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Zhang F, Zhang D, Lou H, Li X, Fu H, Sun X, Sun P, Wang X, Bao M. Distribution, sources and ecological risks of PAHs and n-alkanes in water and sediments of typically polluted estuaries: Insights from the Xiaoqing River. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 364:121471. [PMID: 38878581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Seasonal water and sediment samples were collected from the Xiaoqing River estuary and the neighboring sea to study the spatial and temporal distributions, sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes. The results showed significant spatial and temporal differences in the concentrations of PAHs and n-alkanes under the influence of precipitation, temperature, and human activities. The concentrations of PAHs in water were lower in the wet season than in the dry season, and those in sediments were higher in the wet season than in the dry season. The concentrations of n-alkanes were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season for both water and sediments. The spatial distributions of PAHs and n-alkanes were estuarine > offshore. The concentration ranges of ∑PAHs in water and sediments were 230.66-599.86 ng/L and 84.51-5548.62 ng/g, respectively, in the wet season and 192.46-8649.55 ng/L and 23.39-1208.92 ng/g, respectively, in the dry season. The proportion of three-ring PAHs in water (57.03% and 78.27% in the wet and dry seasons, respectively) was high, followed by two-ring PAHs (27.31% and 13.59% in the wet and dry seasons, respectively). The proportion of four-ring PAHs was higher in sediments (24.79% and 32.20% in the wet and dry seasons, respectively). The ecological risk of PAHs assessed using the toxicity equivalent quotient and risk quotient was at moderate to moderately high risk levels. The high concentration of n-alkane fraction C16 (611.65-75594.58 ng/L) in the water is indicative of petroleum or other fossil fuel inputs. The main peaks of n-alkanes in river sediments were C27, C29 and C31, indicating higher inputs of plant sources. The sediments in the estuary showed dominance of both short-chain C16 and long-chain C25-C31, indicating a combined input of higher plants and petroleum. The diagnostic ratios of PAHs and n-alkanes indicated that their sources were mainly oil/coal/biomass combustion and petroleum spills attributed to frequent vehicular, vessel and mariculture activities. Given the potential ecological risks of PAHs and n-alkanes in water and sediments, future studies should focus on their bioaccumulation and biotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced, Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Shouguang Marine Fishery Development Center ,Weifang, 262700, China
| | - Huawei Lou
- Shouguang Marine Fishery Development Center ,Weifang, 262700, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Shouguang Marine Fishery Development Center ,Weifang, 262700, China
| | - Hongrui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced, Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced, Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Peiyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Warning, Protection & Restoration for Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Warning, Protection & Restoration for Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Mutai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced, Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Hattab S, Cappello T, Boughattas I, Sassi K, Mkhinini M, Zitouni N, Missawi O, Eliso MC, Znaidi A, Banni M. Toxicity assessment of animal manure composts containing environmental microplastics by using earthworms Eisenia andrei. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172975. [PMID: 38705298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, animal manure composting constitutes a sustainable alternative for farmers to enhance the level of nutrients within soils and achieve a good productivity. However, pollutants may be present in manures. This study focuses on the detection of environmental microplastics (EMPs) into composts, as well as on the assessment of their potential toxicity on the earthworm Eisenia andrei. To these aims, animals were exposed to two types of compost, namely bovine (cow) and ovine (sheep) manure, besides to their mixture, for 7 and 14 days. The presence and characterization of EMPs was evaluated in all the tested composts, as well as in tissues of the exposed earthworms. The impact of the tested composts was assessed by a multi-biomarker approach including cytotoxic (lysosomal membrane stability, LMS), genotoxic (micronuclei frequency, MNi), biochemical (activity of catalase, CAT, and glutathione-S-transferase, GST; content of malondialdehyde, MDA), and neurotoxic (activity of acetylcholinesterase, AChE) responses in earthworms. Results indicated the presence of high levels of EMPs in all the tested composts, especially in the sheep manure (2273.14 ± 200.89 items/kg) in comparison to the cow manure (1628.82 ± 175.23 items/kg), with the size <1.22 μm as the most abundant EMPs. A time-dependent decrease in LMS and AChE was noted in exposed earthworms, as well as a concomitant increase in DNA damages (MNi) after 7 and 14 days of exposure. Also, a severe oxidative stress was recorded in animals treated with the different types of compost through an increase in CAT and GST activities, and LPO levels, especially after 14 days of exposure. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully consider these findings for agricultural good practices in terms of plastic mitigation in compost usage, in order to prevent any risk for environment health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Hattab
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Regional Research Centre in Horticulture and Organic Agriculture of Chott-Meriem, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Regional Field Crops Research Center of Beja, IRESA, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Sassi
- Laboratory of Agronomy, National Agronomy Institute of Tunisia (INAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marouane Mkhinini
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; LEESU, Université Paris Est Créteil, Ecole des ponts, Créteil, France
| | - Nesrine Zitouni
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Omayma Missawi
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Maria Concetta Eliso
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Akram Znaidi
- Department of Animal Production, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology, ISBM, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Menezes N, Cruz I, da Rocha GO, de Andrade JB, Leão ZMAN. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coral reefs with a focus on Scleractinian corals: A systematic overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162868. [PMID: 36934938 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of petroleum exploitation and oil spills in marine ecosystems has increased over time. Among the concerns regarding these events, the impact on coral reefs stand out because this ecosystem has ecological and economic importance and is globally threatened. We performed a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of studies that determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coral reefs, attempting to answer how the studies were distributed around the globe, the main environmental matrices and species of coral studied, the main PAHs found and their mean concentrations, and the methodology used. A bibliographic search resulted in 42 studies with worldwide distribution. The bibliometric results presented more explored terms, such as sediments and toxicology, and newly investigated terms, which should encourage a new area of study, such as those related to zooxanthellae and mucus. The main matrices studied in coral reefs are sediments, corals, and water, whereas air and other invertebrates have rarely been studied. Approximately 45 species of corals with several morphotypes have been reported. PAHs recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) were analyzed in all studies, while additional compounds were analyzed in only five. The methods used to determine hydrocarbons are predominantly the most traditional; however, for corals, studies have tended to separate tissue, zooxanthellae, skeleton, and mucus. In the future, we recommend investment in improving the capacity to detect non-conventional PAHs, more studies in regions that are rarely explored in developing countries, and the creation of databases to facilitate management planning on marine coasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Menezes
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Igor Cruz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Laboratory of Biological Oceanography, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Department of Oceanography, Institute of Geosciences, Barão de Jeremoabo Street, Ondina, Salvador 40210-340, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gisele O da Rocha
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Jailson B de Andrade
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Universitário SENAI-CIMATEC, 41650-110 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Zelinda M A N Leão
- Laboratory of Coral Reefs and Global Changes-RECOR, Institute of Geosciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Barão de Jeremoabo Street, Ondina, Salvador 40210-340, Bahia, Brazil
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Afsa S, De Marco G, Cristaldi A, Giannetto A, Galati M, Billè B, Conti GO, Ben Mansour H, Ferrante M, Cappello T. Single and combined effects of caffeine and salicylic acid on mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis: Changes at histomorphological, molecular and biochemical levels. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023:104167. [PMID: 37286067 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine (CAF) and salicylic acid (SA) are frequently detected in waterbody, though information on their biological impact is poor. This work assesses the effects of CAF (5ng/L to 10µg/L) and SA (0.05µg/L to 100µg/L) alone and combined as CAF+SA (5ng/L+0.05µg/L to 10µg/L+100µg/L) on mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis under 12-days exposure by histomorphology of digestive gland and oxidative stress defense at molecular and biochemical levels. Besides evaluating tissue accumulation, absence of histomorphological damage and haemocyte infiltration highlighted activation of defensive mechanisms. Up-regulation of Cu/Zn-sod, Mn-sod, cat and gst combined with increased catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity were found in CAF-exposed mussels, while SA reduced ROS production and mitochondrial activity. CAF+SA exposure induced differential responses, and the integrated biomarker response (IBR) revealed more pronounced effects of SA than CAF. These results enlarge knowledge on pharmaceuticals impact on non-target organisms, emphasizing the need for proper environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Afsa
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to The Environment - APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Giuseppe De Marco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Cristaldi
- Environmental and Food Hygiene (LIAA), Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Galati
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Barbara Billè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene (LIAA), Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to The Environment - APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene (LIAA), Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Mohammed R, Zhang ZF, Hu YH, Jiang C, He ZQ, Wang WJ, Li YF. Temporal-spatial variation, source forensics of PAHs and their derivatives in sediment from Songhua River, Northeastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:4031-4043. [PMID: 34820731 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The distribution patterns and health risk assessment of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs), and regular 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment from the Songhua River in northeastern China were investigated in this research. During dry seasons, concentrations of 16 USEPA priority PAHs, OH-PAHs, and NPAHs were extremely high, with average values of 1220 ± 288, 317 ± 641, 2.54 ± 3.98, and 12.2 ± 22.1 ng/g (dry weight, dw). The dry period level was confirmed to be 4 times greater than the wet period concentration. Modeling with positive matrix factorization (PMF) and estimation of diagnostic isomeric ratios were applied for identifying sources, according to the positive matrix factorization model: vehicle emissions (38.1%), biomass burning (25%), petroleum source (23.4%), and diesel engines source (13.5%) in wet season as well as wood combustion (44.1%), vehicle source (40.2%), coke oven (10.8%), and biomass burning (4.9%) in the dry season. The greatest seasonal variability was attributed to high molecular weight compounds (HMW PAHs). BaP was confirmed to be 81% carcinogenic in this study, which offers convincing proof of the escalating health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Mohammed
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Polar Academy, Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China.
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Polar Academy, Harbin, 150090, China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Ying-Hua Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Heilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Harbin, 150028, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Heilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Harbin, 150028, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang He
- Heilongjiang Pony Testing Technical Co.,Ltd, Harbin, 150028, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Heilongjiang Pony Testing Technical Co.,Ltd, Harbin, 150028, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Polar Academy, Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
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Sun Y, Ding A, Zhao X, Chang W, Ren L, Zhao Y, Song Z, Hao D, Liu Y, Jin N, Zhang D. Response of soil microbial communities to petroleum hydrocarbons at a multi-contaminated industrial site in Lanzhou, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135559. [PMID: 35787883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) contamination poses threats to ecological systems and human health. Many studies have reported its negative impacts on soil microbes, but limited information is known about microbial change and response to multiple TPH contamination events. In this study, we investigated TPH contamination level, microbial community structure and functional genes at a multi-contaminated industrial site in Lanzhou, where a benzene spill accident caused the drinking water crisis in 2014. TPHs distribution in soils and groundwater indicated multiple TPH contamination events in history, and identified the spill location where high TPH level (6549 mg kg-1) and high ratio of low-molecular-weight TPHs (>80%) were observed. In contrast, TPH level was moderate (349 mg kg-1) and the proportion of low-molecular-weight TPHs was 44% in soils with a long TPH contamination history. After the spill accident, soil bacterial communities became significant diverse (p = 0.047), but the dominant microbes remained the same as Pseudomonadaceae and Comamonadaceae. The abundance of hydrocarbon-degradation related genes increased by 10-1000 folds at the site where the spill accident occurred in multi-contaminated areas and was significantly related to 2-ring PAHs. Such changes of microbial community and hydrocarbon-degradation related genes together indicated the resilience of soil indigenous microbes toward multiple contamination events. Our results proved the significant change of bacterial community and huge shift of hydrocarbon-degradation related genes after the spill accident (multiple contamination events), and provided a deep insight into microbial response at industrial sites with a long period of contamination history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Sun
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Aizhong Ding
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Wonjae Chang
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Liangsuo Ren
- Institute of Geography and Oceangraphy, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530100, China
| | - Yinjun Zhao
- Institute of Geography and Oceangraphy, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530100, China
| | - Ziyu Song
- BCEG Environmental Remediation LTD, Beijing, 100015, China.
| | - Di Hao
- BCEG Environmental Remediation LTD, Beijing, 100015, China.
| | - Yueqiao Liu
- Experiment and Practice Innovation Education Center, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519087, China.
| | - Naifu Jin
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Dayi Zhang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Cecinato A, Bacaloni A, Romagnoli P, Perilli M, Balducci C. Molecular signatures of organic particulates as tracers of emission sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65904-65923. [PMID: 35876994 PMCID: PMC9492597 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical signature of airborne particulates and deposition dusts is subject of study since decades. Usually, three complementary composition markers are investigated, namely, (i) specific organic compounds; (ii) concentration ratios between congeners, and (iii) percent distributions of homologs. Due to its intrinsic limits (e.g., variability depending on decomposition and gas/particle equilibrium), the identification of pollution sources based on molecular signatures results overall restricted to qualitative purposes. Nevertheless, chemical fingerprints allow drawing preliminary information, suitable for successfully approaching multivariate analysis and valuing the relative importance of sources. Here, the state-of-the-art is presented about the molecular fingerprints of non-polar aliphatic, polyaromatic (PAHs, nitro-PAHs), and polar (fatty acids, organic halides, polysaccharides) compounds in emissions. Special concern was addressed to alkenes and alkanes with carbon numbers ranging from 12 to 23 and ≥ 24, which displayed distinct relative abundances in petrol-derived spills and exhausts, emissions from microorganisms, high vegetation, and sediments. Long-chain alkanes associated with tobacco smoke were characterized by a peculiar iso/anteiso/normal homolog fingerprint and by n-hentriacontane percentages higher than elsewhere. Several concentration ratios of PAHs were identified as diagnostic of the type of emission, and the sources of uncertainty were elucidated. Despite extensive investigations conducted so far, the origin of uncommon molecular fingerprints, e.g., alkane/alkene relationships in deposition dusts and airborne particles, remains quite unclear. Polar organics resulted scarcely investigated for pollution apportioning purposes, though they looked as indicative of the nature of sources. Finally, the role of humans and living organisms as actual emitters of chemicals seems to need concern in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
- Dept. of Chemistry, University Roma-1 “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Romagnoli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
| | - Mattia Perilli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
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Bianco F, Marcińczyk M, Race M, Papirio S, Esposito G, Oleszczuk P. Low temperature–produced and VFA–coated biochar enhances phenanthrene adsorption and mitigates toxicity in marine sediments. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Chen CF, Ju YR, Lim YC, Wang MH, Albarico FPJB, Chen CW, Dong CD. Potential sources and toxicity risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of commercial ports in Taiwan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 181:113924. [PMID: 35841673 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of pollutants in the semi-enclosed waters of ports has long been a concern. This study assessed the pollution status, sources, and toxicity risks of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of 7 major ports in Taiwan. Total PAHs concentrations in sediments ranged between 8.4 and 572.5 ng/g dw, with an average of 112.4 ± 136.5 ng/g dw. The 3- and 4-ring PAHs (63 %) were the major constituents of PAHs in the sediments. Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization analyses indicated that PAHs in sediments were mainly contributed by biomass combustion (45.0 %), coal combustion (31.5 %), and vehicle emissions and related fossil fuels (23.5 %). The results of ecological risk assessment showed a low-medium risk of PAHs in the sediments outside the port, whereas most of the sediments within the port presented a medium-high risk. An assessment of the possible human health risks indicated that PAHs were present at acceptable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan
| | - Yee Cheng Lim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huang Wang
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Frank Paolo Jay B Albarico
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Fisheries and Marine Research Station, College of Fisheries and Allied Sciences, Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology, Sagay City 6122, Philippines
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan.
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Isa V, Saliu F, Bises C, Vencato S, Raguso C, Montano S, Lasagni M, Lavorano S, Clemenza M, Galli P. Phthalates bioconcentration in the soft corals: Inter- and intra- species differences and ecological aspects. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134247. [PMID: 35259364 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The bioconcentration of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) diethyl phthalate (DEP) dibutyl phthalate (DBP) butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di-(2-ethy hexyl) phthalates (DEHP), mono-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-(2-ethy hexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in the soft corals Coelogorgia palmosa, Sinularia sp., Sarcophyton glaucum, and Lobophytum sp. was investigated. Specimens were cultured in a microcosm environment built-up at the Genova Aquarium and analyses were carried out by in vivo SPME-LC-MS/MS. The distributions of the phthalates among the four surveyed species resulted significantly different. Calculated bioconcentration factors (BCFs) showed values spanning over two orders of magnitude, from a minimum of log10 BCFDEP = 1.0 in Sarcophyton glaucum to a maximum of log10 BCFDBP = 3,9 calculated for Coelogorgia palmosa. Moreover, the calculated BCFs of the long chain phthalates resulted up to three orders of magnitude lower than theoretically predicted (from logKow), whereas BCF of short chain phthalates resulted higher. This, together with the detection of phthalic acid monoesters, suggests the presence of species-specific different metabolic transformation among the surveyed soft coral species that involve DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Isa
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Saliu
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Chiara Bises
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Vencato
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Clarissa Raguso
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Montano
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Republic of, Maldives
| | - Marina Lasagni
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Lavorano
- Costa Edutainment SpA - Acquario di Genova, Area Porto Antico, Ponte Spinola, 16128, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Galli
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Republic of, Maldives
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11
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Dashtbozorg M, Raudonytė-Svirbutavičienė E, Riyahi Bakhtiari A. A potential threat to the coral reef environments: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and phthalate esters in the corals and their ambient environment (Persian Gulf, Iran). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145822. [PMID: 33631596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of the surrounding habitat poses one of the biggest threats to the coral health and even survival. This study focuses on the occurrence, distribution, bioaccumulation and bioconcentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and phthalate esters (PAEs) in corals, their zooxanthellae and mucus, as well as in their ambient environment in Larak coral reef (Persian Gulf) for the first time. The highest concentrations of the pollutants were recorded in mucus, followed by zooxanthellae, tissue and skeleton. Soft corals with higher lipid content contained more PBDEs and PAEs. Pollutants were both efficiently bioconcentrated from water and bioaccumulated from the ambient sediment, albeit bioconcentration played the most prominent role. Elevated PBDEs and especially PAEs concentrations were detected in the skeletons of the bleached corals if compared to the skeleton samples of the non-bleached individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Dashtbozorg
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
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12
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Oladi M, Shokri MR. Multiple benthic indicators are efficient for health assessment of coral reefs subjected to petroleum hydrocarbons contamination: A case study in the Persian Gulf. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124993. [PMID: 33482480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing anthropogenic activities have adversely impacted coral reef ecosystems and their ecological functions. This calls for an urgent assessment of the health state of these valuable ecosystems to justify the need for mitigation and proper management efforts. In this contribution, we used multiple indicators to assess the impact of intense oil-related activities on coral reefs in two near-by impacted and non-impacted islands in the northwestern Persian Gulf. The efficacy of indices was assessed using estimations of the effect size (omega-squared), precision, and decision trees (Classification and Regression Tree (CART)). The results demonstrated that the combination of bioaccumulation of ƩPAH in coral tissues, the percent of live coral cover, and the Sediment Constituent (SEDCON) Index were the most robust proxies reflecting the influence of human activities on reef's health. Based on sedimentary PAH concentration, the CART classified most of the indicators into two classes consisting of those in impacted and those in non-impacted locations, further supporting the feasibility of the employed indices. The findings of this study provided a warning of degradation in coral reefs of the island subjected to PAH pollution. This encourages decision-makers to execute routine monitoring and mitigation practices to maintain healthy reefs in the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Oladi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Shokri
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Dashtbozorg M, Raudonytė-Svirbutavičienė E, Riyahi Bakhtiari A. Chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) in corals and water-SPM-sediment system in the Persian Gulf, Iran: A potential global threat for coral reefs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116531. [PMID: 33581638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Swift degradation of the coral reef ecosystems urges the need to identify the reef decline drivers. Due to their widespread use, bioaccumulative and toxic characteristics, chlorinated organic compounds, such as chlorinated paraffins (CPs), are regarded as specific pollutants of concern. Yet little is known about the occurrence of CPs in the coral reef ecosystems. This study focuses on the short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs). Their distribution and congener pattern were investigated in the water-SPM-sediment system and in the corals of the Larak coral reef for the first time. Chlorinated paraffins were detected in all the coral species. Their total loadings ranged from 42.1 to 178 ng g-1 dw in coral tissue, from 6.0 to 144 ng g-1dw in the skeleton, and from 55.0 to 240 ng g-1dw in zooxanthellae. Soft corals were found to accumulate more CPs than Scleractinian corals. Zooxanthellae and mucus accumulated more CPs than tissue and skeleton. In most cases, congener group patterns were dominated by C13 (for SCCPs) and C17 (MCCPs) groups, respectively. The congener patterns of CPs altered to some extent between mucus and the remaining coral compartments. High loadings of CPs were detected in the skeleton of the bleached corals. Moreover, a significant negative correlation between the levels of CPs and the symbiodinium density was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Dashtbozorg
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
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14
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Bianco F, Race M, Papirio S, Oleszczuk P, Esposito G. The addition of biochar as a sustainable strategy for the remediation of PAH-contaminated sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128274. [PMID: 33297218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of sediments by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been widely spread for years due to human activities, imposing the research and development of effective remediation technologies for achieving efficient treatment and reuse of sediments. In this context, the amendment of biochar in PAH-contaminated sediments has been lately proposed as an innovative and sustainable technology. This review provides detailed information about the mechanisms and impacts associated with the supplementation of biochar to sediments polluted by PAHs. The properties of biochar employed in these applications have been thoroughly examined. Sorption onto biochar is the main mechanism involved in PAH removal from sediments. Sorption efficiency can be significantly improved even in the presence of a low remediation time (i.e. 30 d) when a multi-PAH system is used and biochar is provided with a high dosage (i.e. by 5% in a mass ratio with the sediment) and a specific surface area of approximately 360 m2 g-1. The use of biochar results in a decrease (i.e. up to 20%) of the PAH degradation during bioaugmentation and phytoremediation of sediments, as a consequence of the reduction of PAH bioavailability and an increase of water and nutrient retention. In contrast, PAH degradation has been reported to increase up to 54% when nitrate is used as electron acceptor in low-temperature biochar-amended sediments. Finally, biochar is effective in co-application with Fe2+ for the persulfate degradation of PAHs (i.e. up to 80%), mainly when a high catalyst dose and an acidic pH are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bianco
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy.
| | - Marco Race
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy
| | - Stefano Papirio
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
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15
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Mitra S, Raudonytė-Svirbutavičienė E, Riyahi Bakhtiari A. Large-scale evaluation of deposition, bioavailability and ecological risks of the potentially toxic metals in the sediment cores of the hotspot coral reef ecosystems (Persian Gulf, Iran). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:122988. [PMID: 32947728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs of the Persian Gulf are vulnerable to the potentially toxic metals (PTMs) accumulated in the ambient sediments. Nonetheless, few studies have investigated the PTMs pollution and risk in the hotspot coral ecosystems of the Persian Gulf at a large-scale. Hereupon, this study focused on the PTMs contamination, their potential ecological risks, historical depositions, geochemical controls and the plausible pollution sources in the core sediments (0-40 cm) collected from the ten coral ecosystems of the Persian Gulf, Iran. Both total and fraction analysis indicated considerable metal pollution levels. Contamination was steadily decreasing towards the bottom of the sediment core, revealing the impact of a recent anthropogenic input. High metal association with the exchangeable and other mobile fractions was observed, indicating their high bioavailability. Of all the elements analyzed, toxic metals Cd, Hg and As exhibited the highest potential ecological risk (RI). Site rank index (SRI), modified degree of contamination (mCd), and contamination severity index (CSI) based approaches identified stations ST5, ST9 and ST10 as the most contaminated sites of the study area. The same stations were also found to possess considerable ecological risk. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the stations located in the zone of the highest anthropogenic impact contain pollution sources for all the metals analyzed, whereas areas with low anthropogenic activity are mainly affected by the river runoff and urban emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | | | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
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16
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Dashtbozorg M, Raudonytė-Svirbutavičienė E, Riyahi Bakhtiari A. Biomonitoring of perylene in symbiotic reef and non-reef building corals and species-specific responses in the Kharg and Larak coral reefs (Persian Gulf, Iran): Bioaccumulation and source identification. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115476. [PMID: 32891049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, coral soft tissue, skeleton and zooxanthellae, as well as their ambient sediment and seawater were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with a special focus on perylene. Samples were collected from two different environments: the Kharg Island, which is affected by numerous anthropogenic stressors and Larak Island, which is mainly used for recreational and fishing activities and is characterized by dense vegetation. The heaviest loadings of PAHs were observed on Kharg Island, yet higher concentrations of perylene were detected on Larak Island and it was identified as the prevailing compound in this area. Pyrogenic perylene sources were prevailing on Kharg Island, whereas the perylene on Larak Island was determined to be of natural origin. After analyzing the biological samples, higher perylene concentrations were observed in zooxanthellae than in tissue and skeleton. The lowest and the highest perylene loadings were found in the tissue and skeleton of Platygyra daedalea and Porites lutea, respectively. This applies to both reefs. We found that perylene distribution in the corals and their ambient environment follows an irregular pattern, demonstrating remarkable effects from the local inputs. The lipid content in the coral tissue and the location of the coral colony were deduced to be the main factors affecting perylene distribution in corals. On Larak Island, a significant correlation between perylene loadings in sediment and corals was observed. On Kharg Island, a strong interaction between the water column and the corals was detected. The symbiotic relationship between the corals and zooxanthellae might play the most significant role in bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of perylene. Due to the insolubility of PAHs, they could be transferred through a food chain to zooxanthellae and eventually deposited in the coral bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Dashtbozorg
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
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17
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Idowu O, Tran TKA, Webster G, Chapman I, Baker P, Farrel H, Zammit A, Semple KT, Hansbro PM, O'Connor W, Thavamani P. Quantitative biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) using the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140497. [PMID: 32721717 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing our understanding of the bioavailable fractions of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in an aquatic environment is important for the assessment of the environmental and human health risks posed by PACs. More importantly, the behaviour of polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (polar PAHs), which are metabolites of legacy PAHs, are yet to be understood. We, therefore, carried out a study involving Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata) sourced from two locations, that had been exposed to PAH contamination, within an Australian south-east estuary. Biomonitoring of these oysters, following relocation from the estuary to a relatively isolated waterway, was done at 24 and 72 h after deployment and subsequently at 7, 14, 28, 52 and 86 days. Control samples from Camden Haven River were sampled for PAC analyses just before deployment, after 28 days and at the end of the study (day 86). Lipid-normalised concentrations in oyster tissues across the 86-day sampling duration, elimination rate constants (k2), biological half-lives (t1/2) and time required to reach 95% of steady-state (t95) were reported for parent PAHs and the less-monitored polar PAHs including nitrated/oxygenated/heterocyclic PAHs (NPAHs, oxyPAHs and HPAHs) for the three differently sourced oyster types. Most of the depurating PAHs and NPAHs, as well as 9-FLO (oxyPAH), had k2 values significantly different from zero (p < 0.05). All other oxyPAHs and HPAHs showed no clear depuration, with their concentrations remaining similar. The non-depuration of polar PAHs from oyster tissues could imply greater human health risk compared to their parent analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyoye Idowu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Thi Kim Anh Tran
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; School of Agriculture and Resources, Vinh University, Viet Nam
| | - Grant Webster
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
| | - Ian Chapman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
| | - Phil Baker
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
| | - Hazel Farrel
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
| | - Anthony Zammit
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Phil M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens, NSW 2316, Australia
| | - Palanisami Thavamani
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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18
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Seopela MP, McCrindle RI, Combrinck S, Augustyn W. Occurrence, distribution, spatio-temporal variability and source identification of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment from Loskop dam, South Africa. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116350. [PMID: 32882453 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the spatial and temporal variations in the levels of C8-C40 n-alkanes and 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment from Loskop Dam (Mpumalanga Province South Africa), were investigated between 2015 and 2017. In addition, their sources, which have not been well defined, were also studied over the period. This water body is sourced from a historically contaminated water body, the Olifants River, which flows through areas where a range of industrial and agricultural activities take place. Mass crocodile and fish mortalities have been recorded in this aquatic system, and contamination by organic pollutants were highlighted as a contributing factor. The total average n-alkane concentrations in water and sediments ranged from 0.574±00811 to 18.8±1.39 µg/L and 4760±243 to 30700±906 µg/kg, respectively. Similarly, PAHs were detected at total average concentrations of between 0.150±00494 and 49.8±6.86 µg/L in water and 61.6±5.95 to 2618±300 µg/kg. n-Alkane and PAH diagnostic ratios indicated a mixture of sources of these compounds, attributed to terrestrial, submerged and floating plant material, as well as petrogenic and pyrogenic combustion. Inlet, middle and upper segment site clustering was observed with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), mainly driven by the prevalence of PAHs at the inlet sites and n-alkanes in the upper reaches. By using indicator compounds, the sources of contamination could be predicted. The strategy described here can be applied to any water body for continuous long-term monitoring of pollutant levels and to identify sources attributing to water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathapelo Pearl Seopela
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524 Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
| | - Robert Ian McCrindle
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Sandra Combrinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Wilma Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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19
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Ekpe OD, Kim KY, Jung JH, Yim UH, Oh JE. Formation and distribution of phenanthrene and its metabolites (monohydroxy-phenanthrenes) in Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114588. [PMID: 33618480 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the tissue distribution of phenanthrene (PHE) and the formation of monohydroxy-phenanthrene (OH-PHE) metabolites in Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). PHE was intragastrically administered to two groups of rockfish. The first group was exposed to PHE at a low dose (10 mg/kg body weight) and the second group was exposed at a high dose (30 mg/kg body weight). The rockfish were analyzed and the levels of PHE were higher in the liver, followed by muscle, and then bile. PHE concentrations in the liver, muscle, and bile were 1.4-26, 0.10-2.01, and not detected (ND)-0.13 μg/g wet weight, respectively. All five monohydroxylated PHE metabolites (1-OH-PHE, 2-OH-PHE, 3-OH-PHE, 4-OH-PHE, and 9-OH-PHE) were detected only in bile. Among these OH-PHE metabolites, 3-OH-PHE was found at the highest concentration from all fish bile samples in both PHE exposure groups, indicating that regioselective OH-PHE formation occurs in rockfish and 3-OH PHE could be a good biomarker of exposure of Korean rockfish to PHE. Suspect screening analysis of the rockfish bile was performed by LC-QTOF/MS, and the formation of two OH-PHE-DNA adducts (thymine-OH-PHE and cytosine-OH-PHE) were identified in the bile sample collected 6 h after rockfish were exposed to the high PHE dose, indicating that OH-PHE metabolites may be toxic to fish. This is the first report on the formation characteristics of OH-PHE metabolites in rockfish and their use as biomarkers of exposure of rockfish to parent PHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okon Dominic Ekpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Yong Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Jung
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 391 Jangmok-myon, Geoje 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Un-Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 391 Jangmok-myon, Geoje 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Dashtbozorg M, Raudonytė-Svirbutavičienė E, Riyahi Bakhtiari A. First report on polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Iranian Coral Islands: Concentrations, profiles, source apportionment, and ecological risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126397. [PMID: 32169708 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs are challenged by multiple stressors due to the growing industrialization. Despite that, data on their environment are still scarce, and no research is yet performed on polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Persian Gulf area. Seeking to fill in this gap, the present study aims to determine spatio-vertical distributions, source apportionment and ecological risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediment cores and seawater samples from ten coral reef Islands in the Persian Gulf, Iran. Σ12PBDEs concentrations ranged from 0.42 ± 0.04 to 47.14 ± 1.35 ng g-1 dw in sediments, and from 1.17 ± 0.06 to 7.21 ± 1.13 ng L-1 in seawater. The vertical polybrominated diphenyl ethers distribution varied significantly among the sampling stations and different depths with a decreasing trend towards the surface and peaks around 12-20 cm. Both in the seawater and sediment samples, elevated polybrominated diphenyl ethers loadings were observed in highly industrialized areas. Deca-bromodiphenyl ether-209 was the predominant congener along the sediment cores, whereas Tetra-bromodiphenyl ether-47 and Penta-bromodiphenyl ether-100 dominated in seawater samples. Commercial Deca-bromodiphenyl ether mixture was found to be the major source of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Penta-bromodiphenyl ether was revealed to be the major ecological risk driver in the study area: it posed medium to high-risk quotient to sediment dwelling organisms. This study indicated that coral reefs are playing an important role in retaining polybrominated diphenyl ethers and highlighted the need to manage polybrominated diphenyl ethers contamination in the coral reef environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dashtbozorg
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
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Sutilli M, Combi T, Garcia MRD, Martins CC. One century of historical deposition and flux of hydrocarbons in a sediment core from a South Atlantic RAMSAR subtropical estuary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:136017. [PMID: 31855633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Levels and fluxes of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs), including n-alkanes and petroleum biomarkers (PBMs), were measured in a sedimentary core from a nominated RAMSAR (Guaratuba Bay, Brazil) subtropical estuary experiencing relatively low human impacts, to describe the evolution of anthropogenic activities over the last century. TOC contents varied from 0.80 to 1.25%. No significant correlation between hydrocarbons and TOC with grain size (predominantly sand) was observed. Concentration and flux of total AHs ranged from 65.5 to 195 μg g-1 and 27.6 to 82.0 μg cm-2 y-1, respectively, with the highest levels found in 1960-1966, when access routes to Guaratuba city were improved. Diagnostic ratios based on AH components showed an apparent change in the sources over time, with biogenic origins prevailing until 1966-1971, followed by subsequent increases in petroleum sources. Petroleum tricyclic terpanes were detected in the core (0.40 to 3.0 μg g-1), suggesting the use of lubricating oil in the bay area. Hopanes were mainly attributed to biological sources. Concentration and flux of total PAHs ranged from 8.65 to 35.9 ng g-1 and 3.64 to 15.1 ng cm-2 y-1, respectively, with the highest levels found in the top core section, reflecting recently increased human activity, while a peak PAH concentration at approximately 1977-1983 can be assumed to be a delayed signal of increased human occupation as a consequence of the improvement of access roads to the area, which started in the 1960s. Alkylated were the most abundant group of PAHs throughout the core. Despite relatively low concentrations of hydrocarbon deposition over approximately 90 years, this study highlights the influence of human occupation and slight petroleum contamination in this preserved area, mainly in recent core sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sutilli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil..
| | - Tatiane Combi
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.; Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Marina Reback Domingues Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil..
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Dong H, Lu G, Yan Z, Liu J, Yang H, Zhang P, Jiang R, Bao X, Nkoom M. Distribution, sources and human risk of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a receiving riverine environment of the Nanjing urban area, East China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 381:120911. [PMID: 31357077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have become ubiquitously distributed in water environments, especially in riverine waters receiving effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in urban areas. With rapid economic development, China has become the main market of manufacturing and consuming fluorinated products. While studies concerning PFAAs on dimension of urban water system are scarce. To elucidate the distribution patterns of PFAAs using multi-matrices, the effects of spatial-temporal factors on the partition behaviors of PFAAs were investigated in different riverine environments in the downtown area of Nanjing, East China. Predominated by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), sum PFAAs (∑PFAAs) in the water phase were with concentrations of 0.8˜274.6 ng/L, characteristically higher in the dry season and lower in the wet season. The composition profiles in sediments (∑PFAAs 0.8˜11.4 ng/g dry weight) differed from that in water, being with a larger proportion of longer-chain PFAAs. The main sources of PFAAs in water were identified as industrial discharge, uncontrolled sewage discharge or WWTP effluents, surface runoff and nonpoint sources. The discharge fluxes of ∑PFAAs from Nanjing City can reach at 916.5 g/d for the Qinhuai River and 134.1 g/d for WWTPs along the Yangtze River. Fish have been shown to accumulate PFAAs in various tissues, with bioaccumulation positively correlated with perfluoroalkyl chain length. The hazard indexes associated with consumption of river fish were estimated low for Nanjing local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Dong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China.
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Haohan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Runren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xuhui Bao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Matthew Nkoom
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Gdara I, Zrafi I, Balducci C, Cecinato A, Ghrabi A. First Investigation of Seasonal Concentration Behaviors and Sources Assessment of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon in Waters and Sediments from Wadi El Bey, Tunisia. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:1-19. [PMID: 31555849 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The contents, composition profiles, and sources of aliphatic hydrocarbons were examined in surface sediment and water samples collected from Wadi El Bey, in Tunisia, during different year seasons in 14 stations receiving domestic effluent, industrial discharge, and agricultural drainage wastes. The target substances were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). Total concentrations of n-alkanes (n-C14-n-C38) ranged from 0.08 ± 0.01 to 18.14 ± 0.1 µg/L in waters and 0.22 ± 0.04 to 31.9 ± 24.6 µg/g in sediments, while total aliphatic fraction ranged from 0.08 ± 0.01 to 196 ± 140 µg/L in waters and 0.22 ± 0.04 to 1977 ± 1219 µg/g in sediments, which means that almost all sites were affected by hydrocarbon contents in sediments exceeding the recommended limit (100 µg/g). Various diagnostic indices (ADIs) were used to identify the hydrocarbon sources, namely the concentration ratios of individual compounds (n-C17/pristane, n-C18/phytane, pristane/phytane, n-C29/n-C17, n-C31/n-C19) as well as cumulative quantities (Carbon Preference Index, natural n-alkanes ratio, terrigenous/aquatic compounds ratio, unresolved complex mixture percentage, low molecular weight vs. high molecular weight homologues, Alkane Proxy and Terrestrial Marine Discriminants). In general, these indexes indicated that the origin of aliphatic hydrocarbons affecting sediments and waters of Wadi El Bey were linked to both biogenic and petrogenic inputs, attesting the impact of plankton and terrestrial plants and of oil contamination, respectively. The average carbon chain length computation (ACL), used to further index the chemical environment, ranged from 25.5 to 31.1 in sediments and 47.9-116 in waters. This finding could depend on the severe disturbances suffered by the ecosystem as a consequence of heavy anthropogenic inputs. Petroleum contamination associated with high eutrophication rates in Wadi El Bey must be strictly controlled, due to possible harmful effects induced on ecosystem and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Gdara
- Water Researches and Technologies Center Borj-Cedria Technopark, BP. 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia.
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Ines Zrafi
- Water Researches and Technologies Center Borj-Cedria Technopark, BP. 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Ahmed Ghrabi
- Water Researches and Technologies Center Borj-Cedria Technopark, BP. 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Dashtbozorg M, Mitra S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Mohamadjafari Dehkordi S, Cappello T. Historical sedimentary deposition and ecotoxicological impact of aromatic biomarkers in sediment cores from ten coral reefs of the Persian Gulf, Iran. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133969. [PMID: 31454597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study determines the levels, vertical distributions, source apportionment and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ten sediment cores of coral reef in the Persian Gulf, Iran, one of the important oil polluted marine areas in the world. The main purpose of this study was to determine the spatio-vertical distribution pattern of PAHs pollution at the four hot spot zones on the Gulf: dense industrial, medium industrial, urbanized and non-impacted zones over the past few years. Sediment quality and ecological risk were also assessed in order to determine the pollutants of concern. In detail, 23 parent (PPAHs) and 16 alkylated PAHs (APAHs), along with retene and perylene, were determined in sediment cores (0-40 cm depth). The vertical distribution of all PAHs showed a wide variation among sampling stations and depths, with a decreasing trend of concentration from surface to bottom, and a peak at 12 cm. Total concentrations of PPAHs and APAHs ranged from 35 to 1927 ng g-1 dw and 19 to 1794 ng g-1 dw respectively, with the highest concentrations at the industrial zone. The diagnostic ratio for PAHs and perylene (3 to 1277 ng g-1 dw) indicated mixed sources of PAHs, with dominance of petrogenic origins at the industrial zone and natural diagenetic inputs, respectively. The PAH concentration depicted a significant decreasing trend along the length of the core with an abrupt increase within the core length 12-20 cm. Temporal variations in contaminants can be linked to economic, coastal developments and industrial growth. Overall, the baseline data on geographical distribution, congener profiles, sources and vertical deposition of PAHs in the Persian Gulf area would be useful to establish proper monitoring plans for this sensitive ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Dashtbozorg
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Shirin Mohamadjafari Dehkordi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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25
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Mitra S, Maisano M, Cappello T, Jadot C. First polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) monitoring in seawater, surface sediments and marine fish communities of the Persian Gulf: Distribution, levels, congener profile and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:78-88. [PMID: 31302405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that, due to their high toxicity, lipophilic property and widespread dispersal in the global environment, present a danger for human health and ecological systems. Although the inventory and use of PCBs are extensively reported worldwide, the status of PCBs in Iran is still unknown. In this study, the concentrations of PCBs were determined in the environmental matrices and in five commercially important fish species from Larak coral Island, Persian Gulf, Iran, in winter and summer 2015. A positive correlation was found among PCBs levels and congeners profiles in seawater (0.97-3.10 ng L-1), surface sediments (2.95-7.95 ng g-1dw) and fish samples (7.20-90.19 ng g-1dw), indicating fish as suitable bioindicator of environmental PCBs contamination. In all matrices, a high contribution of light and medium chlorinated congeners was detected in both seasons. In fish, the higher PCBs levels were found for both sexes in both seasons in liver and kidney than other tissues (skin, gonad, muscle) due to their high lipid content and PCBs lipophilicity. More importantly, the risks for human health associated with fish consumption were also evaluated, and it was found that all the toxicity indices measured for PCBs were within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit of food consumption. However, it is highly recommended to inform the local population about potential risks attributable to dietary incorporation of locally caught fish, and establish a surveillance monitoring programme on PCBs in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | - Maria Maisano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Jafarabadi AR, Dashtbozorg M, Bakhtiari AR, Maisano M, Cappello T. Geochemical imprints of occurrence, vertical distribution and sources of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic ketones, hopanes and steranes in sediment cores from ten Iranian Coral Islands, Persian Gulf. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 144:287-298. [PMID: 31179999 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The levels, vertical distribution and sources of hydrocarbons and petroleum biomarkers were estimated for the first time in sediment cores (0-40 cm) from ten coral Islands of the Persian Gulf, Iran. Discrepant hydrocarbons, including linear n-alkanes (n-C11 to n-C40) and isoprenoids (AHs), aliphatic ketones (AKs), hopanes and steranes were measured in all core samples, showing mean concentrations ranging from 209 to 5388 μg g-1dw (∑30AH), 2-244 μg g-1-dw (∑13AK), 189-3713 ng g-1dw (∑31hopane) and 42-3864 ng g-1dw (∑15sterane), respectively. All sediment cores were found to be petroleum polluted, with ∑30AH > ∑31hopane > ∑15sterane > ∑13AK, with higher levels recorded at 10-20 cm, mainly at industrial sites. Various diagnostic indices revealed that hydrocarbons derived mainly from anthropogenic inputs, with significant contribution of biogenic origin at sites less polluted. Moreover, total organic carbon (0.24-23.45 mg g-1-dw), terrestrial and marine organic matter had an overwhelming effect on hydrocarbons deposition in sediment cores. Overall, findings provide relevant information for monitoring and preventing petroleum pollution in the sensitive ecosystems of the Persian Gulf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Dashtbozorg
- Young Researchers and Elites club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Maria Maisano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Yaghoobi Z, Kong Yap C, Maisano M, Cappello T. Distributions and compositional patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives in three edible fishes from Kharg coral Island, Persian Gulf, Iran. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:835-845. [PMID: 30359953 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report on bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, hydroxyl, carbonyl and methyl-containing PAHs) in three edible marine fishes, namely Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Lethrinus microdon and Scomberomorus guttatus, from Kharg Island, Persian Gulf, Iran. The concentrations (ng g-1dw) of Σ39PAHs resulted significantly higher in fish liver than muscle, with the PAH composition pattern dominated by low molecular weight compounds (naphthalene, alkyl-naphthalenes and phenanthrene). The highest mean concentrations of ∑9 oxygenated and ∑15 hydroxylated PAHs (ng g-1dw) were found ound in L. microdon and L. argentimaculatus, respectively, while the lowest values in S. guttatus. Additionally, the highest mean concentrations of Σ5 carbonylic PAHs (ng g-1dw) were found in L. argentimaculatus, followed by L. microdon. The PAHs levels and distribution in fish liver and muscle were dependent on both the Kow of PAHs congeners and fish lipid contents. Overall, the present findings provide important baseline data for further research on the ecotoxicity of PAHs in aquatic organisms, and consequent implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Zeinab Yaghoobi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Chee Kong Yap
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maria Maisano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Spanò N, Cappello T. First report of geochemical fractionation distribution, bioavailability and risk assessment of potentially toxic inorganic elements in sediments of coral reef Islands of the Persian Gulf, Iran. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 137:185-197. [PMID: 30503425 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination is a serious environmental concern in the Middle East. Herein, geochemical fractionation distribution and potential sources of thirteen metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, V, As, Hg, Pb and Cd) were investigated in sediments from ten coral reef Islands in the Persian Gulf, Iran. To properly assess availability and mobility of elements, enrichment factor (EF), pollution load index (PLI), pollution index (PI), contamination index (CI), sediment pollution index (SPI) and ecological risk assessment were provided. Sediment grain size showed an outstanding role in controlling the levels of potentially toxic inorganic elements (PTIEs). The highest values of total organic matter (TOM) were detected in Kharg and Lavan Islands. Different metals fractionation distribution was found across sites. As was noticed in carbonate (F2), exchangeable (F1), Fe-Mn oxy-hydroxide (F3), organic (F4) and residual (F5) fractions, Hg primarily associated with F2 and F1, whereas Pb and Cd with F2, followed by F1, F3, F5 and F4. Conversely, Ni and V accumulated in F1, suggesting their high mobility and bioavailability, and thus environmental risk to aquatic biota. All metals (except Al, Fe and As) had geological and anthropogenic sources. Based on modified risk assessment analysis, the sediments from Kharg, Lavan, Siri and Lark Islands showed medium adverse effects. Overall, results from this study corroborate that petroleum industry is the main source of pollution of PTIEs in the Persian Gulf, and offer a scientific basis for monitoring and preventing metal pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and of Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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