. Herein, a novel near-infrared II (NIR-II) photo-triggered plasmonic hyperthermia immunomodulator (RP@IR-pcNS@HA nanoparticles (NPs)) for anticancer treatment of both primary and distant cancers is reported. This immunomodulator comprises an IR-1061 dye-encoded NIR-II porous cubic AuAg nanoshell (pcNS) loaded with a Toll-like receptor 7 agonist - R837 in phase change materials (PCMs), further modified with hyaluronic acid (HA). In response to NIR-II photoirradiation, the RP@IR-pcNS@HA NPs controllably deliver and release R837 to tumor sites, subsequently perform plasmonic hyperthermia therapy for direct ablation of primary tumors, and elicit robust anticancer immune responses. It is demonstrated that upon NIR-II irradiation, such a plasmonic hyperthermia immunomodulator combined with anti-programmed death 1 antibody (αPD-1) completely eradicates both primary and distant cancers. In addition, this combination treatment successfully elicits robust immune memory responses for effective suppression of recurrence and distant metastasis of cancer. With the excellent NIR-II surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection ability, the RP@IR-pcNS@HA NPs combined with αPD-1 represent an efficient way to develop high-performance theranostic agents for SERS-guided combination cancer photoimmunotherapy.

Hyaluronic acid/lactoferrin-coated polydatin/PLGA nanoparticles for active targeting of CD44 receptors in lung cancer

Traditional chemotherapeutic drugs lack optimal efficacy and invoke severe adverse effects in cancer patients. Polydatin (PD), a phytomedicine, has gradually gained attention due to its antitumor activity. However, its low solubility and poor bioavailability are still cornerstone issues. The present study aimed to fabricate and develop hyaluronic acid/lactoferrin-double coated PD/PLGA nanoparticles via a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique for active targeting of CD44 receptors in lung cancer. Different molecular weights (M.wt.) of HA (32 and 110 kDa) were exploited to study the relationship between the HA M.wt. and the NPs targeting efficacy. The optimized formulations were fully characterized. Their cytotoxicity and cellular uptake were investigated against A549 cell line by CCK-8 kit and fluorescence imaging, respectively. Finally, HA110/Lf-coated PD/PLGA NPs (F9) were subjected to a competitive inhibition study to prove internalization through CD44 overexpressed receptors. The results verified the fabrication of F9 with a particle size of 174.87 ± 3.97 nm and a zeta potential of -24.37 ± 1.19 mV as well as spherical NPs architecture. Importantly, it provoked enhanced cytotoxicity (IC50 = 0.57 ± 0.02 µg/mL) and superior cellular uptake efficacy. To conclude, the current investigation lays the foundation for the prospective therapeutic avenue of F9 for active targeting of CD44 receptors in lung cancer.

Triptolide-induced cuproptosis is a novel antitumor strategy for the treatment of cervical cancer

BACKGROUND

Cuproptosis is a unique copper-dependent form of cell death that is highly correlated with the metabolic state of cells. Triptolide exerts pharmacological activity by altering the regulation of metal ions. Cuproptosis is poorly understood in cancer, so in this study, we explored whether triptolide could induce cuproptosis in cervical cancer cells.

METHODS

The human cervical cancer cell lines HeLa and SiHa, which primarily rely on oxidative phosphorylation, were treated with triptolide. Cell viability, proliferation and migration, copper levels and cuproptosis-related protein levels were evaluated in these cell lines. The copper ion chelator tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) was administered to determine whether it could reverse the cuproptosis induced by triptolide. In addition, a nude mouse cervical cancer xenograft model was established to determine the effects of triptolide on cuproptosis in isolated tumor tissues.

RESULTS

The copper concentration increased with triptolide treatment. The levels of cuproptosis -related proteins, such as FDX1, LIAS, and DLAT, in the HeLa and SiHa cell lines decreased with triptolide treatment. XIAP, the target of triptolide, played a role in cuproptosis by regulating COMMD1. The level of copper exporters (ATP7A/B) decreased, but the level of the copper importer (CTR1) did not change with triptolide treatment. Furthermore, triptolide inhibited cervical cancer growth and induced cuproptosis in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, we report a new antitumor mechanism by which triptolide disrupted intracellular copper homeostasis and induced cuproptosis in cervical cancer by regulating the XIAP/COMMD1/ATP7A/B axis.

Transforming Healthcare with Nanomedicine: A SWOT Analysis of Drug Delivery Innovation

Objective

Nanomedicine represents a transformative approach in biomedical applications. This study aims to delineate the application of nanomedicine in the biomedical field through the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis to evaluate its efficacy and potential in clinical applications.

Methods

The SWOT analysis framework was employed to systematically review and assess the internal strengths and weaknesses, along with external opportunities and threats of nanomedicine. This method provides a balanced consideration of the potential benefits and challenges.

Results

Findings from the SWOT analysis indicate that nanomedicine presents significant potential in drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and tissue engineering. Nonetheless, it faces substantial hurdles such as safety issues, environmental concerns, and high development costs. Critical areas for development were identified, particularly concerning its therapeutic potential and the uncertainties surrounding long-term effects.

Conclusion

Nanomedicine holds substantial promise in driving medical innovation. However, successful clinical translation requires addressing safety, cost, and regulatory challenges. Interdisciplinary collaboration and comprehensive strategic planning are crucial for the safe and effective application of nanomedicine.

Hydrogen-bonded cytosine-endowed supramolecular polymeric nanogels: Highly efficient cancer cell targeting and enhanced therapeutic efficacy

We demonstrate that cytosine moieties within physically cross-linked supramolecular polymers not only manipulate drug delivery and release, but also confer specific targeting of cancer cells to effectively enhance the safety and efficacy of chemotherapy-and thus hold significant potential as a new perspective for development of drug delivery systems. Herein, we successfully developed physically cross-linked supramolecular polymers (PECH-PEG-Cy) comprised of hydrogen-bonding cytosine pendant groups, hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) side chains, and a hydrophobic poly(epichlorohydrin) main chain. The polymers spontaneously self-assemble into a reversibly hydrogen-bonded network structure induced by cytosine and directly form spherical nanogels in aqueous solution. Nanogels with a high hydrogen-bond network density (i.e., a higher content of cytosine moieties) exhibit outstanding long-term structural stability in cell culture substrates containing serum, whereas nanogels with a relatively low hydrogen-bond network density cannot preserve their structural integrity. The nanogels also exhibit numerous unique physicochemical characteristics in aqueous solution, such as a desirable spherical size, high biocompatibility with normal and cancer cells, excellent drug encapsulation capacity, and controlled pH-responsive drug release properties. More importantly, in vitro experiments conclusively indicate the drug-loaded PECH-PEG-Cy nanogels can selectively induce cancer cell-specific apoptosis and cell death via cytosine receptor-mediated endocytosis, without significantly harming normal cells. In contrast, control drug-loaded PECH-PEG nanogels, which lack cytosine moieties in their structure, can only induce cell death in cancer cells through non-specific pathways, which significantly inhibits the induction of apoptosis. This work clearly demonstrates that the cytosine moieties in PECH-PEG-Cy nanogels confer selective affinity for the surface of cancer cells, which enhances their targeted cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and subsequent induction of programmed cell death in cancer cells.

Chitosan- and hyaluronic acid-based nanoarchitectures in phototherapy: Combination cancer chemotherapy, immunotherapy and gene therapy

Cancer phototherapy has been introduced as a new potential modality for tumor suppression. However, the efficacy of phototherapy has been limited due to a lack of targeted delivery of photosensitizers. Therefore, the application of biocompatible and multifunctional nanoparticles in phototherapy is appreciated. Chitosan (CS) as a cationic polymer and hyaluronic acid (HA) as a CD44-targeting agent are two widely utilized polymers in nanoparticle synthesis and functionalization. The current review focuses on the application of HA and CS nanostructures in cancer phototherapy. These nanocarriers can be used in phototherapy to induce hyperthermia and singlet oxygen generation for tumor ablation. CS and HA can be used for the synthesis of nanostructures, or they can functionalize other kinds of nanostructures used for phototherapy, such as gold nanorods. The HA and CS nanostructures can combine chemotherapy or immunotherapy with phototherapy to augment tumor suppression. Moreover, the CS nanostructures can be functionalized with HA for specific cancer phototherapy. The CS and HA nanostructures promote the cellular uptake of genes and photosensitizers to facilitate gene therapy and phototherapy. Such nanostructures specifically stimulate phototherapy at the tumor site, with particle toxic impacts on normal cells. Moreover, CS and HA nanostructures demonstrate high biocompatibility for further clinical applications.

Exploring the Formulation and Approaches of Injectable Hydrogels Utilizing Hyaluronic Acid in Biomedical Uses

The characteristics of injectable hydrogels make them a prime contender for various biomedical applications. Hyaluronic acid is an essential component of the matrix surrounding the cells; moreover, hyaluronic acid's structural and biochemical characteristics entice researchers to develop injectable hydrogels for various applications. However, due to its poor mechanical properties, several strategies are used to produce injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel. This review summarizes published studies on the production of injectable hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid polysaccharide polymers and the biomedical field's applications for these hydrogel systems. Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels are divided into two categories based on their injectability mechanisms: in situ-forming injectable hydrogels and shear-thinning injectable hydrogels. Many crosslinking methods are used to create injectable hydrogels; chemical crosslinking techniques are the most frequently investigated technique. Hybrid injectable hydrogel systems are widely investigated by blending hyaluronic acid with other polymers or nanoparticulate systems. Injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogels were thoroughly investigated and proven to demonstrate potential in various medical fields, including delivering drugs and cells, tissue repair, and wound dressings.

Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapeutics

Chemotherapy together with surgery and/or radiotherapy are the most common therapeutic methods for treating cancer. However, the off-target effects of chemotherapy are known to produce side effects and dose-limiting toxicities. Novel delivery platforms based on natural and synthetic polymers with enhanced pharmacokinetic and therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer have grown tremendously over the past 10 years. Polymers can facilitate selective targeting, enhance and prolong circulation, improve delivery, and provide the controlled release of cargos through various mechanisms, including physical adsorption, chemical conjugation, and/or internal loading. Notably, polymers that are biodegradable, biocompatible, and physicochemically stable are considered to be ideal delivery carriers. This biomimetic and bio-inspired system offers a bright future for effective drug delivery with the potential to overcome the obstacles encountered. This review focuses on the barriers that impact the success of chemotherapy drug delivery as well as the recent developments based on natural and synthetic polymers as platforms for improving drug delivery for treating cancer.

Selective enhanced cytotoxicity of amino acid deprivation for cancer therapy using thermozyme functionalized nanocatalyst

BACKGROUND

Enzyme therapy based on differential metabolism of cancer cells has demonstrated promising potential as a treatment strategy. Nevertheless, the therapeutic benefit of reported enzyme drugs is compromised by their uncontrollable activity and weak stability. Additionally, thermozymes with high thermal-stability suffer from low catalytic activity at body temperature, preventing them from functioning independently.

RESULTS

Herein, we have developed a novel thermo-enzymatic regulation strategy for near-infrared (NIR)-triggered precise-catalyzed photothermal treatment of breast cancer. Our strategy enables efficient loading and delivery of thermozymes (newly screened therapeutic enzymes from thermophilic bacteria) via hyaluronic acid (HA)-coupled gold nanorods (GNRs). These nanocatalysts exhibit enhanced cellular endocytosis and rapid enzyme activity enhancement, while also providing biosafety with minimized toxic effects on untargeted sites due to temperature-isolated thermozyme activity. Locally-focused NIR lasers ensure effective activation of thermozymes to promote on-demand amino acid deprivation and photothermal therapy (PTT) of superficial tumors, triggering apoptosis, G1 phase cell cycle arrest, inhibiting migration and invasion, and potentiating photothermal sensitivity of malignancies.

CONCLUSIONS

This work establishes a precise, remotely controlled, non-invasive, efficient, and biosafe nanoplatform for accurate enzyme therapy, providing a rationale for promising personalized therapeutic strategies and offering new prospects for high-precision development of enzyme drugs.

Sulfur dioxide-releasing polymeric micelles based on modified hyaluronic acid for combined cancer therapy

In this study, an amphiphilic polymer mPEG-HA(SA)-DNs was designed and synthesized to fabricate a multifunctional micellar system to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the toxic effect of paclitaxel (PTX). The polymer was prepared by introducing mPEG, stearic acid (SA) and 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNs) to the backbone of hyaluronic acid (HA). With above modifications, the fabricated micelles could encapsulate PTX in the core with high drug loading. The optimized PTX-loaded micelles had a mean size of 158.3 nm. Upon the effect of mPEG, the mPEG-HA(SA)-DNs micelles reduced the non-specific protein adsorption. In vitro drug release study revealed the excellent glutathione (GSH)-triggered PTX release behavior of the micelles. Moreover, GSH could trigger the detachment of DNs segment from mPEG-HA(SA)-DNs, and result in the release of SO2. In vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacy studies demonstrated that the PTX-loaded mPEG-HA(SA)-DNs micelles exhibited outstanding tumor suppression effect. The micelles would be potential carriers for combination cancer therapy by SO2 and PTX.

Potent Suppression of Prostate Cancer Cell Growth and Eradication of Cancer Stem Cells by CD44-targeted Nanoliposome-quercetin Nanoparticles

The bioavailability of quercetin, a natural compound, is hindered by low solubility, limited absorption, and restricted systemic availability. Therefore, encapsulating it in biocompatible nanoparticles presents a promising solution. This study aimed to target prostate cancer stem cells (CSCs) overexpressing CD44+ receptors as well as cancer cells, employing quercetin-loaded hyaluronic acid-modified nanoliposomes (LP-Quer-HA). Synthesized via a green ethanol injection method, these nanoliposomes had an average diameter of 134 nm and an impressive loading efficiency of 96.9%. Human prostate cancer cells were treated with either 10 μM of free quercetin or the same concentration delivered by LP-Quer-HA for 72 hours. Free quercetin reduced androgen-resistant PC3 cell viability by 16%, while LP-Quer-HA significantly increased cell death to 60%. It induced apoptosis, upregulating cytochrome c, Bax, caspases 3 and 8, and downregulating survivin and Bcl-2 expression. Compared to free quercetin, LP-Quer-HA upregulated E-cadherin expression while inhibiting cell migration and reducing the expression of fibronectin, N-cadherin, and MMP9. Treatment of PC3 cell tumor spheroids with LP-Quer-HA decreased the number of CD44 cells and expression of CD44, Oct3/4 and Wnt. Moreover, LP-Quer-HA inhibited p-ERK expression while increasing p38/MAPK and NF-κB protein expression. In androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells, LP-Quer-HA efficacy was notable, reducing cell viability from 10% to 52% compared to free quercetin. Utilizing HA-modified nanoliposomes as a quercetin delivery system enhanced its potency at lower concentrations, reducing the CD44+ cell population and effectively impeding prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration. These findings underscore the potential of quercetin-loaded cationic nanoliposomes as a robust therapeutic approach.

Advances in the Delivery and Development of Epigenetic Therapeutics for the Treatment of Cancer

Gene expression at the transcriptional level is altered by epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone methylation, and acetylation, which can upregulate, downregulate, or entirely silence genes. Pathological dysregulation of epigenetic processes can result in the development of cancer, neurological problems, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. It is of promising therapeutic interest to find medications that target these epigenetic alterations. Despite the enormous amount of work that has been done in this area, very few molecules have been approved for clinical purposes. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in epigenetic therapeutics for cancer, with a specific focus on emerging delivery and development strategies. Various delivery systems, including pro-drugs, conjugated molecules, nanoparticles (NPs), and liposomes, as well as remedial strategies such as combination therapies, and epigenetic editing, are being investigated to improve the efficacy and specificity of epigenetic drugs (epi-drugs). Furthermore, the challenges associated with available epi-drugs and the limitations of their translation into clinics have been discussed. Target selection, isoform selectivity, physiochemical properties of synthesized molecules, drug screening, and scalability of epi-drugs from preclinical to clinical fields are the major shortcomings that are addressed. This Review discusses novel strategies for the identification of new biomarkers, exploration of the medicinal chemistry of epigenetic modifiers, optimization of the dosage regimen, and design of proper clinical trials that will lead to better utilization of epigenetic modifiers over conventional therapies. The integration of these approaches holds great potential for improving the efficacy and precision of epigenetic treatments, ultimately benefiting cancer patients.

Synthesis and self-assembling of hyaluronan grafted with ceramide NP for topical drug delivery

In this work, amphiphilic hyaluronan was synthesized by grafting succinylated N-oleoyl-phytosphingosine via esters bonds. Succinylated N-oleoyl-phytosphingosine (sCER) was first prepared by esterification of hydroxyl moieties of the ceramide with succinic anhydride. The esterification of hyaluronan was governed by crowding effect. The oligomeric HA-sCER derivatives exhibited a strong self-aggregation as evidenced by a very low critical aggregation concentration (1.9 μg mL-1), higher pyrene binding constant (KB), and the smallest particle size (30 nm) in solution. The self-aggregation properties demonstrated to be a function of the substitution degree and molecular weight of HA. The prepared derivatives were non-cytotoxic towards cell lines NIH-3T3. Nanoparticles prepared using oligomeric HA-sCER derivatives improved the penetration of Nile red dye through the stratum corneum due to their smaller size (≤50 nm). The fluorescence intensity localized at the stratum corneum was higher for oligomeric HA-sCER. A significant inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 production was observed in vitro in macrophages differentiated from THP-1 cells. These findings showed that HA-sCER constituted a promising active ingredient for cosmetics use.

Tapping on the Potential of Hyaluronic Acid: from Production to Application

The manufacture, purification, and applications of hyaluronic acid (HA) are discussed in this article. Concerning the growing need for affordable, high-quality HA, it is essential to consider diverse production techniques using renewable resources that pose little risk of cross-contamination. Many microorganisms can now be used to produce HA without limiting the availability of raw materials and in an environmentally friendly manner. The production of HA has been associated with Streptococci A and C, explicitly S. zooepidemicus and S. equi. Different fermentation techniques, including the continuous, batch, fed-batch, and repeated batch culture, have been explored to increase the formation of HA, particularly from S. zooepidemicus. The topic of current interest also involves a complex broth rich in metabolites and residual substrates, intensifying downstream processes to achieve high recovery rates and purity. Although there are already established methods for commercial HA production, the anticipated growth in trade and the diversification of application opportunities necessitate the development of new procedures to produce HA with escalated productivity, specified molecular weights, and purity. In this report, we have enacted the advancement of HA technical research by analyzing bacterial biomanufacturing elements, upstream and downstream methodologies, and commercial-scale HA scenarios.

Lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles: a custom-tailored next-generation approach for cancer therapeutics

Lipid-based polymeric nanoparticles are the highly popular carrier systems for cancer drug therapy. But presently, detailed investigations have revealed their flaws as drug delivery carriers. Lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) are advanced core-shell nanoconstructs with a polymeric core region enclosed by a lipidic layer, presumed to be derived from both liposomes and polymeric nanounits. This unique concept is of utmost importance as a combinable drug delivery platform in oncology due to its dual structured character. To add advantage and restrict one's limitation by other, LPHNPs have been designed so to gain number of advantages such as stability, high loading of cargo, increased biocompatibility, rate-limiting controlled release, and elevated drug half-lives as well as therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing their drawbacks. The outer shell, in particular, can be functionalized in a variety of ways with stimuli-responsive moieties and ligands to provide intelligent holding and for active targeting of antineoplastic medicines, transport of genes, and theragnostic. This review comprehensively provides insight into recent substantial advancements in developing strategies for treating various cancer using LPHNPs. The bioactivity assessment factors have also been highlighted with a discussion of LPHNPs future clinical prospects.

Polymer-Based Nanostructures for Pancreatic Beta-Cell Imaging and Non-Invasive Treatment of Diabetes

Diabetes poses major economic, social, and public health challenges in all countries worldwide. Besides cardiovascular disease and microangiopathy, diabetes is a leading cause of foot ulcers and lower limb amputations. With the continued rise of diabetes prevalence, it is expected that the future burden of diabetes complications, early mortality, and disabilities will increase. The diabetes epidemic is partly caused by the current lack of clinical imaging diagnostic tools, the timely monitoring of insulin secretion and insulin-expressing cell mass (beta (β)-cells), and the lack of patients' adherence to treatment, because some drugs are not tolerated or invasively administrated. In addition to this, there is a lack of efficient topical treatment capable of stopping the progression of disabilities, in particular for treating foot ulcers. In this context, polymer-based nanostructures garnered significant interest due to their tunable physicochemical characteristics, rich diversity, and biocompatibility. This review article emphasizes the last advances and discusses the prospects in the use of polymeric materials as nanocarriers for β-cell imaging and non-invasive drug delivery of insulin and antidiabetic drugs in the management of blood glucose and foot ulcers.

Hyaluronate decorated polyethylene glycol linked poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles encapsulating MUC-1 peptide augmented mucosal immune response in Balb/c mice through inhalation route

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

NSCLC (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer) clutches highest mortality rate in man and women globally. The present study was conducted to target MUC-1 peptide (M-1) into antigen presenting cells by cargo the peptide into hyaluronic acid decorated polyethylene glycol linked poly (D, l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-sHA-NPs) for generating mucosal immunity through inhalation (i.h.) route.

METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS

The mean particle size and surface charge of M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-sHA-NPs was measured to be 136.2 ± 18.38-nm and - 28.34 ± 6.77-mV, respectively, prepared by non-aggregated emulsion-diffusion evaporation method. The 28.42% percentage release of M-1 peptide from M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-NPs was observed to be at 2 h and 95.29% at 8 h while the percentage release of M-1 peptide from M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-sHA-NPs was observed to be 26.02% at 4 h and 97.95% at 24 h that proved the prolonged release of antigen. M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-sHA-NPs demonstrated higher (P < 0.05) cellular uptake of 86.2% in RAW 264.7 cells in comparison to 27.6% of M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-NPs. In addition, M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-sHA-NPs induced remarkably (P < 0.05) elevated release of 80.6-pg/ml of TNF-α in comparison to 5-pg/ml by culture medium and 57.9-pg/ml of TNF-α by M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-NPs. Similarly, M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-sHA-NPs persuade remarkably (P < 0.05) elevated release of 225-pg/ml of IL-1β in comparison to 47-pg/ml by culture medium and 161.9-pg/ml of IL-1β by M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-NPs. M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-sHA-NPs might have been endocytosed through receptor mediated pathway owing to presence of sHA. Mice immunized through i.h. route with M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-sHA-NPs induced strong (P < 0.05) IgA antibody titre as compared to M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-NPs and M-1 peptide in dose-dosage regimen.

CONCLUSION

M-1-PL-co-GA-PEG-sHA-NPs nanovaccine warrants further analysis in xenograft model of NSCLC to showcase its antitumor capability.

Lyophilization for Formulation Optimization of Drug-Loaded Thermoresponsive Polyelectrolyte Complex Nanogels from Functionalized Hyaluronic Acid

The lyophilization of nanogels is practical not only for their long-term conservation but also for adjusting their concentration and dispersant type during reconstitution for different applications. However, lyophilization strategies must be adapted to each kind of nanoformulation in order to minimize aggregation after reconstitution. In this work, the effects of formulation aspects (i.e., charge ratio, polymer concentration, thermoresponsive grafts, polycation type, cryoprotectant type, and concentration) on particle integrity after lyophilization and reconstitution for different types of polyelectrolyte complex nanogels (PEC-NGs) from hyaluronic acid (HA) were investigated. The main objective was to find the best approach for freeze-drying thermoresponsive PEC-NGs from Jeffamine-M-2005-functionalized HA, which has recently been developed as a potential platform for drug delivery. It was found that freeze-drying PEC-NG suspensions prepared at a relatively low polymer concentration of 0.2 g.L−1 with 0.2% (m/v) trehalose as a cryoprotectant allow the homogeneous redispersion of PEC-NGs when concentrated at 1 g.L−1 upon reconstitution in PBS without important aggregation (i.e., average particle size remaining under 350 nm), which could be applied to concentrate curcumin (CUR)-loaded PEC-NGs for optimizing CUR content. The thermoresponsive release of CUR from such concentrated PEC-NGs was also reverified, which showed a minor effect of freeze-drying on the drug release profile.

Nano-Sized Fucoidan Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes: Recent Advances in Design and Prospects for Biomedical Applications

The marine polysaccharide fucoidan (FUC) is a promising polymer for pharmaceutical research and development of novel drug delivery systems with modified release and targeted delivery. The presence of a sulfate group in the polysaccharide makes FUC an excellent candidate for the formation of interpolyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) with various polycations. However, due to the structural diversity of FUC, the design of FUC-based nanoformulations is challenging. This review describes the main strategies for the use of FUC-based PECs to develop drug delivery systems with improved biopharmaceutical properties, including nanocarriers in the form of FUC-chitosan PECs for pH-sensitive oral delivery, targeted delivery systems, and polymeric nanoparticles for improved hydrophobic drug delivery (e.g., FUC-zein PECs, core-shell structures obtained by the layer-by-layer self-assembly method, and self-assembled hydrophobically modified FUC particles). The importance of a complex study of the FUC structure, and the formation process of PECs based on it for obtaining reproducible polymeric nanoformulations with the desired properties, is also discussed.

Combinatorial synthesis of a hyaluronan based polysaccharide library for enhanced CD44 binding

Hyaluronan (HA) plays important roles in a wide range of biological events. The principal receptor of HA in the human body is the Cluster of Differentiation 44 (CD44). To enhance the binding between HA and CD44, a new approach was designed to take advantage of the four-component Ugi reaction. By modifying the carboxyl group on HA with various amine, aldehyde, and isocyanide moieties through the Ugi reaction, 36 HA like polysaccharides were generated. Two lead compounds were identified with enhanced CD44 binding compared to unmodified HA, which was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), cellular studies and an in vivo mouse tumor model. Ski-learn as a machine learning tool was applied to analyze library data and yield predictions with an accuracy over 80 %. In conclusion, modification of HA via the Ugi reaction can be a promising strategy to develop novel binders toward HA receptors such as CD44.

Macrocyclic Supramolecular Assemblies Based on Hyaluronic Acid and Their Biological Applications

Hyaluronic acid (HA), which contains multiple carboxyl, hydroxyl, and acetylamino groups and is an agent that targets tumors, has drawn great attention in supramolecular diagnosis and treatment research. It can not only assemble directly with macrocyclic host-guest complexes through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions but also can be modified with macrocyclic compounds or functional guest molecules by an amidation reaction and used for further assembly. Macrocycles play a main role in the construction of supramolecular drug carriers, targeted imaging agents, and hydrogels, such as cyclodextrins and cucurbit[n]urils, which can encapsulate photosensitizers, drugs, or other functional guest molecules via host-guest interactions. Therefore, the formed supramolecular assemblies can respond to various stimuli, such as enzymes, light, electricity, and magnetism for controlled drug delivery, enhance the luminescence intensity of the assembly, and improve drug loading capacity. In addition, the nanosupramolecular assembly formed with HA can also improve the biocompatibility of drugs, reduce drug toxicity and side effects, and enhance cell permeability; thus, the assembly has extensive application value in biomedical research. This Account mainly focuses on macrocyclic supramolecular assemblies based on HA, especially their biological applications and progress in the field, and these assemblies include (i) guest-modified HA, such as pyridinium-, adamantane-, peptide-, and other functional-group-modified HA, along with their cyclodextrin and cucurbit[n]uril assemblies; (ii) macrocycle-modified HA, such as HA modified with cyclodextrins and cucurbit[n]uril derivatives and their assembly with various guests; (iii) direct assembly between unmodified HA and cyclodextrin- or cucurbit[n]uril-based host-guest complexes. Particularly, we discussed the important role of macrocyclic host-guest complexes in HA-based supramolecular assembly, and the roles included improving the water solubility and efficacy of hydrophobic drugs, enhancing the luminescent intensity of assemblies, inducing room temperature phosphorescence and providing energy transfer systems, constructing multi-stimulus-responsive supramolecular assemblies, and in situ formation of hydrogels. Additionally, we believe that obtaining in-depth knowledge of these HA-based macrocyclic supramolecular assemblies and their biological applications encompasses many challenges regarding drug carriers, targeted imaging agents, wound healing, and biomedical soft materials and would certainly contribute to the rapid development of supramolecular diagnosis and treatment.

Engineered hyaluronic acid-decorated niosomal nanoparticles for controlled and targeted delivery of epirubicin to treat breast cancer

Targeted drug delivery systems using nanocarriers offer a versatile platform for breast cancer treatment; however, a robust, CD44-targeted niosomal formulation has not been developed and deeply studied (both in vitro and in vivo) yet. Here, an optimized system of epirubicin (Epi)-loaded niosomal nanoparticles (Nio) coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) has been engineered for targeting breast cancer cells. The nanoformulation was first optimized (based on size, polydispersity index, and entrapment efficiency); then, we characterized the morphology, stability, and release behavior of the nanoparticles. Epirubicin release from the HA-coated system (Epi-Nio-HA) showed a 21% (acidic buffer) and 20% (neutral buffer) reduction in comparison with the non-coated group (Epi-Nio). The cytotoxicity and apoptosis results of 4T1 and SkBr3 cells showed an approximately 2-fold increase in the Epi-Nio-HA system over Epi-Nio and free epirubicin, which confirms the superiority of the engineered nanocarriers. Moreover, real-time PCR data demonstrated the down-regulation of the MMP-2, MMP-9, cyclin D, and cyclin E genes expression while caspase-3 and caspase-9 gene expression were up-regulated. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies uncovered the cellular uptake mechanism of the Epi-Nio-HA system, which was CD44-mediated. Furthermore, in vivo studies indicated Epi-Nio-HA decreased mice breast tumor volume by 28% (compared to epirubicin) without side effects on the liver and kidney. Conclusively, our results indicated that the HA-functionalized niosomes provide a promising nanoplatform for efficient and targeted delivery of epirubicin to potentially treat breast cancer.

Functional ligands for improving anticancer drug therapy: current status and applications to drug delivery systems

Conventional chemotherapy lacking target selectivity often leads to severe side effects, limiting the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Therefore, drug delivery systems ensuring both selective drug release and efficient intracellular uptake at the target sites are highly demanded in chemotherapy to improve the quality of life of patients with low toxicity. One of the effective approaches for tumor-selective drug delivery is the adoption of functional ligands that can interact with specific receptors overexpressed in malignant cancer cells. Various functional ligands including folic acid, hyaluronic acid, transferrin, peptides, and antibodies, have been extensively explored to develop tumor-selective drug delivery systems. Furthermore, cell-penetrating peptides or ligands for tight junction opening are also actively pursued to improve the intracellular trafficking of anticancer drugs. Sometimes, multiple ligands with different roles are used in combination to enhance the cellular uptake as well as target selectivity of anticancer drugs. In this review, the current status of various functional ligands applicable to improve the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy is overviewed with a focus on their roles, characteristics, and preclinical/clinical applications.

Targeting CD44-positive ovarian cancers via engineered paclitaxel prodrug nanoparticles for enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy

Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is currently the fifth most lethal malignancy affecting women health owing to the lack of early diagnosis and treatment choices available before the disease has progressed to a later stage. Paclitaxel (PTX) has shown substantial antineoplastic action against a variety of human cancers, including OvCa, for multiple decades. Despite this, the therapeutic use of this drug is not yet adequate owing to surfactant-related toxicities and off-target effects. In response to these constraints, nanoparticle carriers have evolved as delivery tools for the biocompatible and target delivery of PTX. In this work, a novel polymeric PTX formulation was developed for targeted therapy of OvCa cells, which was achieved by prodrug engineering and HA decoration strategies. Further studies indicated that HA-coated nanodrugs (HA-PLA-PTX NPs) could preferentially accumulate in the CD44-expressing SKOV3 cells, which induced elevated cytotoxicity, reduced cell proliferation, and increased cell apoptosis. In vivo study also demonstrated that equivalent doses of HA-PLA-PTX NPs surpassed the clinical PTX formulation Taxol in a SKOV3 xenograft tumor model. In conclusion, HA-PLA-PTX NPs might be a potentially feasible delivery system for effective OvCa treatment.

Improvement of ascorbic acid delivery into human skin via hyaluronic acid-coated niosomes

Hyaluronic acid (HA) as a covering agent was incorporated into the ascorbic acid (AA)-niosomes to improve the performance of AA delivery systems into the skin. The preparation method: Thin film hydration. Characterisation tests: Field emission scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, UV-Visible, zeta potential, Franz diffusion cell, and flowcytometry. The niosomes with 10% w/w HA possessed the largest mean particle diameter of 341.0 ± 48.09 nm with PDI value of 0.29 ± 0.05, and the lowest zeta potential of -38.70 ± 0.27 mv. The drug encapsulation efficiency of this sample was 56.55 ± 0.99%, and in-vitro drug release test showed AA released in two slow and fast phases. Moreover, the highest amount of drug penetration and accumulation was related to this sample, recorded 116.55 ± 7.54 and 134.8 ± 10.04 µg/cm², respectively. Niosomes coated with 10% w/w HA showed the greatest potential for improving the antioxidant activity of AA penetration into the skin.

Hyaluronic acid-based nano drug delivery systems for breast cancer treatment: Recent advances

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among females worldwide, and high resistance to drugs and metastasis rates are the leading causes of death in BC patients. Releasing anti-cancer drugs precisely to the tumor site can improve the efficacy and reduce the side effects on the body. Natural polymers are attracting extensive interest as drug carriers in treating breast cancer. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural polysaccharide with excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-immunogenicity and is a significant component of the extracellular matrix. The CD44 receptor of HA is overexpressed in breast cancer cells and can be targeted to breast tumors. Therefore, many researchers have developed nano drug delivery systems (NDDS) based on the CD44 receptor tumor-targeting properties of HA. This review examines the application of HA in NDDSs for breast cancer in recent years. Based on the structural composition of NDDSs, they are divided into HA NDDSs, Modified HA NDDSs, and HA hybrid NDDSs.

Glucose Metabolism Intervention-Facilitated Nanomedicine Therapy

Ordinarily, cancer cells possess features of abnormally increased nutrient intake and metabolic pathways. The disorder of glucose metabolism is the most important among them. Therefore, starvation therapy targeting glucose metabolism specifically, which results in metabolic disorders, restricted synthesis, and inhibition of tumor growth, has been developed for cancer therapy. However, issues such as inadequate targeting effectiveness and drug tolerance impede their clinical transformation. In recent years, nanomaterial-assisted starvation treatment has made significant progress in addressing these challenges, whether as a monotherapy or in combination with other medications. Herein, representative researches on the construction of nanosystems conducting starvation therapy are introduced. Elaborate designs and interactions between different treatment mechanisms are meticulously mentioned. Not only are traditional treatments based on glucose oxidase involved, but also newly sprung small molecule agents targeting glucose metabolism. The obstacles and potential for advancing these anticancer therapies were also highlighted in this review.

Targeted therapy of atherosclerosis by pH-sensitive hyaluronic acid nanoparticles co-delivering all-trans retinal and rapamycin

Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death in the elderly worldwide, is typically characterized by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and a chronic inflammatory state at the arterial plaques. Herein, pH-sensitive nanoparticles (HR_RAP NPs) co-delivering all-trans retinal (ATR), an antioxidant linked to hyaluronic acid (HA) through a pH-sensitive hydrazone bond, and rapamycin (RAP), an anti-atherosclerotic drug loaded into the nanoparticle core, are developed for targeted combination therapy of atherosclerosis. In this way, HR_RAP NPs might simultaneously reduce ROS levels via ATR antioxidant activity and reduce inflammation via the anti-inflammatory effect of RAP. In response to mildly acidic conditions mimicking the lesional inflammation in vitro, HR_RAP NPs dissociated and both ATR and RAP were effectively released. The developed HR_RAP NPs effectively inhibited pro-inflammatory macrophage proliferation, and displayed dose- and time-dependent specific internalization by different cellular models of atherosclerosis. Also, HR_RAP NP combination therapy showed an efficient synergetic anti-atherosclerotic effect in vitro by effectively inhibiting the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in inflammatory cells. More importantly, HR NPs specifically accumulated in the atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE^-/-) mice, by active interaction with HA receptors overexpressed by different cells of the plaque. The treatment with HR_RAP NPs remarkably inhibited the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE^-/- mice which resulted in stable plaques with considerably smaller necrotic cores, lower matrix metalloproteinase-9, and decreased proliferation of macrophages and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Furthermore, HR_RAP NPs attenuated RAP adverse effects and exhibited a good safety profile after long-term treatment in mice. Consequently, the developed pH-sensitive HR_RAP NP represent a promising nanoplatform for atherosclerosis combination therapy.

CD44 In Sarcomas: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives

It is widely accepted that the tumor microenvironment, particularly the extracellular matrix, plays an essential role in the development of tumors through the interaction with specific protein-membrane receptors. One of the most relevant proteins in this context is the transmembrane protein CD44. The role of CD44 in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis has been well established in many cancers, although a comprehensive review concerning its role in sarcomas has not been published. CD44 is overexpressed in most sarcomas and several in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown a direct effect on tumor progression, dissemination, and drug resistance. Moreover, CD44 has been revealed as a useful marker for prognostic and diagnostic (CD44v6 isoform) in osteosarcoma. Besides, some innovative treatments such as HA-functionalized liposomes therapy have become an excellent CD44-mediated intracellular delivery system for osteosarcoma. Unfortunately, the reduced number of studies deciphering the prognostic/diagnostic value of CD44 in other sarcoma subgroups, neither than osteosarcoma, in addition to the low number of patients involved in those studies, have produced inconclusive results. In this review, we have gone through the information available on the role of CD44 in the development, maintenance, and progression of sarcomas, analyzing their implications at the prognostic, therapeutic, and mechanistic levels. Moreover, we illustrate how research involving the specific role of CD44 in the different sarcoma subgroups could suppose a chance to advance towards a more innovative perspective for novel therapies and future clinical trials.

Chitosan-Hyaluronan Nanoparticles for Vinblastine Sulfate Delivery: Characterization and Internalization Studies on K-562 Cells

In the present study, we developed chitosan/hyaluronan nanoparticles (CS/HY NPs) for tumor targeting with vinblastine sulfate (VBL), that can be directed to the CD44 transmembrane receptor, over-expressed in cancer cells. NPs were prepared by coating with HY-preformed chitosan/tripolyphosphate (CS/TPP) NPs, or by polyelectrolyte complexation of CS with HY. NPs with a mean hydrodynamic radius (R_H) of 110 nm, 12% polydispersity index and negative zeta potential values were obtained by a direct complexation process. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images showed spherical NPs with a non-homogeneous matrix, probably due to a random localization of CS and HY interacting chains. The intermolecular interactions occurring between CS and HY upon NPs formation were experimentally evidenced by micro-Raman (µ-Raman) spectroscopy, through the analysis of the spectral changes of characteristic vibrational bands of HY during NP formation, in order to reveal the involvement of specific chemical groups in the process. Optimized NP formulation efficiently encapsulated VBL, producing a drug sustained release for 20 h. In vitro studies demonstrated a fast internalization of labeled CS/HY NPs (within 6 h) on K-562 human myeloid leukemia cells. Pre-saturation of CD44 by free HY produced a slowing-down of NP uptake over 24 h, demonstrating the need of CD44 for the internalization of HY-based NPs.

Recent development of a magneto-optical nanoplatform for multimodality imaging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer. Given its inconspicuous and atypical early symptoms and hidden location, most patients have already reached the terminal stage before diagnosis. At present, the diagnosis of PDAC mainly depends on serological and imaging examinations. However, serum tests cannot identify specific tumor locations and each imaging technology has its own defects, bringing great challenges to the early diagnosis of PDAC. Therefore, it is of great significance to find new strategies for the early and accurate diagnosis of PDAC. In recent years, a magneto-optical nanoplatform integrating near infrared fluorescence, photoacoustic, magnetic resonance imaging, etc. has attracted widespread attention, giving full play to the complementary advantages of each imaging modality. Herein, we summarize the recent advances of imaging modalities in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, and then discuss in detail the construction and modification of magneto or/and optical probes for multimodal imaging, and advances in early diagnosis using the combination of various imaging modalities, which can provide potential tools for the early diagnosis or even intraoperative navigation and post-treatment follow-up of PDAC patients.

Polysaccharide-Drug Conjugates: A Tool for Enhanced Cancer Therapy

Cancer is one of the most widespread deadly diseases, following cardiovascular disease, worldwide. Chemotherapy is widely used in combination with surgery, hormone and radiation therapy to treat various cancers. However, chemotherapeutic drugs can cause severe side effects due to non-specific targeting, poor bioavailability, low therapeutic indices, and high dose requirements. Several drug carriers successfully overcome these issues and deliver drugs to the desired sites, reducing the side effects. Among various drug delivery systems, polysaccharide-based carriers that target only the cancer cells have been developed to overcome the toxicity of chemotherapeutics. Polysaccharides are non-toxic, biodegradable, hydrophilic biopolymers that can be easily modified chemically to improve the bioavailability and stability for delivering therapeutics into cancer tissues. Different polysaccharides, such as chitosan, alginates, cyclodextrin, pullulan, hyaluronic acid, dextran, guar gum, pectin, and cellulose, have been used in anti-cancer drug delivery systems. This review highlights the recent progress made in polysaccharides-based drug carriers in anti-cancer therapy.

The impact of protein corona on the biological behavior of targeting nanomedicines

For successful translation of targeting nanomedicines from bench to bedside, it is vital to address their most common drawbacks namely rapid clearance and off-target accumulation. These complications evidently originate from a phenomenon called "protein corona (PC) formation" around the surface of targeting nanoparticles (NPs) which happens once they encounter the bloodstream and interact with plasma proteins with high collision frequency. This phenomenon endows the targeting nanomedicines with a different biological behavior followed by an unexpected fate, which is usually very different from what we commonly observe in vitro. In addition to the inherent physiochemical properties of NPs, the targeting ligands could also remarkably dictate the amount and type of adsorbed PC. As very limited studies have focused their attention on this particular factor, the present review is tasked to discuss the best simulated environment and latest characterization techniques applied to PC analysis. The effect of PC on the biological behavior of targeting NPs engineered with different targeting moieties is further discussed. Ultimately, the recent progresses in manipulation of nano-bio interfaces to achieve the most favorite therapeutic outcome are highlighted.

Synthesis of self-assembled hyaluronan based nanoparticles and their applications in targeted imaging and therapy

Hyaluronan (HA) is a polysaccharide consisting of repeating disaccharides of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and d-glucuronic acid. There are increasing interests in utilizing self-assembled HA nanoparticles (HA-NPs) for targeted imaging and therapy. The principal endogenous receptor of HA, cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), is overexpressed on many types of tumor cells as well as inflammatory cells in human bodies. Active targeting from HA-CD44 mediated interaction and passive targeting due to the enhanced permeability retention (EPR) effect could lead to selective accumulation of HA-NPs at targeted disease sites. This review focuses on the synthesis strategies of self-assembled HA-NPs, as well as their applications in therapy and biomedical imaging.

Aptamer grafted nanoparticle as targeted therapeutic tool for the treatment of breast cancer

Breast carcinomas repeat their number and grow exponentially making it extremely frequent malignancy among women. Approximately, 70-80% of early diagnosed or non-metastatic conditions are treatable while the metastatic cases are considered ineffective to treat with current ample amount of therapy. Target based anti-cancer treatment has been in the limelight for decades and is perceived significant consideration of scientists. Aptamers are the 'coming of age' therapeutic approach, selected using an appropriate tool from the library of sequences. Aptamers are non-immunogenic, stable, and high-affinity ligand which are poised to reach the clinical benchmark. With the heed in nanoparticle application, the delivery of aptamer to the specific site could be enhanced which also protects them from nuclease degradation. Moreover, nanoparticles due to robust structure, high drug entrapment, and modifiable release of cargo could serve as a successful candidate in the treatment of breast carcinoma. This review would showcase the method and modified method of selection of aptamers, aptamers that were able to make its way towards clinical trial and their targetability and selectivity towards breast cancers. The appropriate usage of aptamer-based biosensor in breast cancer diagnosis have also been discussed.

Recent advancements and future submissions of silica core-shell nanoparticles

The core-shell silica-based nanoparticles (CSNPs) possess outstanding properties for developing next-generation therapeutics. CSNPs provide greater surface area owing to their mesoporous structure, which offers a high opportunity for surface modification. This review highlights the potential of core-shell silica-based nanoparticle (CSNP) based injectable nanotherapeutics (INT); its role in drug delivery, biomedical imaging, light-triggered phototherapy, Plasmonic enhancers, gene delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, immunotherapy, and potential as next-generation theragnostic. Specifically, the conceptual crosstalk on modern synthetic strategies, biodistribution profiles with a mechanistic view on the therapeutics loading and release modeling are dealt in detail. The manuscript also converses the challenges associated with CSNPs, regulatory hurdles, and their current market position.

Hyaluronic acid-based nanoplatforms for Doxorubicin: A review of stimuli-responsive carriers, co-delivery and resistance suppression

An important motivation for the use of nanomaterials and nanoarchitectures in cancer therapy emanates from the widespread emergence of drug resistance. Although doxorubicin (DOX) induces cell cycle arrest and DNA damage by suppressing topoisomerase activity, resistance to DOX has severely restricted its anti-cancer potential. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been extensively utilized for synthesizing nanoparticles as it interacts with CD44 expressed on the surface of cancer cells. Cancer cells can take up HA-modified nanoparticles through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Various types of nanostructures such as carbon nanomaterials, lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanocarriers have been modified with HA to enhance the delivery of DOX to cancer cells. Hyaluronic acid-based advanced materials provide a platform for the co-delivery of genes and drugs along with DOX to enhance the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy and overcome chemoresistance. In the present review, the potential methods and application of HA-modified nanostructures for DOX delivery in anti-cancer therapy are discussed.

Endocytosis-associated patterns in nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury

Background

Clearance of myelin debris and remyelination of myelin are necessary steps for peripheral nerve remodeling and regeneration. It has yet to be clarified which genes or proteins are involved in endocytosis or exocytosis in the removal of myelin debris during peripheral nerve repair.

Methods

For this project, a rat model of subacute stage of sciatic nerve injury was established first. Subsequently, normal Schwann cells (NSCs) and activated Schwann cells (ASCs) were harvest before and after peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Following methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-seq) and tandem mass tags (TMT) labeling analysis of NSCs and ASCs, what common biomarkers changes in peripheral nervous systems remain to be elucidated.

Results

A total of 14,770 different expression genes (DEGs) and 3249 different expression proteins (DEPs) were screened between ASCs and NSCs. For the exosomes, the diameter and particles concentration of exosomes were 141.7 ​nm and 2.97 ​× ​10⁷ particles/mL, respectively. The size distribution of exosomes was 50–200 ​nm. ASCs showed higher cellular uptake ability than the NSCs by cellular uptake test. Moreover, RAB7A, ARF6, ARF1, VPS45, RAB11A, DNM3, and NEDD4 were the core markers and may control the molecular mechanism of the Endocytosis pathway.

Conclusion

These biomarkers may play significant roles in the initiation phase of demyelination and axon regeneration.

The translational potential of this article

This study explores that the endocytosis-associated patterns of Schwann cells may be new therapeutic strategy for nerve tissue engineering and nerve regeneration.

Therapeutic nanocarriers comprising extracellular matrix-inspired peptides and polysaccharides

INTRODUCTION

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is vital for cell and tissue development. Given its importance, extensive work has been conducted to develop biomaterials and drug delivery vehicles that capture features of ECM structure and function.

AREAS COVERED

This review highlights recent developments of ECM-inspired nanocarriers and their exploration for drug and gene delivery applications. Nanocarriers that are inspired by or created from primary components of the ECM (e.g. elastin, collagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), or combinations of these) are explicitly covered. An update on current clinical trials employing elastin-like proteins is also included.

EXPERT OPINION

Novel ECM-inspired nanoscale structures and conjugates continue to be of great interest in the materials science and bioengineering communities. Hyaluronic acid nanocarrier systems in particular are widely employed due to the functional activity of HA in mediating a large number of disease states. In contrast, collagen-like peptide nanocarriers are an emerging drug delivery platform with potential relevance to a myriad of ECM-related diseases, making their continued study most pertinent. Elastin-like peptide nanocarriers have a well-established tolerability and efficacy track record in preclinical analyses that has motivated their recent advancement into the clinical arena.

Redox/pH-Responsive Biodegradable Thiol-Hyaluronic Acid/Chitosan Charge-Reversal Nanocarriers for Triggered Drug Release

Biodegradable nanoparticles and micelles are promising nanosystems for the targeted delivery of potent anticancer drugs. By using specialized polymers as nanocarriers, targeted drug delivery and release can be developed. We developed thiol-hyaluronic acid (HA-SH)/chitosan (CS) nanoparticles with redox/pH dual-responsiveness via electrostatic self-assembly followed by spontaneous chemical cross-linking. The nanoparticle surface charges were reversible through different HA-SH and CS mass ratios. Doxorubicin (DOX) was used as a model drug. Dual cross-linked nanoparticles with diameters of approximately 300 nm exhibited superior stability under physiological conditions compared with nanoparticles without disulfide cross-linking. DOX was loaded more efficiently into negative nanoparticles (45.7 wt%) than positive nanoparticles (14.2 wt%). Drug release from negative nanoparticles (ζ potential of approximately -20) was higher (87.8 wt%) at pH 4.5 and in the presence of 10 mM glutathione. Positive nanoparticles (ζ potential of approximately +20) showed the same trend, but the release rate was slower than that of negative nanoparticles. DOX-loaded HA-SH/CS particles were taken up by human breast cancer cells (SKBR3), and the loaded drug was released, exhibiting potential antitumor efficacy. The HA-SH/CS nanoparticles in this study were stable under physiological conditions and are promising candidates for the targeted delivery and release of anticancer drugs.

RGD engineered dendrimer nanotherapeutic as an emerging targeted approach in cancer therapy

A bird's eye view is now demanded in the area of cancer research to suppress the suffering of cancer patient and mediate the lack of treatment related to chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is always preferred over surgery or radiation therapy, but they never met the patient's demand of safe medication. Targeted therapy has now been in research that could hinder the unnecessary effect of drug on normal cells but could affect the tumor cells in much efficient manner. Angiogenesis is process involved in development of new blood vessel that nourishes tumor growth. Integrin receptors are over expressed on cancer cells that play vital role in angiogenesis for growth and metastasis of tumor cell. A delivery of RGD based peptide to integrin targeted site could help in its successful binding and liberation of drug in tumor vasculature. Dendrimers, in addition to its excellent pharmacokinetic properties also helps to carry targeting ligand to site of tumor by successfully conjugating with them. The aim of this review is to bring light upon the role of integrin in cancer progression, interaction of RGD to integrin receptor and more importantly the RGD-dendrimer based targeted therapy for the treatment of various cancers.

Advances in Hyaluronic-Acid-Based (Nano)Devices for Cancer Therapy

Cancer is the main cause of fatality all over the world with a considerable growth rate. Many biologically active nanoplatforms are exploited for tumor treatment. Of nanodevices, hyaluronic acid (HA)-based systems have shown to be promising candidates for cancer therapy due to their high biocompatibility and cell internalization. Herein, surface functionalization of different nanoparticles (NPs), e.g., organic- and inorganic-based NPs, is highlighted. Subsequently, HA-based nanostructures and their applications in cancer therapy are presented.

Combating liver cancer through GO-targeted biomaterials

Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor, and it has been widely used clinically in the treatment of primary liver cancer, gastric cancer, and other tumors. The clinical application of HCPT is limited by its water solubility, and it has certain toxicity to patients with tumor. Therefore, the effective tumor site accumulation of HCPT is necessary. This work studied the inhibitory effect of HCPT on the proliferation and migration of human liver cancer cells (HepG-2) and used carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and hyaluronic acid (HA) to modify graphene oxide (GO) as nano-carrier materials, which load HCPT to achieve a drug delivery system for liver tumors with good biocompatibility and high drug loading. HCPT can significantly inhibit proliferation and migration of HepG-2, enhance the release of reactive oxygen species, reduce mitochondrial membrane potential, and induce apoptosis. The GO-CMC-HA/HCPT drug delivery system enabled HepG-2 to uptake more HCPT, thereby inhibiting its proliferation and improving the efficacy of HCPTin vivoandin vitro. This study explored a potential therapy strategy by preparing a GO-based tumor-targeted drug delivery system.