1
|
Romm KF, Ehlke SJ, Smith MA, Vogel EA, McQuoid J, Kendzor DE, Cohn AM. Cannabis Use Differences Among Sexual Minority Versus Heterosexual Females and Males in Oklahoma: The Roles of Mental Health, Cannabis Perceptions, and Cannabis Marketing Exposure. SUBSTANCE USE & ADDICTION JOURNAL 2024; 45:101-113. [PMID: 38258857 DOI: 10.1177/29767342231208519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the high cannabis use rates among sexual minority (SM) individuals, less research has examined factors related to cannabis use among SM (vs. heterosexual) individuals, especially in places with legal medical cannabis retail markets and high structural stigma, like Oklahoma. METHODS Data were from a survey of Oklahoma adults, including 3020 females (18.6% SM) and 2279 males (10.1% SM). Bivariate analyses examined associations of sexual identity with cannabis-related factors (i.e., perceived harm, positive attitudes, marketing exposure, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms) and cannabis use and use severity (i.e., past 30-day use, daily/near-daily use, cannabis use disorder [CUD] symptoms). Logistic regression examined associations of sexual identity and cannabis-related factors with cannabis use and use severity among females and males, separately. RESULTS SM (vs. heterosexual) females reported greater odds of past 30-day cannabis use and daily/near-daily use, lower harm perceptions, greater marketing exposure, and higher rates of depressive/anxiety symptoms. Lower harm perceptions and greater marketing exposure were associated with greater odds of past 30-day use, whereas marketing exposure was associated with greater odds of daily/near-daily use. SM (vs. heterosexual) males reported greater odds of daily/near-daily use and higher rates of depressive/anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS SM (vs. heterosexual) females reported higher rates of cannabis use, whereas SM (vs. heterosexual) females and males reported higher rates of daily/near-daily cannabis use. Potential targets for cannabis-related health campaigns aimed at reducing use differences include correcting misinterpretations of harm that may emanate from cannabis marketing efforts among females and addressing depressive symptoms among males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn F Romm
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sarah J Ehlke
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Michael A Smith
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Erin A Vogel
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Julia McQuoid
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Darla E Kendzor
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Amy M Cohn
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Levey DF, Galimberti M, Deak JD, Wendt FR, Bhattacharya A, Koller D, Harrington KM, Quaden R, Johnson EC, Gupta P, Biradar M, Lam M, Cooke M, Rajagopal VM, Empke SLL, Zhou H, Nunez YZ, Kranzler HR, Edenberg HJ, Agrawal A, Smoller JW, Lencz T, Hougaard DM, Børglum AD, Demontis D, Gaziano JM, Gandal MJ, Polimanti R, Stein MB, Gelernter J. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of cannabis use disorder yields insight into disease biology and public health implications. Nat Genet 2023; 55:2094-2103. [PMID: 37985822 PMCID: PMC10703690 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
As recreational use of cannabis is being decriminalized in many places and medical use widely sanctioned, there are growing concerns about increases in cannabis use disorder (CanUD), which is associated with numerous medical comorbidities. Here we performed a genome-wide association study of CanUD in the Million Veteran Program (MVP), followed by meta-analysis in 1,054,365 individuals (ncases = 64,314) from four broad ancestries designated by the reference panel used for assignment (European n = 886,025, African n = 123,208, admixed American n = 38,289 and East Asian n = 6,843). Population-specific methods were applied to calculate single nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability within each ancestry. Statistically significant single nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability for CanUD was observed in all but the smallest population (East Asian). We discovered genome-wide significant loci unique to each ancestry: 22 in European, 2 each in African and East Asian, and 1 in admixed American ancestries. A genetically informed causal relationship analysis indicated a possible effect of genetic liability for CanUD on lung cancer risk, suggesting potential unanticipated future medical and psychiatric public health consequences that require further study to disentangle from other known risk factors such as cigarette smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Levey
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Marco Galimberti
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph D Deak
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Frank R Wendt
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arjun Bhattacharya
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dora Koller
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Kelly M Harrington
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Quaden
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emma C Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Priya Gupta
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mahantesh Biradar
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Max Lam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Megan Cooke
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Veera M Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stefany L L Empke
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yaira Z Nunez
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC and Center for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ditte Demontis
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Million Veteran Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Murray B Stein
- Psychiatry Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shmulewitz D, Budney AJ, Borodovsky JT, Bujno JM, Walsh CA, Struble CA, Livne O, Habib MI, Aharonovich E, Hasin DS. Dimensionality and differential functioning of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder criteria in an online sample of adults with frequent cannabis use. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 163:211-221. [PMID: 37224773 PMCID: PMC10330577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The DSM-5 criteria for cannabis use disorder (CUD) combine DSM-IV dependence and abuse criteria (without legal problems) and new withdrawal and craving criteria. Information on dimensionality, internal reliability, and differential functioning of the DSM-5 CUD criteria is lacking. Additionally, dimensionality of the DSM-5 withdrawal items is unknown. This study examined the psychometric properties of the DSM-5 CUD criteria among adults who used cannabis in the past 7 days (N = 5,119). Adults with frequent cannabis use were recruited from the US general population through social media and filled in a web-based survey about demographics and cannabis use behaviors. Factor analysis was used to assess dimensionality, and item response theory analysis models were used to explore relationships between the criteria and the underlying latent trait (CUD), and whether each criterion and the criteria set functioned differently by demographic and clinical characteristics: sex, age, state-level cannabis laws, reasons for cannabis use, and frequency of use. The DSM-5 CUD criteria showed unidimensionality and provided information about the CUD latent trait across the severity spectrum. The cannabis withdrawal items indicated one underlying latent factor. While some CUD criteria functioned differently in specific subgroups, the criteria set as a whole functioned similarly across subgroups. In this online sample of adults with frequent cannabis use, evidence supports the reliability, validity, and utility of the DSM-5 CUD diagnostic criteria set, which can be used for determining a major risk of cannabis use, i.e., CUD, to inform cannabis policies and public health messaging, and for developing intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dvora Shmulewitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Alan J Budney
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, 46 Centerra Pkwy, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Jacob T Borodovsky
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, 46 Centerra Pkwy, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Julia M Bujno
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Claire A Walsh
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Cara A Struble
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, 46 Centerra Pkwy, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Ofir Livne
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Mohammad I Habib
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, 46 Centerra Pkwy, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA.
| | - Efrat Aharonovich
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Deborah S Hasin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hillmer A, Chawar C, Sanger S, D’Elia A, Butt M, Kapoor R, Kapczinski F, Thabane L, Samaan Z. Genetic basis of cannabis use: a systematic review. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:203. [PMID: 34384432 PMCID: PMC8359088 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increase in cannabis use rates, cannabis use disorder is being reported as one of the most common drug use disorders globally. Cannabis use has several known physical, psychological, and social adverse events, such as altered judgement, poor educational outcomes, and respiratory symptoms. The propensity for taking cannabis and the development of a cannabis use disorder may be genetically influenced for some individuals. Heritability estimates suggest a genetic basis for cannabis use, and several genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified possible regions of association, albeit with inconsistent findings. This systematic review aims to summarize the findings from GWASs investigating cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. METHODS This systematic review incorporates articles that have performed a GWAS investigating cannabis use or cannabis use disorder. MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, GWAS Catalog, GWAS Central, and NIH Database of Genotype and Phenotype were searched using a comprehensive search strategy. All studies were screened in duplicate, and the quality of evidence was assessed using the quality of genetic association studies (Q-Genie) tool. All studies underwent qualitative synthesis; however, quantitative analysis was not feasible. RESULTS Our search identified 5984 articles. Six studies met our eligibility criteria and were included in this review. All six studies reported results that met our significance threshold of p ≤ 1.0 × 10-7. In total 96 genetic variants were identified. While meta-analysis was not possible, this review identified the following genes, ANKFN1, INTS7, PI4K2B, CSMD1, CST7, ACSS1, and SCN9A, to be associated with cannabis use. These regions were previously reported in different mental health conditions, however not in relation to cannabis use. CONCLUSION This systematic review summarized GWAS findings within the field of cannabis research. While a meta-analysis was not possible, the summary of findings serves to inform future candidate gene studies and replication efforts. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO CRD42020176016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alannah Hillmer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 100 West 5th St., Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada
| | - Caroul Chawar
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 100 West 5th St., Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada
| | - Stephanie Sanger
- Health Science Library, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Alessia D’Elia
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 100 West 5th St., Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada
| | - Mehreen Butt
- Integrated Science Program, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Raveena Kapoor
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Flavio Kapczinski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 100 West 5th St., Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Method, Evidence and Impact, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Zainab Samaan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 100 West 5th St., Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arif Y, Singh P, Bajguz A, Hayat S. Phytocannabinoids Biosynthesis in Angiosperms, Fungi, and Liverworts and Their Versatile Role. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1307. [PMID: 34203173 PMCID: PMC8309193 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids are a structurally diverse class of bioactive naturally occurring compounds found in angiosperms, fungi, and liverworts and produced in several plant organs such as the flower and glandular trichrome of Cannabis sativa, the scales in Rhododendron, and oil bodies of liverworts such as Radula species; they show a diverse role in humans and plants. Moreover, phytocannabinoids are prenylated polyketides, i.e., terpenophenolics, which are derived from isoprenoid and fatty acid precursors. Additionally, targeted productions of active phytocannabinoids have beneficial properties via the genes involved and their expression in a heterologous host. Bioactive compounds show a remarkable non-hallucinogenic biological property that is determined by the variable nature of the side chain and prenyl group defined by the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis. Phytocannabinoids possess therapeutic, antibacterial, and antimicrobial properties; thus, they are used in treating several human diseases. This review gives the latest knowledge on their role in the amelioration of abiotic (heat, cold, and radiation) stress in plants. It also aims to provide synthetic and biotechnological approaches based on combinatorial biochemical and protein engineering to synthesize phytocannabinoids with enhanced properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamshi Arif
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (Y.A.); (P.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (Y.A.); (P.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Shamsul Hayat
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (Y.A.); (P.S.); (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mantey DS, Yockey RA, Lee JGL. Sexual Minority Status and Marijuana Initiation during Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study Using Nationally Representative Data. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:1054-1061. [PMID: 33855928 PMCID: PMC8170695 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1906704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual minorities (i.e. individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, and bisexual) are at increased risk for marijuana use. However, little is known about initiation during adulthood. This study examines: (1) sexual minority status as a risk factor for marijuana initiation, and (2) the modifying effect of sex (labeled at birth) on this relationship. Methods: We analyzed Wave 1 (2013-2014) and Wave 2 (2014-2015) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health, a nationally representative survey. Participants were n = 10,756 adult never marijuana users. A multivariable logistic regression examined the relationship between sexual minority status and initiation of marijuana use at Wave 2. Multivariable logistic regressions, stratified by sex, were used to assess for effect modification. Covariates were sex, age, race/ethnicity, income, currently attending college, and mental health well-being. Results: Approximately 1.1% of adults initiated marijuana use from Wave 1 to Wave 2. Sexual minority status was associated with 1.57 (95% CI: 1.00-2.46) greater odds of marijuana initiation. In stratified analyses, sexual minority status was associated with greater odds of marijuana initiation for females (Adj OR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.19-3.26) but not males (Adj OR: 0.84: 95% CI: 0.33-2.16). Conclusions: Sexual minority status is a risk factor for marijuana initiation during adulthood. This relationship was only consistent for females, suggesting that sex may be an effect modifier. However, research designed and powered to directly detect this effect is needed. Findings highlight a need for public health interventions that reduce disparities in marijuana use among sexual minorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale S. Mantey
- School of Public Health, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - R. Andrew Yockey
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph G. L. Lee
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pauli CS, Conroy M, Vanden Heuvel BD, Park SH. Cannabidiol Drugs Clinical Trial Outcomes and Adverse Effects. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:63. [PMID: 32161538 PMCID: PMC7053164 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to present completed clinical trial data surrounding the medicinal benefits and potential side effects of the increasingly popular cannabidiol (CBD)-based drug products, specifically Epidiolex. The article is divided into two sections based on if the ailment being treated by this cannabinoid is classified as either physiological or neurological conditions. In addition to describing the current status, we also examined the different primary and secondary outcomes recorded for each study, which varies greatly depending on the funding source of the clinical trial. With the recent FDA-approval of Epidiolex, this review mainly focused on trials involving this specific formulation since it is the only CBD-based drug currently available to clinicians, although all other clinically trialed CBD(A) drugs were also examined. We hope this review will help guide future research and clinical trials by providing the various outcomes measured in a single review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Pauli
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, United States
| | - Matthieu Conroy
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, United States
| | | | - Sang-Hyuck Park
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, United States.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Demontis D, Rajagopal VM, Thorgeirsson TE, Als TD, Grove J, Leppälä K, Gudbjartsson DF, Pallesen J, Hjorthøj C, Reginsson GW, Tyrfingsson T, Runarsdottir V, Qvist P, Christensen JH, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Bækvad-Hansen M, Huckins LM, Stahl EA, Timmermann A, Agerbo E, Hougaard DM, Werge T, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Nordentoft M, Daly MJ, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Nyegaard M, Børglum AD. Genome-wide association study implicates CHRNA2 in cannabis use disorder. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1066-1074. [PMID: 31209380 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is the most frequently used illicit psychoactive substance worldwide; around one in ten users become dependent. The risk for cannabis use disorder (CUD) has a strong genetic component, with twin heritability estimates ranging from 51 to 70%. Here we performed a genome-wide association study of CUD in 2,387 cases and 48,985 controls, followed by replication in 5,501 cases and 301,041 controls. We report a genome-wide significant risk locus for CUD (P = 9.31 × 10-12) that replicates in an independent population (Preplication = 3.27 × 10-3, Pmeta-analysis = 9.09 × 10-12). The index variant (rs56372821) is a strong expression quantitative trait locus for cholinergic receptor nicotinic α2 subunit (CHRNA2); analyses of the genetically regulated gene expression identified a significant association of CHRNA2 expression with CUD in brain tissue. At the polygenic level, analyses revealed a significant decrease in the risk of CUD with increased load of variants associated with cognitive performance. The results provide biological insights and inform on the genetic architecture of CUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Demontis
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Veera Manikandan Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas D Als
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grove
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark.,Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kalle Leppälä
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jonatan Pallesen
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten Hjorthøj
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Per Qvist
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jane Hvarregaard Christensen
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura M Huckins
- Division of Psychiatric Genomic, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Division of Psychiatric Genomic, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allan Timmermann
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Johnson EC, Tillman R, Aliev F, Meyers JL, Salvatore JE, Anokhin AP, Dick DM, Edenberg HJ, Kramer JR, Kuperman S, McCutcheon VV, Nurnberger JI, Porjesz B, Schuckit MA, Tischfield J, Bucholz KK, Agrawal A. Exploring the relationship between polygenic risk for cannabis use, peer cannabis use and the longitudinal course of cannabis involvement. Addiction 2019; 114:687-697. [PMID: 30474892 PMCID: PMC6411425 DOI: 10.1111/add.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Few studies have explored how polygenic propensity to cannabis use unfolds across development, and no studies have yet examined this question in the context of environmental contributions such as peer cannabis use. Outlining the factors that contribute to progression from cannabis initiation to problem use over time may ultimately provide insights into mechanisms for targeted interventions. We sought to examine the relationships between polygenic liability for cannabis use, cannabis use trajectories from ages 12-30 years and perceived peer cannabis use at ages 12-17 years. DESIGN Mixed-effect logistic and linear regressions were used to examine associations between polygenic risk scores, cannabis use trajectory membership and perceived peer cannabis use. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS From the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) study, a cohort of 1167 individuals aged 12-26 years at their baseline (i.e. first) interview. MEASUREMENTS Key measurements included life-time cannabis use (yes/no), frequency of past 12-month cannabis use, maximum life-time frequency of cannabis use, cannabis use disorder (using DSM-5 criteria) and perceived peer cannabis use. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were created using summary statistics from a large (n = 162 082) genome-wide association study (GWAS) of cannabis use. FINDINGS Three trajectories reflecting no/low (n = 844), moderate (n = 137) and high (n = 186) use were identified. PRS were significantly associated with trajectory membership [P = 0.002-0.006, maximum conditional R2 = 1.4%, odds ratios (ORs) = 1.40-1.49]. Individuals who reported that most/all of their best friends used cannabis had significantly higher PRS than those who reported that none of their friends were users [OR = 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04, 1.75, P = 0.023]. Perceived peer use itself explained up to 11.3% of the variance in trajectory class membership (OR = 1.50-4.65). When peer cannabis use and the cannabis use PRS were entered into the model simultaneously, both the PRS and peer use continued to be significantly associated with class membership (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Genetic propensity to cannabis use derived from heterogeneous samples appears to correlate with longitudinal increases in cannabis use frequency in young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Actuarial and Risk Management, Faculty of Business, Karabuk University, Turkey
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jessica E Salvatore
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrey P Anokhin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John R Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Vivia V McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Marc A Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego Medical School, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jay Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Genetic Relationship Between Psychological Distress, Somatic Distress, Affective Disorders, and Substance Use in Young Australian Adults: A Multivariate Twin Study. Twin Res Hum Genet 2018; 21:347-360. [DOI: 10.1017/thg.2018.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Psychological distress (PSYCH), somatic distress (SOMA), affective disorders (AD), and substance use (SU) frequently co-occur. The genetic relationship between PSYCH and SOMA, however, remains understudied. We examined the genetic and environmental influences on these two disorders and their comorbid AD and SU using structural equation modeling. Self-reported PSYCH and SOMA were measured in 1,548 twins using the two subscales of a 12-item questionnaire, the Somatic and Psychological Health Report. Its reliability and psychometric properties were examined. Six ADs, involvement of licit and illicit substance, and two SU disorders were obtained from 1,663–2,132 twins using the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview and/or from an online adaption of the same. SU phenotypes (heritability: 49–79%) were found to be more heritable than the affective disorder phenotypes (heritability: 32–42%), SOMA (heritability: 25%), and PSYCH (heritability: 23%). We fit separate non-parametric item response theory models for PSYCH, SOMA, AD, and SU. The IRT scores were used as the refined phenotypes for fitting multivariate genetic models. The best-fitting model showed the similar amount of genetic overlap between PSYCH–AD (genetic correlationrG= 0.49) and SOMA–AD (rG=0.53), as well as between PSYCH–SU (rG= 0.23) and SOMA–SU (rG= 0.25). Unique environmental factors explained 53% to 76% of the variance in each of these four phenotypes, whereas additive genetic factors explained 17% to 46% of the variance. The covariance between the four phenotypes was largely explained by unique environmental factors. Common genetic factor had a significant influence on all the four phenotypes, but they explained a moderate portion of the covariance.
Collapse
|
11
|
Legleye S. The Cannabis Abuse Screening Test and the DSM-5 in the general population: Optimal thresholds and underlying common structure using multiple factor analysis. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2018; 27:e1597. [PMID: 29124816 PMCID: PMC6877270 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) aims at screening the problematic use of cannabis. It has never been validated against the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 and its relationships with this latter have never been studied. We used a probabilistic telephone survey collected in 2014 (1351 past-year cannabis users aged 15-64) implementing the CAST and a DSM-5 adaptation of the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessing cannabis use disorders. Data were weighted, and CAST items were considered categorical. Factorial structures were assessed with confirmatory factor analyses; the relationships between the instruments were studied with multiple factor analysis (MFA). One factor for the DSM-5 and two correlated factors for the CAST were the best confirmatory factor analyses solutions. The CAST thresholds for screening moderate/severe and severe cannabis use disorders were 5 (sensitivity = 78.2% and specificity = 79.6%) and 8 (sensitivity = 86.0% and specificity = 86.7%), respectively. The MFA identified two orthogonal dimensions: The first was equally shared by both instruments; the second was the second CAST dimension (extreme frequencies of use before midday and alone, memory problems, and reproaches from friends/family). The CAST structure and screening properties were confirmed. The MFA explains its screening performances by its first dimension and identified the problematic patterns (the second dimension) that are not captured by the DSM-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Legleye
- Division recueil et traitement de l'information, Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (Insee), Paris, France.,CESP, Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Sud, Faculté de médecine UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Agrawal A, Chou YL, Carey CE, Baranger DAA, Zhang B, Sherva R, Wetherill L, Kapoor M, Wang JC, Bertelsen S, Anokhin AP, Hesselbrock V, Kramer J, Lynskey MT, Meyers JL, Nurnberger JI, Rice JP, Tischfield J, Bierut LJ, Degenhardt L, Farrer LA, Gelernter J, Hariri AR, Heath AC, Kranzler HR, Madden PAF, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Porjesz B, Wang T, Whitfield JB, Edenberg HJ, Foroud T, Goate AM, Bogdan R, Nelson EC. Genome-wide association study identifies a novel locus for cannabis dependence. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1293-1302. [PMID: 29112194 PMCID: PMC5938138 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite moderate heritability, only one study has identified genome-wide significant loci for cannabis-related phenotypes. We conducted meta-analyses of genome-wide association study data on 2080 cannabis-dependent cases and 6435 cannabis-exposed controls of European descent. A cluster of correlated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a novel region on chromosome 10 was genome-wide significant (lowest P=1.3E-8). Among the SNPs, rs1409568 showed enrichment for H3K4me1 and H3K427ac marks, suggesting its role as an enhancer in addiction-relevant brain regions, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the angular and cingulate gyri. This SNP is also predicted to modify binding scores for several transcription factors. We found modest evidence for replication for rs1409568 in an independent cohort of African American (896 cases and 1591 controls; P=0.03) but not European American (EA; 781 cases and 1905 controls) participants. The combined meta-analysis (3757 cases and 9931 controls) indicated trend-level significance for rs1409568 (P=2.85E-7). No genome-wide significant loci emerged for cannabis dependence criterion count (n=8050). There was also evidence that the minor allele of rs1409568 was associated with a 2.1% increase in right hippocampal volume in an independent sample of 430 EA college students (fwe-P=0.008). The identification and characterization of genome-wide significant loci for cannabis dependence is among the first steps toward understanding the biological contributions to the etiology of this psychiatric disorder, which appears to be rising in some developed nations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Agrawal
- Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, 660 S. Euclid, CB 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yi-Ling Chou
- Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, 660 S. Euclid, CB 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Caitlin E. Carey
- Washington University in St. Louis, Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A. A. Baranger
- Washington University in St. Louis, Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Developmental Biology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard Sherva
- Boston University School of Medicine, Dept. of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Dept. of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Dept. of Neuroscience, New York, NY USA
| | - Jen-Chyong Wang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Dept. of Neuroscience, New York, NY USA
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Dept. of Neuroscience, New York, NY USA
| | - Andrey P Anokhin
- Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, 660 S. Euclid, CB 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Victor Hesselbrock
- University of Connecticut Health, Dept. of Psychiatry, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - John Kramer
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Michael T. Lynskey
- King’s College, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Addictions Department, London, UK
| | - Jacquelyn L. Meyers
- State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - John I Nurnberger
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Depts. of Psychiatry and Medical and Molecular Genetics, and Stark Neuroscience Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John P. Rice
- Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, 660 S. Euclid, CB 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jay Tischfield
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey: New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Laura J. Bierut
- Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, 660 S. Euclid, CB 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Boston University School of Medicine, Dept. of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Yale University School of Medicine: New Haven, CT, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs: West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ahmad R. Hariri
- Duke University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, 660 S. Euclid, CB 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, VISN 4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, 660 S. Euclid, CB 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Grant W Montgomery
- University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Dept. of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Dept. of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Dept. of Neuroscience, New York, NY USA
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Washington University in St. Louis, Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elliot C. Nelson
- Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, 660 S. Euclid, CB 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the advent of the genome-wide association study (GWAS), our understanding of the genetics of addiction has made significant strides forward. Here, we summarize genetic loci containing variants identified at genome-wide statistical significance (P < 5 × 10-8) and independently replicated, review evidence of functional or regulatory effects for GWAS-identified variants, and outline multi-omics approaches to enhance discovery and characterize addiction loci. RECENT FINDINGS Replicable GWAS findings span 11 genetic loci for smoking, eight loci for alcohol, and two loci for illicit drugs combined and include missense functional variants and noncoding variants with regulatory effects in human brain tissues traditionally viewed as addiction-relevant (e.g., prefrontal cortex [PFC]) and, more recently, tissues often overlooked (e.g., cerebellum). GWAS analyses have discovered several novel, replicable variants contributing to addiction. Using larger sample sizes from harmonized datasets and new approaches to integrate GWAS with multiple 'omics data across human brain tissues holds great promise to significantly advance our understanding of the biology underlying addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana B Hancock
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, P. O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Christina A Markunas
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, P. O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric O Johnson
- Fellow Program and Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gerra MC, Jayanthi S, Manfredini M, Walther D, Schroeder J, Phillips KA, Cadet JL, Donnini C. Gene variants and educational attainment in cannabis use: mediating role of DNA methylation. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:23. [PMID: 29353877 PMCID: PMC5802451 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and sociodemographic risk factors potentially associated with cannabis use (CU) were investigated in 40 cannabis users and 96 control subjects. DNA methylation analyses were also performed to explore the possibility of epigenetic changes related to CU. We conducted a candidate gene association study that included variants involved in the dopaminergic (ANKK1, NCAM1 genes) and endocannabinoid (CNR1, CNR2 gene) pathways. Sociodemographic data included gender, marital status, level of education, and body mass index. We used MeDIP-qPCR to test whether variations in DNA methylation might be associated with CU. We found a significant association between SNP rs1049353 of CNR1 gene (p = 0.01) and CU. Differences were also observed related to rs2501431 of CNR2 gene (p = 0.058). A higher education level appears to decrease the risk of CU. Interestingly, females were less likely to use cannabis than males. There was a significantly higher level of DNA methylation in cannabis users compared to controls in two of the genes tested: hypermethylation at exon 8 of DRD2 gene (p = 0.034) and at the CpG-rich region in the NCAM1 gene (p = 0.0004). Both genetic variants and educational attainment were also related to CU. The higher rate of DNA methylation, evidenced among cannabis users, may be either a marker of CU or a consequence of long-term exposure to cannabis. The identified genetic variants and the differentially methylated regions may represent biomarkers and/or potential targets for designs of pharmacological therapeutic agents. Our observations also suggest that educational programs may be useful strategies for CU prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carla Gerra
- 0000 0004 1758 0937grid.10383.39Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Subramaniam Jayanthi
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fMolecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Matteo Manfredini
- 0000 0004 1758 0937grid.10383.39Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Donna Walther
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fMolecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jennifer Schroeder
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fOffice of the Clinical Director, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Karran A. Phillips
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fOffice of the Clinical Director, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Claudia Donnini
- 0000 0004 1758 0937grid.10383.39Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gizer IR, Bizon C, Gilder DA, Ehlers CL, Wilhelmsen KC. Whole genome sequence study of cannabis dependence in two independent cohorts. Addict Biol 2018; 23:461-473. [PMID: 28111843 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genome wide sequencing techniques and analytical methods allow for more comprehensive examinations of the genome than microarray-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The present report provides the first application of whole genome sequencing (WGS) to identify low frequency variants involved in cannabis dependence across two independent cohorts. The present study used low-coverage whole genome sequence data to conduct set-based association and enrichment analyses of low frequency variation in protein-coding regions as well as regulatory regions in relation to cannabis dependence. Two cohorts were studied: a population-based Native American tribal community consisting of 697 participants nested within large multi-generational pedigrees and a family-based sample of 1832 predominantly European ancestry participants largely nested within nuclear families. Participants in both samples were assessed for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) lifetime cannabis dependence, with 168 and 241 participants receiving a positive diagnosis in each sample, respectively. Sequence kernel association tests identified one protein-coding region, C1orf110 and one regulatory region in the MEF2B gene that achieved significance in a meta-analysis of both samples. A regulatory region within the PCCB gene, a gene previously associated with schizophrenia, exhibited a suggestive association. Finally, a significant enrichment of regions within or near genes with multiple splice variants or involved in cell adhesion or potassium channel activity were associated with cannabis dependence. This initial study demonstrates the potential utility of low pass whole genome sequencing for identifying genetic variants involved in the etiology of cannabis use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - Chris Bizon
- Departments of Neurology and Genetics; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - David A. Gilder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Cindy L. Ehlers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Kirk C. Wilhelmsen
- Departments of Neurology and Genetics; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Aas M, Melle I, Bettella F, Djurovic S, Le Hellard S, Bjella T, Ringen PA, Lagerberg TV, Smeland OB, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Tesli M. Psychotic patients who used cannabis frequently before illness onset have higher genetic predisposition to schizophrenia than those who did not. Psychol Med 2018; 48:43-49. [PMID: 28967348 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717001209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are heritable, polygenic disorders with shared clinical and genetic components, suggesting a psychosis continuum. Cannabis use is a well-documented environmental risk factor in psychotic disorders. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between SZ genetic load and cannabis use before illness onset in SZ and BD spectrums. Since frequent early cannabis use (age <18 years) is believed to increase the risk of developing psychosis more than later use, follow-up analyses were conducted comparing early use to later use and no use. METHODS We assigned a SZ-polygenic risk score (PGRS) to each individual in our independent sample (N = 381 SZ spectrum cases, 220 BD spectrum cases and 415 healthy controls), calculated from the results of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) SZ case-control study (N = 81 535). SZ-PGRS in patients who used cannabis weekly to daily in the period before first illness episode was compared with that of those who never or infrequently used cannabis. RESULTS Patients with weekly to daily cannabis use before illness onset had the highest SZ-PGRS (p = 0.02, Cohen's d = 0.33). The largest difference was found between patients with daily or weekly cannabis use before illness onset <18 years of age and patients with no or infrequent use of cannabis (p = 0.003, Cohen's d = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS Our study supports an association between high SZ-PGRS and frequent cannabis use before illness onset in psychosis continuum disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aas
- NORMENT,KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,and Division of Mental Health and Addiction,Oslo University Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - I Melle
- NORMENT,KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,and Division of Mental Health and Addiction,Oslo University Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - F Bettella
- NORMENT,KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,and Division of Mental Health and Addiction,Oslo University Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - S Djurovic
- NORMENT,KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,and Division of Mental Health and Addiction,Oslo University Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - S Le Hellard
- NORMENT,KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Department of Clinical Science,University of Bergen,Bergen,Norway
| | - T Bjella
- NORMENT,KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,and Division of Mental Health and Addiction,Oslo University Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - P A Ringen
- NORMENT,KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,and Division of Mental Health and Addiction,Oslo University Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - T V Lagerberg
- NORMENT,KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,and Division of Mental Health and Addiction,Oslo University Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - O B Smeland
- NORMENT,KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,and Division of Mental Health and Addiction,Oslo University Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - I Agartz
- NORMENT,KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Division of Mental Health and Addiction,University of Oslo,Oslo,Norway
| | - O A Andreassen
- NORMENT,KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,and Division of Mental Health and Addiction,Oslo University Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - M Tesli
- NORMENT,KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,and Division of Mental Health and Addiction,Oslo University Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hong JK, Jeong YD, Cho ES, Choi TJ, Kim YM, Cho KH, Lee JB, Lim HT, Lee DH. A genome-wide association study of social genetic effects in Landrace pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 31:784-790. [PMID: 29268591 PMCID: PMC5933974 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective The genetic effects of an individual on the phenotypes of its social partners, such as its pen mates, are known as social genetic effects. This study aims to identify the candidate genes for social (pen-mates’) average daily gain (ADG) in pigs by using the genome-wide association approach. Methods Social ADG (sADG) was the average ADG of unrelated pen-mates (strangers). We used the phenotype data (16,802 records) after correcting for batch (week), sex, pen, number of strangers (1 to 7 pigs) in the pen, full-sib rate (0% to 80%) within pen, and age at the end of the test. A total of 1,041 pigs from Landrace breeds were genotyped using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 v2 BeadChip panel, which comprised 61,565 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. After quality control, 909 individuals and 39,837 markers remained for sADG in genome-wide association study. Results We detected five new SNPs, all on chromosome 6, which have not been associated with social ADG or other growth traits to date. One SNP was inside the prostaglandin F2α receptor (PTGFR) gene, another SNP was located 22 kb upstream of gene interferon-induced protein 44 (IFI44), and the last three SNPs were between 161 kb and 191 kb upstream of the EGF latrophilin and seven transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 (ELTD1) gene. PTGFR, IFI44, and ELTD1 were never associated with social interaction and social genetic effects in any of the previous studies. Conclusion The identification of several genomic regions, and candidate genes associated with social genetic effects reported here, could contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis of interaction traits for ADG. In conclusion, we suggest that the PTGFR, IFI44, and ELTD1 may be used as a molecular marker for sADG, although their functional effect was not defined yet. Thus, it will be of interest to execute association studies in those genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ki Hong
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yong Dae Jeong
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Eun Seok Cho
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Tae Jeong Choi
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Kyu Ho Cho
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Jae Bong Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Lim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Deuk Hwan Lee
- Department of Animal Life and Environment Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen G, Zhang F, Xue W, Wu R, Xu H, Wang K, Zhu J. An association study revealed substantial effects of dominance, epistasis and substance dependence co-morbidity on alcohol dependence symptom count. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1475-1485. [PMID: 27151647 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a complex disease involving polygenes, environment and their interactions. Inadequate consideration of these interactions may have hampered the progress on genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence. By using the dataset of the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment with 3838 subjects, we conducted a genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence symptom count (ADSC) with a full genetic model considering additive, dominance, epistasis and their interactions with ethnicity, as well as conditions of co-morbid substance dependence. Twenty quantitative trait single nucleotide polymorphisms (QTSs) showed highly significant associations with ADSC, including four previously reported genes (ADH1C, PKNOX2, CPE and KCNB2) and the reported intergenic rs1363605, supporting the overall validity of the analysis. Two QTSs within or near ADH1C showed very strong association in a dominance inheritance mode and increased the phenotype value of ADSC when the effect of co-morbid opiate or marijuana dependence was controlled. Highly significant association was also identified in variants within four novel genes (RGS6, FMN1, NRM and BPTF), two non-coding RNA and two epistasis loci. QTS rs7616413, located near PTPRG encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor, interacted with rs10090742 within ANGPT1 encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase in an additive × additive or dominance × additive manner. The detected QTSs contributed to about 20 percent of total heritability, in which dominance and epistasis effects accounted for over 50 percent. These results demonstrated that perturbations arising from gene-gene interaction and conditions of co-morbidity substantially influence the genetic architecture of complex trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, and Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Futao Zhang
- Institute of Bioinformatics; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Wenda Xue
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, and Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Ruyan Wu
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, and Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Haiming Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Kesheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health; East Tennessee State University; Johnson City TN USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Institute of Bioinformatics; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ashenhurst JR, Harden KP, Mallard TT, Corbin WR, Fromme K. Developmentally Specific Associations Between CNR1 Genotype and Cannabis Use Across Emerging Adulthood. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 78:686-695. [PMID: 28930056 PMCID: PMC5675419 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2017.78.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have found preliminary evidence for associations between common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the cannabinoid receptor gene CNR1 and cannabis use and dependence. The present study examined a set of eight independent SNPs in or near CNR1 in relation to cannabis use measured longitudinally across emerging adulthood. METHOD Using latent growth curve modeling of 10 waves of longitudinal data spanning mean ages 18.4-23.8 years in a sample of non-Hispanic White individuals (n = 334), we tested if genotype at each CNR1 SNP was associated with both level and growth of cannabis use over time. Peer group drug use, a known correlate of individual use, was evaluated as a time-varying predictor of cannabis use and as a moderator of the relationship between SNPs and individual use. RESULTS After correction for multiple comparisons, one SNP, rs806374, was significantly associated with individual differences in level-but not growth-of cannabis use over time, such that C carriers were more likely to use cannabis more frequently at study onset (around age 18). Peer drug use was a predictor of individual cannabis use that grew in terms of effect size with time, but did not significantly moderate the effect of rs806374 genotype. CONCLUSIONS C carriers at rs806374 may be at specific risk for increased odds of use during the transition out of high school (around age 18). Future studies should investigate potential mechanisms at this developmental stage, including individual differences in subjective response, innate tolerance, reinforcement mechanisms, or general liability for substance misuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - K. Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Travis T. Mallard
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | | | - Kim Fromme
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas,Correspondence may be sent to Kim Fromme at the Department of Psychology, 108 E. Dean Keeton A8000, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, or via email at:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Johnson EO, Hancock DB, Levy JL, Gaddis NC, Page GP, Glasheen C, Saccone NL, Bierut LJ, Kral AH. KAT2B polymorphism identified for drug abuse in African Americans with regulatory links to drug abuse pathways in human prefrontal cortex. Addict Biol 2016; 21:1217-1232. [PMID: 26202629 PMCID: PMC4724343 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse is a common and heritable set of disorders, but the underlying genetic factors are largely unknown. We conducted genome-wide association studies of drug abuse using 7 million imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions in African Americans (AAs; n = 3742) and European Americans (EAs; n = 6845). Cases were drawn from the Urban Health Study of street-recruited people, who injected drugs and reported abusing opioids, cocaine, marijuana, stimulants and/or other drugs 10 or more times in the past 30 days, and were compared with population controls. Independent replication testing was conducted in 755 AAs and 1131 EAs from the Genetic Association Information Network. An intronic SNP (rs9829896) in the K(lysine) acetyltransferase 2B (KAT2B) gene was significantly associated with drug abuse in AAs (P = 4.63 × 10-8 ) and independently replicated in AAs (P = 0.0019). The rs9829896-C allele (frequency = 12%) had odds ratios of 0.68 and 0.53 across the AA cohorts: meta-analysis P = 3.93 × 10-10 . Rs9829896-C was not associated with drug abuse across the EA cohorts: frequency = 36% and meta-analysis P = 0.12. Using dorsolateral prefrontal cortex data from the BrainCloud cohort, we found that rs9829896-C was associated with reduced KAT2B expression in AAs (n = 113, P = 0.050) but not EAs (n = 110, P = 0.39). KAT2B encodes a transcriptional regulator in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate and dopamine signaling pathways, and rs9829896-C was associated with expression of genes in these pathways: reduced CREBBP expression (P = 0.011) and increased OPRM1 expression (P = 0.016), both in AAs only. Our study identified the KAT2B SNP rs9829896 as having novel and biologically plausible associations with drug abuse and gene expression in AAs but not EAs, suggesting ancestry-specific effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric O Johnson
- Fellow Program and Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Dana B Hancock
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Joshua L Levy
- Research Computing Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nathan C Gaddis
- Research Computing Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Grier P Page
- Fellow Program, Center for Genomics in Public Health and Medicine, and Genomics, Statistical Genetics, and Environmental Research Program, RTI International, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cristie Glasheen
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nancy L Saccone
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alex H Kral
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Melroy-Greif WE, Wilhelmsen KC, Ehlers CL. Genetic variation in FAAH is associated with cannabis use disorders in a young adult sample of Mexican Americans. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 166:249-53. [PMID: 27394933 PMCID: PMC4983484 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is a commonly used drug and studies have shown that a significant portion of the variation in cannabis use disorders (CUDs) is heritable. Five genes known to play a role in the endocannabinoid system and CUDs were examined in a community sample of young adult Mexican Americans (MAs): CNR1, MGLL, FAAH, DAGLA, and DAGLB. METHODS Gene-based tests were run to test for association between each gene and two DSM-5 cannabis phenotypes. Subsequent linear regressions were run in PLINK using an additive model to determine which single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were driving the association. RESULTS FAAH was significantly associated with DSM-5 cannabis use disorder group count (DSM-5 CUD) using a gene-based test (p=0.0035). This association survived Bonferroni correction for multiple testing at p<0.004. Post hoc analyses suggested this association was driven by two common (minor allele frequency >5%) SNPs in moderate linkage disequilibrium, rs324420 and rs4141964, at p=0.0014 and p=0.0023, respectively. In both cases the minor allele increased risk for DSM-5 CUD. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in FAAH was associated with DSM-5 CUD in MAs. This association was primarily driven by the missense SNP rs324420. In vitro work has provided evidence that the risk allele generates an enzyme with decreased expression and cellular stability. Although this SNP has been previously associated with substance use in the literature, this is the first association in a young adult MA sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney E. Melroy-Greif
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kirk C. Wilhelmsen
- Department of Genetics and Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cindy L. Ehlers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Corresponding author: Dr. Cindy L. Ehlers, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, CA 92037, Mail SP30-1501, Tel: 858-784-7058, Fax: 858-784-7409,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lago L, Bruno R, Degenhardt L. Concordance of ICD-11 and DSM-5 definitions of alcohol and cannabis use disorders: a population survey. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:673-84. [PMID: 27371989 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The proposed criteria for alcohol and cannabis use disorders in the 11th edition of ICD (ICD-11) will be presented to the World Health Assembly in 2017, but the beta-phase descriptions have been released. We compared them with those in the tenth edition (ICD-10) and the American Psychiatric Association's DSM fourth edition (DSM-IV) and fifth edition (DSM-5), in a nationally representative sample of adult Australians. Disorders were assessed with the WHO World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The proportions classified as being dependent on alcohol and cannabis were similar with ICD-10, ICD-11, and DSM-IV, whereas for DSM-5, the proportion of lifetime users meeting the criteria for moderate to severe use (most comparable to dependence in the other systems) was far higher. We assessed whether criteria for alcohol and cannabis use described unidimensional syndromes for each, and all definitions seemed to do so. Classification of alcohol and cannabis use disorders, although simplified in ICD-11, was in almost perfect agreement with the classifications of ICD-10 and DSM-IV. With DSM-5, use disorder seemed to capture a different aspect of problematic use and selected a different group of individuals from the other systems. How the newest definitions will become used remains to be seen. The choice of classification might depend on the clinical population of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luise Lago
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bogdan R, Winstone JMA, Agrawal A. Genetic and Environmental Factors Associated with Cannabis Involvement. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2016; 3:199-213. [PMID: 27642547 PMCID: PMC5019486 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-016-0103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 50-70% of the variation in cannabis use and use disorders can be attributed to heritable factors. For cannabis use, the remaining variance can be parsed in to familial and person-specific environmental factors while for use disorders, only the latter contribute. While numerous candidate gene studies have identified the role of common variation influencing liability to cannabis involvement, replication has been elusive. To date, no genomewide association study has been sufficiently powered to identify significant loci. Despite this, studies adopting polygenic techniques and integrating genetic variation with neural phenotypes and measures of environmental risk, such as childhood adversity, are providing promising new leads. It is likely that the small effect sizes associated with variants related to cannabis involvement will only be robustly identified in substantially larger samples. Results of such large-scale efforts will provide valuable single variant targets for translational research in neurogenetic, pharmacogenetic and non-human animal models as well as polygenic risk indices that can be used to explore a host of other genetic hypotheses related to cannabis use and misuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bogdan
- BRAIN lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Jonathan MA Winstone
- BRAIN lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Copeland J, Pokorski I. Progress toward pharmacotherapies for cannabis-use disorder: an evidence-based review. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2016; 7:41-53. [PMID: 27217809 PMCID: PMC4862355 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s89857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is the most widely used and variably regulated drug in the world, with increasing trends of use being reported in the US, Australia, Asia, and Africa. Evidence has shown a decrease in the age of commencement of cannabis use in some developed countries and a prolongation of risk of initiation to cannabis use beyond adolescence among more recent users. Cannabis use is associated with numerous health risks and long-term morbidity, as well as risk of developing cannabis-use disorders. Cannabis users infrequently seek professional treatment, and normally do so after a decade of use. Cannabis-use disorders are currently treated using a selection of psychosocial interventions. Severity of withdrawal is a factor that increases the risk of relapse, and is the target of pharmacotherapy studies. Currently, there is no approved pharmacotherapy for cannabis-use disorders. A number of approaches have been examined, and trials are continuing to find a safe and effective medication with little abuse liability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Copeland
- UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Izabella Pokorski
- UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sherva R, Wang Q, Kranzler H, Zhao H, Koesterer R, Herman A, Farrer LA, Gelernter J. Genome-wide Association Study of Cannabis Dependence Severity, Novel Risk Variants, and Shared Genetic Risks. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73:472-80. [PMID: 27028160 PMCID: PMC4974817 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cannabis dependence (CAD) is a serious problem worldwide and is of growing importance in the United States because cannabis is increasingly available legally. Although genetic factors contribute substantially to CAD risk, at present no well-established specific genetic risk factors for CAD have been elucidated. OBJECTIVE To report findings for DSM-IV CAD criteria from association analyses performed in large cohorts of African American and European American participants from 3 studies of substance use disorder genetics. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This genome-wide association study for DSM-IV CAD criterion count was performed in 3 independent substance dependence cohorts (the Yale-Penn Study, Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment [SAGE], and International Consortium on the Genetics of Heroin Dependence [ICGHD]). A referral sample and volunteers recruited in the community and from substance abuse treatment centers included 6000 African American and 8754 European American participants, including some from small families. Participants from the Yale-Penn Study were recruited from 2000 to 2013. Data were collected for the SAGE trial from 1990 to 2007 and for the ICGHD from 2004 to 2009. Data were analyzed from January 2, 2013, to November 9, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Criterion count for DSM-IV CAD. RESULTS Among the 14 754 participants, 7879 were male, 6875 were female, and the mean (SD) age was 39.2 (10.2) years. Three independent regions with genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphism associations were identified, considering the largest possible sample. These included rs143244591 (β = 0.54, P = 4.32 × 10-10 for the meta-analysis) in novel antisense transcript RP11-206M11.7;rs146091982 (β = 0.54, P = 1.33 × 10-9 for the meta-analysis) in the solute carrier family 35 member G1 gene (SLC35G1); and rs77378271 (β = 0.29, P = 2.13 × 10-8 for the meta-analysis) in the CUB and Sushi multiple domains 1 gene (CSMD1). Also noted was evidence of genome-level pleiotropy between CAD and major depressive disorder and for an association with single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes associated with schizophrenia risk. Several of the genes identified have functions related to neuronal calcium homeostasis or central nervous system development. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results are the first, to our knowledge, to identify specific CAD risk alleles and potential genetic factors contributing to the comorbidity of CAD with major depression and schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sherva
- Section of Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qian Wang
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Henry Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 4Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs (VA) Stars and Stripes Healthcare Network, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphi
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut5Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut6Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut7VA Coop
| | - Ryan Koesterer
- Section of Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aryeh Herman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Section of Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts9Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts10Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School
| | - Joel Gelernter
- VA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, West Haven, Connecticut8Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut13Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, Yale University School of Medicine, West Hav
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bogdan R, Pagliaccio D, Baranger DAA, Hariri AR. Genetic Moderation of Stress Effects on Corticolimbic Circuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:275-96. [PMID: 26189450 PMCID: PMC4677127 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress exposure is associated with individual differences in corticolimbic structure and function that often mirror patterns observed in psychopathology. Gene x environment interaction research suggests that genetic variation moderates the impact of stress on risk for psychopathology. On the basis of these findings, imaging genetics, which attempts to link variability in DNA sequence and structure to neural phenotypes, has begun to incorporate measures of the environment. This research paradigm, known as imaging gene x environment interaction (iGxE), is beginning to contribute to our understanding of the neural mechanisms through which genetic variation and stress increase psychopathology risk. Although awaiting replication, evidence suggests that genetic variation within the canonical neuroendocrine stress hormone system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, contributes to variability in stress-related corticolimbic structure and function, which, in turn, confers risk for psychopathology. For iGxE research to reach its full potential it will have to address many challenges, of which we discuss: (i) small effects, (ii) measuring the environment and neural phenotypes, (iii) the absence of detailed mechanisms, and (iv) incorporating development. By actively addressing these challenges, iGxE research is poised to help identify the neural mechanisms underlying genetic and environmental associations with psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychology, BRAIN Lab, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Neurosciences Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Pagliaccio
- Neurosciences Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David AA Baranger
- Department of Psychology, BRAIN Lab, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Neurosciences Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
AIMS To assess the prevalence and correlates of remission from cannabis use disorders (CUDs), focusing on the proportion of individuals with CUDs that remit without abstaining from cannabis use. DESIGN Three-year longitudinal study. SETTING Wave 1 (2001) and wave 2 (2004) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative sample of US adults aged 18 years and over. PARTICIPANTS Our sample included 444 individuals diagnosed with DSM-IV cannabis abuse and/or dependence during the 12 months prior to wave 1 of the NESARC. MEASUREMENTS Baseline socio-demographic and clinical correlates were analysed for possible outcomes of CUDs after 3 years: abstinent remission, non-abstinent remission and sustained disorder. FINDINGS Approximately two-thirds (67%) of individuals with baseline CUD remitted at follow-up. Approximately 37% of those who remitted were non-abstinent. Remission was associated with Hispanic ethnicity [odds ratio (OR)=2.59; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.27-4.87], baseline daily or almost daily use of cannabis (OR=1.91; 95% CI=1.15-3.16), baseline use of other drugs (OR=1.63; 95% CI=1.04-2.56) and two or more medical conditions at baseline (OR=8.40; 95% CI=2.67-26.41). Non-abstinent remission was associated with baseline daily or almost daily use of cannabis (OR=1.92; 95% CI=1.05-3.51). CONCLUSIONS A substantial level of remission from cannabis use disorders (CUDs), including non-abstinent remission, suggests that the nature of CUDs may be more unstable than reported previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Feingold
- Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.,Addiction Medicine and Dual Diagnosis Services, Department of Psychiatry, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Jonah Fox
- New York State/American Program, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaul Lev-Ran
- Addiction Medicine and Dual Diagnosis Services, Department of Psychiatry, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Carey CE, Agrawal A, Zhang B, Conley ED, Degenhardt L, Heath AC, Li D, Lynskey MT, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Wang T, Bierut LJ, Hariri AR, Nelson EC, Bogdan R. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) polymorphism rs604300 interacts with childhood adversity to predict cannabis dependence symptoms and amygdala habituation: Evidence from an endocannabinoid system-level analysis. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 124:860-77. [PMID: 26595473 PMCID: PMC4700831 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence for heritable variation in cannabis involvement and the discovery of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands, no consistent patterns have emerged from candidate endocannabinoid (eCB) genetic association studies of cannabis involvement. Given interactions between eCB and stress systems and associations between childhood stress and cannabis involvement, it may be important to consider childhood adversity in the context of eCB-related genetic variation. We employed a system-level gene-based analysis of data from the Comorbidity and Trauma Study (N = 1,558) to examine whether genetic variation in six eCB genes (anabolism: DAGLA, DAGLB, NAPEPLD; catabolism: MGLL, FAAH; binding: CNR1; SNPs N = 65) and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) predict cannabis dependence symptoms. Significant interactions with CSA emerged for MGLL at the gene level (p = .009), and for rs604300 within MGLL (ΔR2 = .007, p < .001), the latter of which survived SNP-level Bonferroni correction and was significant in an additional sample with similar directional effects (N = 859; ΔR2 = .005, p = .026). Furthermore, in a third sample (N = 312), there was evidence that rs604300 genotype interacts with early life adversity to predict threat-related basolateral amygdala habituation, a neural phenotype linked to the eCB system and addiction (ΔR2 = .013, p = .047). Rs604300 may be related to epigenetic modulation of MGLL expression. These results are consistent with rodent models implicating 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), an endogenous cannabinoid metabolized by the enzyme encoded by MGLL, in the etiology of stress adaptation related to cannabis dependence, but require further replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Carey
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Daofeng Li
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | | | | | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Age, sex and personality in early cannabis use. Eur Psychiatry 2015; 30:469-73. [PMID: 25752726 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies analysing personality and cannabis use in adult samples suggest that cannabis users show significant higher levels of impulsivity, sensation seeking and schizotypy. However, there are few studies exploring this relationship in adolescence using psychobiological models of personality. Given the relevance of identifying individual differences that lead adolescents to early cannabis use to prevent future health problems, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between age, sex, personality and early cannabis use using a psychobiological model of personality in a sample of 415 students (51.8% boys) from 12 to 18 years. Chi(2) tests showed significant higher prevalence of cannabis use in boys and in the group aged 15-18 years. Multiple analysis of variance showed significant higher scores in psychoticism, sensation seeking and in all its subscales in cannabis users group, while an interaction with age was found for extraversion and neuroticism: cannabis users scored higher than non-users in the youngest group (12-14 years) but lower in the oldest group in both dimensions. Finally, regression analysis showed that narrower traits of sensation seeking (experience seeking and disinhibition) were the most associated to early cannabis use. Results are discussed in terms of early cannabis users' personality profiles and in terms of the self-medication theory.
Collapse
|
30
|
Delforterie MJ, Creemers HE, Agrawal A, Lynskey MT, Jak S, Huizink AC. The influence of age and gender on the likelihood of endorsing cannabis abuse/dependence criteria. Addict Behav 2015; 42:172-5. [PMID: 25481449 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Higher prevalence rates of cannabis abuse/dependence and abuse/dependence criteria in 18-24year old versus older cannabis users and in males versus females might reflect true differences in the prevalence of these disorders across age and gender or, alternatively, they could arise from age- and gender-related measurement bias. To understand differences in endorsement across important subgroups, we examined the influence of age and gender simultaneously on the likelihood of endorsement of the various abuse/dependence criteria. METHOD The sample consisted of 1603 adult past year cannabis users participating in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a U.S. population study (39.6% aged 18-24; 62.1% male). Past year DSM-IV cannabis abuse/dependence criteria and withdrawal were assessed with the AUDADIS-IV. A restricted factor analysis with latent moderated structures was used to detect measurement bias. RESULTS Although cannabis abuse and dependence diagnoses and various individual abuse/dependence criteria showed different prevalence rates across younger and older male and female cannabis users, none of the items showed uniform or non-uniform measurement bias with respect to age or gender. CONCLUSION The results indicate that, although prevalence rates of cannabis abuse/dependence criteria differ across age and gender, past year abuse/dependence criteria function similarly across these groups. It can thus be concluded that the criteria are applicable to younger and older, as well as male and female, adult cannabis users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique J Delforterie
- VU University, Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke E Creemers
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael T Lynskey
- Addictions Dept, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Suzanne Jak
- Department of Methods and Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anja C Huizink
- VU University, Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
van der Pol P, Liebregts N, de Graaf R, Korf DJ, van den Brink W, van Laar M. Three-Year Course of Cannabis Dependence and Prediction of Persistence. Eur Addict Res 2015; 21:279-90. [PMID: 26044258 DOI: 10.1159/000377625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the course and the predictors of the persistence of cannabis dependence. METHODS Through cannabis outlets and chain referral, a prospective enriched community cohort of 207 young adults (aged 18-30) with DSM-IV cannabis dependence at baseline (T0) was formed and followed-up after 1.5 (T1) and 3 (T2) years. The presence of cannabis dependence, cannabis-related problems, functional impairment and treatment was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Predictors of persistence were lifetime cannabis abuse and dependence symptoms, cannabis use characteristics, distant vulnerability factors (e.g. childhood adversity, family history of psychological/substance use problems, impulsivity, mental disorders), and proximal stress factors (recent life events, social support). RESULTS Four groups were distinguished: persistent dependent (DDD: 28.0%), stable non-persistent (DNN: 40.6%), late non-persistent (DDN: 17.9%) and recurrent dependent (DND: 13.5%). At T2, persisters (DDD) reported significantly more (heavy) cannabis use and cannabis problems than non-persisters (DNN/DDN/DND). Treatment seeking for cannabis-related problems was rare, even among persisters (15.5%). The number (OR = 1.23 (1.03-1.48)) and type ('role impairment' OR = 2.85 (1.11-7.31), 'use despite problems' OR = 2.34 (1.15-4.76)) of lifetime cannabis abuse/dependence symptoms were the only independent predictors of persistence with a total explained variance of 8.8%. CONCLUSIONS Persistence of cannabis dependence in the community is low, difficult to predict, and associated with a negative outcome. The substantial proportion of stable non-persisters suggests that screening and monitoring or low-threshold brief interventions may suffice for many non-treatment-seeking cannabis-dependent people. However, those with many lifetime abuse/dependence symptoms may benefit from more intensive interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy van der Pol
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Copeland J, Clement N, Swift W. Cannabis use, harms and the management of cannabis use disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/npy.13.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|