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Samet JH, El-Bassel N, Winhusen TJ, Jackson RD, Oga EA, Chandler RK, Villani J, Freisthler B, Adams J, Aldridge A, Angerame A, Babineau DC, Bagley SM, Baker TJ, Balvanz P, Barbosa C, Barocas J, Battaglia TA, Beard DD, Beers D, Blevins D, Bove N, Bridden C, Brown JL, Bush HM, Bush JL, Caldwell R, Calver K, Calvert D, Campbell ANC, Carpenter J, Caspar R, Chassler D, Chaya J, Cheng DM, Cunningham CO, Dasgupta A, David JL, Davis A, Dean T, Drainoni ML, Eggleston B, Fanucchi LC, Feaster DJ, Fernandez S, Figueroa W, Freedman DA, Freeman PR, Freiermuth CE, Friedlander E, Gelberg KH, Gibson EB, Gilbert L, Glasgow L, Goddard-Eckrich DA, Gomori S, Gruss DE, Gulley J, Gutnick D, Hall ME, Harger Dykes N, Hargrove SL, Harlow K, Harris A, Harris D, Helme DW, Holloway J, Hotchkiss J, Huang T, Huerta TR, Hunt T, Hyder A, Ingram VL, Ingram T, Kauffman E, Kimball JL, Kinnard EN, Knott C, Knudsen HK, Konstan MW, Kosakowski S, Larochelle MR, Leaver HM, LeBaron PA, Lefebvre RC, Levin FR, Lewis N, Lewis N, Lofwall MR, Lounsbury DW, Luster JE, Lyons MS, Mack A, Marks KR, Marquesano S, Mauk R, McAlearney AS, McConnell K, McGladrey ML, McMullan J, Miles J, Munoz Lopez R, Nelson A, Neufeld JL, Newman L, Nguyen TQ, Nunes EV, Oller DA, Oser CB, Oyler DR, Pagnano S, Parran TV, Powell J, Powers K, Ralston W, Ramsey K, Rapkin BD, Reynolds JG, Roberts MF, Robertson W, Rock P, Rodgers E, Rodriguez S, Rudorf M, Ryan S, Salsberry P, Salvage M, Sabounchi N, Saucier M, Savitzky C, Schackman B, Schady E, Seiber EE, Shadwick A, Shoben A, Slater MD, Slavova S, Speer D, Sprunger J, Starbird LE, Staton M, Stein MD, Stevens-Watkins DJ, Stopka TJ, Sullivan A, Surratt HL, Sword Cruz R, Talbert JC, Taylor JL, Thompson KL, Vandergrift N, Vickers-Smith RA, Vietze DJ, Walker DM, Walley AY, Walters ST, Weiss R, Westgate PM, Wu E, Young AM, Zarkin GA, Walsh SL. Community-Based Cluster-Randomized Trial to Reduce Opioid Overdose Deaths. N Engl J Med 2024. [PMID: 38884347 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2401177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence-based practices for reducing opioid-related overdose deaths include overdose education and naloxone distribution, the use of medications for the treatment of opioid use disorder, and prescription opioid safety. Data are needed on the effectiveness of a community-engaged intervention to reduce opioid-related overdose deaths through enhanced uptake of these practices. METHODS In this community-level, cluster-randomized trial, we randomly assigned 67 communities in Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio to receive the intervention (34 communities) or a wait-list control (33 communities), stratified according to state. The trial was conducted within the context of both the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic and a national surge in the number of fentanyl-related overdose deaths. The trial groups were balanced within states according to urban or rural classification, previous overdose rate, and community population. The primary outcome was the number of opioid-related overdose deaths among community adults. RESULTS During the comparison period from July 2021 through June 2022, the population-averaged rates of opioid-related overdose deaths were similar in the intervention group and the control group (47.2 deaths per 100,000 population vs. 51.7 per 100,000 population), for an adjusted rate ratio of 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.76 to 1.09; P = 0.30). The effect of the intervention on the rate of opioid-related overdose deaths did not differ appreciably according to state, urban or rural category, age, sex, or race or ethnic group. Intervention communities implemented 615 evidence-based practice strategies from the 806 strategies selected by communities (254 involving overdose education and naloxone distribution, 256 involving the use of medications for opioid use disorder, and 105 involving prescription opioid safety). Of these evidence-based practice strategies, only 235 (38%) had been initiated by the start of the comparison year. CONCLUSIONS In this 12-month multimodal intervention trial involving community coalitions in the deployment of evidence-based practices to reduce opioid overdose deaths, death rates were similar in the intervention group and the control group in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic and the fentanyl-related overdose epidemic. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health; HCS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04111939.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Samet
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Nabila El-Bassel
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - T John Winhusen
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Rebecca D Jackson
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Emmanuel A Oga
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Redonna K Chandler
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Jennifer Villani
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Bridget Freisthler
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Joella Adams
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Arnie Aldridge
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Angelo Angerame
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Denise C Babineau
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Sarah M Bagley
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Trevor J Baker
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Peter Balvanz
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Carolina Barbosa
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Joshua Barocas
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Tracy A Battaglia
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Dacia D Beard
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Donna Beers
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Derek Blevins
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Nicholas Bove
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Carly Bridden
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Jennifer L Brown
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Heather M Bush
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Joshua L Bush
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Ryan Caldwell
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Katherine Calver
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Deirdre Calvert
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Aimee N C Campbell
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Jane Carpenter
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Rachel Caspar
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Deborah Chassler
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Joan Chaya
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Debbie M Cheng
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Chinazo O Cunningham
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Anindita Dasgupta
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - James L David
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Alissa Davis
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Tammy Dean
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Mari-Lynn Drainoni
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Barry Eggleston
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Laura C Fanucchi
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Daniel J Feaster
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Soledad Fernandez
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Wilson Figueroa
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Darcy A Freedman
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Patricia R Freeman
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Caroline E Freiermuth
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Eric Friedlander
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Kitty H Gelberg
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Erin B Gibson
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Louisa Gilbert
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - LaShawn Glasgow
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Dawn A Goddard-Eckrich
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Stephen Gomori
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Dawn E Gruss
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Jennifer Gulley
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Damara Gutnick
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Megan E Hall
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Nicole Harger Dykes
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Sarah L Hargrove
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Kristin Harlow
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Aumani Harris
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Daniel Harris
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Donald W Helme
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - JaNae Holloway
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Juanita Hotchkiss
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Terry Huang
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Timothy R Huerta
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Timothy Hunt
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Ayaz Hyder
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Van L Ingram
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Tim Ingram
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Emily Kauffman
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Jennifer L Kimball
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Elizabeth N Kinnard
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Charles Knott
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Hannah K Knudsen
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Michael W Konstan
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Sarah Kosakowski
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Marc R Larochelle
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Hannah M Leaver
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Patricia A LeBaron
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - R Craig Lefebvre
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Frances R Levin
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Nikki Lewis
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Nicky Lewis
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Michelle R Lofwall
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - David W Lounsbury
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Jamie E Luster
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Michael S Lyons
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Aimee Mack
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Katherine R Marks
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Stephanie Marquesano
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Rachel Mauk
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Ann Scheck McAlearney
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Kristin McConnell
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Margaret L McGladrey
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Jason McMullan
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Jennifer Miles
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Rosie Munoz Lopez
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Alisha Nelson
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Jessica L Neufeld
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Lisa Newman
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Trang Q Nguyen
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Edward V Nunes
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Devin A Oller
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Carrie B Oser
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Douglas R Oyler
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Sharon Pagnano
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Theodore V Parran
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Joshua Powell
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Kim Powers
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - William Ralston
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Kelly Ramsey
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Bruce D Rapkin
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Jennifer G Reynolds
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Monica F Roberts
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Will Robertson
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Peter Rock
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Emma Rodgers
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Sandra Rodriguez
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Maria Rudorf
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Shawn Ryan
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Pamela Salsberry
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Monika Salvage
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Nasim Sabounchi
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Merielle Saucier
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Caroline Savitzky
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Bruce Schackman
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Elizabeth Schady
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Eric E Seiber
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Aimee Shadwick
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Abigail Shoben
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Michael D Slater
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Svetla Slavova
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Drew Speer
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Joel Sprunger
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Laura E Starbird
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Michele Staton
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Michael D Stein
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Danelle J Stevens-Watkins
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Thomas J Stopka
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Ann Sullivan
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Hilary L Surratt
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Rachel Sword Cruz
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Jeffery C Talbert
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Jessica L Taylor
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Katherine L Thompson
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Rachel A Vickers-Smith
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Deanna J Vietze
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Daniel M Walker
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Alexander Y Walley
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Scott T Walters
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Roger Weiss
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Philip M Westgate
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Elwin Wu
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - April M Young
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Gary A Zarkin
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
| | - Sharon L Walsh
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.)
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