1
|
Liu X, Wu Z, Pei X, Lin T, Li J, Wang S, Guo Z, Yao Z. Benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbents in surface waters and sediments of the Bohai Sea and North Yellow Sea: Spatial trends and influencing factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174264. [PMID: 38936716 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbents (BUAs) of emerging concern were recently monitored in seawater and sediments from the Bohai Sea (BS) and North Yellow Sea (NYS), which are impacted by human activities, to elucidate their regional occurrence patterns, phase distributions, and contamination profiles. Although environmental variables such as sedimentary organic carbon, particle size, and salinity, as well as hydrological conditions, affected the environmental occurrence of BUAs in the BS and NYS, the source dependence of BUA distributions associated with urban impacts and riverine inputs was highlighted. Substantial spatial variability in the composition patterns and contamination profiles of BUAs identified through correlation and principal component analyses were likely caused by region-specific sources and characteristics. The distribution of target BUAs between the sediment and seawater phases showed no dependence on the octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) but exhibited marked spatial variations. The diversity of BUA sorption behaviors was further explained by the total organic carbon (TOC)-normalized distribution coefficient (KTOC). Classic logKTOC-logKOW linear relationships accurately predicted the phase distributions of UV-326, UV-328, and UV-234, but deviations were found for lighter and heavier BUAs, possibly due to the influences of physical disturbance and microparticle binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zilan Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xiaodan Pei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co. Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ziwei Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Z, Wang Q, Wang Y, Chen J, Lei X, Jiu R, Liu H, Bai T, Liu J. Degradation of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalic acid plasticizer in baijiu by a foam titanium flow reactor attached with hairpin-like structured peptide enzyme mimics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134596. [PMID: 38820744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Because of the significant environmental and health hazards imposed by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a common plasticizer, developing safe and green techniques to degrade DEHP plasticizer is of huge scientific significance. It has been observed that environmental contamination of DEHP may also induce serious food safety problems because crops raised in plasticizers contaminated soils would transfer the plasticizer into foods, such as Baijiu. Additionally, when plastic packaging or vessels are used during Baijiu fermentation and processing, plasticizer compounds frequently migrate and contaminate the product. In this study, hairpin-like structured peptides with catalytically active sites containing serine, histidine and aspartic acid were found to degrade DEHP. Furthermore, after incorporating caffeic acid molecules at the N-terminus, the peptides could be attached onto foam titanium (Ti) surfaces via enediol-metal interactions to create an enzyme-mimicking flow reactor for the degradation of DEHP in Baijiu. The structure and catalytic activity of peptides, their interaction with DEHP substrate and the hydrolysis mechanism of DEHP were discussed in this work. The stability and reusability of the peptide-modified foam Ti flow reactor were also investigated. This approach provides an effective technique for the degradation of plasticizer compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongda Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Healthy of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Qiuying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Healthy of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Healthy of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jianan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Healthy of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xiangmin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Healthy of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Ruiqing Jiu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Healthy of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Haochi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Healthy of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Tianhou Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Healthy of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Healthy of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang MH, Chen CF, Lim YC, Albarico FPJB, Tsai WP, Chen CW, Dong CD. Microplastics and phthalate esters contamination in top oceanic predators: A study on multiple shark species in the Pacific Ocean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 206:116769. [PMID: 39059223 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Marine organisms, especially top predators such as sharks, are susceptible to environmental pollutants like microplastics (MPs) and phthalate esters (PAEs), leading to ecosystem risks. Research on contamination in these apex species is, however, still limited. This study investigated MPs and PAEs in multiple shark species (Isurus oxyrinchus, Alopias superciliosus, Alopias pelagicus, Carcharhinus brevipinna, and Sphyrna zygaena) off Taiwan's eastern coast. Gastric tissue analyses revealed ubiquitous microplastics (2-31 particles), which positively correlated with body lengths and weights for Isurus oxyrinchus. Blue, fiber-shaped (1-2 mm), and rayon-based MPs are likely associated with textile fiber pollution. The PAEs concentration mean was 7035 ± 6829 ng/g, ww, having DEHP and DiNP as primary compounds. This study highlights pervasive contamination in Pacific Ocean sharks, emphasizing anthropogenic impact on top oceanic predators and providing essential insights for food safety and MP accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Huang Wang
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Yee Cheng Lim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Frank Paolo Jay B Albarico
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pei Tsai
- Department of Fisheries Production and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ningthoujam R, Pinyakong O. Exploring di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate degradation by a synthetic marine bacterial consortium: Genomic insights, pathway and interaction prediction, and application in sediment microcosms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134557. [PMID: 38735188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a toxic phthalate ester (PAE) plasticizer, is often detected in marine sediment and biota. Our understanding of DEHP-degrading marine bacteria and the associated genetic mechanisms is limited. This study established a synthetic bacterial consortium (A02) consisting of three marine bacteria (OR05, OR16, and OR21). Consortium A02 outperformed the individual strains in DEHP degradation. Investigations into the degradation of DEHP intermediates revealed that OR05 and OR16 likely contributed to enhanced DEHP degradation by Consortium A02 via the utilization of DEHP intermediates, such as protocatechuic acid and mono (ethylhexyl) phthalate, with OR21 as the key DEHP degrader. A pathway of DEHP degradation by Consortium A02 was predicted based on genome analysis and experimental degradation. Bioaugmentation with Consortium A02 led to 80% DEHP degradation in 26 days in saline sediment (100 mg/kg), surpassing the 53% degradation by indigenous microbes, indicating the potential of A02 for treating DEHP-contaminated sediments. Meanwhile, bioaugmentation notably changed the bacterial community, with the exclusive presence of certain bacterial genera in the A02 bioaugmented microcosms, and was predicted to result in a more dynamic and active sediment bacterial community. This study contributes to the limited literature on DEHP degradation by marine bacteria and their associated genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Ningthoujam
- International Program in Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onruthai Pinyakong
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Program on Remediation Technologies for Petroleum Contamination, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aghadadashi V, Mehdinia A, Rezaei M, Molaei S, Seyed Hashtroudi M, Ahmadian F, Hamzehpour A, Rahnama R. Basin scale monitoring of microplastics and phthalates in sediments from the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Makran using GIS-based algorithms: Insights towards spatial variation and potential risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171950. [PMID: 38537822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Information on sedimentary microplastics and phthalates has been restricted to the coastal regions of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Makran. Our basin-wide study monitored their levels, spatial behaviors, and potential risks using GIS-based techniques. Microplastics and phthalates ranged from 5 to 75 particles/kg d.w and 0.004-1.219 μg g-1 d.w, respectively. Microplastics were in the size category of 100 μm to 3 mm, and black microfibers (< 1 mm) and high-density polymers were dominant. The total number of microplastics was between 356.333 × 1012 and 469.075 × 1012 particles in the surface sediments of the studied regions (confidence interval = 99 %). Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and Di-isobutyl phthalate contributed 88 % of detected phthalates. Significant correlations among microplastic abundance, total phthalates, and DEHP were distinguished (p < 0.05). Overall, the findings reiterated the widespread presence of microplastics and a potential link between phthalates and microplastics. Semi-variogram, cluster Voronoi polygons, and Trend analysis identified spatial outliers and major deposition sites of microplastics and phthalates and consequently outlined the localities where upcoming studies should be concentrated. A hotspot of potential risks was marked using Fuzzy logic and GIS-based algorithms in the Sea of Makran, covering an area equal to 342. 99 km2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Aghadadashi
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOA, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOA, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdie Rezaei
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Molaei
- Department of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehri Seyed Hashtroudi
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOA, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadian
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hamzehpour
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOA, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rahnama
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOA, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Esmaeili Nasrabadi A, Ramavandi B, Bonyadi Z, Farjadfard S, Fattahi M. Landfill leachates as a significant source for emerging pollutants of phthalic acid esters: Identification, occurrence, characteristics, fate, and transport. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141873. [PMID: 38593958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are byproducts released from various sources, including microplastics, cosmetics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, waxes, inks, detergents, and insecticides. This review article provides an overview of the literature on PAEs in landfill leachates, exploring their identification, occurrence, characteristics, fate, and transport in landfills across different countries. The study emphasizes the influence of these substances on the environment, especially on water and soil. Various analytical techniques, such as GC-MS, GC-FID, and HPLC, are commonly employed to quantify concentrations of PAEs. Studies show significant variations in levels of PAEs among different countries, with the highest concentration observed in landfill leachates in Brazil, followed by Iran. Among the different types of PAE, the survey highlights DEHP as the most concentrated PAE in the leachate, with a concentration of 89.6 μg/L. The review also discusses the levels of other types of PAEs. The data shows that DBP has the highest concentration at 6.8 mg/kg, while DOP has the lowest concentration (0.04 mg/kg). The concentration of PAEs typically decreases as the depth in the soil profile increases. In older landfills, concentrations of PAE decrease significantly, possibly due to long-term degradation and conversion of PAE into other chemical compounds. Future research should prioritize evaluating the effectiveness of landfill liners and waste management practices in preventing the release of PAE and other pollutants into the environment. It is also possible to focus on developing efficient physical, biological, and chemical methods for removing PAEs from landfill leachates. Additionally, the effectiveness of existing treatment processes in removing PAEs from landfill leachates and the necessity for new treatment processes can be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Esmaeili Nasrabadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Ziaeddin Bonyadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Sima Farjadfard
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Fattahi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yesildagli B, Göktaş RK, Ayaz T, Olgun B, Dokumacı EN, Özkaleli M, Erdem A, Yurtsever M, Doğan G, Yurdakul S, Yılmaz Civan M. Phthalate ester levels in agricultural soils of greenhouses, their potential sources, the role of plastic cover material, and dietary exposure calculated from modeled concentrations in tomato. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133710. [PMID: 38364582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Soil samples collected from 50 greenhouses (GHs) cultivated with tomatoes (plastic-covered:24, glass-covered:26), 5 open-area tomato growing farmlands, and 5 non-agricultural areas were analyzed in summer and winter seasons for 13 PAEs. The total concentrations (Σ13PAEs) in the GHs ranged from 212 to 2484 ng/g, wheeas the concentrations in open-area farm soils were between 240 and 1248 ng/g. Σ13PAE in non-agricultural areas was lower (35.0 - 585 ng/g). PAE exposure through the ingestion of tomatoes cultivated in GH soils and associated risks were estimated with Monte Carlo simulations after calculating the PAE concentrations in tomatoes using a partition-limited model. DEHP was estimated to have the highest concentrations in the tomatoes grown in both types of GHs. The mean carcinogenic risk caused by DEHP for tomato grown in plastic-covered GHs, glass-covered GHs, and open-area soils were 2.4 × 10-5, 1.7 × 10-5 and 1.1 × 10-5, respectively. Based on Positive Matrix Factorization results, plastic material usage in GHs (including plastic cover material source for plastic-GHs) was found to be the highest contributing source in both types of GHs. Microplastic analysis indicated that the ropes and irrigation pipes inside the GHs are important sources of PAE pollution. Pesticide application is the second highest contributing source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Yesildagli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Recep Kaya Göktaş
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Tuğba Ayaz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Bihter Olgun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Ebru Nur Dokumacı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Merve Özkaleli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Ayça Erdem
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Meral Yurtsever
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Güray Doğan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mihriban Yılmaz Civan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hong Y, Xie H, Jin X, Naraginti S, Xu D, Guo C, Feng C, Wu F, Giesy JP. Prediction of HC 5s for phthalate esters by use of the QSAR-ICE model and ecological risk assessment in Chinese surface waters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133642. [PMID: 38330644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Due to their endocrine-disrupting effects and the risks posed in surface waters, in particular by chronic low-dose exposure to aquatic organisms, phthalate esters (PAEs) have received significant attention. However, most assessments of risks posed by PAEs were performed at a selection level, and thus limited by empirical data on toxic effects and potencies. A quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) and interspecies correlation estimation (ICE) model was constructed to estimate hazardous concentrations (HCs) of selected PAEs to aquatic organisms, then they were used to conduct a multiple-level environmental risk assessment for PAEs in surface waters of China. Values of hazardous concentration for 5% of species (HC5s), based on acute lethality, estimated by use of the QSAR-ICE model were within 1.25-fold of HC5 values derived from empirical data on toxic potency, indicating that the QSAR-ICE model predicts the toxicity of these three PAEs with sufficient accuracy. The five selected PAEs may be commonly measured in China surface waters at concentrations between ng/L and μg/L. Risk quotients according to median concentrations of the five PAEs ranged from 3.24 for di(2-ethylhexhyl) phthalate (DEHP) to 4.10 × 10-3 for dimethyl phthalate (DMP). DEHP and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) had risks to the most vulnerable aquatic biota, with the frequency of exceedances of the predicted no-effect concentration (PNECs) of 75.5% and 38.0%, respectively. DEHP and DBP were identified as having "high" or "moderate" risks. Results of the joint probability curves (JPC) method indicated DEHP posed "intermediate" risk to freshwater species with a maximum risk product of 5.98%. The multiple level system introduced in this study can be used to prioritize chemicals and other new pollutant in the aquatic ecological.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Hong
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Huiyu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Saraschandra Naraginti
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Dayong Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Centre for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48895, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo W, Zhang Z, Zhu R, Li Z, Liu C, Xiao H, Xiao H. Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risks of phthalate esters in ambient air: A daily continuous monitoring study in the central Chinese city of Nanchang. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141564. [PMID: 38417490 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the atmospheric pollution caused by phthalate esters (PAEs) has been increasing due to the widespread use of PAE-containing materials. Existing research on atmospheric PAEs lacks long-term continuous observation and samples from cities in central China. To investigate the pollution characteristics, sources, and health risks of PAEs in the ambient air of a typical city in central China, daily PM2.5 samples were collected in Nanchang from November 2020 to October 2021. In this study, the detection and quantification of six significant PAE contaminants, namely diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), were accomplished using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the concentrations of DEP, DnBP, DEHP, and DnOP were relatively high. Higher temperatures promote the volatilization of PAEs, leading to an increase in the gaseous and particulate PAE concentrations in warm seasons and winter pollution scenarios. The results of principal component analysis show that PAEs mainly come from volatile products and polyvinylchloride plastics. Using positive matrix factorization analysis, it is shown that these two sources contribute 67.0% and 33.0% in atmosphere PAEs, respectively. Seasonally, the contribution of volatile products to both gaseous and particulate PAEs substantially increases during warm seasons. The residents in Nanchang exposed to PAEs have a negligible non-cancer risk and a potential low cancer risk. During the warm seasons, more PAEs are emitted into the air, which will increase the toxicity of PAEs and their impact on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Renguo Zhu
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zicong Li
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Hongwei Xiao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen L, Yu L, Han B, Li Y, Zhang J, Tao S, Liu W. Pollution characteristics and affecting factors of phthalate esters in agricultural soils in mainland China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133625. [PMID: 38295727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs), the most commonly produced and used plasticizers, are widely used in plastic products and agroecosystems, posing risks to agricultural products and human health. However, current research on PAE pollution characteristics in agricultural soils in China is not comprehensive; affecting factors and relationships with microplastics and plasticizer organophosphate esters have not been sufficiently considered. In this study, farmland soil samples were collected with field questionnaires on a national scale across mainland China. The results showed that the detection rate of PAEs was 100% and the Σ16PAEs concentrations were 23.5 - 903 μg/kg. The level of PAEs was highest in the greenhouse, and significantly higher than that in mulched farmland (p < 0.05). The PAE concentration in northwestern China was the lowest among different physical geographic zones. PAEs in farmlands posed a low cancer risk to Chinese people. PAE pollution in farmlands was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by agronomic measures (such as disposal method), environmental factors, and socioeconomic factors. Overall, PAEs were significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.05) with organophosphate esters but not with microplastics. This study aims to provide scientific data for relevant prevention and control policies, as well as actionable recommendations for pollution reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LiYuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - BingJun Han
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - YuJun Li
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - JiaoDi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu B, Lv L, Ding L, Gao L, Li J, Ma X, Yu Y. Comparison of phthalate esters (PAEs) in freshwater and marine food webs: Occurrence, bioaccumulation, and trophodynamics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133534. [PMID: 38241835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) have received widespread attentions due to their ubiquity in various kinds of matrices and potential biotoxicity. This study systematically compared the concentrations, bioaccumulation, trophodynamics and health risk of PAEs in 25 species (n = 225) collected from a marine (Bohai Bay, BHB) and freshwater environment (Songhua River, SHR), China. Results showed that di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate were the predominant PAEs in the organisms from the two aquatic environments. The total concentrations of 6 PAEs in algae and fish from SHR were significantly higher than those from BHB. Two food webs were constructed in BHB and SHR based on the abundance of 15N in the organisms. All the PAEs except dimethyl phthalate exhibited trophic dilution with the trophic magnification factors less than 1. Moreover, an obvious biodilution of PAEs was observed in marine food web compared to freshwater food web. A low health risk of PAEs was found in organisms from both BHB and SHR. However, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exhibited a potential carcinogenic risk by consumption of some benthos in BHB and fish in SHR. This study provides a valuable perspective for understanding the trophodynamics and health risk of PAEs in marine and freshwater environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Linyang Lv
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Lingjie Ding
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Junjie Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Xinyu Ma
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lorre E, Bianchi F, Mėžinė J, Politi T, Vybernaite-Lubiene I, Zilius M. The seasonal distribution of plasticizers in estuarine system: Controlling factors, storage and impact on the ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123539. [PMID: 38341066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Plasticizers such as phthalate esters (PAEs) are commonly used in various consumer and industrial products. This widespread use raises valid concerns regarding their ubiquity in the environment and potential negative impacts. The present study investigates the distribution of eight common plasticizers in the largest European lagoon (Curonian Lagoon) located in the SE Baltic Sea. The concentration levels of plasticizers in the water column, containing both the dissolved and particulate-bound phases, and in sediments were evaluated to reveal seasonal patterns in distribution and potential effects on the lagoon ecosystem. A total of 24 water samples and 48 sediment samples were collected across all four seasons from the two dominant sedimentary areas within the lagoon. The average concentration of total PAEs in the water column ranged from 1 to 21 μg L-1, whereas sediment concentration varied from 5.0 to 250 ng g-1. The distribution of plasticizers was influenced by the patterns in hydrodynamics and water circulation within the lagoon. The confined south-central area contained a higher amount of PAEs in sediments, accounting for most of the lagoon's plasticizer accumulation. More than 7 tons of plasticizers are stored in the 5 upper centimetres of sediment, with over 3 tons persisting for more than five years. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), and Dibutyl phthalate (DnBP) were the most abundant PAE congeners, with DEHP posing the highest risk quotient to algae, based on water column concentration. Several other congeners demonstrated medium to high-risk levels for organisms living in the lagoon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lorre
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92295, Klaipeda, Lithuania.
| | - Federica Bianchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy; University of Parma, Interdepartmental Center for Energy and Environment (CIDEA), Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Jovita Mėžinė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92295, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Tobia Politi
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92295, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | | | - Mindaugas Zilius
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92295, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu Y, Sun Y, Lei M, Hou J. Phthalates contamination in sediments: A review of sources, influencing factors, benthic toxicity, and removal strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123389. [PMID: 38246215 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Sediments provide habitat and food for benthos, and phthalates (PAEs) have been detected in numerous river and marine sediments as a widely used plastic additive. PAEs in sediments is not only toxic to benthos, but also poses a threat to pelagic fish and human health through the food chain, so it is essential to comprehensively assess the contamination of sediments with PAEs. This paper presents a critical evaluation of PAEs in sediments, which is embodied in the analysis of the sources of PAEs in sediments from multiple perspectives. Biological production is indispensable, while artificial synthesis is the most dominant, thus the focus was on analyzing the industrial and commercial sources of synthetic PAEs. In addition, since the content of PAEs in sediments varies, some factors affecting the content of PAEs in sediments are summarized, such as the properties of PAEs, the properties of plastics, and environmental factors (sediments properties and hydrodynamic conditions). As endocrine disruptors, PAEs can produce toxicity to its direct contacts. Therefore, the effects of PAEs on benthos immunity, endocrinology, reproduction, development, and metabolism were comprehensively analyzed. In addition, we found that reciprocal inhibition and activation of the systems lead to genotoxicity and apoptosis. Finally, the paper discusses the feasible measures to control PAEs in wastewater and leachate from the perspective of source control, and summarizes the in-situ treatment measures for PAEs contamination in sediments. This paper provides a comprehensive review of PAEs contamination in sediments, toxic effects and removal strategies, and provides an important reference for reducing the contamination and toxicity of PAEs to benthos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yuqiong Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Ming Lei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Jing Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mao S, He C, Niu G, Ma Y. Effect of aging on the release of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from biodegradable and petroleum-based microplastics into soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116006. [PMID: 38295739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to microplastics (MPs) being widely distributed in soil, the use of advanced oxidation to remediate organic-contaminated soils may accelerate the aging of MPs in soil and impact the release of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a potential carcinogen used as a plasticizer in plastics, from MPs. In this study, persulfate oxidation (PO) and temperature treatment (TT) were used to treat biodegradable and petroleum-based MPs, including polylactic acid (PLA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene (PS). The methods used for evaluating the characteristics changes of MP were X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and water contact angle measurement. The effects of aging on DEHP release from MPs were investigated via soil incubation. The results showed PO and TT led to increased surface roughness, oxygen-containing functional group content, and hydrophilicity of the MPs with prolonged aging, consequently accelerating the release of DEHP from the MPs. Interestingly, PLA aged faster than PVC and PS under similar conditions. After 30 days of PO treatment, DEHP release from PLA into the soil increased 0.789-fold, exceeding the increase from PVC (0.454-fold) and PS (0.287-fold). This suggests that aged PLA poses a higher ecological risk than aged PVC or PS. Furthermore, PO treatment resulted in the oxidation and degradation of DEHP on the MP surface. After 30 days of PO treatment, the DEHP content in PLA, PVC, and PS decreased by 19.1%, 25.8%, and 23.5%, respectively. Specifying the types of MPs studied and the environmental conditions would provide a more precise context for the results. These findings provide novel insights into the fate of biodegradable and petroleum-based MPs and the potential ecotoxicity arising from advanced oxidation remediation in contaminated soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Mao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chiquan He
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Guoyao Niu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yangyang Ma
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nomura M, Okamura H, Horie Y, Hadi MP, Nugroho AP, Ramaswamy BR, Harino H, Nakano T. Residues of non-phthalate plasticizers in seawater and sediments from Osaka Bay, Japan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115947. [PMID: 38157830 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
NPPs (Non-phthalate plasticizers) are used as alternative plasticizers to phthalate esters, but there is limited knowledge on environmental residues, and they have not been reported in Japan. A method to analyze NPPs in seawater using solid-phase extraction was developed, and the residual burden of Diisobutyl adipate (DIBA), Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), Di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), Di-(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DEHS) and Trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM) in seawater and sediment from the Osaka Bay was measured. Using an Oasis Max column and acetone as the eluting solvent, the recovery of the target substances in seawater is >68 %. In Osaka Bay, no NPPs were detected in seawater. On the other hand, ATBC and TOTM were detected in the sediment at 36-69 ng/g and 47-131 ng/g, respectively, from about half of the 14 sites, while DEHA and DEHS were detected at 83 ng/g and 181 ng/g, respectively, from only one site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Nomura
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan
| | - Hideo Okamura
- Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Horie
- Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan
| | - Mohammad Pramono Hadi
- Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Kaliurang, Sekip Utara, Sinduadi, Mlati, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Andhika Puspito Nugroho
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, JL. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Sleman 55281, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Babu Rajendran Ramaswamy
- Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan; Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Hiroya Harino
- School of Human Sciences, Kobe College, 4-1 Okadayama, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8505, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Billings A, Jones KC, Pereira MG, Spurgeon DJ. Emerging and legacy plasticisers in coastal and estuarine environments: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168462. [PMID: 37963532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of plastic waste in the environment is an emerging and ongoing concern. In addition to the physical impacts of macroplastics and microplastics on organisms, the chemical effects of plastic additives such as plasticisers have also received increasing attention. Research concerning plasticiser pollution in estuaries and coastal environments has been a particular focus, as these environments are the primary entry point for anthropogenic contaminants into the wider marine environment. Additionally, the conditions in estuarine environments favour the sedimentation of suspended particulate matter, with which plasticisers are strongly associated. Hence, estuary systems may be where some of the highest concentrations of these pollutants are seen in freshwater and marine environments. Recent studies have confirmed emerging plasticisers and phthalates as pollutants in estuaries, with the relative abundance of these compounds controlled primarily by patterns of use, source intensity, and fate. Plasticiser profiles are typically dominated by mid-high molecular weight compounds such as DnBP, DiBP, and DEHP. Plasticisers may be taken up by estuarine and marine organisms, and some phthalates can cause negative impacts in marine organisms, although further research is required to assess the impacts of emerging plasticisers. This review provides an overview of the processes controlling the release and partitioning of emerging and legacy plasticisers in aqueous environments, in addition to the sources of plasticisers in estuarine and coastal environments. This is followed by a quantitative analysis and discussion of literature concerning the (co-)occurrence and concentrations of emerging plasticisers and phthalates in these environments. We end this review with a discussion the fate (degradation and uptake by biota) of these compounds, in addition to identification of knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Billings
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - M Glória Pereira
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - David J Spurgeon
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bai X, Pan K, Shoaib N, Sun X, Wu X, Zhang L. Status of phthalate esters pollution in facility agriculture across China: Spatial distribution, risk assessment, and remediation measures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168416. [PMID: 37944601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The pervasive utilization of phthalate esters (PAEs) in plastic products has led to an emergent concern regarding the PAEs contamination in environmental matrices. However, the overall understanding of PAEs pollution in facility agriculture and its relevant risks remain limited. In this paper, the characteristics, health risks, and remediation measures of PAEs pollution in facility agriculture across China were analyzed. In general, PAEs pollution in facility agriculture soil in SWC and vegetables in SC were more serious than that in the other six regions (p < 0.05). The total level of six PAEs ranged from 0.053 to 5.663 mg·kg-1 in soil samples, nd (not detectable) to 12.540 mg·kg-1 in vegetable samples, with mean values of 0.951 mg·kg-1 and 2.458 mg·kg-1, respectively. DEHP and DnBP were dominant in both soil and vegetable samples with a total contribution of over 70 % of the six PAEs, but their concentrations were a little lower in soil samples. The PAEs concentrations of leafy, root, and fruit vegetables exhibited a descending trend. Correlation analysis revealed that the relationships between soil and vegetable PAEs concentrations remained inconclusive, lacking clear correlations. Furthermore, risk assessments indicated that the hazard quotient (HQ) for both total and individual PAEs in the vast majority of vegetable samples remained within acceptable thresholds. Meanwhile, all values for carcinogenic risks (CR) were confined within the range of 10-4. In conclusion, the study outlines remediation measures aimed at precluding and mitigating the environmental risks associated with PAEs exposure. These findings furnish a scientific foundation for the targeted assessment and judicious management of PAEs pollution within facility agriculture landscape of China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaiwen Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Noman Shoaib
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang H, Huang Y, An S, Wang P, Xie C, Jia P, Huang Q, Wang B. Mulch-derived microplastic aging promotes phthalate esters and alters organic carbon fraction content in grassland and farmland soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132619. [PMID: 37757559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural plastic mulch is a major microplastics (MPs) source in terrestrial ecosystems. However, knowledge about the aging characteristics of mulch-derived MPs entering natural and agricultural soils and their effects on phthalate esters (PAEs) and organic carbon fractions is still limited. Black (contains black masterbatches) and white polyethylene (PE) and biodegradable (Bio, Poly propylene carbonate and Polybutylene adipate terephthalate synthetic material (PPC+PBAT)) mulch-derived MPs, at 0.3% (w/w) dose, were added to grassland and farmland soils for eight-week incubation. Microplastic (MP) aging degree was explored by quantifying the carbonyl index (CI). The soil PAEs and organic carbon fractions were also analyzed. After incubation, black and white PE-MP aged greater in farmland than in grassland. PAEs accumulated highest in PE-MP treatment (5.27-6.41 mg kg-1) followed by Bio-MP (1.88-2.38 mg kg-1). Soil organic carbon (SOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were reduced by 5.3%-8.2%, 31.8%-41.6%, and 39.7%-63.0%, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was increased by 10.1%-27.6% in grassland containing MP compared to control. MPs' aging degree promoted PAEs content or altered nutrients, then regulated soil microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activity directly or indirectly, ultimately affecting SOC. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Microplastics are persistent environmental pollutants that gradually undergo surface aging in response to extracellular enzymes secreted by microorganisms. As microplastics age, their surface roughness and functional groups change; thus, organochemical contaminants gradually leach out. Therefore, this study analyzed the aging of mulch film-derived microplastics under the action of diverse microorganisms in farmland and grassland soils and the effect on plasticizer and organic carbon fractions. The results proved that polyethylene microplastic aging degree was highest in farmland soil. Besides, biodegradable microplastic caused lower contamination of phthalate esters than polyethylene, but they affected soil carbon balance in grassland and farmland soils. STATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: This study highlights that MPs affect organic carbon fractions by influencing the PAEs, available nutrients, and extracellular enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yimei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Shaoshan An
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunjiao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Penghui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Baorong Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alharbi HA, Rushdi AI, Rasul N, Bazeyad A, Al-Mutlaq KF. Levels, spatial distributions, and provision of petroleum hydrocarbons and phthalates in sediments from Obhur lagoon, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:22. [PMID: 38169010 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The levels, spatial distribution, and sources of petroleum hydrocarbons and phthalates were assessed in surface sediment samples from the urban lagoon of Obhur near Jeddah, the largest city on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. The lagoon was divided into the inner zone, middle zone, and outer zone based on its geomorphological features and developmental activities. n-Alkanes, hopane and sterane biomarkers, and unresolved complex mixture were the major petroleum hydrocarbon compounds of the total extractable organic matter. Phthalates were also measured in the sediment samples. In the three zones, n-alkanes ranged from 89.3 ± 88.5 to 103.2 ± 114.9 ng/g, whereas the hopane and sterane biomarkers varied from 69.4 ± 75.3 to 77.7 ± 69.9 ng/g and 72.5 ± 77.9-89.5 ± 82.2 ng/g, respectively. The UCM concentrations ranged from 821 ± 1119 to 1297 ± 1684 ng/g and phthalates from 37.4 ± 34.5 65 ± 68 ng/g. The primary origins of these anthropogenic hydrocarbons in the lagoon sediments were petroleum products (boat engine discharges, boat washing, lubricants, and wastewater flows) and plasticizers (plastic waste and litter). The proportions of anthropogenic hydrocarbons derived from petroleum products in the sediment's TEOM ranged from 43 ± 33 to 62 ± 15%, while the percentages for plasticizers varied from 2.9 ± 1.2 to 4.0 ± 1.6%. The presence and inputs of these contaminants from petroleum and plastic wastes in the lagoon's sediments will eventually have an impact on its habitats, including the benthic nursery and spawning areas.
Collapse
Grants
- NPST 13-ENV2233-02-R National Plan for Science, Technology, and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Award Numbers
- NPST 13-ENV2233-02-R National Plan for Science, Technology, and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Award Numbers
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hattan A Alharbi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | - Abdulqader Bazeyad
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid F Al-Mutlaq
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dueñas-Moreno J, Vázquez-Tapia I, Mora A, Cervantes-Avilés P, Mahlknecht J, Capparelli MV, Kumar M, Wang C. Occurrence, ecological and health risk assessment of phthalates in a polluted urban river used for agricultural land irrigation in central Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117454. [PMID: 37865321 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The escalating global concern on phthalate esters (PAEs) stems from their status as emerging contaminants, marked by their toxicity and their potential to harm both the environment and human health. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the occurrence, spatial distribution, and ecological and health risks associated with PAEs in the Atoyac River, an urban waterway in central Mexico that receives untreated and poorly treated urban and industrial wastewater. Of the 14 PAEs analyzed in surface water samples collected along the river mainstream, nine were detected and quantified by GC-MS. The concentration of each detected PAE ranged from non-detected values to 25.7 μg L-1. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-hexyl phthalate (DnHP) were detected in all sampling sites, with concentrations ranging from 8.1 to 19.4 μg L-1 and from 6.3 to 15.6 μg L-1, respectively. The cumulative Σ9PAEs concentrations reached up to 81.1 μg L-1 and 96.0 μg L-1 in sites downstream to high-tech industrial parks, pinpointing industrial wastewater as the primary source of PAEs. Given that the river water is stored in a reservoir and used for cropland irrigation, this study also assessed the ecological and human health risks posed by PAEs. The findings disclosed a high ecological risk to aquatic organisms exposed to di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), DEHP, and DnHP. Additionally, a high carcinogenic (CR > 10-4) and noncarcinogenic (HQ > 10) risk for the DEHP exposure through ingestion of crops irrigated with river water was identified for both children and adults. These data on PAEs provide valuable insights for the Mexican government's future strategies in regulating these pollutants in water bodies, thereby minimizing the environmental and human health risks that they pose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Dueñas-Moreno
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla 72453, Mexico
| | - Ivón Vázquez-Tapia
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Abrahan Mora
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla 72453, Mexico.
| | - Pabel Cervantes-Avilés
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla 72453, Mexico
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Mariana V Capparelli
- Estación El Carmen, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Carmen-Puerto Real Km 9.5, 24157, Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Manish Kumar
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico; Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Chongqing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang Y, Gao Y, Xi B, Yuan Y, Tan W. Influence of leachate microenvironment on the occurrence of phthalate esters in landfills. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 343:140278. [PMID: 37758088 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are added to various products as plasticizers. Plastic waste containing PAEs enters landfills as they age with use. However, the influence of microenvironmental changes on the occurrence of PAEs during landfill stabilization is still unknown. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of leachate, the structure of bacterial communities and the chemical structure of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and the occurrence of PAEs and the mechanism underlying their responses to changes. Landfill leachate in different stabilization states had high Cl- and NH4+ contents and its metal element (Cr, Pb, and Zn) contents generally decreased with the increase in landfill ages. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were important phyla and had an average relative abundance of 68.63%. The lignin/carboxylate-rich alicyclic molecule structure was the main component of DOM (56%-64%). Of the 6-priority controlled PAEs in leachate, di-n-butyl phthalate was the most abundant (1046 μg L-1), while butyl phthalate was not detected. The results showed that pH, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi, and the value of SUVA254 can directly influence the occurrence of PAEs in leachate. The positive and negative effects vary depending on the PAE content and molecular weight. DBP and DEHP have higher environmental risks in the aquatic system. These results are intended to provide a scientific basis for the evolutionary characterization of the microenvironment in complex environmental systems and the control of novel contaminants, such as PAEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yiman Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Karamianpour J, Arfaeinia H, Ranjbar Vakilabadi D, Ramavandi B, Dobaradaran S, Fazlzadeh M, Torkshavand Z, Banafshehafshan S, Shekarizadeh H, Ahmadi S, Badeenezhad A. Accumulation, sources, and health risks of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in road dust from heavily industrialized, urban and rural areas in southern Iran. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23129. [PMID: 38144273 PMCID: PMC10746467 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, a total of 51 road dust samples were collected from three districts (Asaluyeh, Bushehr, and Goshoui) in the south of Iran from April to June 2022 and analyzed for the concentration of 7 phthalic acid esters (PAEs) compounds. Asaluyeh was considered as an industrial area (near gas and petrochemical industries), Bushehr as an urban area, and Goshoui as a rural area (far from pollution sources). The PAEs concentration of the street dust samples was determined using a mass detection gas chromatography (GC/MS). The mean ± SD levels of ƩPAEs in samples from industrial, urban, and rural sources were 56.9 ± 11.5, 18.3 ± 9.64, and 5.68 ± 1.85 μg/g, respectively. The mean concentration levels of ƩPAEs was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in samples from the industrial area than urban and rural areas. The mean levels of di(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in industrial, urban, and rural areas were 20.3 ± 8.76, 4.59 ± 1.71, and 2.35 ± 0.98 μg/g, respectively. The results of the PCA analysis indicate that the likely major sources of PAEs in the road dust in the studied areas are the application of various plasticizers in industry, solvents, chemical fertilizers, waste disposal, wastewater (e.g., agricultural, domestic, and industrial), and the use of plastic films and plastic-based irrigation pipes in greenhouses. As well as, it was found that the non-cancer risk of exposure to dust-bound PAEs was higher for children than for adults. These values were <1 for both age groups (children and adults) and the exposure of inhabitants to PAEs in road dust did not pose a notable non-cancer risk. The cancer risk from exposure to DEHP in road dust was below the standard range of 10-6 in all three areas. Further studies that consider different routes of exposure to these contaminants are needed for an accurate risk assessment. Moreover, since higher PAEs level was found in industrial area, decision-makers should adopt strict strategies to control the discharging of pollution from industries to the environment and human societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javid Karamianpour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Dariush Ranjbar Vakilabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Lung Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zahra Torkshavand
- Environmental and Occupational Health Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Sara Banafshehafshan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanyeh Shekarizadeh
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sami Ahmadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ahmad Badeenezhad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Behbahan University of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang H, Li C, Yan G, Zhang Y, Wang H, Dong W, Chu Z, Chang Y, Ling Y. Seasonal distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of phthalate esters in surface sediment of Songhua River basin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122567. [PMID: 37717898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are typical industrial chemicals used in China. PAEs have received considerable attention because of their ubiquity and potential hazard to humans and the ecology. The spatiotemporal distributions of six PAEs in the surface sediments of the Songhua River in the spring (March), summer (July), and autumn (September) are investigated in this study. The total concentration of phthalic acid esters (∑6PAEs) ranges from 1.62 × 102 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) to 3.63 × 104 ng g-1·dw, where the amount in the spring is substantially higher (p < 0.01) than those in the autumn and summer. Seasonal variations in PAEs may be due to rainfall and temperature. The ∑6PAEs in the Songhua River's upper reaches are significantly higher than those in the middle and lower reaches (p < 0.05). Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are the two most abundant PAEs. The ecological hazard of five PAEs is assessed using the hazard quotient method. DBP and DEHP pose moderate or high ecological risks to aquatic organisms at various trophic levels. PAEs originate primarily from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources. Absolute principal components-multiple linear regression results indicate that agricultural sources are the most dominant contributor to the ∑6PAEs (53.7%). Guidelines for controlling PAEs pollution in the Songhua River are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Congyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guokai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Weiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Zhaosheng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yu Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maes T, Preston-Whyte F, Lavelle S, Gomiero A, Booth AM, Belzunce-Segarra MJ, Bellas J, Brooks S, Bakir A, Devriese LI, Pham CK, De Witte B. A recipe for plastic: Expert insights on plastic additives in the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 196:115633. [PMID: 37864860 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The production and consumption of plastic products had been steadily increasing over the years, leading to more plastic waste entering the environment. Plastic pollution is ubiquitous and comes in many types and forms. To enhance or modify their properties, chemical additives are added to plastic items during manufacturing. The presence and leakage of these additives, from managed and mismanaged plastic waste, into the environment are of growing concern. In this study, we gauged, via an online questionnaire, expert knowledge on the use, characteristics, monitoring and risks of plastic additives to the marine environment. We analysed the survey results against actual data to identify and prioritise risks and gaps. Participants also highlighted key factors for future consideration, including gaining a deeper understanding of the use and types of plastic additives, how they leach throughout the entire lifecycle, their toxicity, and the safety of alternative options. More extensive chemical regulation and an evaluation of the essentiality of their use should also be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Maes
- GRID-Arendal, Teaterplassen 3, 4836 Arendal, Norway.
| | | | | | - Alessio Gomiero
- NORCE Climate and Environment dep, Mekjarvik 12, 4072 Randaberg, Norway
| | - Andy M Booth
- SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Juan Bellas
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain
| | - Steven Brooks
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Adil Bakir
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Lisa I Devriese
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Christopher Kim Pham
- Instituto de Investigação em Ciências do Mar - OKEANOS, Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Portugal
| | - Bavo De Witte
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Marine Research (ILVO-Marine), Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu M, Jones S, McKinney M, Kandow A, Donahoe R, Cobb Faulk B, Chen S, Lu Y. Assessment of phthalic acid esters plasticizers in sediments of coastal Alabama, USA: Occurrence, source, and ecological risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165345. [PMID: 37414190 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering the ubiquitous occurrences and ecotoxicity of phthalates (PAEs), it is essential to understand their sources, distribution, and associated ecological risks of PAEs in sediments to assess the environmental health of estuaries and support effective management practices. This study provides the first comprehensive dataset on the occurrence, spatial variation, inventory, and potential ecological risk assessment of PAEs in surface sediments of commercially and ecologically significant estuaries in the southeastern United States, Mobile Bay and adjoining eastern Mississippi Sound. Fifteen PAEs were widely detected in the sediments of the study region, with total concentrations varying between 0.02 and 3.37 μg/g. The dominance of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAEs (DEP, DBP and DiBP) relative to high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAEs (DEHP, DOP, DNP) indicates that residential activities have stronger impacts than industrial activities on PAE distributions. The total PAE concentrations displayed an overall decreasing trend with increasing bottom water salinity, with the maximum concentrations occurring near river mouths. These observations suggest that river inputs were an important pathway by which PAEs were transported to the estuary. Linear regression models identified sediment adsorption (measured by total organic carbon and median grain size) and riverine inputs (measured by bottom water salinity) as significant predictors for the concentrations of LMW and HMW PAEs. Estimated 5-year total inventories of sedimentary PAEs in Mobile Bay and the eastern Mississippi Sound were 13.82 tons and 1.16 tons, respectively. Risk assessment calculations suggest that LMW PAEs posed a medium-to-high risk to sensitive aquatic organisms, and DEHP posed a low or negligible risk to the aquatic organisms. The results of this study provide important information needed for establishing and implementing effective practices for monitoring and regulating plasticizer pollutants in estuaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Lu
- Molecular Eco-Geochemistry (MEG) Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Stephen Jones
- Geological Survey of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35486, USA
| | - Mac McKinney
- Geological Survey of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35486, USA
| | - Alyssa Kandow
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Rona Donahoe
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Bethany Cobb Faulk
- Molecular Eco-Geochemistry (MEG) Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - YueHan Lu
- Molecular Eco-Geochemistry (MEG) Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yao M, Qian J, Chen X, Liu J, Yang X, Gao P, Zhang C. Butyl benzyl phthalate exposure impact on the gut health of Metaphire guillelmi. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:443-451. [PMID: 37801871 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural films are extensively utilized in high-intensity agriculture, with China's annual usage reaching 1.5 million tons. Unfortunately, the recovery rate is less than 60%, leading to an inevitable accumulation of plastic mulch in agricultural soils. This accumulation primarily introduces butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) into soil ecosystems, whose specific effects remain largely unclear, thereby posing potential risks. The present study focuses on the exposure impact of BBP on earthworms, Metaphire guillelmi, a commonly found endogenic earthworm within real farmland, as it provides insight into the direct interaction between biota gut health and contaminants. Specifically, we studied the biomarkers related to oxidative stress, the digestive system, and neurotoxicity within the gut of Metaphire guillelmi, and the integrated biological response (IBR) index was utilized to track these markers at different timeframes after BBP exposures. Our findings indicate that BBP exposures lead to oxidative damage, digestive system inhibition, and neurotoxicity, with IBR indexes of 14.6 and 17.3 on the 14th and 28th days, respectively. Further, the underlying mechanisms at a molecular level through molecular docking were investigated. The results showed that the most unstable interaction was with the Na+K+-ATPase (binding energy: -2.25 kcal-1), while BBP displayed stable bonds with superoxide dismutase and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction. These interactions resulted in changes in protein conformation and their normal physiological functions, offering new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying enzymatic activity changes. This study has significant implications for the prediction of toxicity, environmental risk assessment, and the establishment of regulations related to BBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Yao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingran Qian
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoni Chen
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jilong Liu
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kashfi FS, Mohammadi A, Rostami F, Savari A, De-la-Torre GE, Spitz J, Saeedi R, Kalantarhormozi M, Farhadi A, Dobaradaran S. Microplastics and phthalate esters release from teabags into tea drink: occurrence, human exposure, and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:104209-104222. [PMID: 37697202 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Tea, the most common infusion worldwide, is usually sold in teabags due to the ease of usage. The increase in the use of plastic materials in the food packaging industry has led to an increase in released contaminants, such as microplastics (MPs) and phthalates (PAEs), in various food products including teabags. In this research, the abundance and features of MPs as well as PAEs concentration were investigated in 45 teabag samples of different Persian and German brands. The abundance of MPs in the Persian and German teabag samples was averagely 412.32 and 147.28 items/single teabag, respectively. Also, average PAEs levels in the Persian and German teabag samples were 2.87 and 2.37 mg/g, respectively. The predominant size category of MPs was related to 100-250 μm. Fibers and transparent were the dominant shape and color of detected MPs in teabags, respectively. Polyethylene (PE) and nylon were the most common MP polymer types. The most prominent PAEs congeners in teabag samples were diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP). Furthermore, MP exposure hazard through tea ingestion was analyzed for children and adults. DEHP showed the cancer risk (CR) for children and adults. The findings of this research indicated that high MPs and PAEs levels are released from teabags into tea drinks. Considering a daily drinking of a volume of 150 and 250 mL tea by children and adults, 486 and 810 MPs may enter their bodies, respectively. Thus, tea prepared with teabag-packed herbs may pose a significant health risk for consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadat Kashfi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Azam Mohammadi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rostami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Arezou Savari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Gabriel E De-la-Torre
- Biodiversity, Environment, and Society Research Group, San Ignacio de Loyola University, Lima, Peru
| | - Jörg Spitz
- Akademie Für Menschliche Medizin GmbH, Krauskopfallee 27, 65388, Schlangenbad, Germany
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Kalantarhormozi
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Akram Farhadi
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany.
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini Street, 7514763448, Bushehr, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Huang DK, Liu ZH, Wan YP, Dang Z. Analysis and contamination levels of ten phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in Chinese commercial bubble tea: a comparison with commercial milk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:103153-103163. [PMID: 37682440 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid ester (PAE) contamination in popular drink bubble tea has been hardly studied in the world. In this work, a liquid-liquid extraction following solid phase extraction (LLE-SPE)-UPLC-MS/MS method was first established for trace determination of ten PAEs in bubble tea. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity (R2 > 0.992), low limit of detections (LODs, 0.49-3.16 µg/L), and satisfactory recoveries (61.8-127.6%) with a low relative standard derivations (RSDs, 1.1-16.4%), which was also validated for commercial milk. Six out of ten PAEs, i.e., diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dihexyl phthalate (DHP), and diphenyl phthalate (DPP) were detected in Chinese bubble tea with concentrations ranging from not detection (ND) to 53.43 µg/L, while DEHP, DBP, DIBP, DEP, and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were detected in commercial milk with concentrations ranging from ND to 110.58 µg/L. The respective average concentrations of DEHP in Chinese bubble tea and commercial milk were 19.40 and 23.46 µg/L, which were over two times that in drinking water quality standards of several countries including Israel, Korea, Oman, and Singapore (i.e., 8 µg/L). Calculated with human estimated daily intake (EDI), the average EDIs of five out of seven PAEs in bubble tea were higher than those in commercial milk. For example, the calculated EDI of DIBP in bubble tea was 5 times that in commercial milk, while their respective corresponding EDIs of DBP and DEHP were over 2.4 and 1.6 times. Based on estrogen equivalence (EEQ) with the unit of ng E2/L, the average EEQs of the ten PAEs in Chinese bubble tea and commercial milk were 14.26 and 17.06 ng E2/L, which were 52.8 and 62.3 times the observed effect concentration that could cause egg mortality of zebrafish. It is evident that the potential estrogenic effect of PAEs in bubble tea and commercial milk cannot be negligible. Given the fact that PAE contamination in bubble tea has been hardly investigated, such study is urgently to be performed in a global view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De- Kang Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Carr B, Masqué P, Alonso-Hernández CM, Huertas D, Bersuder P, Tolosa I. Trends of legacy and emerging organic contaminants in a sediment core from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, from 1990 to 2015. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138571. [PMID: 37019402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Legacy and emerging organic pollutants pose an ever-expanding challenge for the marine environment. This study analysed a dated sediment core from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, to assess the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alternative halogenated flame retardants (aHFRs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and phthalates (PAEs) from 1990 to 2015. The results evidence the continuing presence of historical regulated contaminants (PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs) in the southern basin of Cienfuegos Bay. PCB contamination declined since 2007, likely in response to the gradual global phasing out of PCB containing materials. There have been relatively consistent low accumulation rates for OCPs and PBDEs at this location (in 2015 approximately 1.9 and 0.26ng/cm2/year, respectively, with 2.8ng/cm2/year for Σ6PCBs), with indications of recent local DDT use in response to public health emergencies. In contrast, sharp increases are observed between 2012 and 2015 for the contaminants of emerging concern (PAEs, OPEs, and aHFRs), and in the case of two PAEs (DEHP and DnBP) the concentrations were above the established environmental effect limits for sediment dwelling organisms. These increasing trends reflect the growing global usage of both alternative flame retardants and plasticizer additives. Local drivers for these trends include nearby industrial sources such as a plastic recycling plant, multiple urban waste outfalls, and a cement factory. The limited capacity for solid waste management may also contribute to the high concentrations of emerging contaminants, especially plastic additives. For the most recent year (2015), the accumulation rates for Σ17aHFRs, Σ19PAEs, and Σ17OPEs into sediment at this location were estimated to be 10, 46 000, and 750ng/cm2/year, respectively. This data provides an initial survey of emerging organic contaminants within this understudied region of the world. The increasing temporal trends observed for aHFRs, OPEs, and PAEs highlights the need for further research concerning the rapid influx of these emerging contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Carr
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco.
| | - Pere Masqué
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | | | - David Huertas
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - Philippe Bersuder
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - Imma Tolosa
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang C, Wang J, Gao W, Ning X, Xu S, Wang X, Chu J, Ma S, Bai Z, Yue G, Wang D, Shao Z, Zhuang X. The fate of phthalate acid esters in wastewater treatment plants and their impact on receiving waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162201. [PMID: 36805063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are gaining attention and being researched as an endocrine disruptor as global plastic use surge. There is an urgent need to explore the key factors affecting the removal of PAEs from wastewater and the impact of wastewater effluent on receiving water. Here we investigated the levels and distribution patterns of 16 typical PAEs in surface water and five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) along the Dongyang River from Yiwu, China, collecting 42 surface water and 31 wastewater samples. We found that influent PAEs concentration and treatment process were the key factors affecting the degradation efficiency of PAEs in primary and secondary treatment, respectively. In primary treatment, long-chain PAEs were more easily removed (and sometimes less likely to accumulate) than short-chain PAEs, regardless of the influent PAEs concentration (a key factor in primary treatment), while in secondary treatment, short-chain PAEs were easily removed regardless of the treatment process (a factor in secondary treatment). This was not the case for long-chain PAEs, which were only more readily removed in the A/A/O process. In addition, by comparing the significant differences between wastewater and surface water, we found that the total PAEs in the treated effluent were significantly lower than in surface water upstream and in built-up urban areas, indicating that wastewater discharges in the study area did not increase PAEs in the receiving water. Finally, river in the city center and artificial treatment facilities in the study area were identified as requiring priority attention. The results of this study can serve as a model for controlling PAEs in other similar developing cities in China and provide valuable information on the fate of endocrine disruptor from wastewater treatment in China and their impact on surface water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Wei Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaojun Ning
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Shengjun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianwen Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuanglong Ma
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gecheng Yue
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Zhiping Shao
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mohammadi A, Malakootian M, Dobaradaran S, Hashemi M, Jaafarzadeh N, De-la-Torre GE. Occurrence and ecological risks of microplastics and phthalate esters in organic solid wastes: In a landfill located nearby the Persian Gulf. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138910. [PMID: 37172626 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Landfill sites are the main source of plastic waste. Thus, municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfills may act as a reservior of microplastics (MPs) and related pollutants such as phthalate esters (PAEs) into surrounding environment. However, there is limited information on MPs and PAEs in landfill sites. Levels of MPs and PAEs in organic solid waste disposed in a landfill of Bushehr port were investigated for the first time in this study. The mean MPs and PAEs levels in organic MSW samples were 12.3 items/g and 7.99 μg/g, respectively, and the mean PAEs concentration in MPs was 87.5 μg/g. The highest number of MPs was related to the size classes of >1000 μm and <25 μm. The highest dominant type, color, and shape of MPs in organic MSW were nylon, white/transparent, and fragments, respectively. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) were the dominant compounds of PAEs in organic MSW. Based on the finding of present study, MPs showed a high hazard index (HI). DEHP, dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and DiBP demonstrated high-level hazards for sensitive organisms in water. This work illustrated considerable MPs and PAEs levels from an uncontrolled landfill without adequate protection, possibly contributing to their release into the environment. The sites of landfill located near marine environments, such as Bushehr port landfill adjacent to the Persian Gulf, may indicate critical threats to marine organisms and the food chain. Continuous landfills control and monitoring, especially the ones near the coastal area, is highly recommended to prevent further environmental pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Mohammadi
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Malakootian
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, Germany.
| | - Majid Hashemi
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Neemat Jaafarzadeh
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gabriel E De-la-Torre
- Biodiversity, Environment, and Society Research Group, San Ignacio de Loyola University, Lima, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen Y, Zhen Z, Li G, Li H, Wei T, Huang F, Li T, Yang C, Ren L, Liang Y, Lin Z, Zhang D. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) degradation and microbial community change in mangrove rhizosphere gradients. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162022. [PMID: 36775151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a widespread persistent organic pollutant in the environment. As an ultimate barrier preventing pollutant entry into the ocean, mangrove plays an important role in coastal ecosystem. However, little information is known about DEHP degradation in mangrove rhizosphere. In this study, a rhizobox was used to separate four consecutive rhizosphere compartments with distance of 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, and > 6 mm to the rhizoplane of Kandelia obovata and investigate DEHP gradient degradation behavior in rhizosphere. Sediments closer to the rhizoplane exhibited higher DEHP degradation efficiencies (74.4 % in 0-2 mm layer). More precisely, mangrove rhizosphere promoted the benzoic acid pathway and non-selectively accelerated the production of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, phthalic acid and benzoic acid. Higher sediment organic matter content, lower pH and less humus in rhizosphere benefited DEHP hydrolysis. In addition, rhizosphere significantly increased microbial biomass and activities comparing to bulk sediments. Some bacterial lineages with potential DEHP degradation capability exhibited a distance-dependent pattern that decreased with the distance to the rhizoplane, including Bacillales, Acidothermaceae, Gammaproteobacteria, and Sphingobacteriales. Our findings suggested that mangrove rhizosphere could accelerate DEHP degradation by altering sediment physicochemical properties and microbial composition, showing positive effects on coastal ecosystem services for eliminating phthalate acid ester contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Chen
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhen
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Gaoyang Li
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Huijun Li
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Ting Wei
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Fengcheng Huang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Changhong Yang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Lei Ren
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Yanqiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Zhong Lin
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, PR China.
| | - Dayi Zhang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jang M, Lee M, Yang H, Lee H, Park SB, Jeon H, Hwang SY, Kim HJ, Oh DX, Park J. Method to analyze phthalate esters from soft toys dissolving into water mimicking infant playing. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138695. [PMID: 37080474 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Along with bisphenol-A (BPA), conventional phthalate esters (PAEs) have been reported as environmental hormones, despite their functional usefulness as plasticizers. Nevertheless, they are frequently found in various products, including children's utensils and toys made of poly (vinyl chloride). This is tremendously important because PAEs are harmful to infants. In addition, gel/slime-type toys made of poly (vinyl alcohol) are currently popular for developing infant' tactile senses. In this study, we developed a method to qualitatively and quantitatively detect PAEs in gel/slime-type toys mimicking, infants playing with them in a bathtub. As a result, 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), one of the PAE alternatives, transferred into the water from the toys and was detected most commonly (108-719 μg g-1; 0.01-0.07 wt%) among PAEs. The detected DINCH levels were below the universally accepted levels for PAEs (0.1 wt%). However, the amount of DINCH detected could still be toxic, in accordance with toxicity tests using water fleas. Furthermore, unpleasant odors were emitted when the toys containing toxic volatile organic compounds were unpacked. This is the first study to develop a method to analyze PAE in gel/slime-type toys and determine that alternatives to conventional PAEs cannot be unconditionally regarded as safe chemicals. Therefore, the revised standards for regulating PAEs and their alternatives must be reconsidered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jang
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Lee
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Yang
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Huichan Lee
- Core Research Facilities, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bae Park
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sahoo TP, Kumar MA. Remediation of phthalate acid esters from contaminated environment—Insights on the bioremedial approaches and future perspectives. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14945. [PMID: 37025882 PMCID: PMC10070671 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are well-known emerging pollutants that are toxic to the environment and human health. Phthalates are lipophilic chemicals used as plasticizers in many of the items for improving their material properties. These compounds are not chemically bound and are released to the surroundings directly. Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are endocrine disruptors and can interfere with hormones, which can cause issues with development and reproduction, thus there is a huge concern over their existence in various ecological surroundings. The purpose of this review is to explore the occurrence, fate, and concentration of phthalates in various environmental matrices. This article also covers the phthalate degradation process, mechanism, and outcomes. Besides the conventional treatment technology, the paper also aims at the recent advancements in various physical, chemical, and biological approaches developed for phthalate degradation. In this paper, a special focus has been given on the diverse microbial entities and their bioremedial mechanisms executes the PAEs removal. Critically, the analyses method for determining intermediate products generated during phthalate biotransformation have been discussed. Concluisvely, the challenges, limitations, knowledge gaps and future opportunities of bioremediation and their significant role in ecology have also been highlighted.
Collapse
|
35
|
Xie Z, Zhang X, Xie Y, Wu J, Wu Y. Occurrences and potential lipid-disrupting effects of phthalate metabolites in humpback dolphins from the South China Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129939. [PMID: 36096058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, arising growing public concern. Nevertheless, information on the exposure and risks of PAEs in wildlife remains limited. Here, we conducted the first investigation of the occurrences, spatiotemporal trends, and potential risks of twelve metabolites of PAEs (mPAEs) in 74 humpback dolphins from the northern South China Sea during 2005-2020. All twelve mPAEs (∑12mPAEs: 9.6-810.7 ng g-1 wet weight) were detected in the dolphin liver, and seven major mPAEs showed increasing trends during the study period, indicating high PAE contamination in the coastal environment of South China. Monoethylhexyl phthalate accounted for over half of the ∑12mPAE concentrations. The accumulation of mPAEs in the dolphins was neither age-dependent nor sex-specific. Compared to parent PAEs, mPAEs generally induced higher agonistic effects on the dolphin peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma (PPARA/G) as master regulators of lipid homeostasis. Although short-term in vitro assays revealed no significant activation of dolphin PPARA/G by tissue-relevant doses of mPAEs, long-term in vivo evidence (i.e., correlations between hepatic mPAEs and blubber fatty acids) suggested that chronic exposure to mPAEs might have impacted lipid metabolism in the dolphin. This study highlighted the potential health risks of PAE exposure on marine mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Yanqing Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Jiaxue Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Yuping Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dehvari M, Takdastan A, Jorfi S, Ahmadi M, Tahmasebi Birgani Y, Babaei AA. Distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbons in superficial sediments of Karun River Basin, southwest of Iran: spatial and seasonal variations, source identification, and ecological risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:71-82. [PMID: 34781808 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.2000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) are common environmental pollutants in aquatic ecosystems that tend to adsorb onto the sediments. This study aimed to monitor the concentration and assessment of contamination level of TPHs in the sediments of Karun River and Bahmanshir estuary, which will eventually flow into the Persian Gulf. GIS-mapping technique was used to indicate the distribution of TPHs. The samples were collected during dry and wet seasons at 15 monitoring stations. - The maximum amount of TPHs was obtained at station No. 14 in the dry season (225.29 μg/g). The indices of determining the pollution source showed that hydrocarbons in polluted areas were mainly of biogenic origin. Compared to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and contamination factor (Cf), the study area sediments were in the conditions of moderate pollution and had a low ecological risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Dehvari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Afshin Takdastan
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sahand Jorfi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ahmadi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahmasebi Birgani
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu J, Qu R, Wang Q, Yang X, Zhu H, Zhang A, Sun J. Human exposure to phthalate esters in soils embodied in interregional food trade in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120388. [PMID: 36220577 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous occurrence of phthalate esters (PAEs) in agricultural soil results in their inevitable accumulation in crops, potentially increasing the risk of human exposure to PAEs via daily food intake. Dietary health risk of PAEs not only depends on locally produced food but also the imported food from other regions. However, the impact of interregional food trade on human dietary exposure to PAEs has been seldom assessed. Herein, we investigated the impact of interregional food trade on the dietary exposure to PAEs that contributed from soil contamination in China. The average daily dietary intake of PAEs for the Chinese general population was 24.3 μg/kg/day when assuming the total consumption of crops from local market only, while the average daily dietary intake of PAEs for the Chinese general population was decreased by 2.9% when the effects of interregional food trade were involved into the calculation. Additionally, the interregional food trade remarkably increased the daily dietary intake of PAEs in the regions of Beijing-Tianjin region (47.8%), North (21.4%) and Central (4.26%). As a result, the hazard quotient value of PAEs in the regions of Beijing-Tianjin region, North and Central increased by 29.4%, 11.0% and 5.0%, respectively, owing to the consumption of imported crops from the highly PAEs contaminated regions. In contrast, the daily intake and hazard quotient value of PAEs in the regions of Central Coast, Northwest, Northeast and South Coast decreased due to the interregional trade. These results indicated that the interregional food trade promoted the transfer of PAEs between regions and thus altered the potential risk to the local population. Overall, this study highlights the importance of taking the interregional food trade into account to provide a more accurate risk assessment of dietary exposure to pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Rongfei Qu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Qianwen Wang
- Research and Teaching Center of Agriculture, Zhejiang Open University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Xindong Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Haofeng Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jianqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang L, Li J, Zheng J, Liang J, Li R, Gong Z. Source tracing and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in household tap-water: A case study of the urban area of Quanzhou, Southeast China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114277. [PMID: 36371886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of phthalate esters (PAEs) in household tap water has been investigated via the presence of their geochemical characteristics in the pretreatment and transfer processes of water plants in the urban and suburban areas of the subtropical medium-sized city of Quanzhou, southeast China. The results for all approximately 300 tap water samples collected from 6 sampling stations at household kitchens from Nov. 30, 2017, to Dec. 6, 2018, showed that dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutylphthaate (DIBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) could be identified and quantified among the 16 PAE congeners with the developed gas chromatographymass spectrometry method. The levels of the sum of 5 PAE congeners (Σ5PAEs) for all tap water ranged from 780.0 ng/L to 9180 ng/L, while DIBP and DEHP were the most abundant congeners, accounting for 82.2% in the dry season, 89.9% in the normal season, and 89.3% in the wet season. Factors of the transferring process, such as the spatial distance from the sampling station to the water plant, the material of pipelines, and the storage time of tap water in the pipeline, affected the levels of PAE congeners in tap water from the correlation of Σ5PAEs levels and transferring distance according to hierarchical cluster analysis. The seasonal variations in Σ5PAEs and each congener had good agreement with the temperature, suggesting that PAEs in tap water mainly come from raw water, which should be further explored in future work. Health risk assessment of PAEs in tap water with the HQ method showed that the occurrence of DEP and DBP has no noncarcinogenic risk for adults and children, while the concentration of DEHP might cause potential noncarcinogenic risk for adults and children, which should be given considerably more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
| | - Jianyong Li
- Fujian PFI Fareast Testing & Technology Services Co., Ltd, Quanzhou 362000, PR China.
| | - Jiazuo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
| | - Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
| | - Rongli Li
- Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
| | - Zhenbin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang M, Liu Y, Liang G, Ding H, Zhou X, Qin S, Zhao P, Han L. Migration analysis and health impact assessment of phthalates in takeaway food packaging materials. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minhao Wang
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong‐Liverpool University Suzhou China
| | - Yifei Liu
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong‐Liverpool University Suzhou China
| | - Guiyu Liang
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong‐Liverpool University Suzhou China
| | - Hongran Ding
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong‐Liverpool University Suzhou China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong‐Liverpool University Suzhou China
| | - Sujie Qin
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong‐Liverpool University Suzhou China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong‐Liverpool University Suzhou China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong‐Liverpool University Suzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang C, Guo Y, Feng L, Pang W, Yu J, Wang S, Qiu C, Li C, Wang Y. Fate of phthalates in a river receiving wastewater treatment plant effluent based on a multimedia model. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:2124-2137. [PMID: 36378170 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) can enter environment media by secondary effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) into receiving rivers, thus posing a threat to ecosystem health. A level III fugacity model was established to simulate the fate and transfer of four PAEs in a study area in Tianjin, China, and to evaluate the influence of WWTP discharge on PAEs levels in the receiving river. The results show that the logarithmic residuals of most simulated and measured values of PAEs are within one order of magnitude with a good agreement. PAEs in the study area were mainly distributed in soil and sediment phases, which accounted for 84.66%, 50.26%, 71.96% and 99.09% for dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), respectively. The upstream advection accounted for 77.90%, 93.20%, 90.21% and 90.93% of the total source of DMP, DEP, DBP and DEHP in the river water, respectively, while the contribution of secondary effluent discharge was much lower. Sensitivity analysis shows that emission and inflow parameters have greater influences on the multimedia distributions of PAEs than physicochemical and environmental parameters. Monte Carlo analysis quantifies the uncertainties and verifies the reliability of the simulation results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yaqi Guo
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail:
| | - Lixia Feng
- Tianjin United Environmental Protection Engineering Design Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Weiliang Pang
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Jingjie Yu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shaopo Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chunsheng Qiu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chaocan Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mohammadi A, Malakootian M, Dobaradaran S, Hashemi M, Jaafarzadeh N. Occurrence, seasonal distribution, and ecological risk assessment of microplastics and phthalate esters in leachates of a landfill site located near the marine environment: Bushehr port, Iran as a case. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156838. [PMID: 35750192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic wastes are produced in a large amount everywhere, and are commonly disposed in landfills. So landfill leachate seems an obvious source of microplastics (MPs) and phthalate esters (PAEs) due to a huge usage as plastic additives and plasticizers. But this issue still lacks attention and the present study provides the first information on the levels of MPs and PAEs in the fresh landfill leachate of Bushehr port during different seasons. The mean levels of MPs and PAEs in the fresh leachate in all seasons were 79.16 items/L and 3.27 mg/L, respectively. Also, the mean levels of PAEs in MPs were 48.33 μg/g. A statistically significant difference was detected in the levels of MPs and PAEs among different seasons with the highest values in summer and fall. MPs with a size of >1000 μm had the highest abundance in all seasons. The most prominent shape, color, and type of MPs in the leachate were fibers black, and nylon, respectively. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most dominant PAEs present in the leachate samples. The results of this study revealed high hazard index (HI) and pollution load index (PLI) of MPs in all seasons. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP), DEHP, DBP, diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP) represented a high risk to the sensitive organisms. The results of this study showed that significant levels of MPs and PAEs may release into the surrounding environment from the landfill sites without sufficient protection. This issue is more critical when the landfill sites in particular are located near the marine environments like the Bushehr landfill that is located near the Persian Gulf, which can lead to serious environmental problems. Thus permanent control and monitor of landfills, especially in the coastal areas are highly needed to prevent further pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Mohammadi
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Malakootian
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Majid Hashemi
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Neemat Jaafarzadeh
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xu H, Liu Y, Xu X, Lan H, Qi W, Wang D, Liu H, Qu J. Spatiotemporal variation and risk assessment of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in surface water of the Yangtze River Basin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155677. [PMID: 35523337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal variation, potential sources, and risk assessment of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in surface water of the Yangtze River Basin were investigated. Total cumulative concentrations of 15 PAEs (Σ15PAEs) ranged from 1594.47 ng·L-1 to 5155.50 ng·L-1, and the dominant components were di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (35.9-60.1%), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (16.6-38.8%), and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) (6.7-18.2%). Σ15PAEs in surface water showed a trend of normal season > wet season > dry season. Σ15PAEs increased from the upstream (2341.7 ± 428.5 ng·L-1) to the mid- and downstream (3892.1 ± 842.8 and 2504.3 ± 355.9 ng·L-1, respectively), indicating the influence from production and consumptions of plasticizer-containing items. PAEs additives emission from daily necessities (28.9-62.3%) and construction and industrial production (18.7-31.2%) were the dominant sources of PAEs in this study. The risk quotient (RQ) method was employed to assess the potential ecological risk of specific components. High ecological risk of DEHP to the sensitive algae and crustacean, together with moderate ecological risk of DEHP and DIBP to the sensitive fish species were found in surface water regardless of the region and season. The spatial distribution of RQ values showed an increasing trend from the upstream to the midstream and downstream of the Yangtze River, indicating the influences from regional urbanization and industrialization levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huachun Lan
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weixiao Qi
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Donghong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Blasi MF, Avino P, Notardonato I, Di Fiore C, Mattei D, Gauger MFW, Gelippi M, Cicala D, Hochscheid S, Camedda A, de Lucia GA, Favero G. Phthalate esters (PAEs) concentration pattern reflects dietary habitats (δ 13C) in blood of Mediterranean loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 239:113619. [PMID: 35605320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are classified as endocrine disruptors, but it remains unclear if they can enter the marine food-web and result in severe health effects for organisms. Loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) can be chronically exposed to PAEs by ingesting plastic debris, but no information is available about PAEs levels in blood, and how these concentrations are related to diet during different life stages. This paper investigated, for the first time, six PAEs in blood of 18 wild-caught Mediterranean loggerhead turtles throughout solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-ion trap/mass spectrometry. Stable isotope analyses of carbon and nitrogen were also performed to assess the resource use pattern of loggerhead turtles. DEHP (12-63 ng mL-1) and DBP (6-57 ng mL-1) were the most frequently represented PAEs, followed by DiBP, DMP, DEP and DOP. The total PAEs concentration was highest in three turtles (124-260 ng mL-1) whereas three other turtles had concentrations below the detection limit. PAEs were clustered in three groups according to concentration in all samples: DEHP in the first group, DBP, DEP, and DiBP in the second group, and DOP and DMP in the third group. The total phthalates concentration did not differ between large-sized (96.3 ± 86.0 ng mL-1) and small-sized (67.1 ± 34.2 ng mL-1) turtles (p < 0.001). However, DMP and DEP were found only in large-sized turtles and DiBP and DBP had higher concentrations in large-sized turtles. On the other hand, DEHP and DOP were found in both small- and large-sized turtles with similar concentrations, i.e. ~ 21.0/32.0 ng mL-1 and ~ 7.1/9.9 ng mL-1, respectively. Winsored robust models indicated that δ13C is a good predictor for DBP and DiBP concentrations (significant Akaike Information criterion weight, AICwt). Our results indicate that blood is a good matrix to evaluate acute exposure to PAEs in marine turtles. Moreover, this approach is here suggested as a useful tool to explain the internal dose of PAEs in term of dietary habits (δ13C), suggesting that all marine species at high trophic levels may be particularly exposed to PAEs, despite their different dietary habitats and levels of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Francesca Blasi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, RM, Italy; Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, RM, Italy; Filicudi WildLife Conservation, Via Stimpagnato Filicudi, Lipari 98055, ME, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso I-86100, Italy
| | - Ivan Notardonato
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso I-86100, Italy
| | - Cristina Di Fiore
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso I-86100, Italy
| | - Daniela Mattei
- Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, RM, Italy
| | | | - Michelle Gelippi
- Filicudi WildLife Conservation, Via Stimpagnato Filicudi, Lipari 98055, ME, Italy
| | - Davide Cicala
- Laboratory of Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture, Department of Biology - University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Hochscheid
- Marine Turtle Research Group, Department of Marine Animal Conservation and Public Engagement, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Nuova Macello 16, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Andrea Camedda
- IAS-CNR Institute of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council Oristano Section, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, OR 09170, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Andrea de Lucia
- IAS-CNR Institute of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council Oristano Section, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, OR 09170, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, RM, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ma Y, Liu T, Zhang BT, Liu Y, Shao P, Sun C, Zhang Y, Bi J, Dong Y, Wang S, Zhang G. Spatial-temporal distributions and influential factors of phthalate acid esters in sediments of three lakes in Inner Mongolia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32800-32812. [PMID: 35022980 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal distributions, influential factors, and ecological risks of 15 phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in the sediments of three typical lakes in Inner Mongolia were investigated in this work. PAEs were widespread in all surface sediments ranging from 598.3 to 3873.8 μg/kg dry weight. Average PAE concentrations were highest in the surface sediments of Wuliangsuhai Lake followed by Daihai and Hulun Lakes, which were consistent with population density and intensity of anthropogenic activities. Dibutyl phthalate, di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were the dominant PAEs with similar abundance orders for the three lakes. The cold climate could explain the higher DEP abundance in the sediments of lakes at higher latitudes. The highest Σ PAE and most individual PAE concentrations were located at one of the discharge river estuaries because most PAEs were terrestrial pollutants. Σ PAE concentrations in the core sediments increased with years and fluctuations owing to the increasing PAE usage and input. The second highest PAE concentration peaks were associated with the high gross domestic product growth rates in 2003-2008. Redundancy analysis revealed that butyl benzyl phthalate and diamyl phthalate in the surface sediments of Hulun Lake were principally positively influenced by organic matter (65.6% contribution among geochemical variables), Fe oxides (25.1% contribution among metals), and Mn oxides (23.8% contribution among metals). The DIBP and DEP exhibited high risks to sensitive fish according to a risk quotient assessment. This work presents new insights into PAE status and deposition mechanisms in the lakes within high latitudes or cold climates, and provides important information for future environmental protection and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tong Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Bo-Tao Zhang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Peng Shao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Chen Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiale Bi
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yunkai Dong
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shengrui Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Guoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cong B, Li S, Liu S, Mi W, Liu S, Zhang Z, Xie Z. Source and Distribution of Emerging and Legacy Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Basins of the Eastern Indian Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4199-4209. [PMID: 35302762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have received significant and ongoing attention. To establish favorable regulatory policies, it is vital to investigate the occurrence, source, and budgets of POPs worldwide. POPs including phthalic acid esters (PAEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and highly chlorinated flame retardants (HFRs) have not yet been examined in the Eastern Indian Ocean (EIO). In this study, the distribution of POPs has been investigated from surface sediments with the depth of 4369-5742 m in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) and Wharton Basin (WB) of EIO. The average (±SD) concentrations of ∑11PAEs, ∑11OPEs, ∑4 BFRs, and ∑5HFRs were 1202.0 ± 274.36 ng g-1 dw, 15.3 ± 7.23 ng g-1 dw, 327.6 ± 211.74 pg g-1 dw, and 7.9 ± 7.45 pg g-1 dw, respectively. The high abundance of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAEs, chlorinated OPEs, LMW BDEs, and anti-Dechlorane Plus indicated the pollution characteristics in the EIO. Correlation analysis demonstrated that LMW compounds may be derived from the high-molecular-weight compounds. The monsoon circulation, currents, and Antarctic Bottom Water may be the main drivers. POP accumulation rate, depositional flux, and mass inventory in the Indian Ocean were also estimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bailin Cong
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shuang Li
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shenghao Liu
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Shengfa Liu
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fred-Ahmadu OH, Ayejuyo OO, Tenebe IT, Benson NU. Occurrence and distribution of micro(meso)plastic-sorbed heavy metals and metalloids in sediments, Gulf of Guinea coast (SE Atlantic). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152650. [PMID: 34954167 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pervasive existence of microplastics (MPs) and toxic metals is raising environmental and health concerns. Plastics are essentially a complex mixture of chemicals, but exposure to the aquatic environment increases their complexity through contaminant desorption/sorption. The aim of this study was to establish baseline data on the elemental occurrence and distribution of potentially toxic and geochemical metals/metalloids in microplastics 1-5 mm and mesoplastics (> 5 mm - 1 cm) along designated coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea (Nigeria) in addition to enabling more comprehensive ecotoxicological risk assessment. The concentrations of twenty-six metals: aluminium (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), potassium (K), selenium (Se), sodium (Na), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), strontium (Sr), thallium (Tl), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn), associated with beach MPs, pristine, and lagoon plastics were determined after extraction in 10% nitric acid and analysis using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The distribution of MPs was variable, with 3680 particles identified along the drift and high waterlines across designated shoreline locations. The beach MPs were dominated by polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), whereas lagoon-sourced plastics were characterized by polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), and polyurethane (PUR). Metal concentration was higher when associated with foam plastic (PS, PUR, PEVA) compared to hard plastic (PE, PP, PET) samples. The results showed that all samples had slightly elevated Al, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations, suggesting potential sorption interactions and plastic additive influences. Notably, foam MPs had a stronger affinity for metals. This study emphasizes the critical role of microplastics in serving as vectors for toxic metals. Except for Cd, pollution indices such as the potential contamination index (PCI), hazard quotient (HQ), and modified hazard quotient (mHQ) indicated low severity contamination of beach and lagoon MPs by heavy metals. However, considering long-term accumulation of sorbed metals, their potential toxicity to marine biota may be considerable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imokhai T Tenebe
- Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Dam Safety Division, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nsikak U Benson
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cao Y, Li J, Wu R, Lin H, Lao JY, Ruan Y, Zhang K, Wu J, Leung KMY, Lam PKS. Phthalate esters in seawater and sediment of the northern South China Sea: Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151412. [PMID: 34742950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence and distribution of 15 phthalate esters (PAEs) in seawater and sediment from the northern South China Sea (NSCS) were investigated for the first time to improve understanding on the contamination status of PAEs in this region. The concentrations of total PAEs (∑15 PAEs) were found to range from 68.8 to 1500 ng/L, 46.0 to 7800 ng/L, and 49.2 to 440 ng/g dry weight in surface seawater, bottom seawater, and sediment, respectively. Among the 15 PAEs, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the predominant PAE congeners, with mean contributions of 44.7% and 24.0% in surface water, and 42.7% and 25.8% in bottom water, respectively. Moreover, diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) constituted the majority of ∑15 PAEs in the sediment (61.3%). Comparatively high concentrations of Σ15 PAEs were observed in seawater at the sites within the western NSCS, whereas relatively higher concentrations of Σ15 PAEs were detected in sediments at the eastern NSCS. River input and atmospheric deposition could be the main sources of PAEs in the NSCS. Preliminary risk assessment implied that DBP, DiBP, and DEHP posed low to high potential risks for marine organisms at different trophic levels. These results would be valuable for implementing effective control measures and remediation strategies for PAEs contamination in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, The City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Transportation and Environment, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jia-Yong Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, The City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, The City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Jiaxue Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China; Office of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hidalgo-Serrano M, Borrull F, Marcé RM, Pocurull E. Phthalate esters in marine ecosystems: analytical methods, occurrence and distribution. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
49
|
Liu LH, Yuan T, Zhang JY, Tang GX, Lü H, Zhao HM, Li H, Li YW, Mo CH, Tan ZY, Cai QY. Diversity of endophytic bacteria in wild rice (Oryza meridionalis) and potential for promoting plant growth and degrading phthalates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150310. [PMID: 34583082 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) accumulated in agricultural soils and rice have increased human exposure risks. Microbial degradation could efficiently reduce the residue of organic pollutants in soil and crop plants. Here, we hypothesized that endophytic bacteria from wild rice have the potential for degradation of PAEs and plant growth promoting. The endophytic bacterial community and functional diversity in wild rice (Oryza meridionalis) were analyzed for the first time, and the potential for PAE degradation and plant growth promoting by endophytes were investigated. The results of Illumina high-throughput sequencing revealed that abundant endophytes inhabited in wild rice with Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria being the dominant phyla. Endophytic bacterial diversity and complexity were confirmed by isolation and clustering of isolates. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis demonstrated that endophytes exerted diverse functions such as plant growth promoting, xenobiotics biodegradation, pollution remediation and bacterial chemotaxis. Pure culture experiment showed that 30 isolated endophytic strains exhibited in vitro plant growth promoting activities, and rice plants inoculated with these strains confirmed their growth promoting abilities. Some endophytic strains were capable of efficiently degrading PAEs, with the highest removal percentage of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) up to 96.1% by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain L381 within 5 days. Synthetic community F and strain L381 rapidly removed DBP from soil (removing 91.0%-99.2% within 10 d and from rice plant slurry (removing 93.4%-99.2% within 5 d). These results confirmed the hypothesis and demonstrated the diversity of endophytic bacteria in wild rice with diverse functions, especially for plant growth promoting and removing PAEs. These multifunctional endophytic bacteria provided good alternatives to reduce PAE accumulation in crops and increase yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hui Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Jia-Yan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guang-Xuan Tang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huixiong Lü
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Tan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hajiouni S, Mohammadi A, Ramavandi B, Arfaeinia H, De-la-Torre GE, Tekle-Röttering A, Dobaradaran S. Occurrence of microplastics and phthalate esters in urban runoff: A focus on the Persian Gulf coastline. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150559. [PMID: 34582879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Urban runoff seems an obvious pathway for the transfer of microplastics (MPs) and phthalate acid esters (PAEs) from land-based sources to the marine environment; an issue that still lacks attention. This study presents the first results on MP and PAE levels in the urban runoff into the northern part of the Persian Gulf during the dry season. Average concentrations of MPs and PAEs in the urban runoff of eight selected sampling sites (N = 72) along the Bushehr coast were 1.86 items/L and 53.57 μg/L, respectively. MPs with a size range of 500-1000 μm had the highest abundance, and the mean levels of PAEs in MPs were 99.77 μg/g. The results of this study show that urban runoff is a main source of MP and PAE contaminants that are discharged into the Persian Gulf. Therefore, to decrease these pollutants from entering the aquatic environment, decision-makers in the area should consider this problem and stop the direct discharging of urban runoff into water bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Hajiouni
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Azam Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Agnes Tekle-Röttering
- Westfälische Hochschule Gelsenkirchen, Neidenburger Strasse 43, Gelsenkirchen 45877, Germany
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|