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Yan X, Zhao S, Feng X, Li X, Zhou Q, Chen Q. Effects of Crocus sativus on glycemic control and cardiometabolic parameters among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:28. [PMID: 38796446 PMCID: PMC11127410 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of clinical syndromes that is closely associated with an elevated risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In a series of animal experiments and clinical trials, crocus sativus and its component crocin have demonstrated promising hypoglycemic effects. However, there is currently insufficient evidence regarding their impact on cardiometabolic parameters. Our study aimed to assess the impact of Crocus sativus and crocin on glycemic control in individuals with metabolic syndrome and associated disorders, as well as their potential effects on improving cardiometabolic parameters. We searched Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases to ascertain the pertinent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) until December 30, 2023. Q-test and I2 statistics were utilized to evaluate heterogeneity among the included studies. Data were merged using a random-effects model and presented as (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The current comprehensive review and meta-analysis, encompassing 13 RCTs involving a total of 840 patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and associated disorders, demonstrates that Crocus sativus was superior to placebo on Hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) (WMD: -0.31;95% CI [-0.44,-0.19]. P = 0.002) and systolic blood pressure(SBP) (WMD:-7.49;95% CI [-11.67,-3.30]. P = 0.99) respectively. Moreover, Crocus sativus improved fasting blood glucose (FBG) (WMD:-7.25;95% CI [-11.82, -2.57]. P = 0.002) when used crocin and on other chronic diseases. Crocus sativus reduced the total cholesterol (TC) among the metabolic syndromepatients (WMD:-13.64;95%CI [-26.26, -1.03]. P = 0.03). We demonstrated that Crocus sativus exerts beneficial effects on glycemic control and cardiometabolic parameters in individuals with metabolic syndrome and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Yan
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610032, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610032, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610032, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610032, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610032, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610032, China.
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Amatto PDPG, Chaves L, Braga GG, Carmona F, Pereira AMS. Effect of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) and crocin in the treatment of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117255. [PMID: 37778521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Crocus sativus L. (saffron, Iridaceae) has been traditionally used for thousands of years as herbal medicine for many diseases, including type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in Sri Lanka. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis on C. sativus for T2DM value traditional knowledge about this species. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the effectiveness of C. sativus powdered plant, hydroethanolic extract and crocin in reducing fasting blood sugar (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure, and other metabolic parameters in patients with T2DM. MATERIAL AND METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis based on searches in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane, including all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published before January 2, 2023. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the risks of bias. The effects of C. sativus and crocin were assessed on glycemic, metabolic, and blood pressure parameters. Weighted (WMD) or standardized (SMD) mean differences (before-after) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of the outcomes were extracted or estimated and meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan 5.4 (Cochrane Collaboration). This protocol was registered in PROSPERO (#CRD42023390073). RESULTS Fifteen of 29 studies were included. Saffron powdered plant decreased AST (WMD -1.19, 95%CI -2.24, -0.13), but increased BMI (WMD 0.56, 95%CI 0.07, 1.05); saffron extract decreased HbA1c (WMD -0.35, 95%CI -0.65, -0.06), FBG (WMD -26.90, 95%CI -38.87, -14.93), creatinine (WMD -0.12, 95%CI -0.19, -0.05), and total cholesterol (WMD -9.29, 95%CI -18.25, -0.33); and crocin decreased HbA1c (WMD -0.43, 95%CI -0.66, -0.20), FBG (WMD -14.10, 95%CI -22.91, -5.30), and systolic blood pressure (WMD -8.18, 95%CI -12.75, -3.61), but increased creatinine levels (WMD 0.24, 95%CI 0.17, 0.32). Of the 15 included studies, 14 had a moderate risk of bias, and one study had a low risk of bias. CONCLUSION C. sativus (saffron) powdered plant, extract, and crocin have potential as an adjunct treatment for T2DM, improving control of metabolic and clinical parameters. However, C. sativus extract seems to be superior because it was effective in more parameters and did not induce adverse effects. Since many studies were at moderate risk of bias, further high-quality research is needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro de Padua G Amatto
- Departamento de Biotecnologia em Plantas Medicinais, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, 14096-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Chaves
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Giovana Graça Braga
- Departamento de Biotecnologia em Plantas Medicinais, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, 14096-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Carmona
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Maria Soares Pereira
- Departamento de Biotecnologia em Plantas Medicinais, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, 14096-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants Ordem e Progresso, 14690-000, Jardinopólis, Brazil.
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Kotanidou EP, Tsinopoulou VR, Giza S, Ntouma S, Angeli C, Chatziandreou M, Tsopelas K, Tseti I, Galli-Tsinopoulou A. The Effect of Saffron Kozanis ( Crocus sativus L.) Supplementation on Weight Management, Glycemic Markers and Lipid Profile in Adolescents with Obesity: A Double-Blinded Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1814. [PMID: 38002905 PMCID: PMC10670718 DOI: 10.3390/children10111814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Global rates of adolescent obesity have led the World Health Organization to consider the disease a pandemic that needs focus. In search of new anti-obesity agents, Crocus sativus, popularly known as saffron, is a nutraceutical agent, praised for its beneficial effects. The study aimed to investigate the possible effect of Kozanis saffron administration on weight management of obese prediabetic adolescents. Seventy-four obese prediabetic adolescents participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of three arms, randomly assigned to receive either Kozanis saffron (n = 25, 60 mg/day), metformin (n = 25, 1000 mg/day) or a placebo (n = 24), for twelve weeks. Anthropometry, glycemic markers and lipid profiles were investigated at baseline and post-intervention. Saffron supplementation significantly reduced the weight z-score, BMI, BMI z-score and waist circumference (WC) of obese adolescents; however, this reduction was less significant compared to the effect of metformin. Metformin administration offered a significantly more profound improvement in anthropometry compared to saffron administration. Saffron administration also provided significant improvements in weight, weight z-scores, BMI values, BMI z-scores and WCs compared to the placebo. Saffron supplementation failed to change any glycemic marker, but provided a significant reduction in fasting triglyceride levels and also a significant increase in fasting HDL levels. Saffron Kozanis constitutes a promising nutraceutical option for adolescents and children with obesity and prediabetes in need of weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni P. Kotanidou
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital, Stilponos Kyriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Rengina Tsinopoulou
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital, Stilponos Kyriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Styliani Giza
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital, Stilponos Kyriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergianna Ntouma
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital, Stilponos Kyriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Angeli
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital, Stilponos Kyriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michail Chatziandreou
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital, Stilponos Kyriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsopelas
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital, Stilponos Kyriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital, Stilponos Kyriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Vafaeipour Z, Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. Effect of saffron, black seed, and their main constituents on inflammatory cytokine response (mainly TNF-α) and oxidative stress status: an aspect on pharmacological insights. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2241-2259. [PMID: 37103518 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), an inflammatory cytokine, is produced by monocytes and macrophages. It is known as a 'double-edged sword' because it is responsible for advantageous and disadvantageous events in the body system. The unfavorable incident includes inflammation, which induces some diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, cancer, and diabetes. Many medicinal plants have been found to prevent inflammation, such as saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and black seed (Nigella sativa). Therefore, the purpose of this review was to assess the pharmacological effects of saffron and black seed on TNF-α and diseases related to its imbalance. Different databases without time limitations were investigated up to 2022, including PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Web of Science. All the original articles (in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies) were collected on the effects of black seed and saffron on TNF-α. Black seed and saffron have therapeutic effects against many disorders, such as hepatotoxicity, cancer, ischemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver, by decreasing TNF-α levels based on their anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Saffron and black seed can treat a variety of diseases by suppressing TNF-α and exhibiting a variety of activities such as neuroprotective, gastroprotective, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, antitussive, bronchodilator, antidiabetic activity, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. To uncover the beneficial underlying mechanisms of black seed and saffron, more clinical trials and phytochemical research are required. Also, these two plants affect other inflammatory cytokines, hormones, and enzymes, implying that they could be used to treat a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Vafaeipour
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Xue J, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Jin D, Guo L, Li X, Zhao D, Feng X, Qi W, Zhu H. Research Progress and Molecular Mechanisms of Endothelial Cells Inflammation in Vascular-Related Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:3593-3617. [PMID: 37641702 PMCID: PMC10460614 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s418166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are widely distributed inside the vascular network, forming a vital barrier between the bloodstream and the walls of blood vessels. These versatile cells serve myriad functions, including the regulation of vascular tension and the management of hemostasis and thrombosis. Inflammation constitutes a cascade of biological responses incited by biological, chemical, or physical stimuli. While inflammation is inherently a protective mechanism, dysregulated inflammation can precipitate a host of vascular pathologies. ECs play a critical role in the genesis and progression of vascular inflammation, which has been implicated in the etiology of numerous vascular disorders, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes mellitus, and sepsis. Upon activation, ECs secrete potent inflammatory mediators that elicit both innate and adaptive immune reactions, culminating in inflammation. To date, no comprehensive and nuanced account of the research progress concerning ECs and inflammation in vascular-related maladies exists. Consequently, this review endeavors to synthesize the contributions of ECs to inflammatory processes, delineate the molecular signaling pathways involved in regulation, and categorize and consolidate the various models and treatment strategies for vascular-related diseases. It is our aspiration that this review furnishes cogent experimental evidence supporting the established link between endothelial inflammation and vascular-related pathologies, offers a theoretical foundation for clinical investigations, and imparts valuable insights for the development of therapeutic agents targeting these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Xue
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Jin
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liming Guo
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Feng
- Department of Nephropathy and Rheumatology in Children, Children’s Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Zhu
- Department of Nephropathy and Rheumatology in Children, Children’s Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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Shaik Mohamed Sayed UF, Moshawih S, Goh HP, Kifli N, Gupta G, Singh SK, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Hermansyah A, Ser HL, Ming LC, Goh BH. Natural products as novel anti-obesity agents: insights into mechanisms of action and potential for therapeutic management. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1182937. [PMID: 37408757 PMCID: PMC10318930 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1182937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity affects more than 10% of the adult population globally. Despite the introduction of diverse medications aimed at combating fat accumulation and obesity, a significant number of these pharmaceutical interventions are linked to substantial occurrences of severe adverse events, occasionally leading to their withdrawal from the market. Natural products serve as attractive sources for anti-obesity agents as many of them can alter the host metabolic processes and maintain glucose homeostasis via metabolic and thermogenic stimulation, appetite regulation, pancreatic lipase and amylase inhibition, insulin sensitivity enhancing, adipogenesis inhibition and adipocyte apoptosis induction. In this review, we shed light on the biological processes that control energy balance and thermogenesis as well as metabolic pathways in white adipose tissue browning, we also highlight the anti-obesity potential of natural products with their mechanism of action. Based on previous findings, the crucial proteins and molecular pathways involved in adipose tissue browning and lipolysis induction are uncoupling protein-1, PR domain containing 16, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in addition to Sirtuin-1 and AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. Given that some phytochemicals can also lower proinflammatory substances like TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1 secreted from adipose tissue and change the production of adipokines like leptin and adiponectin, which are important regulators of body weight, natural products represent a treasure trove for anti-obesity agents. In conclusion, conducting comprehensive research on natural products holds the potential to accelerate the development of an improved obesity management strategy characterized by heightened efficacy and reduced incidence of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Said Moshawih
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - Hui Poh Goh
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - Nurolaini Kifli
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Andi Hermansyah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas AirlanggaSurabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hooi Leng Ser
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas AirlanggaSurabaya, Indonesia
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Yazdani Y, Radahmadi M, Roustazade R. Effects of Aqueous Saffron Extract on Glucoregulation as Well as Hepatic Agt and TNF-α Gene Expression in Rats Subjected to Sub-Chronic Stress. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:117. [PMID: 37434936 PMCID: PMC10331535 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_51_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stress and saffron seem to affect glucoregulation mechanisms and insulin resistance in different ways. Impacts of the aqueous saffron extract were investigated on serum glucose levels, serum insulin levels, the homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B), the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), adrenal weight, and hepatic gene expression of angiotensinogen (Agt) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in rats under sub-chronic stress. Materials and Methods Forty-two male rats were divided into six groups: control, restraint stress (6h/day for seven days), saffron (30 and 60 mg/kg) treatments for seven days, and post-stress saffron (30 and 60 mg/kg) treatments for seven days. The serum glucose and insulin levels, hepatic gene expressions of Agt and TNF-α, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and adrenal gland weight were measured. Results One-week recovery following sub-chronic stress led to non-significant hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. The hepatic Agt and TNF-α mRNA levels increased significantly in this group. Saffron administration led to enhanced hepatic Agt mRNA in the non-stressed subjects. In addition, serum glucose levels, insulin resistance, and hepatic Agt gene expression significantly increased in stress-saffron groups. The hepatic TNF-α gene expression was reduced only in the stress-saffron 60 group. Conclusion Saffron treatment after sub-chronic stress not only did not improve glucose tolerance but also enhanced insulin resistance. It indicated the interaction of saffron and sub-chronic stress to promote renin-angiotensin system activity. In addition, the saffron treatment decreased TNF-α gene expression after sub-chronic stress. The synergistic stimulating effect of saffron and sub-chronic stress on gene expression of hepatic Agt led to insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeganeh Yazdani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Radahmadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roshanak Roustazade
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Sanaie S, Nikanfar S, Kalekhane ZY, Azizi-Zeinalhajlou A, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Araj-Khodaei M, Ayati MH, Andalib S. Saffron as a promising therapy for diabetes and Alzheimer's disease: mechanistic insights. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:137-162. [PMID: 35986812 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes mellitus is increasing with the societies' aging and has become an essential social concern worldwide. Accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau proteins in the brain are hallmarks of AD. Diabetes is an underlying risk factor for AD. Insulin resistance has been proposed to be involved in amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation in the brain. It seems that diabetic conditions can result in AD pathology by setting off a cascade of processes, including inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ROS and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) synthesis. Due to the several side effects of chemical drugs and their high cost, using herbal medicine has recently attracted attention for the treatment of diabetes and AD. Saffron and its active ingredients have been used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-AD properties. Therefore, in the present review paper, we take account of the clinical, in vivo and in vitro evidence regarding the anti-diabetic and anti-AD effects of saffron and discuss the preventive or postponing properties of saffron or its components on AD development via its anti-diabetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvin Sanaie
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saba Nikanfar
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Yousefi Kalekhane
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Azizi-Zeinalhajlou
- Student Research Committee, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Araj-Khodaei
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ayati
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sasan Andalib
- Research Unit of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Saffron against Neuro-Cognitive Disorders: An Overview of Its Main Bioactive Compounds, Their Metabolic Fate and Potential Mechanisms of Neurological Protection. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245368. [PMID: 36558528 PMCID: PMC9781906 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a spice used worldwide as a colouring and flavouring agent. Saffron is also a source of multiple bioactive constituents with potential health benefits. Notably, saffron displays consistent beneficial effects against a range of human neurological disorders (depression, anxiety, sleeping alterations). However, the specific compounds and biological mechanisms by which this protection may be achieved have not yet been elucidated. In this review, we have gathered the most updated evidence of the neurological benefits of saffron, as well as the current knowledge on the main saffron constituents, their bioavailability and the potential biological routes and postulated mechanisms by which the beneficial protective effect may occur. Our aim was to provide an overview of the neuroprotective effects attributed to this product and its main bioactive compounds and to highlight the main research gaps that need to be further pursued to achieve full evidence and understanding of the benefits of saffron. Overall, improved clinical trials and adequately designed pre-clinical studies are needed to support the evidence of saffron and of its main bioactive components (e.g., crocin, crocetin) as a therapeutic product to combat neurological disorders.
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Zamani M, Zarei M, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Gholami F, Hosseini AM, Nadery M, Shiraseb F, Asbaghi O. The effects of saffron supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1055517. [PMID: 36570145 PMCID: PMC9774508 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1055517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world and is estimated to involve more people in the next years. It is said that alternative remedies such as herbs can be used to manage the complications of this disease. For this reason, we aimed to conduct this meta-analysis to systematically assess and summarize the effects of saffron supplementation as an important herb on cardiovascular risk factors in adults. Methods A systematic search was done in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to find eligible articles up to September 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of saffron on lipid profiles, glycemic control, blood pressure, anthropometric measures, and inflammatory markers were included. In the meta-analysis, 32 studies were taken into account (n = 1674). Results Consumption of saffron significantly decreased triglyceride (TG) (WMD = -8.81 mg/dl, 95%CI: -14.33, -3.28; P = 0.002), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD = -6.87 mg/dl, 95%CI: -11.19, -2.56; P = 0.002), low density lipoprotein (LDL) (WMD = -6.71 mg/dl, 95%CI: -10.51, -2.91; P = 0.001), (P = 0.660), fasting blood glucose (FBG) level (WMD = -7.59 mg/dl, 95%CI: -11.88, -3.30; P = 0.001), HbA1c (WMD = -0.18%, 95%CI: -0.21, -0.07; P < 0.001), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD = -0.49, 95%CI: -0.89, -0.09; P = 0.016), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD = -3.42 mmHg, 95%CI: -5.80, -1.04; P = 0.005), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) (WMD = -2.54 pg/ml, 95%CI: -4.43, -0.65; P = 0.008), waist circumference (WC) (WMD = -1.50 cm; 95%CI: -2.83, -0.18; P = 0.026), malondialdehyde (MDA) (WMD = -1.50 uM/L, 95%CI: -2.42, -0.57; P = 0.001), and alanine transferase (ALT) (WMD = -2.16 U/L, 95%CI: -4.10, -0.23; P = 0.028). Also, we observed that saffron had an increasing effect on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (WMD = 0.07 mM/L, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.13; P = 0.032). There was linear regression between FBG and the duration of saffron intake. Additionally, the non-linear dose-response analysis has shown a significant association of saffron intervention with HDL (P = 0.049), HOMA-IR (P = 0.002), weight (P = 0.036), ALP (P = 0.016), FBG (P = 0.011), HbA1c (P = 0.002), and TNF-α (P = 0.042). A non-linear association between the length of the intervention and the level of HDL and DBP was also found. Discussion That seems saffron could effectively improve TG, TC, LDL, FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, SBP, CRP, TNF-α, WC, MDA, TAC, and ALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zamani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Zarei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Gholami
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdi Hosseini
- Faculty of Medical Sciences and Technologies, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nadery
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Farideh Shiraseb
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Farideh Shiraseb,
| | - Omid Asbaghi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Omid Asbaghi,
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Zamzuri M‘AIA, Mansor J, Nurumal SR, Jamhari MN, Arifin MA, Nawi AM. HERBAL ANTIOXIDANTS AS TERTIARY PREVENTION AGAINST CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Effect of 8 Weeks Aerobic Training and Saffron Supplementation on Inflammation and Metabolism in Middle-Aged Obese Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10110167. [PMID: 36355818 PMCID: PMC9697862 DOI: 10.3390/sports10110167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of 8-week aerobic training (AT) and saffron supplementation on inflammation and metabolism in middle-aged obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Thirty-two obese women with T2DM were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 in all groups): saffron + training (ST), placebo + training (PT), saffron supplementation (SS), and placebo (P). The ST and PT groups performed eight weeks of aerobic training (AT) (three sessions/week at 60−75% HRmax). A daily dose of 400 mg saffron powder was consumed by the ST and SS groups for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken after 12 h of fasting, 48 h before the first AT session, 48 h and two weeks after the last AT session. Results: AT, saffron supplementation, and their combination affected body mass index (BMI), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and serum levels of insulin, adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) (p < 0.05). However, body weight, body fat percentage, and serum levels of glucose, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), irisin, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) showed significant changes in the ST group only (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant difference was seen between all factors in post-training and follow-up in the ST group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Saffron supplementation at a dose of 400 mg/day, when combined with AT, could improve inflammation, metabolism, glycemic status, and lipid profile in T2DM patients, and these changes are sustainable at up to 2 weeks of detraining.
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Sani A, Tajik A, Seiiedi SS, Khadem R, Tootooni H, Taherynejad M, Sabet Eqlidi N, Alavi dana SMM, Deravi N. A review of the anti-diabetic potential of saffron. Nutr Metab Insights 2022; 15:11786388221095223. [PMID: 35911474 PMCID: PMC9335478 DOI: 10.1177/11786388221095223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders that affect people of all genders, ages, and races. Medicinal herbs have gained attention from researchers and have been widely investigated for their antidiabetic potential. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its main constituents, that is, crocin and crocetin, are natural carotenoid compounds, widely known to possess a wide spectrum of properties and induce pleiotropic anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and neuro-protective effects. An increasing number of experimental, animal and human studies have investigated the effects and mechanism of action of these compounds and their potential therapeutic use in the treatment of diabetes. This narrative review presents the key findings of published clinical studies that examined the effects of saffron and/or its constituents in the context of diabetes mellitus. Moreover, an overview of the proposed underlying mechanisms mediating these effects, the medicinal applications of saffron, and the new findings regarding its effect on diabetes and various cellular and molecular mechanisms of action will be debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Sani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Tajik
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seiied Sina Seiiedi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medicine, Ardabil branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Razieh Khadem
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Haniye Tootooni
- Student Research Committee, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Nasim Sabet Eqlidi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Niloofar Deravi, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Arabi Ave, Daneshjoo Blvd, Velenjak, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran.
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14
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Heydarian A, Kashani AHF, Masoodi M, Aryaeian N, Vafa M, Tahvilian N, Hosseini AF, Fallah S, Moradi N, Farsi F. Effects of Saffron Supplementation on Serum Inflammatory Markers and Quality of Life in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Tahmasbi F, Araj-Khodaei M, Mahmoodpoor A, Sanaie S. Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices in overweight and obese patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3394-3414. [PMID: 35866520 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of obesity is approximately tripled between 1975 and 2016 according to World Health Organization; therefore, obesity is now considered a global pandemic that needs academic and clinical focus. In search of antiobesity agents, Crocus sativus, known widely as saffron, has been praised for its beneficial effects. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted to investigate the weight lowering effect of saffron. Following PRISMA guidelines, several medical databases were comprehensively searched for RCTs with a population consisting of obese individuals. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool estimates across studies, and standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to synthesize quantitative results. Twenty-five RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis showed a nonsignificant decrease for weight (-0.32 kg; CI: -3.15, 2.51; p = 0.82), BMI (-0.06 kg/m2 ;CI:-1.04,0.93; p = .91), waist circumference (-1.23 cm; CI: -4.14, 1.68; p = .41), and hip circumference (-0.38 cm; CI: -5.99, 5.23; p = .89) and a significant decrease of waist-to-hip ratio (SMD = -0.41; CI: -0.73, -0.09; p = .01; I2 = 0%). The mean difference in fasting blood sugar showed a significant reduction in patients with metabolic syndrome (SMD = -0.30; 95% CI: -0.63, 0.03; p = .07; I2 = 0.37%) but a nonsignificant change in the HbA1C level (WMD = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.41; p = .79). Despite bearing several limitations, mainly as a result of heterogeneity among included studies, the available evidence indicates saffron supplementation shows promising effects on some cardiometabolic factors among overweight to obese patients; however, further investigations and high-quality evidence are required for more generalizable and comprehensive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Tahmasbi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Araj-Khodaei
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Persian medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Anesthesiology and critical care department, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Chattopadhyay K, Wang H, Kaur J, Nalbant G, Almaqhawi A, Kundakci B, Panniyammakal J, Heinrich M, Lewis SA, Greenfield SM, Tandon N, Biswas TK, Kinra S, Leonardi-Bee J. Effectiveness and Safety of Ayurvedic Medicines in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:821810. [PMID: 35754481 PMCID: PMC9213670 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.821810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Many Ayurvedic medicines have the potential for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with previous systematic reviews demonstrating effectiveness and safety for specific Ayurvedic medicines. However, many of the reviews need updating and none provide a comprehensive summary of all the Ayurvedic medicines evaluated for managing T2DM. Objective: The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate and synthesize evidence on the effectiveness and safety of Ayurvedic medicines for managing T2DM. Inclusion criteria: Published and unpublished RCTs assessing the effectiveness and safety of Ayurvedic medicines for managing T2DM in adults. Methods: The JBI systematic review methodology was followed. A comprehensive search of sources (including 18 electronic databases) from inception to 16 January 2021 was made. No language restrictions were applied. Data synthesis was conducted using narrative synthesis and random effects meta-analyses, where appropriate. Pooled results are reported as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Out of 32,519 records identified from the searches, 219 articles were included in the systematic review representing 199 RCTs (21,191 participants) of 98 Ayurvedic medicines. Overall, in the studies reviewed the methodology was not adequately reported, resulting in poorer methodological quality scoring. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was reduced using Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa (MD -1.6%; 95% CI −3 to −0.3), Boswellia serrata Roxb. (−0.5; −0.7 to −0.4), Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (−1; −1.5 to −0.6), Momordica charantia L. (−0.3; −0.4 to −0.1), Nigella sativa L. (−0.4; −0.6 to −0.1), Plantago ovata Forssk. (−0.9; −1.4 to −0.3), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. and Thomson (−0.5; −0.6 to −0.5), Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (−0.6; −0.9 to −0.4), and Urtica dioica L. (−1.3; −2.4 to −0.2) compared to control. Similarly, fasting blood glucose (FBG) was reduced by 4–56 mg/dl for a range of Ayurvedic medicines. Very few studies assessed health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Adverse events were not reported in many studies, and if reported, these were mostly none to mild and predominately related to the gastrointestinal tract. Conclusion: The current evidence suggests the benefit of a range of Ayurvedic medicines in improving glycemic control in T2DM patients. Given the limitations of the available evidence and to strengthen the evidence base, high-quality RCTs should be conducted and reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Chattopadhyay
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,The Nottingham Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare: A JBI Centre of Excellence, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Haiquan Wang
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gamze Nalbant
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Almaqhawi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Burak Kundakci
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jeemon Panniyammakal
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Anne Lewis
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tuhin Kanti Biswas
- Department of Kayachikitsa, J B Roy State Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Sanjay Kinra
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Leonardi-Bee
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,The Nottingham Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare: A JBI Centre of Excellence, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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17
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Sepahi S, Golfakhrabadi M, Bonakdaran S, Lotfi H, Mohajeri SA. Effect of crocin on diabetic patients a Placebo- controlled, triple-blinded clinical trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 50:255-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Mojtahedi S, Hooshmand-Moghadam B, Rosenkranz S, Shourideh Z, Amirshaghaghi F, Shabkhiz F. Improvement of inflammatory status following saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and resistance training in elderly hypertensive men: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol 2022; 162:111756. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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19
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Moghadam BH, Rashidlamir A, Hosseini SRA, Gaeini AA, Kaviani M. The Effects of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in conjunction with Concurrent Training on body composition, glycemic status, and inflammatory markers in obese men with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:3256-3271. [PMID: 35001410 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Chronic inflammation is one of the major challenges in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our primary aim was to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) supplementation and concurrent training in obese men with T2DM. METHODS Sixty obese men with T2DM (age = 39 ± 5 years; body mass = 93.9 ± 6 kg) were randomly assigned to four groups; concurrent training + placebo (CT; n = 15), saffron supplementation (S; n = 15), concurrent training + saffron supplementation (CTS; n = 15), or control (CON; n = 15). The participants in the CT group performed concurrent training (resistance + aerobic) three times per week for 12 weeks and received daily one pill of placebo (maltodextrin); the participants in the S group supplemented with one pill of 100 mg of saffron daily, and the participants in the CTS group participated in both saffron and training intervention while CON group continued regular lifestyle (no training or no supplementation). Inflammatory markers, body composition (evaluated by a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance device; Jawon X-Contact 356), and metabolic profile were evaluated before and after interventions. RESULTS All three interventions significantly (p<0.05) decreased TNF-α (CT = -4.22, S = -1.91, CTS = -9.69 pg/mL), hs-CRP (CT = -0.13, S = -0.1, CTS = -0.32 ng/mL), IL-6 (CT = -6.84, S = -6.36, CTS = -13.55 pg/mL), IL-1β (CT = -8.85, S = -6.46, CTS = -19.8 pg/mL), FBG (CT = -6.97, S = -2.45, CTS = -13.86 mg/dL), insulin (CT = -0.13, S = -0.03, CTS = -0.21 mU/L), HOMA-IR (CT = -0.12, S = -0.04, CTS = -0.21), HbA1c (CT = -0.17, S = -0.11, CTS = -0.26 %), and increased IL-10 (CT = 1.09, S= 0.53, CTS = 2.27 pg/mL) concentrations. There was a positive correlation between changes in BFP with hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and IL-10 concentrations across the intervention groups. Additionally, significant differences were observed between the changes for all variables in the CTS group compared to CT, S, and CON groups (p<0.05) CONCLUSION: It seems that an interactive of saffron supplementation and concurrent training has more efficient effects on the anti-inflammatory status compared to the saffron supplementation or concurrent training alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Rashidlamir
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Ali Gaeini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
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20
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Nasimi Doost Azgomi R, Karimi A, Zarshenas MM, Moini Jazani A. The mechanisms of saffron (Crocus sativus') on the inflammatory pathways of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102365. [PMID: 34923214 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and amis: Diabetes is one of the major medical problems, which can lead to damage to cells or organs in various parts of the body. Saffron as herbal medicine has contained several active ingredients, including safranal, flavonoids, crocetin, and crocin, which are effective in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation, which can play the main role in reducing the effects of diabetes. However, so far, the effect of saffron on diabetes inflammation has not been evaluated in the form of systematic review studies. The purpose of this systematic study was to evaluate the evidence obtained from in-vitro, animal, and clinical trials studies on the effects of saffron on inflammation in diabetes. METHODS The present systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statements. In this systematic review, databases such as Embase, Pubmed, SCOPUS, ProQuest, and sciences direct database were searched from the beginning to February 2021. All eligible in-vitro, animal and human studies that examined the effect of saffron on inflammatory factors in diabetes were published in the form of a full article in English. RESULTS In the end, only 20 of the 596 articles met the criteria for analysis. Of the 20 articles, 3 were in-vitro studies, 13 were animal studies, and 4 were human studies. CONCLUSION The findings of this systematic study (Except for two studies) suggest that saffron supplementation with potential anti-inflammatory properties may reduce the expression of the inflammatory pathway and the production of inflammatory products in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Nasimi Doost Azgomi
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Arash Karimi
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Zarshenas
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Moini Jazani
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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21
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Miri S, Sheikhha MH, Dastgheib SA, Shaker SA, Neamatzadeh H. Association of ACE I/D and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphisms with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1191-1197. [PMID: 34900771 PMCID: PMC8630325 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies were carried out to assess the association of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) I/D and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1-1) 4G/5G polymorphisms with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, there are a few studies in Iranian patients with T2DM. Here, we tested for an association of ACE I/D and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphisms with T2DM risk. METHODS One hundred-eighteen patients with T2DM and 125 healthy subjects were participates in this study. The ACE I/D (rs4340) and PAI-1 4G/5G (rs1799889) polymorphisms was genotyped by conventional and PCR-RFLP assays, receptively. The associations was evaluated by calculating the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS The genotype distribution of ACE I/D and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphisms were not deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in healthy controls. The ACE II, ID, and DD genotype frequencies were 18.6%, 48.3%, and 33.1% in the T2DM patients versus 24.0%, 45.6% and 30.4% in healthy subjects, respectively. The PAI-1 4G/4G, 4G/5G, and 5G/5G genotype frequencies were 16.9%, 51.7%, and 31.4% in cases versus 24.8%, 57.6% and 17.6% in controls, respectively. There is a significant distribution in genotype/allele of PAI-1 4G/4G between cases with T2DM and healthy control, but not for ACE I/D. Moreover, the 5G/5G genotype is significantly (OR = 2.139, CI 95% 1.171-3.907, p = 0.013) increased the risk of T2DM by two folds in the cases than healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that PAI-1 4G/5G may be likelihood risk factor for the development of T2DM in the Iranian patients. The higher frequency of PAI-1 5G/5G genotype in patients with T2DM revealed that individuals with the 5G allele may be at higher risk of T2DM development than those with 4G. However, there was no significant association between ACE I/D polymorphism and T2DM in our population. Future rigorous, well-designed studies with larger sample should replicate this study to confirm our findings in Iranian T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Miri
- Department of Biology, Ashkezar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ashkezar, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Alireza Dastgheib
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Shaker
- Department of Anatomy School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Neamatzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Mother and Newborn Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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22
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Rahaman A, Kumari A, Farooq MA, Zeng XA, Hassan S, Khalifa I, Aadil RM, Jahangir Chughtai MF, Khaliq A, Ahmad N, Wajid MA. Novel Extraction Techniques: An Effective Way to Retrieve the Bioactive Compounds from Saffron (Crocus Sativus). FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1967377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rahaman
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ankita Kumari
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Adil Farooq
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Khwaja Fareed University Engineering and Information Technology, Rahimyar, Pakistan
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China
| | - Sadia Hassan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim Khalifa
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farhan Jahangir Chughtai
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Khwaja Fareed University Engineering and Information Technology, Rahimyar, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khaliq
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Khwaja Fareed University Engineering and Information Technology, Rahimyar, Pakistan
| | - Nabeel Ahmad
- School of Biotechnology, Iftm University, Moradabad, India
| | - Mohd Anas Wajid
- Department of Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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23
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Partial Characterization of the Impact of Saffron on the Sensory and Physicochemical Quality Traits of Dry-Cured Ham. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071506. [PMID: 34209860 PMCID: PMC8305926 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effect of adding three concentrations of saffron (A: high, B: medium, and C: low) on vacuum-packaged dry-cured ham slices. The pH and the color coordinates were assessed at 0, 7, 14, 28 and 60 days of storage, and sensorial quality (visual appearance, odor and flavor) and safranal content were analyzed at 7, 14, 28 and 60 days. Saffron concentration did not significantly affect the pH or color (except in a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) at day 28; p < 0.001). Storage period affected pH values (p < 0.001) in all groups with a significant decline from day 28 (p < 0.05); the color coordinates showed a high stability (only L* (lightness) varied in the C group samples; p < 0.01). Sensorial quality did not vary with the time in any group. Significant differences were found among groups in visual appearance (p < 0.05) and flavor (p < 0.001) at day 14 and in odor at day 14, 28, and 60. In general, the C group samples obtained the highest scores. Safranal content varied significantly with the time in a different way in each group, with differences among groups at day 14 and 60 (p < 0.001).
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24
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Behrouz V, Sohrab G, Hedayati M, Sedaghat M. Inflammatory markers response to crocin supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4022-4031. [PMID: 33856733 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress is a risk factor for the development of long-term consequences in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was designed to investigate the effects of crocin consumption on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in patients with T2DM. In this clinical trial with a parallel-group design, 50 patients with T2DM were randomly assigned to either the crocin or the placebo group. The crocin group received 15 mg crocin twice daily, whereas the placebo group received corresponding placebos. At baseline and the end of week 12, serum high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-ɑ), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Compared with placebo group, crocin reduced hs-CRP (-1.03 vs. 1.42, p = .007), TNF-ɑ (-0.8 vs. 0.28, p = .009), and NF-κB (-0.39 vs. 0.01, p = .047) after 12 weeks intervention; these improvements were also significant in comparison with the baseline values. Plasma IL-6 decreased significantly in the crocin group at the end of week 12 compared to baseline (p = .037), whereas no significant change was observed in the placebo group. Plasma concentration of MDA did not change within and between groups after intervention. This study indicates that daily administration of 30 mg crocin supplement to patients with T2DM reduces the concentrations of hs-CRP, TNF-ɑ, and NF-κB which are involved in the pathogenesis of complications of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Behrouz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Golbon Sohrab
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meghdad Sedaghat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam-Hossein General Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Cerdá-Bernad D, Valero-Cases E, Pastor JJ, Frutos MJ. Saffron bioactives crocin, crocetin and safranal: effect on oxidative stress and mechanisms of action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:3232-3249. [PMID: 33356506 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1864279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is used as a spice for its organoleptic characteristics related to its coloring and flavoring properties, and it has been also used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. The main chemical components responsible for these properties are crocin, crocetin and safranal. These compounds have been shown to have a wide spectrum of biological activities, including several properties as antigenotoxic, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, hypotensive, hypoglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antidegenerative and antidepressant, among others. This review article highlights the antioxidant effects of these bioactive compounds to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the mechanisms of action involved, since there are a multitude of diseases related to oxidative stress and the generation of free radicals (FRs). Recent studies have shown that the effects of crocin, crocetin and safranal against oxidative stress include the reduction in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA] levels) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, and the increase in the levels of glutathione, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase [GPx]) and thiol content. Therefore, due to the great antioxidant effects of these saffron compounds, it makes saffron a potential source of bioactive extracts for the development of bioactive ingredients, which can be used to produce functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Cerdá-Bernad
- Research Group on Quality and Safety, Food Technology Department, Miguel Hernández University, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Estefanía Valero-Cases
- Research Group on Quality and Safety, Food Technology Department, Miguel Hernández University, Orihuela, Spain
| | | | - María José Frutos
- Research Group on Quality and Safety, Food Technology Department, Miguel Hernández University, Orihuela, Spain
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