1
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Lemieux A, Sannier G, Nicolas A, Nayrac M, Delgado GG, Cloutier R, Brassard N, Laporte M, Duchesne M, Sreng Flores AM, Finzi A, Tastet O, Dubé M, Kaufmann DE. Enhanced detection of antigen-specific T cells by a multiplexed AIM assay. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2024; 4:100690. [PMID: 38228152 PMCID: PMC10831934 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Broadly applicable methods to identify and characterize antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are key to immunology research, including studies of vaccine responses and immunity to infectious diseases. We developed a multiplexed activation-induced marker (AIM) assay that presents several advantages compared to single pairs of AIMs. The simultaneous measurement of four AIMs (CD69, 4-1BB, OX40, and CD40L) creates six AIM pairs that define CD4+ T cell populations with partial and variable overlap. When combined in an AND/OR Boolean gating strategy for analysis, this approach enhances CD4+ T cell detection compared to any single AIM pair, while CD8+ T cells are dominated by CD69/4-1BB co-expression. Supervised and unsupervised clustering analyses show differential expression of the AIMs in defined T helper lineages and that multiplexing mitigates phenotypic biases. Paired and unpaired comparisons of responses to infections (HIV and cytomegalovirus [CMV]) and vaccination (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) validate the robustness and versatility of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrée Lemieux
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gérémy Sannier
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandre Nicolas
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Rose Cloutier
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, USA; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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He R, Zheng X, Zhang J, Liu B, Wang Q, Wu Q, Liu Z, Chang F, Hu Y, Xie T, Liu Y, Chen J, Yang J, Teng S, Lu R, Pan D, Wang Y, Peng L, Huang W, Terzieva V, Liu W, Wang Y, Li YP, Qu X. SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T FH cells exhibit unique responses in infected and vaccinated individuals. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:393. [PMID: 37802996 PMCID: PMC10558553 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for preventing reinfection. The production of neutralizing antibody (nAb) and B cell differentiation are tightly regulated by T follicular help (TFH) cells. However, the longevity and functional role of TFH cell subsets in COVID-19 convalescents and vaccine recipients remain poorly defined. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection and inactivated vaccine elicited both spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cell and CXCR3- TFH cell responses, which showed distinct response patterns. Spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells exhibit a dominant and more durable response than CXCR3- TFH cells that positively correlated with antibody responses. A third booster dose preferentially expands the spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cell subset induced by two doses of inactivated vaccine, contributing to antibody maturation and potency. Functionally, spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells have a greater ability to induce spike-specific antibody secreting cells (ASCs) differentiation compared to spike-specific CXCR3- TFH cells. In conclusion, the persistent and functional role of spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination may play an important role in antibody maintenance and recall response, thereby conferring long-term protection. The findings from this study will inform the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines aiming to induce long-term protective immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhang He
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China & MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, 421001, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Zheng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China & MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, 421001, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Qijie Wang
- The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, 422000, Shaoyang, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, 501180, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Liu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Chang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, 501180, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yabin Hu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Ting Xie
- The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, 422000, Shaoyang, China
| | - Yongchen Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, 501180, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Shishan Teng
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Rui Lu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Dong Pan
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - You Wang
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, China
| | - Liting Peng
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Key Laboratory of Biological Product Quality Research and Evaluation of National Medical Products Administration, 102629, Beijing, China
| | - Velislava Terzieva
- Laboratory of OMICs Technologies, Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction "Acad. Kiril Bratanov", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Wenpei Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China & MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, 421001, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Key Laboratory of Biological Product Quality Research and Evaluation of National Medical Products Administration, 102629, Beijing, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, 501180, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaowang Qu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China & MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, 421001, Hengyang, China.
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China.
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3
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Dubé M, Tastet O, Dufour C, Sannier G, Brassard N, Delgado GG, Pagliuzza A, Richard C, Nayrac M, Routy JP, Prat A, Estes JD, Fromentin R, Chomont N, Kaufmann DE. Spontaneous HIV expression during suppressive ART is associated with the magnitude and function of HIV-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1507-1522.e5. [PMID: 37708853 PMCID: PMC10542967 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous transcription and translation of HIV can persist during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). The quantity, phenotype, and biological relevance of this spontaneously "active" reservoir remain unclear. Using multiplexed single-cell RNAflow-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we detect active HIV transcription in 14/18 people with HIV on suppressive ART, with a median of 28/million CD4+ T cells. While these cells predominantly exhibit abortive transcription, p24-expressing cells are evident in 39% of participants. Phenotypically diverse, active reservoirs are enriched in central memory T cells and CCR6- and activation-marker-expressing cells. The magnitude of the active reservoir positively correlates with total HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and with multiple HIV-specific T cell clusters identified by unsupervised analysis. These associations are particularly strong with p24-expressing active reservoir cells. Single-cell vDNA sequencing shows that active reservoirs are largely dominated by defective proviruses. Our data suggest that these reservoirs maintain HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T responses during suppressive ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Dubé
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Caroline Dufour
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Gérémy Sannier
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gloria-Gabrielle Delgado
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Amélie Pagliuzza
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Corentin Richard
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Manon Nayrac
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre (CUSM), Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Trunfio M, Mighetto L, Napoli L, Atzori C, Nigra M, Guastamacchia G, Bonora S, Di Perri G, Calcagno A. Cerebrospinal Fluid CXCL13 as Candidate Biomarker of Intrathecal Immune Activation, IgG Synthesis and Neurocognitive Impairment in People with HIV. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:169-182. [PMID: 37166552 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasma C-X-C-motif chemokine ligand-13 (CXCL13) has been linked to disease progression and mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH) and is a candidate target for immune-based strategies for HIV cure. Its role in central nervous system (CNS) of PLWH has not been detailed. We described CSF CXCL13 levels and its potential associations with neurological outcomes. Cross-sectional study enrolling PLWH without confounding for CXCL13 production. Subjects were divided according to CSF HIV-RNA in undetectable (< 20 cp/mL) and viremics. CSF CXCL13, and biomarkers of blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, intrathecal synthesis, and immune activation were measured by commercial immunoturbidimetric and ELISA assays. All subjects underwent neurocognitive assessment. Sensitivity analyses were conducted in subjects with intact BBB only. 175 participants were included. Detectable CSF CXCL13 was more common in the viremic (31.4%) compared to the undetectable group (13.5%; OR 2.9 [1.4-6.3], p = 0.006), but median levels did not change (15.8 [8.2-91.0] vs 10.0 [8.1-14.2] pg/mL). In viremics (n = 86), CXCL13 associated with higher CSF HIV-RNA, proteins, neopterin, intrathecal synthesis and BBB permeability. In undetectable participants (n = 89), CXCL13 associated with higher CD4+T-cells count, CD4/CD8 ratio, CSF proteins, neopterin, and intrathecal synthesis. The presence of CXCL13 in the CSF of undetectable participants was associated with increased odds of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (58.3% vs 28.6%, p = 0.041). Sensitivity analyses confirmed all these findings. CXCL13 is detectable in the CSF of PLWH that show increased intrathecal IgG synthesis and immune activation. In PLWH with CSF viral suppression, CXCL13 was also associated with neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Trunfio
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, 10149, Italy.
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Mighetto
- Diagnostic Laboratory Unit, Maria Vittoria Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Torino, 10144, Italy
| | - Laura Napoli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, 10149, Italy
| | - Cristiana Atzori
- Unit of Neurology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Torino, 10144, Italy
| | - Marco Nigra
- Diagnostic Laboratory Unit, Maria Vittoria Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Torino, 10144, Italy
| | - Giulia Guastamacchia
- Unit of Neurology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Torino, 10144, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, 10149, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, 10149, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, 10149, Italy
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5
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Nguyen NX, Richens AW, Sircy LM, Allard DE, Kolawole EM, Evavold BD, Bettini M, Hale JS. Immunogen-Specific Strengths and Limitations of the Activation-Induced Marker Assay for Assessing Murine Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:916-925. [PMID: 36883856 PMCID: PMC10038905 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The activation-induced marker (AIM) assay is a cytokine-independent technique to identify Ag-specific T cells based on the upregulated expression of activation markers after Ag restimulation. The method offers an alternative to intracellular cytokine staining in immunological studies, in which limited cytokine production makes the cell subsets of interest difficult to detect. Studies of lymphocytes in human and nonhuman primates have used the AIM assay to detect Ag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, there is a lack of validation of the strengths and limitations of the assay in murine (Mus musculus) models of infection and vaccination. In this study, we analyzed immune responses of TCR-transgenic CD4+ T cells, including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific SMARTA, OVA-specific OT-II, and diabetogenic BDC2.5-transgenic T cells, and measured the ability of the AIM assay to effectively identify these cells to upregulate AIM markers OX40 and CD25 following culture with cognate Ag. Our findings indicate that the AIM assay is effective for identifying the relative frequency of protein immunization-induced effector and memory CD4+ T cells, whereas the AIM assay had reduced ability to identify specific cells induced by viral infection, particularly during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Evaluation of polyclonal CD4+ T cell responses to acute viral infection demonstrated that the AIM assay can detect a proportion of both high- and low-affinity cells. Together, our findings indicate that the AIM assay can be an effective tool for relative quantification of murine Ag-specific CD4+ T cells to protein vaccination, while demonstrating its limitations during conditions of acute and chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen X Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Andrew W Richens
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Linda M Sircy
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Denise E Allard
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Maria Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - J Scott Hale
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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6
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Sannier G, Nicolas A, Dubé M, Marchitto L, Nayrac M, Tastet O, Chatterjee D, Tauzin A, Lima-Barbosa R, Laporte M, Cloutier R, Sreng Flores AM, Boutin M, Gong SY, Benlarbi M, Ding S, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Goyette G, Brassard N, Delgado GG, Niessl J, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Rios N, Tremblay C, Martel-Laferrière V, Prat A, Bélair J, Beaubien-Souligny W, Goupil R, Nadeau-Fredette AC, Lamarche C, Finzi A, Suri RS, Kaufmann DE. A third SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose in people receiving hemodialysis overcomes B cell defects but elicits a skewed CD4 + T cell profile. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100955. [PMID: 36863335 PMCID: PMC9902290 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular immune defects associated with suboptimal responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccination in people receiving hemodialysis (HD) are poorly understood. We longitudinally analyze antibody, B cell, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell vaccine responses in 27 HD patients and 26 low-risk control individuals (CIs). The first two doses elicit weaker B cell and CD8+ T cell responses in HD than in CI, while CD4+ T cell responses are quantitatively similar. In HD, a third dose robustly boosts B cell responses, leads to convergent CD8+ T cell responses, and enhances comparatively more T helper (TH) immunity. Unsupervised clustering of single-cell features reveals phenotypic and functional shifts over time and between cohorts. The third dose attenuates some features of TH cells in HD (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα]/interleukin [IL]-2 skewing), while others (CCR6, CXCR6, programmed cell death protein 1 [PD-1], and HLA-DR overexpression) persist. Therefore, a third vaccine dose is critical to achieving robust multifaceted immunity in hemodialysis patients, although some distinct TH characteristics endure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérémy Sannier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alexandre Nicolas
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Debashree Chatterjee
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Mélanie Laporte
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Rose Cloutier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alina M Sreng Flores
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Marianne Boutin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Shang Yu Gong
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Catherine Bourassa
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Gendron-Lepage
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Halima Medjahed
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Guillaume Goyette
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gloria-Gabrielle Delgado
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Julia Niessl
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Laurie Gokool
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Chantal Morrisseau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Pascale Arlotto
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Norka Rios
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Justin Bélair
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - William Beaubien-Souligny
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Nephrology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3X 3E4, Canada
| | - Rémi Goupil
- Centre de Recherche of the Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Annie-Claire Nadeau-Fredette
- Nephrology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3X 3E4, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Centre de Recherche of the Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Caroline Lamarche
- Nephrology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3X 3E4, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Centre de Recherche of the Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Rita S Suri
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Nicolas A, Sannier G, Dubé M, Nayrac M, Tauzin A, Painter MM, Goel RR, Laporte M, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Williams JC, Brassard N, Niessl J, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Tremblay C, Martel-Laferrière V, Finzi A, Greenplate AR, Wherry EJ, Kaufmann DE. An extended SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine prime-boost interval enhances B cell immunity with limited impact on T cells. iScience 2023; 26:105904. [PMID: 36594081 PMCID: PMC9797215 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spacing the first two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines beyond 3-4 weeks raised initial concerns about vaccine efficacy. While studies have since shown that long-interval regimens induce robust antibody responses, their impact on B and T cell immunity is poorly known. Here, we compare SARS-CoV-2 naive donors B and T cell responses to two mRNA vaccine doses administered 3-4 versus 16 weeks apart. After boost, the longer interval results in a higher magnitude and a more mature phenotype of RBD-specific B cells. While the two geographically distinct cohorts present quantitative and qualitative differences in T cell responses at baseline and after priming, the second dose led to convergent features with overall similar magnitude, phenotype, and function of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses at post-boost memory time points. Therefore, compared to standard regimens, a 16-week interval has a favorable impact on the B cell compartment but minimally affects T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Nicolas
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gérémy Sannier
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mark M. Painter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Immune Health®, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rishi R. Goel
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Immune Health®, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Justine C. Williams
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Julia Niessl
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Laurie Gokool
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | | | | | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Allison R. Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Immune Health®, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Immune Health®, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Gao X, Luo K, Wang D, Wei Y, Yao Y, Deng J, Yang Y, Zeng Q, Dong X, Xiong L, Gong D, Lin L, Pohl K, Liu S, Liu Y, Liu L, Nguyen THO, Allen LF, Kedzierska K, Jin Y, Du MR, Chen W, Lu L, Shen N, Liu Z, Cockburn IA, Luo W, Yu D. T follicular helper 17 (Tfh17) cells are superior for immunological memory maintenance. eLife 2023; 12:82217. [PMID: 36655976 PMCID: PMC9891720 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A defining feature of successful vaccination is the ability to induce long-lived antigen-specific memory cells. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells specialize in providing help to B cells in mounting protective humoral immunity in infection and after vaccination. Memory Tfh cells that retain the CXCR5 expression can confer protection through enhancing humoral response upon antigen re-exposure but how they are maintained is poorly understood. CXCR5+ memory Tfh cells in human blood are divided into Tfh1, Tfh2, and Tfh17 cells by the expression of chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR6 associated with Th1 and Th17, respectively. Here, we developed a new method to induce Tfh1, Tfh2, and Tfh17-like (iTfh1, iTfh2, and iTfh17) mouse cells in vitro. Although all three iTfh subsets efficiently support antibody responses in recipient mice with immediate immunization, iTfh17 cells are superior to iTfh1 and iTfh2 cells in supporting antibody response to a later immunization after extended resting in vivo to mimic memory maintenance. Notably, the counterpart human Tfh17 cells are selectively enriched in CCR7+ central memory Tfh cells with survival and proliferative advantages. Furthermore, the analysis of multiple human cohorts that received different vaccines for HBV, influenza virus, tetanus toxin or measles revealed that vaccine-specific Tfh17 cells outcompete Tfh1 or Tfh2 cells for the persistence in memory phase. Therefore, the complementary mouse and human results showing the advantage of Tfh17 cells in maintenance and memory function supports the notion that Tfh17-induced immunization might be preferable in vaccine development to confer long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Immunology and Infectious Disease Division, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kaiming Luo
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Diya Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yunbo Wei
- Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of SciencesJinanChina
| | - Yin Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jun Deng
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Qunxiong Zeng
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoru Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Le Xiong
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dongcheng Gong
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kai Pohl
- Immunology and Infectious Disease Division, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Shaoling Liu
- Shanghai Children's Medical Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Liu
- Shanghai Children's Medical Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lu Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University (Shanghai Red House Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital)ShanghaiChina
| | - Thi HO Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Lilith F Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Yanliang Jin
- Shanghai Children's Medical Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mei-Rong Du
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University (Shanghai Red House Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital)ShanghaiChina
| | - Wanping Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Liangjing Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Nan Shen
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Immunology and Infectious Disease Division, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Di Yu
- Immunology and Infectious Disease Division, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Ian Frazer Centre for Children’s Immunotherapy Research, Children’s Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
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9
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Brunet-Ratnasingham E, Morou A, Dubé M, Niessl J, Baxter AE, Tastet O, Brassard N, Ortega-Delgado G, Charlebois R, Freeman GJ, Tremblay C, Routy JP, Kaufmann DE. Immune checkpoint expression on HIV-specific CD4+ T cells and response to their blockade are dependent on lineage and function. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104254. [PMID: 36150362 PMCID: PMC9508408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) partially reverses the dysfunctional state of antigen-specific T cell in chronic infections. However, its impact on the diverse subsets of CD4+ T cells in humans is largely unknown. Methods We examined immune checkpoint (IC) expression and function in HIV-specific CD4+ T cells of viremic individuals (≥5000 vRNA cp/ml, n = 17) prior to ART and persons with spontaneous (n = 11) or therapy-induced (n = 16) viral suppression (<40 cp/ml). We investigated IC patterns associated with exhaustion-related transcription factors and chemokine receptors using activation-induced marker assays. We determined effector functions representative of TFH, TH1, and TH17/TH22 using RNA flow cytometric fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We compared increase in cytokine expression upon ICB across functions and patient status. Findings Expression of dysfunction-related molecules, such as transcription factors and ICs PD-1, TIGIT, and CD200, followed a hierarchy associated with infection status and effector profile. In vitro responsiveness to PD-L1 blockade varied with defined functions rather than IC levels: frequencies of cells with TH1- and TH17/TH22-, but not TFH-related functions, increased. Cells co-expressing TH1 and TFH functions showed response to ICB, suggesting that the cell's state rather than function dictates responsiveness to PD-L1 blockade. Response to PD-L1 blockade was strongest in viremic participants and reduced after ART initiation. Interpretation Our data highlight a polarization-specific regulation of IC expression and differing sensitivities of antigen-specific T helper subsets to PD-1-mediated inhibition. This heterogeneity may direct and constrain ICB efficacy in restoring CD4+ T cell function in HIV infection and other diseases. Funding NIH, CIHR, CFI, FRQS
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Brunet-Ratnasingham
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antigoni Morou
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julia Niessl
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gloria Ortega-Delgado
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roxanne Charlebois
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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10
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Wang B, Wang M, Ao D, Wei X. CXCL13-CXCR5 axis: Regulation in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188799. [PMID: 36103908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 13 (CXCL13), originally identified as a B-cell chemokine, plays an important role in the immune system. The interaction between CXCL13 and its receptor, the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR5, builds a signaling network that regulates not only normal organisms but also the development of many diseases. However, the precise action mechanism remains unclear. In this review, we discussed the functional mechanisms of the CXCL13-CXCR5 axis under normal conditions, with special focus on its association with diseases. For certain refractory diseases, we emphasize the diagnostic and therapeutic role of CXCL13-CXCR5 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhan Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danyi Ao
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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11
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Svanberg C, Nyström S, Govender M, Bhattacharya P, Che KF, Ellegård R, Shankar EM, Larsson M. HIV-1 induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells is mediated by cellular interaction with suppressive T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:790276. [PMID: 36032117 PMCID: PMC9399885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.790276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection gives rise to a multi-layered immune impairment in most infected individuals. The chronic presence of HIV-1 during the priming and activation of T cells by dendritic cells (DCs) promotes the expansion of suppressive T cells in a contact-dependent manner. The mechanism behind the T cell side of this HIV-induced impairment is well studied, whereas little is known about the reverse effects exerted on the DCs. Herein we assessed the phenotype and transcriptome profile of mature DCs that have been in contact with suppressive T cells. The HIV exposed DCs from cocultures between DCs and T cells resulted in a more tolerogenic phenotype with increased expression of e.g., PDL1, Gal-9, HVEM, and B7H3, mediated by interaction with T cells. Transcriptomic analysis of the DCs separated from the DC-T cell coculture revealed a type I IFN response profile as well as an activation of pathways involved in T cell exhaustion. Taken together, our data indicate that the prolonged and strong type I IFN signaling in DCs, induced by the presence of HIV during DC-T cell cross talk, could play an important role in the induction of tolerogenic DCs and suppressed immune responses seen in HIV-1 infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Svanberg
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Melissa Govender
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pradyot Bhattacharya
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karlhans F. Che
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Genetics, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Marie Larsson
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Marie Larsson,
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12
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Nayrac M, Dubé M, Sannier G, Nicolas A, Marchitto L, Tastet O, Tauzin A, Brassard N, Lima-Barbosa R, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Vézina D, Gong SY, Benlarbi M, Gasser R, Laumaea A, Prévost J, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Goyette G, Ortega-Delgado GG, Laporte M, Niessl J, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Richard J, Bélair J, Prat A, Tremblay C, Martel-Laferrière V, Finzi A, Kaufmann DE. Temporal associations of B and T cell immunity with robust vaccine responsiveness in a 16-week interval BNT162b2 regimen. Cell Rep 2022; 39:111013. [PMID: 35732172 PMCID: PMC9189142 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spacing of BNT162b2 mRNA doses beyond 3 weeks raises concerns about vaccine efficacy. We longitudinally analyze B cell, T cell, and humoral responses to two BNT162b2 mRNA doses administered 16 weeks apart in 53 SARS-CoV-2 naive and previously infected donors. This regimen elicits robust RBD-specific B cell responses whose kinetics differs between cohorts, the second dose leading to increased magnitude in naive participants only. While boosting does not increase magnitude of CD4+ T cell responses further compared with the first dose, unsupervised clustering of single-cell features reveals phenotypic and functional shifts over time and between cohorts. Integrated analysis shows longitudinal immune component-specific associations, with early T helper responses post first dose correlating with B cell responses after the second dose, and memory T helper generated between doses correlating with CD8 T cell responses after boosting. Therefore, boosting elicits a robust cellular recall response after the 16-week interval, indicating functional immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gérémy Sannier
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandre Nicolas
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dani Vézina
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shang Yu Gong
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Niessl
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Laurie Gokool
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Justin Bélair
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Départment of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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13
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Nault L, Marchitto L, Goyette G, Tremblay-Sher D, Fortin C, Martel-Laferrière V, Trottier B, Richard J, Durand M, Kaufmann D, Finzi A, Tremblay C. Covid-19 vaccine immunogenicity in people living with HIV-1. Vaccine 2022; 40:3633-3637. [PMID: 35568588 PMCID: PMC9069249 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 vaccine efficacy has been evaluated in large clinical trials and in real-world situation. Although they have proven to be very effective in the general population, little is known about their efficacy in immunocompromised patients. HIV-infected individuals' response to vaccine may vary according to the type of vaccine and their level of immunosuppression. We evaluated immunogenicity of an mRNA anti-SARS CoV-2 vaccine in HIV-positive individuals. METHODS HIV-positive individuals (n = 121) were recruited from HIV clinics in Montreal and stratified according to their CD4 counts. A control group of 20 health care workers naïve to SARS CoV-2 was used. The participants' Anti-RBD IgG responses were measured by ELISA at baseline and 3-4 weeks after receiving the first dose of an mRNA vaccine). RESULTS Eleven of 121 participants had anti-COVID-19 antibodies at baseline, and a further 4 had incomplete data for the analysis. Mean anti-RBD IgG responses were similar between the HIV negative control group (n = 20) and the combined HIV+ group (n = 106) (p = 0.72). However, these responses were significantly lower in the group with <250 CD4 cells/mm3. (p < 0.0001). Increasing age was independently associated with decreased immunogenicity. CONCLUSION HIV-positive individuals with CD4 counts over 250 cells/mm3 have an anti-RBD IgG response similar to the general population. However, HIV-positive individuals with the lowest CD4 counts (<250 cells/mm3) have a weaker response. These data would support the hypothesis that a booster dose might be needed in this subgroup of HIV-positive individuals, depending on their response to the second dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Nault
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Goyette
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Tremblay-Sher
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Claude Fortin
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Madeleine Durand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Médecine de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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14
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SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + T cells are associated with long-term persistence of neutralizing antibodies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:132. [PMID: 35461307 PMCID: PMC9034077 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the decay and maintenance of long-term SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in infected or vaccinated people and how vaccines protect against other SARS-CoV-2 variants is critical for assessing public vaccination plans. Here, we measured different plasm antibody levels 2 and 12 months after disease onset, including anti-RBD, anti-N, total neutralizing antibodies, and two neutralizing-antibody clusters. We found that total neutralizing antibodies declined more slowly than total anti-RBD and anti-N IgG, and the two neutralizing-antibody clusters decayed even more slowly than total neutralizing antibodies. Interestingly, the level of neutralizing antibodies at 12 months after disease onset was significantly lower than that at 2 months but more broadly neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Lambda (C.37). Significant immune escape by the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) was also observed 2 months post-recovery. Furthermore, we revealed that a high percentage of virus-specific CD4+ T cells and cTfh1 were associated with a slower decline in humoral immunity, accompanied by higher levels of CXCR3 ligands such as CXCL9 and CXCL10, higher frequency of cTfh1, and lower levels of cTfh2 and cTfh17. Our data highlight the importance of coordinating T-cell and humoral immunity to achieve long-term protective immunity.
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15
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Law H, Mach M, Howe A, Obeid S, Milner B, Carey C, Elfis M, Fsadni B, Ognenovska K, Phan TG, Carey D, Xu Y, Venturi V, Zaunders J, Kelleher AD, Munier CML. Early expansion of CD38+ICOS+ GC Tfh in draining lymph nodes during influenza vaccination immune response. iScience 2022; 25:103656. [PMID: 35028536 PMCID: PMC8741621 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide critical help to B cells during the germinal center (GC) reaction to facilitate generation of protective humoral immunity. Accessing the human lymph node (LN) to study the commitment of CD4 T cells to GC Tfh cell differentiation during in vivo vaccine responses is difficult. We used ultrasound guided fine needle biopsy to monitor recall responses in axillary LNs to seasonal influenza vaccination in healthy volunteers. Specific expansion of GC cell subsets occurred exclusively within draining LNs five days postvaccination. Draining LN GC Tfh and precursor-Tfh cells express higher levels of CD38, ICOS, and Ki67, indicating they were significantly more activated, motile, and proliferating, compared to contralateral LN cells. These observations provide insight into the early expansion phase of the human Tfh lineage within LNs during a vaccine induced memory response and highlights early LN immune responses may not be reflected in the periphery. Early response to influenza vaccine is characterized by expansion of GC cell subsets Specific expansion of CD38+ ICOS+ GC Tfh and Pre-Tfh occurs in draining LNs only Activated GC Tfh and Pre-Tfh are also proliferating, expressing high levels of Ki67 Correlation between activated Pre-Tfh and activated c-Tfh suggests a potential origin
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Law
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie Mach
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Annett Howe
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Solange Obeid
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Brad Milner
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Cate Carey
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Maxine Elfis
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Bertha Fsadni
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Diane Carey
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Yin Xu
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - John Zaunders
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
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16
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Routy JP, Dupuy FP, Lin J, Isnard S. More than a Gender Issue: Testis as a Distinctive HIV Reservoir and Its Implication for Viral Eradication. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2407:173-186. [PMID: 34985665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Early establishment of HIV reservoir represents the main impediment to an HIV cure. Mainly composed of infected memory CD4 T-cells and macrophages, HIV reservoirs are found in several organs including lymph nodes, gut, and testes. In men, and as seen in brain and eyes, testes represent a distinctive organ characterized by an immune privilege, allowing the tolerance of spermatozoa which only develop after puberty, long after the establishment of systemic immunity. The immune privilege of testes relies on a strict testis-blood barrier, and a local immunosuppressive environment. Testes has been described as reservoir for several viruses including Ebola, Zika, and HIV. Indeed, HIV reservoirs were detected in tested viremic and virally suppressed donor taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). Herein, we discuss the distinctive environment found in human testes and describe a validated method allowing the characterization and quantification of HIV-infected CD4 T-cells in human testes. Using mechanical and enzymatic treatment, cells can be extracted from human testis samples. Characterization of those cells can be performed by flow cytometry and HIV reservoir quantification performed by nested qPCR after flow cytometry sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Franck P Dupuy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John Lin
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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Nayrac M, Dubé M, Sannier G, Nicolas A, Marchitto L, Tastet O, Tauzin A, Brassard N, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Vézina D, Gong SY, Benlarbi M, Gasser R, Laumaea A, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Goyette G, Ortega-Delgado GG, Laporte M, Niessl J, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Richard J, Tremblay C, Martel-Laferrière V, Finzi A, Kaufmann DE. Temporal associations of B and T cell immunity with robust vaccine responsiveness in a 16-week interval BNT162b2 regimen. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.18.473317. [PMID: 34981046 PMCID: PMC8722583 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.18.473317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spacing of the BNT162b2 mRNA doses beyond 3 weeks raised concerns about vaccine efficacy. We longitudinally analyzed B cell, T cell and humoral responses to two BNT162b2 mRNA doses administered 16 weeks apart in 53 SARS-CoV-2 naïve and previously-infected donors. This regimen elicited robust RBD-specific B cell responses whose kinetics differed between cohorts, the second dose leading to increased magnitude in naïve participants only. While boosting did not increase magnitude of CD4 + T cell responses further compared to the first dose, unsupervised clustering analyses of single-cell features revealed phenotypic and functional shifts over time and between cohorts. Integrated analysis showed longitudinal immune component-specific associations, with early Thelper responses post-first dose correlating with B cell responses after the second dose, and memory Thelper generated between doses correlating with CD8 T cell responses after boosting. Therefore, boosting elicits a robust cellular recall response after the 16-week interval, indicating functional immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Gérémy Sannier
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandre Nicolas
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dani Vézina
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Shang Yu Gong
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Niessl
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurie Gokool
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
| | | | | | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
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18
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Koutsakos M, Lee WS, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Juno JA. T follicular helper cells in the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:355-365. [PMID: 34730247 PMCID: PMC8667651 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0821-464r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination remains the most effective mechanism to reduce the impact of COVID‐19. Induction of neutralizing antibodies is a strong correlate of protection from infection and severe disease. An understanding of the cellular events that underpin the generation of effective neutralizing antibodies is therefore key to the development of efficacious vaccines that target emerging variants of concern. Analysis of the immune response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and vaccination has identified circulating T follicular helper cells (cTFH) as a robust correlate of the neutralizing antibody response. Here, we discuss the analysis of cTFH cells and their lymphoid counterparts in human humoral immune responses during COVID‐19, and in response to vaccination with SARS‐CoV‐2 spike. We discuss the phenotypic heterogeneity of cTFH cells and the utility of cTFH subsets as informative biomarkers for development of humoral immunity. We posit that the analysis of the most effective cTFH will be critical to inducing durable immunity to new variants of SARS‐CoV‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Niessl J, Sekine T, Lange J, Konya V, Forkel M, Maric J, Rao A, Mazzurana L, Kokkinou E, Weigel W, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Hodcroft EB, Karlsson AC, Fehrm J, Sundman J, Price DA, Mjösberg J, Friberg D, Buggert M. Identification of resident memory CD8 + T cells with functional specificity for SARS-CoV-2 in unexposed oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabk0894. [PMID: 34519539 PMCID: PMC10763663 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abk0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cross-reactive CD4+ T cells that recognize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are more commonly detected in the peripheral blood of unexposed individuals compared with SARS-CoV-2–reactive CD8+ T cells. However, large numbers of memory CD8+ T cells reside in tissues, feasibly harboring localized SARS-CoV-2–specific immune responses. To test this idea, we performed a comprehensive functional and phenotypic analysis of virus-specific T cells in tonsils, a major lymphoid tissue site in the upper respiratory tract, and matched peripheral blood samples obtained from children and adults before the emergence of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). We found that SARS-CoV-2–specific memory CD4+ T cells could be found at similar frequencies in the tonsils and peripheral blood in unexposed individuals, whereas functional SARS-CoV-2–specific memory CD8+ T cells were almost only detectable in the tonsils. Tonsillar SARS-CoV-2–specific memory CD8+ T cells displayed a follicular homing and tissue-resident memory phenotype, similar to tonsillar Epstein-Barr virus–specific memory CD8+ T cells, but were functionally less potent than other virus-specific memory CD8+ T cell responses. The presence of preexisting tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells in unexposed individuals could potentially enable rapid sentinel immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Niessl
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joshua Lange
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Konya
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Forkel
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jovana Maric
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Rao
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Mazzurana
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Efthymia Kokkinou
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Whitney Weigel
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emma B. Hodcroft
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- ISPM, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annika C. Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Fehrm
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joar Sundman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David A. Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danielle Friberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Flow-FISH as a Tool for Studying Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses. BIOTECH 2021; 10:21. [PMID: 35822795 PMCID: PMC9245478 DOI: 10.3390/biotech10040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many techniques are currently in use to study microbes. These can be aimed at detecting, identifying, and characterizing bacterial, fungal, and viral species. One technique that is suitable for high-throughput analysis is flow cytometry-based fluorescence in situ hybridization, or Flow-FISH. This technique employs (fluorescently labeled) probes directed against DNA or (m)RNA, for instance targeting a gene or microorganism of interest and provides information on a single-cell level. Furthermore, by combining Flow-FISH with antibody-based protein detection, proteins of interest can be measured simultaneously with genetic material. Additionally, depending on the type of Flow-FISH assay, Flow-FISH can also be multiplexed, allowing for the simultaneous measurement of multiple gene targets and/or microorganisms. Together, this allows for, e.g., single-cell gene expression analysis or identification of (sub)strains in mixed cultures. Flow-FISH has been used in mammalian cells but has also been extensively employed to study diverse microbial species. Here, the use of Flow-FISH for studying microorganisms is reviewed. Specifically, the detection of (intracellular) pathogens, studying microorganism biology and disease pathogenesis, and identification of bacterial, fungal, and viral strains in mixed cultures is discussed, with a particular focus on the viruses EBV, HIV-1, and SARS-CoV-2.
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21
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Noël G, Fontsa ML, Garaud S, De Silva P, de Wind A, Van den Eynden GG, Salgado R, Boisson A, Locy H, Thomas N, Solinas C, Migliori E, Naveaux C, Duvillier H, Lucas S, Craciun L, Thielemans K, Larsimont D, Willard-Gallo K. Functional Th1-oriented T follicular helper cells that infiltrate human breast cancer promote effective adaptive immunity. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e139905. [PMID: 34411002 DOI: 10.1172/jci139905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in human breast cancer sometimes form organized tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) characterized by CXCL13-producing T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. The present study found that CD4+ Tfh TIL, CD8+ TIL, and TIL-B, colocalizing in TLS, all express the CXCL13 receptor CXCR5. An ex vivo functional assay determined that only activated, functional Th1-oriented Tfh TIL (PD-1hiICOSint phenotype) provide help for immunoglobulin and IFN-γ production. A functional Tfh TIL presence signals an active TLS, characterized by humoral (immunoglobulins, Ki-67+ TIL-B in active germinal centers) and cytotoxic (GZMB+CD8+ and GZMB+CD68+ TIL plus Th1 gene expression) immune responses. Analysis of active versus inactive TLS in untreated patients revealed that the former are associated with positive clinical outcomes. TLS also contain functional T follicular regulatory (Tfr) TIL, which are characterized by a CD25+CXCR5+GARP+FOXP3+ phenotype and a demethylated FOXP3 gene. Functional Tfr inhibited functional Tfh activities via a glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP)-associated TGF-β-dependent mechanism. The activity of tumor-associated TLS was dictated by the relative balance between functional Tfh TIL and functional Tfr TIL. These data provide mechanistic insight into TLS processes orchestrated by functional Th1-oriented Tfh TIL, including TIL-B and CD8+ TIL activation and immunological memory generation. Tfh TIL, regulated by functional Tfr TIL, are an expected key target of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alexandre de Wind
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert G Van den Eynden
- Molecular Immunology Unit, and.,Department of Pathology, GZA Ziekenhuizen, Sint-Augustinus Campus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Department of Pathology, GZA Ziekenhuizen, Sint-Augustinus Campus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Hanne Locy
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Hugues Duvillier
- Molecular Immunology Unit, and.,Flow Cytometry Facility, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Lucas
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ligia Craciun
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Larsimont
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Tauzin A, Nayrac M, Benlarbi M, Gong SY, Gasser R, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Brassard N, Laumaea A, Vézina D, Prévost J, Anand SP, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Goyette G, Niessl J, Tastet O, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Stamatatos L, McGuire AT, Larochelle C, Uchil P, Lu M, Mothes W, De Serres G, Moreira S, Roger M, Richard J, Martel-Laferrière V, Duerr R, Tremblay C, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A. A single dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 elicits Fc-mediated antibody effector functions and T cell responses. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1137-1150.e6. [PMID: 34133950 PMCID: PMC8175625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While the standard regimen of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 includes two doses administered 3 weeks apart, some public health authorities are spacing these doses, raising concerns about efficacy. However, data indicate that a single dose can be up to 90% effective starting 14 days post-administration. To assess the mechanisms contributing to protection, we analyzed humoral and T cell responses three weeks after a single BNT162b2 dose. We observed weak neutralizing activity elicited in SARS-CoV-2 naive individuals but strong anti-receptor binding domain and spike antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions and cellular CD4+ T cell responses. In previously infected individuals, a single dose boosted all humoral and T cell responses, with strong correlations between T helper and antibody immunity. Our results highlight the potential role of Fc-mediated effector functions and T cell responses in vaccine efficacy. They also provide support for spacing doses to vaccinate more individuals in conditions of vaccine scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shang Yu Gong
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2BA, Canada
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dani Vézina
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2BA, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Niessl
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Laurie Gokool
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département des Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pradeep Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Maolin Lu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec, QC, H2P 1E2, Canada
| | - Sandrine Moreira
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
| | - Michel Roger
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2BA, Canada.
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23
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Shalekoff S, Loubser S, Dias BDC, Strehlau R, Shiau S, Wang S, He Y, Abrams EJ, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. Normalization of B Cell Subsets but Not T Follicular Helper Phenotypes in Infants With Very Early Antiretroviral Treatment. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:618191. [PMID: 33996678 PMCID: PMC8118125 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.618191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Infant HIV-1-infection is associated with high morbidity and mortality if antiretroviral treatment (ART) is not initiated promptly. We characterized development of circulating T follicular helper cells (cTfh) and their relationship to naïve/memory B cell subsets in a cohort of neonates initiating ART within the first week of life. Methods: Infants were diagnosed within 48 hours of birth and started ART as soon as possible. The frequency and phenotype of cTfh and B cells were analyzed at enrollment (birth -19 days) and at 4, 12, and 72 weeks of age in blood of 27 HIV-1-intrauterine-infected and 25 HIV-1 exposed uninfected (HEU) infants as part of a study in Johannesburg, South Africa. cTfh cells were divided into Tfh1, Tfh2, and Tfh17 subsets. B cell phenotypes were defined as naïve, resting memory, activated memory and tissue-like memory cells. Results: HIV-1-infected infants had higher frequencies of cTfh cells than HEU infants up to 12 weeks of age and these cTfh cells were polarized toward the Tfh1 subset. Higher frequencies of Tfh1 and lower frequencies of Tfh2 and Tfh17 correlated with lower CD4+ T cell percentages. Lower frequencies of resting memory, with corresponding higher frequencies of activated memory B cells, were observed with HIV-1 infection. Importantly, dysregulations in B cell, but not cTfh cell, subsets were normalized by 72 weeks. Conclusion: Very early ART initiation in HIV-1-infected infants normalizes B cell subsets but does not fully normalize perturbations in cTfh cell subsets which remain Tfh1 polarized at 72 weeks. It remains to be determined if very early ART improves vaccine antibody responses despite the cTfh and B cell perturbations observed over the time course of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Shalekoff
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shayne Loubser
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bianca Da Costa Dias
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Renate Strehlau
- Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Shiau
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Yun He
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Elaine J. Abrams
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Caroline T. Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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24
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Onabajo OO, Mattapallil JJ. Gut Microbiome Homeostasis and the CD4 T- Follicular Helper Cell IgA Axis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657679. [PMID: 33815419 PMCID: PMC8017181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) are associated with severe perturbations in the gut mucosal environment characterized by massive viral replication and depletion of CD4 T cells leading to dysbiosis, breakdown of the epithelial barrier, microbial translocation, immune activation and disease progression. Multiple mechanisms play a role in maintaining homeostasis in the gut mucosa and protecting the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Among these are the secretory IgA (sIgA) that are produced daily in vast quantities throughout the mucosa and play a pivotal role in preventing commensal microbes from breaching the epithelial barrier. These microbe specific, high affinity IgA are produced by IgA+ plasma cells that are present within the Peyer’s Patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and the isolated lymphoid follicles that are prevalent in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Differentiation, maturation and class switching to IgA producing plasma cells requires help from T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that are present within these lymphoid tissues. HIV replication and CD4 T cell depletion is accompanied by severe dysregulation of Tfh cell responses that compromises the generation of mucosal IgA that in turn alters barrier integrity leading to commensal bacteria readily breaching the epithelial barrier and causing mucosal pathology. Here we review the effect of HIV infection on Tfh cells and mucosal IgA responses in the GIT and the consequences these have for gut dysbiosis and mucosal immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Onabajo
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- F. E. Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
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25
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Tauzin A, Nayrac M, Benlarbi M, Gong SY, Gasser R, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Brassard N, Laumaea A, Vézina D, Prévost J, Anand SP, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Goyette G, Niessl J, Tastet O, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Stamatatos L, McGuire AT, Larochelle C, Uchil P, Lu M, Mothes W, Serres GD, Moreira S, Roger M, Richard J, Martel-Laferrière V, Duerr R, Tremblay C, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A. A single BNT162b2 mRNA dose elicits antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions and boost pre-existing humoral and T cell responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33758857 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.18.435972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The standard dosing of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine validated in clinical trials includes two doses administered three weeks apart. While the decision by some public health authorities to space the doses because of limiting supply has raised concerns about vaccine efficacy, data indicate that a single dose is up to 90% effective starting 14 days after its administration. We analyzed humoral and T cells responses three weeks after a single dose of this mRNA vaccine. Despite the proven efficacy of the vaccine at this time point, no neutralizing activity were elicited in SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals. However, we detected strong anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) and Spike antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions and cellular responses dominated by the CD4 + T cell component. A single dose of this mRNA vaccine to individuals previously infected by SARS-CoV-2 boosted all humoral and T cell responses measured, with strong correlations between T helper and antibody immunity. Neutralizing responses were increased in both potency and breadth, with distinctive capacity to neutralize emerging variant strains. Our results highlight the importance of vaccinating uninfected and previously-infected individuals and shed new light into the potential role of Fc-mediated effector functions and T cell responses in vaccine efficacy. They also provide support to spacing the doses of two-vaccine regimens to vaccinate a larger pool of the population in the context of vaccine scarcity against SARS-CoV-2.
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26
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Helmold Hait S, Hogge CJ, Rahman MA, Hunegnaw R, Mushtaq Z, Hoang T, Robert-Guroff M. T FH Cells Induced by Vaccination and Following SIV Challenge Support Env-Specific Humoral Immunity in the Rectal-Genital Tract and Circulation of Female Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 11:608003. [PMID: 33584682 PMCID: PMC7876074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are pivotal in lymph node (LN) germinal center (GC) B cell affinity maturation. Circulating CXCR5+ CD4+ T (cTFH) cells have supported memory B cell activation and broadly neutralizing antibodies in HIV controllers. We investigated the contribution of LN SIV-specific TFH and cTFH cells to Env-specific humoral immunity in female rhesus macaques following a mucosal Ad5hr-SIV recombinant priming and SIV gp120 intramuscular boosting vaccine regimen and following SIV vaginal challenge. TFH and B cells were characterized by flow cytometry. B cell help was evaluated in TFH-B cell co-cultures and by real-time PCR. Vaccination induced Env-specific TFH and Env-specific memory (ESM) B cells in LNs. LN Env-specific TFH cells post-priming and GC ESM B cells post-boosting correlated with rectal Env-specific IgA titers, and GC B cells at the same timepoints correlated with vaginal Env-specific IgG titers. Vaccination expanded cTFH cell responses, including CD25+ Env-specific cTFH cells that correlated negatively with vaginal Env-specific IgG titers but positively with rectal Env-specific IgA titers. Although cTFH cells post-2nd boost positively correlated with viral-loads following SIV challenge, cTFH cells of SIV-infected and protected macaques supported maturation of circulating B cells into plasma cells and IgA release in co-culture. Additionally, cTFH cells of naïve macaques promoted upregulation of genes associated with B cell proliferation, BCR engagement, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production, highlighting the role of cTFH cells in blood B cell maturation. Vaccine-induced LN TFH and GC B cells supported anti-viral mucosal immunity while cTFH cells provided B cell help in the periphery during immunization and after SIV challenge. Induction of TFH responses in blood and secondary lymphoid organs is likely desirable for protective efficacy of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christopher James Hogge
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zuena Mushtaq
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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27
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Peng X, Ouyang J, Isnard S, Lin J, Fombuena B, Zhu B, Routy JP. Sharing CD4+ T Cell Loss: When COVID-19 and HIV Collide on Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:596631. [PMID: 33384690 PMCID: PMC7770166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a distinctive infection characterized by elevated inter-human transmission and presenting from absence of symptoms to severe cytokine storm that can lead to dismal prognosis. Like for HIV, lymphopenia and drastic reduction of CD4+ T cell counts in COVID-19 patients have been linked with poor clinical outcome. As CD4+ T cells play a critical role in orchestrating responses against viral infections, important lessons can be drawn by comparing T cell response in COVID-19 and in HIV infection and by studying HIV-infected patients who became infected by SARS-CoV-2. We critically reviewed host characteristics and hyper-inflammatory response in these two viral infections to have a better insight on the large difference in clinical outcome in persons being infected by SARS-CoV-2. The better understanding of mechanism of T cell dysfunction will contribute to the development of targeted therapy against severe COVID-19 and will help to rationally design vaccine involving T cell response for the long-term control of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Peng
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Lin
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brandon Fombuena
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Biao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Hu X, Ni Y, Wang F, Ni Z, Jin T, Li Y, Ni M. Identification of molecular mechanisms for achieving HIV-1 control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Life Sci 2020; 265:118857. [PMID: 33301809 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Antiretroviral therapy (ART) controls viral replication but cannot eradicate an infected virus and restore the immune response of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The gene expression profiles of whole blood, PBMCs, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were obtained from GSE108297. Coexpression analysis was carried out to evaluate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between strong and weak responder HIV controllers (HICs). Enrichment analysis was used to explore the biological functions of DEGs. The key genes with common DEGs were screened using the Lasso Cox model. Then, the immune scores of HICs and HAART were calculated by ssGSEA. The content of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, key genes were verified by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. KEY FINDINGS DEGs were clustered into 24 coexpression modules. DEGs related to general immune responses had the highest correlation with strong responding HICs, while DEGs mainly related to the apoptotic process had the highest correlation with weak responder HICs. The hub genes CD8A and CCT2, as well as the key genes TMEM132C and S100A9, were DEGs in HICs and HARRT. The immune score and flow cytometry showed that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of HICs were lower than those of HARRT in whole blood. Experiments confirmed the expression of key genes in HICs and HARRT. SIGNIFICANCE The key genes identified in this study highlight the strong responder HICs features that to help the immune system control HIV-1 infection. These results will be useful for developing therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Hu
- Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 380 Jianquan 1 road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, China
| | - Yongkang Ni
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, No.4 Liyushan Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Fengying Wang
- Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 380 Jianquan 1 road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, China
| | - Zhen Ni
- Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 380 Jianquan 1 road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 380 Jianquan 1 road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, China
| | - Yuefei Li
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, No.4 Liyushan Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Mingjian Ni
- Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 380 Jianquan 1 road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, China.
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Tfh Cells in Health and Immunity: Potential Targets for Systems Biology Approaches to Vaccination. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228524. [PMID: 33198297 PMCID: PMC7696930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a specialised subset of CD4+ T cells that play a significant role in the adaptive immune response, providing critical help to B cells within the germinal centres (GC) of secondary lymphoid organs. The B cell receptors of GC B cells undergo multiple rounds of somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation within the GC response, a process dependent on cognate interactions with Tfh cells. B cells that receive sufficient help from Tfh cells form antibody-producing long-lived plasma and memory B cells that provide the basis of decades of effective and efficient protection and are considered the gold standard in correlates of protection post-vaccination. However, the T cell response to vaccination has been understudied, and over the last 10 years, exponential improvements in the technological underpinnings of sampling techniques, experimental and analytical tools have allowed multidisciplinary characterisation of the role of T cells and the immune system as a whole. Of particular interest to the field of vaccinology are GCs and Tfh cells, representing a unique target for improving immunisation strategies. Here, we discuss recent insights into the unique journey of Tfh cells from thymus to lymph node during differentiation and their role in the production of high-quality antibody responses as well as their journey back to the periphery as a population of memory cells. Further, we explore their function in health and disease and the power of next-generation sequencing techniques to uncover their potential as modulators of vaccine-induced immunity.
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Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19. Nat Med 2020; 26:1428-1434. [PMID: 32661393 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0995-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has dramatically expedited global vaccine development efforts1-3, most targeting the viral 'spike' glycoprotein (S). S localizes on the virion surface and mediates recognition of cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)4-6. Eliciting neutralizing antibodies that block S-ACE2 interaction7-9, or indirectly prevent membrane fusion10, constitute an attractive modality for vaccine-elicited protection11. However, although prototypic S-based vaccines show promise in animal models12-14, the immunogenic properties of S in humans are poorly resolved. In this study, we characterized humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell (cTFH) immunity against spike in recovered patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We found that S-specific antibodies, memory B cells and cTFH are consistently elicited after SARS-CoV-2 infection, demarking robust humoral immunity and positively associated with plasma neutralizing activity. Comparatively low frequencies of B cells or cTFH specific for the receptor binding domain of S were elicited. Notably, the phenotype of S-specific cTFH differentiated subjects with potent neutralizing responses, providing a potential biomarker of potency for S-based vaccines entering the clinic. Overall, although patients who recovered from COVID-19 displayed multiple hallmarks of effective immune recognition of S, the wide spectrum of neutralizing activity observed suggests that vaccines might require strategies to selectively target the most potent neutralizing epitopes.
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