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Einarsdottir MJ, Bankvall M, Robledo-Sierra J, Rödström PO, Bergthorsdottir R, Trimpou P, Hasséus B, Ragnarsson O. Topical clobetasol treatment for oral lichen planus can cause adrenal insufficiency. Oral Dis 2024; 30:1304-1312. [PMID: 37103329 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoids suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which may lead to glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency. The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of this state in patients with oral lichen planus treated with topical clobetasol propionate. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 30 patients with oral lichen planus receiving long-term (>6 weeks) clobetasol propionate gel 0.025% were invited to participate. Adrenal function was assessed by measuring morning plasma cortisol after a 48-h withdrawal of clobetasol treatment. In patients with plasma cortisol <280 nmol/L, a cosyntropin stimulation test was performed. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients were included. Twenty-one (78%) patients presented with plasma cortisol ≥280 nmol/L (range 280-570 nmol/L), and six (22%) <280 nmol/L (range 13-260 nmol/L). Five of these six patients underwent cosyntropin stimulation that revealed severe adrenal insufficiency in two patients (cortisol peak 150 nmol/L and 210 nmol/L) and mild adrenal insufficiency in three patients (cortisol peak 350-388 nmol/L). CONCLUSION In this study, approximately 20% of patients receiving intermittent topical glucocorticoid treatment for oral lichen planus had glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency. It is essential for clinicians to be aware of this risk and to inform patients about the potential need for glucocorticoid stress doses during intercurrent illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret J Einarsdottir
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Bankvall
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jairo Robledo-Sierra
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Faculty of Dentistry, CES University, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Per-Olof Rödström
- Clinic for Oral Medicine, Public Dental Service, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ragnhildur Bergthorsdottir
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Penelope Trimpou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Hasséus
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinic for Oral Medicine, Public Dental Service, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Ragnarsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Wages F, Brandt T, Martin HJ, Herges R, Maser E. Light-switchable diazocines as potential inhibitors of testosterone-synthesizing 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 390:110872. [PMID: 38244963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
In patients with prostate carcinoma as well as in some other cancer types, the reduction of testosterone levels is desired because the hormone stimulates cancer cell growth. One molecular target for this goal is the inhibition of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17βHSD3), which produces testosterone from its direct precursor androstenedione. Recent research in this field is trying to harness photopharmacological properties of certain compounds so that the inhibitory effect could be turned on and off by irradiation. Seven new light-switchable diazocines were investigated with regard to their inhibition of 17βHSD3. For this purpose, transfected HEK-293 cells and isolated microsomes were treated with the substrate and the potential inhibitors with and without irradiation for an incubation period of 3 or 5 h. The amount of generated testosterone was measured by UHPLC and compared between samples and control as well as between irradiated and non-irradiated samples. There was no significant difference between samples with and without irradiation. However, four of the seven diazocines led to a significantly lower testosterone production both in cell and in microsome assays. In some of the irradiated samples, a partial destruction of the diazocines was observed, indicated by an additional UHPLC peak. However, the influence on the inhibition is negligible, because the majority of the substance remained intact. In conclusion, new inhibitors of 17βHSD3 have been found, but so far without the feature of a light switch, since the configurational alteration of the diazocines by irradiation did not lead to a change in bioactivity. Further modification might help to find a light-switching molecule that inhibits only in one configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wages
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - T Brandt
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - H-J Martin
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - R Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - E Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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3
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Rehm K, Hankele AK, Ulbrich SE, Bigler L. Quantification of glucocorticoid and progestogen metabolites in bovine plasma, skimmed milk and saliva by UHPLC-HR-MS with polarity switching. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342118. [PMID: 38182350 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Steroid metabolites are increasingly in focus when searching for novel biomarkers in physiological mechanisms and their disorders. While major steroids such as progesterone and cortisol are well-researched and routinely determined to assess the health, particularly the reproductive status of mammals, the function of potentially biologically active progestogen and glucocorticoid metabolites is widely unexplored. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of comprehensive, sensitive, and specific analytical methods. This is particularly the case when analyzing matrices like milk or saliva obtained by non-invasive sampling with steroid concentrations often below those present in plasma. Therefore, a new UHPLC-HR-MS method based on an Ultimate UHPLC system equipped with an Acquity HSS T3 reversed-phase column and a Q Exactive™ mass spectrometer was developed, enabling the simultaneous chromatographic separation, detection and quantification of eleven isobaric glucocorticoids (11-dehydrocorticosterone (A), corticosterone (B), cortisol (F), cortisone (E), the tetrahydrocortisols (THF): 3α,5α-THF, 3α,5β-THF, 3β,5α-THF, 3β,5β-THF, and the tetrahydrocortisones (THE): 3α,5α-THE, 3α,5β-THE, 3β,5α-THE) and twelve progestogens (progesterone (P4), pregnenolone (P5), the dihydroprogesterones (DHP): 20α-DHP, 20β-DHP, 3α-DHP, 3β-DHP, 5α-DHP, 5β-DHP, and the tetrahydroprogesterones (THP): 3α,5α-THP, 3α,5β-THP, 3β,5α-THP, 3β,5β-THP) in bovine plasma, skimmed milk, and saliva. A simple liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) was used for sample preparation of 500 μL plasma, skimmed milk, and saliva. Heated electrospray ionization (HESI) with polarity switching was applied to analyze steroids in high-resolution full scan mode (HR-FS). The method validation covered the investigation of sensitivity, selectivity, curve fitting, carry-over, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effects and applicability. A high sensitivity in the range of pg mL-1 was achieved for all steroids suitable for the analysis of authentic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rehm
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Katharina Hankele
- ETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne E Ulbrich
- ETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Bigler
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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Azhar S, Shen WJ, Hu Z, Kraemer FB. MicroRNA regulation of adrenal glucocorticoid and androgen biosynthesis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 124:1-37. [PMID: 38408797 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are derived from a common precursor molecule, cholesterol, and regulate a wide range of physiologic function including reproduction, salt balance, maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, response to stress, neuronal function, and various metabolic processes. Among the steroids synthesized by the adrenal and gonadal tissues, adrenal mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids are essential for life. The process of steroidogenesis is regulated at multiple levels largely by transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational regulation of the steroidogenic enzymes (i.e., cytochrome P450s and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases), cellular compartmentalization of the steroidogenic enzymes, and cholesterol processing and transport proteins. In recent years, small noncoding RNAs, termed microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized as major post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression with essential roles in numerous biological processes and disease pathologies. Although their role in the regulation of steroidogenesis is still emerging, several recent studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of the role miRNAs play in the regulation of the steroidogenic process. This chapter focuses on the recent developments in miRNA regulation of adrenal glucocorticoid and androgen production in humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, United States
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5
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Choo YH, Kim M, Kim JH, Jeon H, Jung HW, Ha EJ, Oh J, Shim Y, Kim SB, Jung HG, Park SH, Kim JO, Kim J, Kim H, Lee S. The Unique Relationship between Neuro-Critical Care and Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency : Implications for Neurosurgeons in Neuro-Critical Care. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2023; 66:618-631. [PMID: 37840243 PMCID: PMC10641414 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2023.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain houses vital hormonal regulatory structures such as the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which may confer unique susceptibilities to critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) in patients with neurological disorders. In addition, the frequent use of steroids for therapeutic purposes in various neurological conditions may lead to the development of steroid insufficiency. This abstract aims to highlight the significance of understanding these relationships in the context of patient care and management for physicians. Neurological disorders may predispose patients to CIRCI due to the role of the brain in hormonal regulation. Early recognition of CIRCI in the context of neurological diseases is essential to ensure prompt and appropriate intervention. Moreover, the frequent use of steroids for treating neurological conditions can contribute to the development of steroid insufficiency, further complicating the clinical picture. Physicians must be aware of these unique interactions and be prepared to evaluate and manage patients with CIRCI and steroid insufficiency in the context of neurological disorders. This includes timely diagnosis, appropriate steroid administration, and careful monitoring for potential adverse effects. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between neurological disease, CIRCI, and steroid insufficiency is critical for optimizing patient care and outcomes in this complex patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Choo
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moinay Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hanwool Jeon
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Won Jung
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Ha
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwoong Oh
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngbo Shim
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Bin Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Gil Jung
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - So Hee Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung Ook Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University Gil Hospital Regional Trauma Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Junhyung Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeseon Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seungjoo Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Bahsoun A, Fakih Y, Zareef R, Bitar F, Arabi M. Corticosteroids in COVID-19: pros and cons. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1202504. [PMID: 37644981 PMCID: PMC10461317 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1202504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide and rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has placed an unanticipated burden on the global healthcare sector. This necessitated a swift response from the international community to reach a solution. Efforts were made in parallel to develop preventative and therapeutic modalities. Since then, drug repurposing has blossomed as a potentially rapid resolution and has included various agents with anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties. Corticosteroids, being potent anti-inflammatory agents, have been placed under extensive investigation. Various trials have recorded the beneficial outcome of corticosteroids in decreasing the mortality and morbidity of COVID-19. With the high pace of escalating events, the quality and study design of clinical trials are varied. Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of corticosteroids in COVID-19 disease. It inspects the molecular, pharmacologic, and clinical proof behind this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Bahsoun
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yeva Fakih
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Zareef
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Pediatric Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi Bitar
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Pediatric Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Pediatric Department, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Arabi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Pediatric Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Pediatric Department, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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7
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Lymperopoulos A, Borges JI, Suster MS. Angiotensin II-dependent aldosterone production in the adrenal cortex. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 124:393-404. [PMID: 38408805 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex is responsible for production of adrenal steroid hormones and is anatomically divided into three distinct zones: zona glomerulosa secreting mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone), zona fasciculata secreting glucocorticoids (cortisol), and zona reticularis producing androgens. Importantly, due to their high lipophilicity, no adrenal steroid hormone (including aldosterone) is stored in vesicles but rather gets synthesized and secreted instantly upon cell stimulation with specific stimuli. Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid hormone produced from the adrenal cortex in response to either angiotensin II (AngII) or elevated K+ levels in the blood (hyperkalemia). AngII, being a peptide, cannot cross cell membranes and thus, uses two distinct G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) types, AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) and AT2R to exert its effects inside cells. In zona glomerulosa cells, AT1R activation by AngII results in aldosterone synthesis and secretion via two main pathways: (a) Gq/11 proteins that activate phospholipase C ultimately raising intracellular free calcium concentration; and (b) βarrestin1 and -2 (also known as Arrestin-2 and -3, respectively) that elicit sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. Both pathways induce upregulation and acute activation of StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory) protein, the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in aldosterone biosynthesis. This chapter describes these two salient pathways underlying AT1R-induced aldosterone production in zona glomerulosa cells. We also highlight some pharmacologically important notions pertaining to the efficacy of the currently available AT1R antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or sartans at suppressing both pathways, i.e., their inverse agonism efficacy at G proteins and βarrestins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.
| | - Jordana I Borges
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Malka S Suster
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
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Lemal P, May K, König S, Schroyen M, Gengler N. Invited review: From heat stress to disease-Immune response and candidate genes involved in cattle thermotolerance. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00214-X. [PMID: 37164864 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress implies unfavorable effects on primary and functional traits in dairy cattle and, in consequence, on the profitability of the whole production system. The increasing number of days with extreme hot temperatures suggests that it is imperative to detect the heat stress status of animals based on adequate measures. However, confirming the heat stress status of an individual is still challenging, and, in consequence, the identification of novel heat stress biomarkers, including molecular biomarkers, remains a very relevant issue. Currently, it is known that heat stress seems to have unfavorable effects on immune system mechanisms, but this information is of limited use in the context of heat stress phenotyping. In addition, there is a lack of knowledge addressing the molecular mechanisms linking the relevant genes to the observed phenotype. In this review, we explored the potential molecular mechanisms explaining how heat stress affects the immune system and, therefore, increases the occurrence of immune-related diseases in cattle. In this regard, 2 relatively opposite hypotheses are under focus: the immunosuppressive action of cortisol, and the proinflammatory effect of heat stress. In both hypotheses, the modulation of the immune response during heat stress is highlighted. Moreover, it is possible to link candidate genes to these potential mechanisms. In this context, immune markers are very valuable indicators for the detection of heat stress in dairy cattle, broadening the portfolio of potential biomarkers for heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lemal
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - K May
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Ludwigstraße 21B, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - S König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Ludwigstraße 21B, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - M Schroyen
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - N Gengler
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Øyri LKL, Christensen JJ, Sebert S, Thoresen M, Michelsen TM, Ulven SM, Brekke HK, Retterstøl K, Brantsæter AL, Magnus P, Bogsrud MP, Holven KB. Maternal prenatal cholesterol levels predict offspring weight trajectories during childhood in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. BMC Med 2023; 21:43. [PMID: 36747215 PMCID: PMC9903496 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous intrauterine factors may affect the offspring's growth during childhood. We aimed to explore if maternal and paternal prenatal lipid, apolipoprotein (apo)B and apoA1 levels are associated with offspring weight, length, and body mass index from 6 weeks to eight years of age. This has previously been studied to a limited extent. METHODS This parental negative control study is based on the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study and uses data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. We included 713 mothers and fathers with or without self-reported hypercholesterolemia and their offspring. Seven parental metabolites were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and offspring weight and length were measured at 12 time points. Data were analyzed by linear spline mixed models, and the results are presented as the interaction between parental metabolite levels and offspring spline (age). RESULTS Higher maternal total cholesterol (TC) level was associated with a larger increase in offspring body weight up to 8 years of age (0.03 ≤ Pinteraction ≤ 0.04). Paternal TC level was not associated with change in offspring body weight (0.17 ≤ Pinteraction ≤ 0.25). Higher maternal high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apoA1 levels were associated with a lower increase in offspring body weight up to 8 years of age (0.001 ≤ Pinteraction ≤ 0.005). Higher paternal HDL-C and apoA1 levels were associated with a lower increase in offspring body weight up to 5 years of age but a larger increase in offspring body weight from 5 to 8 years of age (0.01 ≤ Pinteraction ≤ 0.03). Parental metabolites were not associated with change in offspring height or body mass index up to 8 years of age (0.07 ≤ Pinteraction ≤ 0.99). CONCLUSIONS Maternal compared to paternal TC, HDL-C, and apoA1 levels were more strongly and consistently associated with offspring body weight during childhood, supporting a direct intrauterine effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn K L Øyri
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacob J Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Magne Thoresen
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1122, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond M Michelsen
- Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde K Brekke
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Retterstøl
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway.,The Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Aker, PO Box 4959, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Lise Brantsæter
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, 0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, 0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin P Bogsrud
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway. .,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Aker, PO Box 4959, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Tabor J, La P, Kline G, Wang M, Bonfield S, Machan M, Wynne-Edwards K, Emery C, Debert C. Saliva Cortisol as a Biomarker of Injury in Youth Sport-Related Concussion. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:296-308. [PMID: 35906800 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing rates of sport-related concussion (SRC) in youth impose a significant burden on public health systems and the lives of young athletes. Accurate prediction for those likely to develop persistent post-concussion symptomology (PPCS) using a fluid biomarker, reflecting both acute injury and recovery processes, would provide the opportunity for early intervention. Cortisol, a stress hormone released through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis following injury, may provide a missing physiological link to clinical recovery. This cohort study investigated the change in saliva cortisol following SRC and the association between cortisol and symptom burden in pediatric ice hockey players. Further, the association between cortisol levels and medical clearance to return to play was explored. In total, cortisol samples from 233 players were included; 165 athletes (23.6% female) provided pre-injury saliva and 68 athletes (19.1% female) provided post-SRC saliva samples for cortisol analysis. Quantile (median) regressions were used to compare cortisol between pre-injury and post-SRC groups, and the association between total symptoms (/22) and symptom severity scores (/132) reported on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT)3/SCAT5 and post-SRC cortisol (adjusting for age, sex, history of concussion, and time from injury to sample collection). Results demonstrated significantly lower saliva cortisol in post-SRC athletes compared with the pre-injury group (β = -0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI; -1.08, -0.16], p = 0.009). Post-SRC cortisol was not significantly associated with the SCAT3/SCAT5 symptom totals or symptom severity scores; however, females were found to report more symptoms (β = 6.95, 95% CI [0.35, 13.55], p = 0.040) and greater symptom severity (β = 23.87, 95% CI [9.58, 38.15], p = 0.002) compared with males. Exploratory time-to-event analysis revealed a point estimate suggesting a potential association between low cortisol levels and days to medical clearance to return to play. Although preliminary, these findings suggest that the HPA axis may be dysregulated post-SRC. Further, our exploratory analysis and case presentation of post-injury outliers highlight the need to further research cortisol as a prognostic biomarker to inform individualized sex-specific care after SRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tabor
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Parker La
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gregory Kline
- Division of Endocrinology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephan Bonfield
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew Machan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katherine Wynne-Edwards
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carolyn Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chantel Debert
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Cortisol Interaction with Aquaporin-2 Modulates Its Water Permeability: Perspectives for Non-Genomic Effects of Corticosteroids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021499. [PMID: 36675012 PMCID: PMC9862916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channels widely distributed in living organisms and involved in many pathophysiologies as well as in cell volume regulations (CVR). In the present study, based on the structural homology existing between mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), cholesterol consensus motif (CCM) and the extra-cellular vestibules of AQPs, we investigated the binding of corticosteroids on the AQP family through in silico molecular dynamics simulations of AQP2 interactions with cortisol. We propose, for the first time, a putative AQPs corticosteroid binding site (ACBS) and discussed its conservation through structural alignment. Corticosteroids can mediate non-genomic effects; nonetheless, the transduction pathways involved are still misunderstood. Moreover, a growing body of evidence is pointing toward the existence of a novel membrane receptor mediating part of these rapid corticosteroids' effects. Our results suggest that the naturally produced glucocorticoid cortisol inhibits channel water permeability. Based on these results, we propose a detailed description of a putative underlying molecular mechanism. In this process, we also bring new insights on the regulatory function of AQPs extra-cellular loops and on the role of ions in tuning the water permeability. Altogether, this work brings new insights into the non-genomic effects of corticosteroids through the proposition of AQPs as the membrane receptor of this family of regulatory molecules. This original result is the starting point for future investigations to define more in-depth and in vivo the validity of this functional model.
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12
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Kumar S, Kumar K, Singh B, Mehrotra D, Mahdi A. Association of salivary cortisol and psychological burden in patients with oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: A prospective study. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:S0. [PMID: 37147974 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_530_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to find an association between psychological burden (in terms of depression, anxiety, and stress) and salivary cortisol among oral cancer (OC) and oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) patients at various time frames. Methods In total, 50 patients with OC and OPMD were studied after their informed consent along with 30 healthy controls. Depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 (DASS-21) was administered and saliva was collected (non-invasively) at different stages including the time of diagnosis, one and three months after intervention (medical or surgical). To avoid diurnal variation, saliva was collected twice (morning and evening). To assess the linear relationship between depression, anxiety, and stress with salivary cortisol, a partial correlation was calculated. Results Comparison of salivary cortisol levels among control, OC, and OPMD groups showed a statistically significant difference in both morning and evening values at different point of time intervals. Higher values of salivary cortisol were observed in OC patients (both morning and evening) in comparison to the OPMD or control group. A positive correlation was discerned between stress and salivary cortisol in both OPMD and OC patients, while no association was found for depression and anxiety domains. Conclusion The measurement of salivary cortisol effectively demonstrates raised stress levels in OPMD as well as OC patients. Therefore, it is recommended to institute stress management interventions in the patients as part of the treatment of OPMD and OC.
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13
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Li H, Chen K, Yang L, Wang Q, Zhang J, He J. The role of plasma cortisol in dementia, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis: A Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1107780. [PMID: 37008911 PMCID: PMC10050717 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1107780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many clinical studies have shown a correlation between plasma cortisol and neurological disorders. This study explored the causal relationship between plasma cortisol and dementia, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis based on Mendelian randomization (MR) method. METHODS Data were taken from the summary statistics of a genome-wide association study, FinnGen consortium and United Kingdom Biobank. Dementia, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis were used as outcomes, and genetic variants associated with plasma cortisol were used as instrumental variables. The main analysis was performed using the inverse variance weighted method, and the results were assessed according to the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval. Heterogeneity tests, pleiotropy tests, and leave-one-out method were conducted to evaluate the stability and accuracy of the results. RESULTS In two-sample MR analysis, the inverse variance weighted method showed that plasma cortisol was associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 0.99 (0.98-1.00), P = 0.025], vascular dementia (VaD) [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 2.02 (1.00-4.05), P = 0.049)], Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 0.24 (0.07-0.82), P = 0.023] and epilepsy [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 2.00 (1.03-3.91), P = 0.042]. There were no statistically significant associations between plasma cortisol and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that plasma cortisol increase the incidence rates of epilepsy and VaD and decrease the incidence rates of AD and PDD. Monitoring plasma cortisol concentrations in clinical practice can help prevent diseases, such as AD, PDD, VaD and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Li
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kaili Chen
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jilin Province People’s Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinting He
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jinting He,
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14
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Plasma Amino Acids in Horses Suffering from Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233315. [PMID: 36496836 PMCID: PMC9737035 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction is one of the most common diseases of aged horses and ponies. In Parkinson's disease, which is, similar to PPID, a disease that involves oxidative damage to dopaminergic pathways but with different clinical signs, alterations to the serum amino acid profile have been reported. To examine changes in the plasma amino acid profile in horses with PPID, EDTA plasma of horses that were presented for various reasons that required laboratory examinations of blood anticoagulated with EDTA was collected. With this plasma, the basal ACTH concentration as well as the amino acid profile was determined. Horses were considered PPID patients if the ACTH concentration was ≥ 100 pg/mL, i.e., they would be considered affected at any time. Horses were defined as non-PPID (nPPID) patients if the ACTH concentration was below 30 pg/mL. Horses receiving pergolide with ACTH ≤ 30 pg/mL were allocated to the group PPIDrr (PPID, ACTH in reference range) and horses receiving pergolide with ACTH ≥ 100 pg/mL to the group PPIDarr (PPID, ACTH above reference range). In total, 93 horses were examined, including 88 horses at the clinic and 5 horses at a private practice. Of these, 53 horses fulfilled the inclusion criteria (ACTH ≤ 30 pg/mL or ACTH ≥ 100 pg/mL). A total of 25 horses were diagnosed as nPPID, 20 as PPID, 5 as PPIDrr, and 3 as PPIDarr. Arginine was significantly higher in PPIDrr than in PPID and nPPID, asparagine was significantly higher in PPID, PPIDrr, and PPIDarr than in nPPID, citrulline was significantly higher in PPIDrr than in nPPID and PPID, cysteine was significantly lower in PPIDrr than in PPID, nPPID, and PPIDarr, and glutamine was significantly higher in PPID and PPIDarr than in nPPID. Especially, asparagine, citrulline, and glutamine may be potential diagnostic markers and may offer interesting approaches for research regarding amino supplementation in PPID.
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15
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Sardana K, Sachdeva S. Update on pharmacology, actions, dosimetry and regimens of oral glucocorticoids in dermatology. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:5370-5385. [PMID: 35608455 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are arguably the most widely used and misused drug in dermatology. There have been recent updates in its mode of action which can impact on its judicious use. There is need to use the correct steroid preparation to maximize results and minimize side effects. We present an updated review on glucocorticoids focusing on its mode of action, rationale of its prescribing considerations and dosing regimens in dermatology. This is based on PubMed search with a focus on mode of actions and dosimetry with additional updates from standard drug books, databases and rheumatology books.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Sardana
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumya Sachdeva
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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16
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Costello HM, Johnston JG, Juffre A, Crislip GR, Gumz ML. Circadian clocks of the kidney: function, mechanism, and regulation. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1669-1701. [PMID: 35575250 PMCID: PMC9273266 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00045.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An intrinsic cellular circadian clock is located in nearly every cell of the body. The peripheral circadian clocks within the cells of the kidney contribute to the regulation of a variety of renal processes. In this review, we summarize what is currently known regarding the function, mechanism, and regulation of kidney clocks. Additionally, the effect of extrarenal physiological processes, such as endocrine and neuronal signals, on kidney function is also reviewed. Circadian rhythms in renal function are an integral part of kidney physiology, underscoring the importance of considering time of day as a key biological variable. The field of circadian renal physiology is of tremendous relevance, but with limited physiological and mechanistic information on the kidney clocks this is an area in need of extensive investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Costello
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jermaine G Johnston
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- North Florida/South Georgia Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alexandria Juffre
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - G Ryan Crislip
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- North Florida/South Georgia Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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17
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Janssen JAMJL. New Insights into the Role of Insulin and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis in the Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158178. [PMID: 35897752 PMCID: PMC9331414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggests that (pre)diabetes onset is preceded by a period of hyperinsulinemia. Consumption of the "modern" Western diet, over-nutrition, genetic background, decreased hepatic insulin clearance, and fetal/metabolic programming may increase insulin secretion, thereby causing chronic hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia is an important etiological factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and Alzheimer's disease. Recent data suggests that the onset of prediabetes and diabetes are preceded by a variable period of hyperinsulinemia. Emerging data suggest that chromic hyperinsulinemia is also a driving force for increased activation of the hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary (HPA) axis in subjects with the metabolic syndrome, leading to a state of "functional hypercortisolism". This "functional hypercortisolism" by antagonizing insulin actions may prevent hypoglycemia. It also disturbs energy balance by shifting energy fluxes away from muscles toward abdominal fat stores. Synergistic effects of hyperinsulinemia and "functional hypercortisolism" promote abdominal visceral obesity and insulin resistance which are core pathophysiological components of the metabolic syndrome. It is hypothesized that hyperinsulinemia-induced increased activation of the HPA axis plays an important etiological role in the development of the metabolic syndrome and its consequences. Numerous studies have demonstrated reversibility of hyperinsulinemia with lifestyle, surgical, and pharmaceutical-based therapies. Longitudinal studies should be performed to investigate whether strategies that reduce hyperinsulinemia at an early stage are successfully in preventing increased activation of the HPA axis and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A M J L Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Room Rg527, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Tabor JB, McCrea MA, Meier TB, Emery CA, Debert CT. Hiding in Plain Sight: Factors Influencing the Neuroinflammatory Response to Sport-Related Concussion. Neurotrauma Rep 2022; 3:200-206. [PMID: 35734393 PMCID: PMC9153987 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2021.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a major concern among athletes and clinicians around the world. Research into fluid biomarkers of SRC has made significant progress in understanding the complex underlying pathophysiology of concussion. However, little headway has been made toward clinically validating any biomarkers to improve the clinical management of SRC. A major obstacle toward clinical translation of any fluid biomarker is the heterogeneity of SRC overlapping with multiple physiological systems involved in pathology and recovery. Neuroinflammation post-SRC is one such system that may confound fluid biomarker data on many fronts. Neuroinflammatory processes consist of cell mediators, both within the central nervous system and the periphery, that play vital roles in regulating the response to brain injury. Further, neuroinflammation is influenced by many biopsychosocial variables present in most athletic populations. In this commentary, we propose that future fluid biomarker research should take a systems biology approach in the context of the neuroinflammatory response to SRC. We highlight how biological variables, such as age, sex, immune challenges, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis responses to stress, may alter neuroinflammation. Further, we underscore the importance of accounting for health and lifestyle variables, such as diet, exercise, sleep, and pre-morbid medical factors, when measuring inflammatory markers of SRC. To successfully move toward clinical translation, fluid biomarker research should take a more holistic approach in study design and data interpretation, collecting information on hidden variables that may be influencing the neuroinflammatory response to SRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B. Tabor
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael A. McCrea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy B. Meier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Carolyn A. Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chantel T. Debert
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Shibayama Y, Alkhoury C, Nemazanyy I, F Henneman N, Cagnard N, Girard M, Atsumi T, Panasyuk G. Class 3 phosphoinositide 3-kinase promotes hepatic glucocorticoid receptor stability and transcriptional activity. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13793. [PMID: 35094500 PMCID: PMC9539506 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim Lipid kinase class 3 phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) and nuclear receptor transcription factor glucocorticoid receptor (GR) play essential physiological roles in metabolic adaptation to fasting by activating lysosomal degradation by autophagy and metabolic gene expression, yet their functional interaction is unknown. The requirement of class 3 PI3K for GR function was investigated in liver tissue. Methods Inactivation of class 3 PI3K was achieved through deletion of its essential regulatory subunit Vps15, by expressing Cre‐recombinase in the livers of Vps15f/f mice. The response to both 24‐h fasting and synthetic GR ligand, dexamethasone (DEX) was evaluated in control and mutant mice. Liver tissue was analysed by immunoblot, RT‐qPCR, and LC‐MS. Results Vps15 mutant mice show decreased transcript levels of GR targets, coupled with lower nuclear levels of total and phosphorylated on Ser211, GR protein. Acute DEX treatment and 24‐h fasting both failed to re‐activate expression of GR targets in the livers of Vps15 mutant mice to the levels observed in controls. Decreased levels of endogenous GR ligand corticosterone and lower expression of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β‐HSD1), a metabolic enzyme that controls corticosterone availability, were found in the livers of Vps15 mutants. Hepatic Vps15 depletion resulted in the activation of nuclear Akt1 signalling, which was paralleled by increased polyubiquitination of GR. Conclusion In the liver, class 3 PI3K is required for corticosterone metabolism and GR transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Shibayama
- Institut Necker‐Enfants Malades (INEM) Paris France
- INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253 Paris France
- Université de Paris Paris France
- Department of Rheumatology Endocrinology and Nephrology Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Chantal Alkhoury
- Institut Necker‐Enfants Malades (INEM) Paris France
- INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253 Paris France
- Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Ivan Nemazanyy
- Platform for Metabolic Analyses Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker INSERM US24/CNRS UAR 3633 Paris France
| | - Nathaniel F Henneman
- Institut Necker‐Enfants Malades (INEM) Paris France
- INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253 Paris France
- Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Bio‐Informatique Platform Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker INSERM US24/CNRS UAR 3633 Paris France
| | - Muriel Girard
- Institut Necker‐Enfants Malades (INEM) Paris France
- INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253 Paris France
- Université de Paris Paris France
- Pediatric Hepatology Unit Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology Endocrinology and Nephrology Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Ganna Panasyuk
- Institut Necker‐Enfants Malades (INEM) Paris France
- INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253 Paris France
- Université de Paris Paris France
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Qi X, Cui B, Cao M. The Role of Morning Plasma Cortisol in Obesity: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1954-e1960. [PMID: 35018462 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cortisol, an important hormone regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, is associated with obesity. However, it is unclear whether the relationship between cortisol and obesity is causal or could be explained by reverse causality. OBJECTIVE This work aims to assess the role of morning plasma cortisol in clinical classes of obesity. METHODS In this bidirectional, 2-sample mendelian randomization (MR) study, cortisol-associated genetic variants were obtained from the CORtisol NETwork consortium (n = 12 597). The primary outcomes were obesity class I (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30), class II (BMI ≥ 35), and class III (BMI ≥ 40). The inverse variance weighting method was used as the main analysis, with weighted median, MR-Egger, and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) as sensitivity analyses. Conversely, genetic variants predicting clinical classes of obesity were applied to the cortisol genome-wide association study. RESULTS Genetically predicted cortisol was associated with reduced risk of obesity class I (OR = 0.905; 95% CI, 0.865-0.946; P < .001). Evidence from bidirectional MR showed that obesity class II and class III were associated with lower cortisol levels ([class II-cortisol OR = 0.953; 95% CI, 0.923-0.983; P = .002]; [class III-cortisol OR = 0.955; 95% CI, 0.942-0.967; P < .001]), indicating reverse causality between cortisol and obesity. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that cortisol is negatively associated with obesity and vice versa. Together, these findings suggest that blunted morning plasma cortisol secretion may be responsible for severe obesity. Regulating morning plasma cortisol secretion might be a prevention measure for obese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Qi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Cui
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Hamilton CM, Winter MJ, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Owen SF, Tyler CR. Are synthetic glucocorticoids in the aquatic environment a risk to fish? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 162:107163. [PMID: 35240385 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticosteroid, or glucocorticoid (GC), system is largely conserved across vertebrates and plays a central role in numerous vital physiological processes including bone development, immunomodulation, and modification of glucose metabolism and the induction of stress-related behaviours. As a result of their wide-ranging actions, synthetic GCs are widely prescribed for numerous human and veterinary therapeutic purposes and consequently have been detected extensively within the aquatic environment. Synthetic GCs designed for humans are pharmacologically active in non-mammalian vertebrates, including fish, however they are generally detected in surface waters at low (ng/L) concentrations. In this review, we assess the potential environmental risk of synthetic GCs to fish by comparing available experimental data and effect levels in fish with those in mammals. We found the majority of compounds were predicted to have insignificant risk to fish, however some compounds were predicted to be of moderate and high risk to fish, although the dataset of compounds used for this analysis was small. Given the common mode of action and high level of inter-species target conservation exhibited amongst the GCs, we also give due consideration to the potential for mixture effects, which may be particularly significant when considering the potential for environmental impact from this class of pharmaceuticals. Finally, we also provide recommendations for further research to more fully understand the potential environmental impact of this relatively understudied group of commonly prescribed human and veterinary drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Hamilton
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Matthew J Winter
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK.
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22
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Douma LG, Costello HM, Crislip GR, Cheng KY, Lynch IJ, Juffre A, Barral D, Masten S, Roig E, Beguiristain K, Li W, Bratanatawira P, Wingo CS, Gumz ML. Kidney-specific KO of the circadian clock protein PER1 alters renal Na + handling, aldosterone levels, and kidney/adrenal gene expression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F449-F459. [PMID: 35129370 PMCID: PMC9169971 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00385.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PERIOD 1 (PER1) is a circadian clock transcription factor that is regulated by aldosterone, a hormone that increases blood volume and Na+ retention to increase blood pressure. Male global Per1 knockout (KO) mice develop reduced night/day differences in Na+ excretion in response to a high-salt diet plus desoxycorticosterone pivalate treatment (HS + DOCP), a model of salt-sensitive hypertension. In addition, global Per1 KO mice exhibit higher aldosterone levels on a normal-salt diet. To determine the role of Per1 in the kidney, male kidney-specific Per1 KO (KS-Per1 KO) mice were generated using Ksp-cadherin Cre recombinase to remove exons 2-8 of Per1 in the distal nephron and collecting duct. Male KS-Per1 KO mice have increased Na+ retention but have normal diurnal differences in Na+ excretion in response to HS + DOCP. The increased Na+ retention is associated with altered expression of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, increased serum aldosterone, and increased medullary endothelin-1 compared with control mice. Adrenal gland gene expression analysis revealed that circadian clock and aldosterone synthesis genes have altered expression in KS-Per1 KO mice compared with control mice. These results emphasize the importance of the circadian clock not only in maintaining rhythms of physiological functions but also for adaptability in response to environmental cues, such as HS + DOCP, to maintain overall homeostasis. Given the prevalence of salt-sensitive hypertension in the general population, these findings have important implications for our understanding of how circadian clock proteins regulate homeostasis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, we show that knockout of the circadian clock transcription factor PERIOD 1 using kidney-specific cadherin Cre results in increased renal Na+ reabsorption, increased aldosterone levels, and changes in gene expression in both the kidney and adrenal gland. Diurnal changes in renal Na+ excretion were not observed, demonstrating that the clock protein PER1 in the kidney is important for maintaining homeostasis and that this effect may be independent of time of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G Douma
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hannah M Costello
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - G Ryan Crislip
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kit-Yan Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - I Jeanette Lynch
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- North Florida/South Georgia Malcolm Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alexandria Juffre
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Dominique Barral
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sarah Masten
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Emilio Roig
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kevin Beguiristain
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wendy Li
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Phillip Bratanatawira
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Charles S Wingo
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- North Florida/South Georgia Malcolm Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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23
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Kalfeist L, Galland L, Ledys F, Ghiringhelli F, Limagne E, Ladoire S. Impact of Glucocorticoid Use in Oncology in the Immunotherapy Era. Cells 2022; 11:770. [PMID: 35269392 PMCID: PMC8909189 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thanks to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oedema, and anti-allergy properties, glucocorticoids are among the most widely prescribed drugs in patients with cancer. The indications for glucocorticoid use are very wide and varied in the context of cancer and include the symptomatic management of cancer-related symptoms (compression, pain, oedema, altered general state) but also prevention or treatment of common side effects of anti-cancer therapies (nausea, allergies, etc.) or immune-related adverse events (irAE). In this review, we first give an overview of the different clinical situations where glucocorticoids are used in oncology. Next, we describe the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of these molecules on immune response, in particular anti-tumour response, and we summarize available data evaluating how these effects may interfere with the efficacy of immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kalfeist
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Georges-Francois Leclerc Center, 21000 Dijon, France; (L.K.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.G.); (E.L.)
- UMR INSERM 1231 “Lipides Nutrition Cancer”, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Loïck Galland
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Georges-Francois Leclerc Center, 21000 Dijon, France; (L.K.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.G.); (E.L.)
- UMR INSERM 1231 “Lipides Nutrition Cancer”, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Center, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Fanny Ledys
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Georges-Francois Leclerc Center, 21000 Dijon, France; (L.K.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.G.); (E.L.)
- UMR INSERM 1231 “Lipides Nutrition Cancer”, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Georges-Francois Leclerc Center, 21000 Dijon, France; (L.K.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.G.); (E.L.)
- UMR INSERM 1231 “Lipides Nutrition Cancer”, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Center, 21000 Dijon, France
- School of Medicine, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Emeric Limagne
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Georges-Francois Leclerc Center, 21000 Dijon, France; (L.K.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.G.); (E.L.)
- UMR INSERM 1231 “Lipides Nutrition Cancer”, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Ladoire
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Georges-Francois Leclerc Center, 21000 Dijon, France; (L.K.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.G.); (E.L.)
- UMR INSERM 1231 “Lipides Nutrition Cancer”, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Center, 21000 Dijon, France
- School of Medicine, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
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24
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Fujiyama K, Hino T, Nagano S. Diverse reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 and biosynthesis of steroid hormone. Biophys Physicobiol 2022; 19:e190021. [PMID: 35859988 PMCID: PMC9260165 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v19.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones modulate numerous physiological processes in various higher organisms. Research on the physiology, biosynthesis, and metabolic degradation of steroid hormones is crucial for developing drugs, agrochemicals, and anthelmintics. Most steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways, excluding those in insects, have been elucidated, and the roles of several cytochrome P450s (CYPs, P450s), heme (iron protoporphyrin IX)-containing monooxygenases, have been identified. Specifically, P450s of the animal steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways and their three dimensional structures and reaction mechanisms have been extensively studied; however, the mechanisms of several uncommon P450 reactions involved in animal steroid hormone biosynthesis and structures and reaction mechanisms of various P450s involved in plant and insect steroid hormone biosynthesis remain unclear. Recently, we determined the crystal structure of P450 responsible for the first and rate-determining step in brassinosteroids biosynthesis and clarified the regio- and stereo-selectivity in the hydroxylation reaction mechanism. In this review, we have outlined the general catalytic cycle, reaction mechanism, and structure of P450s. Additionally, we have described the recent advances in research on the reaction mechanisms of steroid hormone biosynthesis-related P450s, some of which catalyze unusual P450 reactions including C–C bond cleavage reactions by utilizing either a heme–peroxo anion species or compound I as an active oxidizing species. This review article is an extended version of the Japanese article, Structure and mechanism of cytochrome P450s involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis, published in SEIBUTSU BUTSURI Vol. 61, p. 189–191 (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fujiyama
- Dormancy and Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
| | - Tomoya Hino
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University
| | - Shingo Nagano
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University
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25
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Albrakati A, Alsharif KF, Al omairi NE, Alsanie WF, Almalki ASA, Abd Elmageed ZY, Elshopakey GE, Lokman MS, Bauomy AA, Abdel Moneim AE, Kassab RB. Neuroprotective Efficiency of Prodigiosins Conjugated with Selenium Nanoparticles in Rats Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress is Mediated Through Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic, and Neuromodulatory Activities. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:8447-8464. [PMID: 35002238 PMCID: PMC8722537 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s323436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Depression is a mood disorder accompanied by intensive molecular and neurochemical alterations. Currently, available antidepressant therapies are not fully effective and are often accompanied by several adverse impacts. Accordingly, the ultimate goal of this investigation was to clarify the possible antidepressant effects of prodigiosins (PDGs) loaded with selenium nanoparticles (PDGs-SeNPs) in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression-like behavior in rats. METHODS Sixty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into six groups: control, CUMS group (depression model), fluoxetine (Flu, 10 mg/kg)+CUMS, PDGs+CUMS (300 mg/kg), sodium selenite (Na2SeO3, 400 mg/kg)+CUMS, and PDGs-SeNPs+CUMS (200 mg/kg). All treatments were applied orally for 28 consecutive days. RESULTS PDGs-SeNPs administration prevented oxidative insults in hippocampal tissue, as demonstrated by decreased oxidant levels (nitric oxide and malondialdehyde) and elevated innate antioxidants (glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase), in addition to the upregulated expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 in rats exposed to CUMS. Additionally, PDGs-SeNPs administration suppressed neuroinflammation in hippocampal tissue, as determined by the decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6), increased anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, and decreased inflammatory mediators (prostaglandin E2, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa B). Moreover, PDGs-SeNPs administration in stressed rats inhibited neuronal loss and the development of hippocampal apoptosis through enhanced levels of B cell lymphoma 2 and decreased levels of caspase 3 and Bcl-2-associated X protein. Interestingly, PDGs-SeNPs administration improved hormonal levels typically disrupted by CUMS exposure and significantly modulated hippocampal levels of monoamines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, monoamine oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase activities, in addition to upregulating the immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein in CUMS model rats. CONCLUSION PDGs-SeNPs may serve as a prospective antidepressant candidate due to their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif E Al omairi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Zakaria Y Abd Elmageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward via College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Gehad E Elshopakey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maha S Lokman
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira A Bauomy
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, ArRassAl-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rami B Kassab
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al Baha University, Al Makhwah Branch, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Bogin B. Fear, violence, inequality, and stunting in Guatemala. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23627. [PMID: 34125987 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stunting is defined by the public health community as a length- or height-for-age <-2 SD of a growth standard or reference and is claimed to be caused by poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Stunting is common at all income levels in middle- and low-income countries. At the higher income levels, stunting is unlikely to be caused by nutrient deficiency or infectious disease. RESULTS In Guatemala, 17% of <5-year-olds in the highest family income quintile are stunted. Guatemala has a history of violence from armed conflict, current-day social and economic inequalities, government corruption, and threat of kidnapping for the wealthiest families. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The high level of persistent violence creates an ecology of fear, an extreme range of inequalities in Social-Economic-Political-Emotional resources, and biosocial stress that inhibits skeletal growth and causes stunting for people of all income levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Bogin
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,UCSD/Salk Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California San Diego, USA
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27
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Arazi H, Eghbali E. Possible Effects of Beetroot Supplementation on Physical Performance Through Metabolic, Neuroendocrine, and Antioxidant Mechanisms: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Front Nutr 2021; 8:660150. [PMID: 34055855 PMCID: PMC8155490 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.660150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes often seek to use dietary supplements to increase performance during exercise. Among various supplements, much attention has been paid to beetroot in recent years. Beetroot is a source of carbohydrates, fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins; also, it is a natural source of nitrate and associated with improved sports performance. Nitrates can the modification of skeletal muscle contractile proteins or calcium handling after translation. The time to reach the peak plasma nitrate is between 1 and 3 h after consumption of a single dose of nitrate. Nitrate is metabolized by conversion to nitrite and subsequently nitric oxide. Beetroot can have various effects on athletic performance through nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is an intracellular and extracellular messenger for regulating certain cellular functions and causes vasodilation of blood vessels and increases blood flow. Nitric oxide seems to be effective in improving athletic performance by increasing oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients for better muscle fueling. Nitric oxide plays the main role in anabolic hormones, modulates the release of several neurotransmitters and the major mediators of stress involved in the acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to exercise. Beetroot is an important source of compounds such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, betaline, and highly active phenolics and has high antioxidant properties. Beetroot supplement provides an important source of dietary polyphenols and due to the many health benefits. Phytochemicals of Beetroot through signaling pathways inhibit inflammatory diseases. In this study, the mechanisms responsible for these effects were examined and the research in this regard was reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ehsan Eghbali
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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28
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Araujo-Castro M, Valderrábano P, Escobar-Morreale HF, Hanzu FA, Casals G. Urine steroid profile as a new promising tool for the evaluation of adrenal tumors. Literature review. Endocrine 2021; 72:40-48. [PMID: 33219921 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the literature assessing the diagnostic performance of urinary steroid profiling (USP) by high-performance liquid chromatography (LC-MS) or gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) in the evaluation of adrenal lesions, both in terms of functionality and malignancy. RESULTS The evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas (AI) aims to rule out malignancy and hormone excess. Current diagnostic protocols have several limitations and include time consuming and relatively complicated multi-step processes in most cases. On the contrary, USP by LC-MS/MS or LC-GC/MS offer an easy, comprehensive and non-invasive assessment of adrenal steroid secretion. USP complements current workups used in the evaluation of AIs by improving our ability to identify malignancy and/or autonomous hormone secretion. CONCLUSIONS Urine steroid profiling by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS allows a thorough, non-invasive, assessment of adrenal steroidogenesis as a whole which complement the current evaluation of AIs, and holds a promising role in the diagnosis of autonomous cortisol secretion, primary aldosteronism, and adrenal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Araujo-Castro
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Valderrábano
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor F Escobar-Morreale
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Felicia A Hanzu
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregori Casals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
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29
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Muller MN, Enigk DK, Fox SA, Lucore J, Machanda ZP, Wrangham RW, Emery Thompson M. Aggression, glucocorticoids, and the chronic costs of status competition for wild male chimpanzees. Horm Behav 2021; 130:104965. [PMID: 33676127 PMCID: PMC8043126 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Across vertebrates, high social status affords preferential access to resources, and is expected to correlate positively with health and longevity. Increasing evidence, however, suggests that although dominant females generally enjoy reduced exposure to physiological and psychosocial stressors, dominant males do not. Here we test the hypothesis that costly mating competition by high-ranking males results in chronic, potentially harmful elevations in glucocorticoid production. We examined urinary glucocorticoids (n = 8029 samples) in a 20-year longitudinal study of wild male chimpanzees (n = 20 adults) in the Kanyawara community of Kibale National Park, Uganda. We tested whether glucocorticoid production was associated with dominance rank in the long term, and with mating competition and dominance instability in the short term. Using mixed models, we found that both male aggression and glucocorticoid excretion increased when the dominance hierarchy was unstable, and when parous females were sexually available. Glucocorticoid excretion was positively associated with male rank in stable and unstable hierarchies, and in mating and non-mating contexts. Glucorticoids increased with both giving and receiving aggression, but giving aggression was the primary mechanism linking elevated glucocorticoids with high rank. Glucocorticoids also increased with age. Together these results show that investment in male-male competition increases cumulative exposure to glucocorticoids, suggesting a long-term tradeoff with health that may constrain the ability to maintain high status across the life course. Our data suggest that the relationship between social rank and glucocorticoid production often differs in males and females owing to sex differences in the operation of sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin N Muller
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, United States of America.
| | - Drew K Enigk
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A Fox
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jordan Lucore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zarin P Machanda
- Department of Anthropology, Tufts University, United States of America
| | - Richard W Wrangham
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, United States of America
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30
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Le JT, Frost JD, Swann JW. Acthar® Gel (repository corticotropin injection) dose-response relationships in an animal model of epileptic spasms. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 116:107786. [PMID: 33548914 PMCID: PMC7940582 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies were undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of Acthar® Gel (repository corticotropin injection [RCI]) in the tetrodotoxin (TTX) model of early-life-induced epileptic spasms. Repository corticotropin injection (RCI) is widely used in the United States to treat infantile spasms. A major component of RCI is N25 deamidated ACTH. Additionally, we hoped to provide some insight into the possible role circulating corticosteroids play in spasm cessation by comparing the RCI dose-response relationships for spasm suppression to RCI-induced corticosterone release from the adrenal gland. Spasms were induced by chronic TTX infusion into the neocortex beginning on postnatal day 11. Repository corticotropin injection (RCI) dosages were between 8 and 32 IU/kg/day. Drug titration protocols were used, and comparisons were made to injections of a vehicle gel. Video/EEG recordings (24/7) monitored the drug's effects continuously for up to 2 months. Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-infused control rats were monitored for the same period of time. In separate experiments, the same dosages of RCI were given to rats and 1 h later plasma was collected and assayed for corticosterone. A parallel study compared the effects of 1-day and 10-day RCI treatments on circulating corticosterone. Results showed that RCI was ineffective at dosages of 8, 12, and 16 IU/kg/day but eliminated spasms in 66% of animals treated with 24 or 32 IU/kg/day. Treating animals with 32 IU/kg/day alone produced the same degree of spasms suppression as observed during the titration protocols. In rats that had hypsarrhythmia-like activity, RCI eliminated this abnormal interictal EEG pattern in all rats that became seizure-free. In terms of plasma corticosterone, 1- and 10-day treatments with RCI produced similar increases in this hormone and the levels increased linearly with increasing dosages of RCI. This stood in sharp contrast to the sigmoid-like dose-response curve for decreases in spasm counts. Our results further validate the TTX model as relevant for the study of infantile spasms. The model should be useful for investigating how RCI acts to eliminate seizures and hypsarrhythmia. Dose-response results suggest that either very high concentrations of circulating corticosteroids are required to abolish spasms or RCI acts through a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Le
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, The Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston TX 77030,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - James D. Frost
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - John W. Swann
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, The Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston TX 77030,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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Vehmeijer FOL, Santos S, Gaillard R, de Rijke YB, Voortman T, van den Akker ELT, Felix JF, van Rossum EFC, Jaddoe VWV. Associations of Hair Cortisol Concentrations with General and Organ Fat Measures in Childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e551-e561. [PMID: 33119748 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Stress may lead to an adverse body fat distribution from childhood onwards. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) at 6 years with general and organ fat measures, risk of overweight, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) at 10 years and to assess whether these were independent of adiposity measures at 6 years. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS HCCs were measured in hair of 6-year-old children (n = 2042) participating in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body mass index (BMI), fat mass index measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, and visceral fat index, pericardial fat index, liver fat fraction measured by magnetic resonance imaging and risk of overweight and NAFLD were obtained at 10 years. RESULTS The associations of higher HCC at 6 years, with higher BMI, fat mass index, and increased risk of overweight at age 10 years are explained by the relationships observed at 6 years. HCCs at 6 years were associated with a higher liver fat fraction (difference 0.11 liver fat fraction standard deviation score; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03, 0.18) and a higher risk of NAFLD at 10 years (odds ratio 1.95; 95% CI 1.06, 3.56), independent of fat mass index at 6 years. HCCs were not associated with pericardial or visceral fat indices. CONCLUSIONS Higher HCCs at 6 years were associated with higher BMI, fat mass index, liver fat fraction, and higher risks of overweight and NAFLD at 10 years. Only the associations for liver fat fraction and NAFLD were independent of fat mass index at 6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florianne O L Vehmeijer
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Santos
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B de Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Sint Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erica L T van den Akker
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Sint Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F C van Rossum
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Sint Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Garnacho-Castaño MV, Palau-Salvà G, Serra-Payá N, Ruiz-Hermosel M, Berbell M, Viñals X, Bataller MG, Carbonell T, Vilches-Saez S, Cobo EP, Molina-Raya L. Understanding the effects of beetroot juice intake on CrossFit performance by assessing hormonal, metabolic and mechanical response: a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:56. [PMID: 33187518 PMCID: PMC7666517 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute beetroot juice (BJ) intake has shown to enhance aerobic and anaerobic performance. However, no studies have evaluated the effects of BJ intake on CrossFit (CF) performance by linking hormonal, metabolic, and mechanical responses. The purpose of this study was to determine the causal physiological association between hormonal, metabolic and mechanical responses, and CF workouts performance after acute BJ intake. METHODS Twelve well-trained male practitioners undertook a CF workout after drinking 140 mL of BJ (~ 12.8 mmol NO3-) or placebo. The two experimental conditions (BJ or placebo) were administered using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. The CF workout consisted of repeating the same exercise routine twice: Wall ball (WB) shots plus full back squat (FBS) with 3-min rest (1st routine) or without rest (2nd routine) between the two exercises. A 3-min rest was established between the two exercise routines. RESULTS An interaction effect was observed in the number of repetitions performed (p = 0.04). The Bonferroni test determined a higher number of repetitions after BJ than placebo intake when a 3-min rest between WB and FBS (1st routine) was established (p = 0.007). An interaction effect was detected in cortisol response (p = 0.04). Cortisol showed a higher increase after BJ compared to placebo intake (76% vs. 36%, respectively). No interaction effect was observed in the testosterone and testosterone/cortisol ratio (p > 0.05). A significant interaction effect was found in oxygen saturation (p = 0.01). A greater oxygen saturation drop was observed in BJ compared to placebo (p < 0.05). An interaction effect was verified in muscular fatigue (p = 0.03) with a higher muscular fatigue being observed with BJ than placebo (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS BJ intake improved anaerobic performance only after the recovery time between exercises. This increase in performance in the first routine probably generated greater hypoxia in the muscle mass involved, possibly conditioning post-exercise performance. This was observed with a fall in oxygen saturation and in muscle fatigue measured at the end of the CF workout. The greatest perceived changes in cortisol levels after BJ intake could be attributed to the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vicente Garnacho-Castaño
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Guillem Palau-Salvà
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Serra-Payá
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Ruiz-Hermosel
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Berbell
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Viñals
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Gomis Bataller
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Carbonell
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Vilches-Saez
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
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Sarapultsev A, Sarapultsev P, Dremencov E, Komelkova M, Tseilikman O, Tseilikman V. Low glucocorticoids in stress-related disorders: the role of inflammation. Stress 2020; 23:651-661. [PMID: 32401103 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1766020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that plasma cortisol concentration can be either increased or decreased in patients with depression and related anxiety and stress-related disorders; the exact pathophysiological mechanisms of this state are not almost clear. Several distinct theories were proposed and mechanisms, which could lead to decreased glucocorticoid signaling and/or levels, were described. However, there is a possible drawback in almost all the theories proposed: insufficient attention to the inflammatory process, which is undoubtedly present in several stress-related disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous studies only briefly mentioned the presence of an inflammatory reaction's signs in PTSD, without giving it due importance, although recognizing that it can affect the course of the disease. With that, the state of biochemical changes, characterized by the low glucocorticoids, glucocorticoid receptor's resistance and the signs of the persistent inflammation (with the high levels of circulating cytokines) might be observed not only in PTSD but in coronary heart diseases and systemic chronic inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis) as well. That is why the present review aims to depict the pathophysiological mechanisms, which lead to a decrease in glucocorticoids in PTSD due to the action of inflammatory stimuli. We described changes in the glucocorticoid system and inflammatory reaction as parts of an integral system, where glucocorticoids and the glucocorticoid receptor reside at the apex of a regulatory network that blocks several inflammatory pathways, while decreased glucocorticoid signaling and/or level leads to unchecked inflammatory reactions to promote pathologies such as PTSD. LAY SUMMARY This review emphasizes the importance of inflammatory reaction in the development of puzzling conditions sometimes observed in severe diseases including post-traumatic stress disorder - the decreased levels of glucocorticoids in the blood. Following the classical concepts, one would expect an increase in glucocorticoid hormones, since they are part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system, which reduces stress and inflammation. However, low levels of glucocorticoid hormones are also observed. Thus, this review describes potential mechanisms, which can lead to the development of such a state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Petr Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Eliyahu Dremencov
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre for Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Komelkova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Olga Tseilikman
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Vadim Tseilikman
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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34
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Bogin B, Varea C. COVID-19, crisis, and emotional stress: A biocultural perspective of their impact on growth and development for the next generation. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23474. [PMID: 32672890 PMCID: PMC7404495 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Bogin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,UCSD/Salk Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carlos Varea
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Madrid Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Dineen R, Martin-Grace J, Thompson CJ, Sherlock M. The management of glucocorticoid deficiency: Current and future perspectives. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 505:148-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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Scherholz ML, Rao RT, Androulakis IP. Modeling inter-sex and inter-individual variability in response to chronopharmacological administration of synthetic glucocorticoids. Chronobiol Int 2019; 37:281-296. [PMID: 31797700 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1660357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous glucocorticoids have diverse physiological effects and are important regulators of metabolism, immunity, cardiovascular function, musculoskeletal health and central nervous system activity. Synthetic glucocorticoids have received widespread attention for their potent anti-inflammatory activity and have become an important class of drugs used to augment endogenous glucocorticoid activity for the treatment of a host of chronic inflammatory conditions. Chronic use of synthetic glucocorticoids is associated with a number of adverse effects as a result of the persistent dysregulation of glucocorticoid sensitive pathways. A failure to consider the pronounced circadian rhythmicity of endogenous glucocorticoids can result in either supraphysiological glucocorticoid exposure or severe suppression of endogenous glucocorticoid secretion, and is thought be a causal factor in the incidence of adverse effects during chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Furthermore, given that synthetic glucocorticoids have potent feedback effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, physiological factors which can give rise to individual variability in HPA axis activity such as sex, age, and disease state might also have substantial implications for therapy. We use a semi-mechanistic mathematical model of the rodent HPA axis to study how putative sex differences and individual variability in HPA axis regulation can influence the effects of long-term synthetic exposure on endogenous glucocorticoid circadian rhythms. Model simulations suggest that for the same drug exposure, simulated females exhibit less endogenous suppression than males considering differences in adrenal sensitivity and negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary. Simulations reveal that homeostatic regulatory variability and chronic stress-induced regulatory adaptations in the HPA axis network can result in substantial differences in the effects of synthetic exposure on the circadian rhythm of endogenous glucocorticoids. In general, our results provide insight into how the dosage and exposure profile of synthetic glucocorticoids could be manipulated in a personalized manner to preserve the circadian dynamics of endogenous glucocorticoids during chronic therapy, thus potentially minimizing the incidence of adverse effects associated with long-term use of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megerle L Scherholz
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Rohit T Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ.,Department of Surgery, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brusnwick, NJ
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37
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Scherholz ML, Schlesinger N, Androulakis IP. Chronopharmacology of glucocorticoids. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:245-261. [PMID: 30797955 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids influence a wide array of metabolic, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and cognitive signaling processes, playing an important role in homeostasis and preservation of normal organ function. Synthesis is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis of which cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid in humans. Synthetic glucocorticoids are important pharmacological agents that augment the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties of endogenous cortisol and are widely used for the treatment of asthma, Crohn's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, amongst other chronic conditions. The homeostatic activity of cortisol is disrupted by the administration of synthetic glucocorticoids and so there is interest in developing treatment options that minimize HPA axis disturbance while maintaining the pharmacological effects. Studies suggest that optimizing drug administration time can achieve this goal. The present review provides an overview of endogenous glucocorticoid activity and recent advances in treatment options that have further improved patient safety and efficacy with an emphasis on chronopharmacology.
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38
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Komlev AE, Kurilina EV, Imaev TE. [Critical illness - related corticosteroid insufficiency in patients after cardiac surgery and cardiologic emergencies]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 91:100-105. [PMID: 32598638 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.10.000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Critical illness - related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) is associated with elevated level of circulating biomarkers of inflammation, pro - coagulant effects, deterioration of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and, consequently, prolonged in - hospital stay and increased mortality of intensive care patients. Incidence of CIRCI widely varies depending on specific patient's population and applied diagnostic thresholds being as high as 30% among postoperative patients on inotropes. CIRCI is a complex clinical and pathophysiological condition with substantial influence on immediate survival and prognosis. Clinical impact of CIRCI as well as pathogenetically based therapy arouse keen interest of intensive care specialists and clinical pathologists. The specific issues of CIRCI in patients after cardiac surgery and cardiology emergencies remain largely under - recognized, so further scrutinization is needed.
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Amante E, Salomone A, Alladio E, Vincenti M, Porpiglia F, Bro R. Untargeted Metabolomic Profile for the Detection of Prostate Carcinoma-Preliminary Results from PARAFAC2 and PLS-DA Models. Molecules 2019; 24:E3063. [PMID: 31443574 PMCID: PMC6749415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the main biomarker for the screening of prostate cancer (PCa), which has a high sensibility (higher than 80%) that is negatively offset by its poor specificity (only 30%, with the European cut-off of 4 ng/mL). This generates a large number of useless biopsies, involving both risks for the patients and costs for the national healthcare systems. Consequently, efforts were recently made to discover new biomarkers useful for PCa screening, including our proposal of interpreting a multi-parametric urinary steroidal profile with multivariate statistics. This approach has been expanded to investigate new alleged biomarkers by the application of untargeted urinary metabolomics. Urine samples from 91 patients (43 affected by PCa; 48 by benign hyperplasia) were deconjugated, extracted in both basic and acidic conditions, derivatized with different reagents, and analyzed with different gas chromatographic columns. Three-dimensional data were obtained from full-scan electron impact mass spectra. The PARADISe software, coupled with NIST libraries, was employed for the computation of PARAFAC2 models, the extraction of the significative components (alleged biomarkers), and the generation of a semiquantitative dataset. After variables selection, a partial least squares-discriminant analysis classification model was built, yielding promising performances. The selected biomarkers need further validation, possibly involving, yet again, a targeted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Amante
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Alberto Salomone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Eugenio Alladio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Francesco Porpiglia
- Division of Urology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital and University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Rasmus Bro
- Department of food science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Charni-Natan M, Aloni-Grinstein R, Osher E, Rotter V. Liver and Steroid Hormones-Can a Touch of p53 Make a Difference? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:374. [PMID: 31244779 PMCID: PMC6581675 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the main metabolic organ in the body, serving as a significant hormonal secretory gland and functioning to maintain hormone balance and homeostasis. Steroid hormones regulate various biological pathways, mainly in the reproductive system and in many metabolic processes. The liver, as well as steroid hormones, contribute significantly, through functional intertwine, to homeostasis maintenance, and proper responses during stress. Malfunction of either has a significant impact on the other and may lead to severe liver diseases as well as to several endocrine syndromes. Thus, the regulation on liver functions as on steroid hormones levels and activities is well-controlled. p53, the well-known tumor suppressor gene, was recently found to regulate metabolism and general homeostasis processes, particularly within the liver. Moreover, p53 was shown to be involved in steroid hormones regulation. In this review, we discuss the bi-directional regulation of the liver and the steroid hormones pointing to p53 as a novel regulator in this axis. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this axis may help to prevent and treat related disease, especially with the increasing exposure of the population to environmental steroid hormones and steroid hormone-based medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Charni-Natan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ronit Aloni-Grinstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Etty Osher
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Institute of Endocrinology Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Clinical indicators of adrenal insufficiency following discontinuation of oral glucocorticoid therapy: A Danish population-based self-controlled case series analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212259. [PMID: 30779776 PMCID: PMC6380588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical adrenal insufficiency induced by glucocorticoid treatment is prevalent, but data on the clinical implications are sparse. We investigated clinical consequences of glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency after oral glucocorticoid cessation. METHODS We conducted a Danish population-based self-controlled case series utilizing medical registries. In this design each individual serves as their own control allowing event rates to be compared as a function of time and treatment. Clinical indicators of adrenal insufficiency were defined as diagnoses of gastrointestinal symptoms, hypotension, cardiovascular collapse, syncope, hyponatremia, and hypoglycaemia. We included 286,680 persons who discontinued long-term (≥ 3 months) oral glucocorticoid treatment. We defined five risk periods and a reference period (before treatment): period 0 (on treatment), withdrawal period (1 month before and after cessation), followed by three consecutive 2 month-risk periods after withdrawal (periods 2-4). RESULTS Median age at cessation was 69 years and 57% were female. Median treatment duration was 297 days and median cumulative dose was 3000 mg prednisolone equivalents. The incidence rates of hypotension, gastrointestinal symptoms, hypoglycemia and hyponatremia were increased in the withdrawal period compared to before treatment started (reference period). Incidence rate ratios comparing the withdrawal period with the reference period were 2.5 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-4.3] for hypotension, 1.7 (95% CI: 1.6-1.9) for gastrointestinal symptoms, 2.2 (95% CI: 0.7-7.3) for hypoglycemia, and 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1-2.0) for hyponatremia. During 7 months of follow up, the rates of hypotension and gastrointestinal symptoms remained elevated compared to the reference period. Risk factors included use of antibiotics, increasing average daily dose of glucocorticoids, cumulative dose, and age. CONCLUSION Oral glucocorticoid withdrawal was associated with adverse outcomes attributable to adrenal insufficiency. Our study underscores the need for future research to establish evidence-based clinical guidance on management of patients who discontinue oral glucocorticoids.
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Folger AT, Ding L, Ji H, Yolton K, Ammerman RT, Van Ginkel JB, Bowers K. Neonatal NR3C1 Methylation and Social-Emotional Development at 6 and 18 Months of Age. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:14. [PMID: 30804765 PMCID: PMC6371639 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The variation in childhood social-emotional development within at-risk populations may be attributed in part to epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation (DNAm) that respond to environmental stressors. These mechanisms may partially underlie the degree of vulnerability (and resilience) to negative social-emotional development within adverse psychosocial environments. Extensive research supports an association between maternal adversity and offspring DNAm of the NR3C1 gene, which encodes the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). A gap in knowledge remains regarding the relationship between NR3C1 DNAm, measured in neonatal (1-month of age) buccal cells, and subsequent social-emotional development during infancy and early childhood. We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of n = 53 mother-child dyads (n = 30 with developmental outcomes formed the basis of current study) who were enrolled in a home visiting (HV) program. Higher mean DNAm of the NR3C1 exon 1F promoter was significantly associated with lower 6-month Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE) scores-more positive infant social-emotional functioning. A similar trend was observed at 18-months of age in a smaller sample (n = 12). The findings of this pilot study indicate that in a diverse and disadvantaged population, the level of neonatal NR3C1 DNAm is related to later social-emotional development. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonzo T. Folger
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Lili Ding
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of General and Community Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Robert T. Ammerman
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Judith B. Van Ginkel
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Katherine Bowers
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Dineen R, Stewart PM, Sherlock M. Factors impacting on the action of glucocorticoids in patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 90:3-14. [PMID: 30120786 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones, which are essential for life. They are secreted by the adrenal cortex under the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Glucocorticoids are essential for the normal function of most organ systems and, in both, excess and deficiency can lead to significant adverse consequences. Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a rare, life-threatening disorder characterized by insufficient production of corticosteroid hormones. Primary AI is defined by the inability of the adrenal cortex to produce sufficient amounts of glucocorticoids and/or mineralocorticoids despite normal or increased adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). Secondary AI is adrenal hypofunction due to insufficient amount of ACTH produced by the pituitary gland. Conventional treatment of both primary and secondary adrenal insufficiencies involves lifelong glucocorticoid replacement therapy. The role of cortisol deficiency and the impact of hydrocortisone replacement on morbidity and mortality in this patient group are under increasing scrutiny. Established glucocorticoid replacement regimens do not completely mirror endogenous hormonal production, and their monitoring to ensure optimum therapy is hampered by the lack of reliable biomarkers of hormone sufficiency. A further confounding issue is the tissue-specific regulation of glucocorticoid through the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) with research focusing on the role of this prereceptor regulation in the development of adverse metabolic features in patients. This review defines the factors influencing glucocorticoid action in patients with adrenal insufficiency receiving glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Dineen
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul M Stewart
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark Sherlock
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Rao RT, Scherholz ML, Androulakis IP. Modeling the influence of chronopharmacological administration of synthetic glucocorticoids on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1619-1636. [PMID: 30059634 PMCID: PMC6292202 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1498098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural glucocorticoids, a class of cholesterol-derived hormones, modulate an array of metabolic, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and cognitive signaling. The synthesis of natural glucocorticoids, largely cortisol in humans, is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and exhibits pronounced circadian variation. Considering the central regulatory function of endogenous glucocorticoids, maintenance of the circadian activity of the HPA axis is essential to host survival and chronic disruption of such activity leads to systemic complications. There is a great deal of interest in synthetic glucocorticoids due to the immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties and the development of novel dosing regimens that can minimize the disruption of endogenous activity, while still maintaining the pharmacological benefits of long-term synthetic glucocorticoid therapy. Synthetic glucocorticoids are associated with an increased risk of developing the pathological disorders related to chronic suppression of cortisol rhythmicity as a result of the potent negative feedback by synthetic glucocorticoids on the HPA axis precursors. In this study, a mathematical model was developed to explore the influence of chronopharmacological dosing of exogenous glucocorticoids on the endogenous cortisol rhythm considering intra-venous and oral dosing. Chronic daily dosing resulted in modification of the circadian rhythmicity of endogenous cortisol with the amplitude and acrophase of the altered rhythm dependent on the administration time. Simulations revealed that the circadian features of the endogenous cortisol rhythm can be preserved by proper timing of administration. The response following a single dose was not indicative of the response following long-term, repeated chronopharmacological dosing of synthetic glucocorticoids. Furthermore, simulations revealed the inductive influence of long-term treatment was only associated with low to moderate doses, while high doses generally led to suppression of endogenous activity regardless of the chronopharmacological dose. Finally, chronic daily dosing was found to alter the responsiveness of the HPA axis, such that a decrease in the amplitude of the cortisol rhythm resulted in a partial loss in the time-of-day dependent response to CRH stimulation, while an increase in the amplitude was associated with a more pronounced time-of-day dependence of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit T. Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Megerle L. Scherholz
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Ioannis P. Androulakis
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Correspondence: I.P. Androulakis, 599 Taylor Road, Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, , tel: 848-445-6561, fax: 732-445-3753
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Giaccone V, Macaluso A, Cammilleri G, Vella A, Ferrantelli V. Corticosteroids in liver and urine in Sicilian cattle by a LC-MS/MS method. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:201-207. [PMID: 29716443 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1470578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of corticosteroid residues was assessed in urine and liver samples from livestock of Sicily. A total of 630 bovine samples were collected from farms and slaughterhouses. The samples were analysed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). All the corticosteroids found were under the maximum residue limit imposed by Commission Regulation (EC) 37/2010. About 4% of liver samples showed dexamethasone levels above the limit of detection (LOD), with a mean of 1.5 ± 0.2 µg kg-1. Betamethasone was found only in seven liver samples, with a mean of 1.6 ± 0.1 µg kg-1. Furthermore, prednisolone and prednisone were found only in urine and liver samples from slaughterhouse, probably related to the high rate of stress for bovines. These results suggest good control practices adopted by Sicilian farms, able to ensure the quality of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Giaccone
- a Area Chimica e Tecnologie Alimentari , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri" , Palermo , Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- a Area Chimica e Tecnologie Alimentari , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri" , Palermo , Italy
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- a Area Chimica e Tecnologie Alimentari , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri" , Palermo , Italy
| | - Antonio Vella
- a Area Chimica e Tecnologie Alimentari , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri" , Palermo , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- a Area Chimica e Tecnologie Alimentari , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri" , Palermo , Italy
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Spencer RL, Chun LE, Hartsock MJ, Woodruff ER. Glucocorticoid hormones are both a major circadian signal and major stress signal: How this shared signal contributes to a dynamic relationship between the circadian and stress systems. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:52-71. [PMID: 29288075 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones are a powerful mammalian systemic hormonal signal that exerts regulatory effects on almost every cell and system of the body. Glucocorticoids act in a circadian and stress-directed manner to aid in adaptation to an ever-changing environment. Circadian glucocorticoid secretion provides for a daily waxing and waning influence on target cell function. In addition, the daily circadian peak of glucocorticoid secretion serves as a timing signal that helps entrain intrinsic molecular clock phase in tissue cells distributed throughout the body. Stress-induced glucocorticoid secretion also modulates the state of these same cells in response to both physiological and psychological stressors. We review the strong functional interrelationships between glucocorticoids and the circadian system, and discuss how these interactions optimize the appropriate cellular and systems response to stress throughout the day. We also discuss clinical implications of this dual aspect of glucocorticoid signaling, especially for conditions of circadian and HPA axis dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Spencer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Lauren E Chun
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Matthew J Hartsock
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Woodruff
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Aerts J. Quantification of a Glucocorticoid Profile in Non-pooled Samples Is Pivotal in Stress Research Across Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:635. [PMID: 30405537 PMCID: PMC6206410 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates are faced continuously with a variety of potential stressful stimuli and react by a highly conserved endocrine stress response. An immediate catecholamine mediated response increases plasma glucose levels in order to prepare the organism for the "fight or flight" reaction. In addition, in a matter of minutes after this (nor)adrenaline release, glucocorticoids, in particular cortisol or corticosterone depending on the species, are released through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis in fish or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in other vertebrates. These plasma glucocorticoids are well documented and widely used as biomarker for stress across vertebrates. In order to study the role of glucocorticoids in acute and chronic stress and gain in-depth insight in the stress axis (re)activity across vertebrates, it is pivotal to pin-point the involved molecules, to understand the mechanisms of how the latter are synthesized, regulated and excreted, and to grasp their actions on a plethora of biological processes. Furthermore, in-depth knowledge on the characteristics of the tissues as well as on the analytical methodologies available for glucocorticoid quantification is needed. This manuscript is to be situated in the multi-disciplinary research topic of glucocorticoid action across vertebrates which is linked to a wide range of research domains including but not limited to biochemistry, ecology, endocrinology, ethology, histology, immunology, morphology, physiology, and toxicology, and provides a solid base for all interested in stress, in particular glucocorticoid, related research. In this framework, internationally validated confirmation methods for quantification of a glucocorticoid profile comprising: (i) the dominant hormone; (ii) its direct precursors; (iii) its endogenously present phase I metabolites; and (iv) the most abundant more polar excreted exogenous phase I metabolites in non-pooled samples are pivotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Aerts
- Stress Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ostend, Belgium
- Stress Physiology Research Group, Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Ostend, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Johan Aerts
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The Role and Regulation of the 11 Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Enzyme System in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:3385-3390. [PMID: 28932959 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucocorticoids are known to modulate a number of immunological responses including counteracting inflammation. Within tissues expressing the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors including the colon, glucocorticoid metabolism is regulated by the isoenzymes of 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD). 11β-HSD1 acts as an oxidoreductase converting inactive cortisone into active cortisol, while 11β-HSD2 acts as a dehydrogenase converting active cortisol to inactive cortisone. Hexose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) is a key regulator of 11β-HSD1 activity via its generation of NADPH. Variations in the 11β-HSD enzyme system in relation to levels of expression and regulation may have a role in IBD. The aim of this study was to investigate possible abnormalities of 11β-HSD enzyme system in the colon of patients with IBD. METHODS By using quantitative real-time PCR, we investigated the transcription levels of 11β-HSD1 and 2 in colonic tissue from IBD patients and healthy controls undergoing a colonoscopy for disease assessment. Disease activity was recorded using clinical (Mayo Score/Harvey-Bradshaw Index), Biochemical (C-reactive protein), histological, and endoscopic parameters. In addition, transcription levels of H6PDH and the glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GR-α) as well as key pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, Rela (subunit for NF Kappa B)) were later examined among this group, and results were correlated with 11β-HSD2 gene expression. Results and patient demographics were expressed as a mean (and SD), and differences between IBD patients and control groups were analyzed using a Student's t test or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate, with a p value of ≤0.05 considered significant. Results were controlled for disease activity as outlined above. RESULTS Results have demonstrated a significant downregulation in 11β-HSD2 expression in IBD patients compared with controls (13.8 ± 17.1 au vs. 318.4 ± 521.1 au, p = 0.01), whereas levels of 11β-HSD1 did not appear to vary across the two groups. Among IBD patients, there was a trend toward higher 11β-HSD1 expression in inflamed tissue compared with matched non-inflamed tissue (422.1 ± 944 au vs. 102.2 ± 103.9, P = 0.09). Levels of H6PDH and the GR-α expression did not appear to vary among active inflamed IBD tissue and controls. As a result, we examined the association between pro-inflammatory cytokines and levels of 11β-HSD2 expression. Results showed an upregulation of key pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) during inflammation with an associated downregulation of 11β-HSD2 mRNA expression when compared to controls. Dysregulation in this pathway could have a potential role in IBD pathogenesis and may account for exogenous glucocorticoid resistance in IBD. Further work assessing the role of the 11β-HSD enzyme system in steroid-resistant subjects is warranted.
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Huang YC, Hung CF, Lin PY, Lee Y, Wu CC, Hsu ST, Chen CC, Chong MY, Lin CH, Wang LJ. Gender differences in susceptibility to schizophrenia: Potential implication of neurosteroids. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 84:87-93. [PMID: 28686904 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Past research has indicated gender differences in the clinical characteristics and course of schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated whether gender differences in the manifestation of schizophrenia are correlated with neurosteroids, including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and pregnenolone. We further explored the potential relationship between the aforementioned neurosteroids and psychopathology. We recruited 65 schizophrenic patients (36 males and 29 females) and 103 healthy control subjects (47 males and 56 females) and obtained blood samples from the subjects in the morning while in a fasting state to determine the serum levels of DHEA, DHEA-S, and pregnenolone. The psychopathology and mood symptoms of patients with schizophrenia were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, respectively. Compared to the male control subjects, male patients with schizophrenia had significantly lower serum levels of DHEA and pregnenolone. In males with schizophrenia, the serum levels of DHEA and DHEA-S were associated with the age of onset and the duration of illness, while pregnenolone levels were associated with general symptoms of the PANSS. However, none of the neurosteroid levels were different between the female patients with schizophrenia and the female controls, and no significant correlation between neurosteroid levels and psychopathology evaluations was found among the schizophrenic females. Neurosteroids, including DHEA, DHEA-S, and pregnenolone, are involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia in male patients, but not in female ones. Therefore, our findings suggest that neurosteroids may be associated with gender differences in susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Chung Shan Medical University School of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fa Hung
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ting Hsu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mian-Yoon Chong
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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