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Santhappan JS, Kalaiselvan N, Assis SM, Amjith LR, Glivin G, Mathimani T. Origin, types, and contribution of emerging pollutants to environmental degradation and their remediation by physical and chemical techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 257:119369. [PMID: 38848998 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The growing presence of emerging pollutants (EPs) in aquatic environments, as well as their harmful impacts on the biosphere and humans, has become a global concern. Recent developments and advancements in pharmaceuticals, agricultural practices, industrial activities, and human personal care substances have paved the way for drastic changes in EP concentrations and impacts on the ecosystem. As a result, it is critical to mitigate EP's harmful effects before they jeopardize the ecological equilibrium of the overall ecosystem and the sustainable existence of life on Earth. This review comprehensively documented the types, origins, and remediation strategies of EPs, and underscored the significance of this study in the current context. We briefly stated the major classification of EPs based on their organic and inorganic nature. Furthermore, this review systematically evaluates the occurrence of EPs due to the fast-changing ecological scenarios and their impact on human health. Recent studies have critically discussed the emerging physical and chemical processes for EP removal, highlighting the limitations of conventional remediation technologies. We reviewed and presented the challenges associated with EP remediation and degradation using several methods, including physical and chemical methods, with the application of recent technologies. The EP types and various methods discussed in this review help the researchers understand the nature of present-day EPs and utilize an efficient method of choice for EP removal and management in the future for sustainable life and development activities on the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sekhar Santhappan
- College of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Musandam, Oman
| | - Narasimman Kalaiselvan
- Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shan M Assis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Musaliar College of Engineering and Technology, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, 689653, India
| | - L R Amjith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Marian Engineering College, Kazhakuttom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695582, Kerala, India
| | - Godwin Glivin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695018, India
| | - Thangavel Mathimani
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
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Huang X, Lu G, Zhu X, Pu C, Guo J, Liang X. Insight into the generation of toxic by-products during UV/H 2O 2 degradation of carbamazepine: Mechanisms, N-transformation and toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142175. [PMID: 38679173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a widely used anticonvulsant drug that has been detected in aquatic environments. This study investigated the toxicity of its by-products (CBZ-BPs), which may surpass CBZ. Unlike the previous studies, this study offered a more systematic approach to identifying toxic BPs and inferring degradation pathways. Furthermore, quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to analyze CBZ-BP structures and degradation pathways. Evaluation of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) mineralization rates, revealed carbon (C) greater susceptibility to mineralization compared with nitrogen (N). Furthermore, three rules were established for CBZ decarbonization and N removal during degradation, observing the transformation of aromatic compounds into aliphatic hydrocarbons and stable N-containing organic matter over time. Five potentially highly toxic BPs were screened from 14 identified BPs, with toxicity predictions guiding the selection of commercial standards for quantification and true toxicity testing. Additionally, BP207 emerged as the most toxic, supported by the predictive toxicity accumulation model (PTAM). Notably, highly toxic BPs feature an acridine structure, indicating its significant contribution to toxicity. These findings offered valuable insights into the degradation mechanisms of emerging contaminants and the biosafety of aquatic environments during deep oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Xuanjin Zhu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chuan Pu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Junjie Guo
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiangxing Liang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Mininni AN, Pietrafesa A, Calabritto M, Di Biase R, Brunetti G, De Mastro F, Murgolo S, De Ceglie C, Salerno C, Dichio B. Uptake and translocation of pharmaceutically active compounds by olive tree ( Olea europaea L.) irrigated with treated municipal wastewater. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1382595. [PMID: 38756964 PMCID: PMC11096453 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1382595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The use of treated municipal wastewater (TWW) represents a relevant opportunity for irrigation of agricultural crops in semi-arid regions to counter the increasing water scarcity. Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are often detected in treated wastewater, posing a risk to humans and the environment. PhACs can accumulate in soils and translocate into different plant tissues, reaching, in some cases, edible organs and entering the food chain. Methods This study evaluated the uptake and translocation processes of 10 PhACs by olive trees irrigated with TWW, investigating their accumulation in different plant organs. The experiment was conducted in southern Italy, in 2-year-old plants irrigated with three different types of water: freshwater (FW), TWW spiked with 10 PhACs at a concentration of 200 µg L-1 (1× TWW), and at a triple dose (3× TWW), from July to October 2021. The concentration of PhACs in soil and plant organs was assessed, collecting samples of root, stem, shoot, leaf, fruit, and kernel at 0 (T0), 50 (T1), and 107 (T2) days of irrigation. PhACs extraction from soil and plant organs was carried out using the QuEChERS method, and their concentrations were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. Results Results of uptake factors (UF) showed a different behavior between compounds according to their physicochemical properties, highlighting PhACs accumulation and translocation in different plant organs (also edible part) in 1× TWW and 3× TWW compared to FW. Two PhACs, carbamazepine and fluconazole, showed interactions with the soil-plant system, translocating also in the aerial part of the plant, with a translocation factor (TF) greater than 1, which indicates high root-to-leaf translocation. Discussion Findings highlight that only few PhACs among the selected compounds can be uptaken by woody plants and accumulated in edible parts at low concentration. No effects of PhACs exposure on plant growth have been detected. Despite the attention to be paid to the few compounds that translocate into edible organs, these results are promising for adapting wastewater irrigation in crops. Increasing knowledge about PhACs behavior in woody plants can be important for developing optimized wastewater irrigation and soil management strategies to reduce PhACs accumulation and translocation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba N. Mininni
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Environment, and Cultural Heritage (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - Angela Pietrafesa
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Environment, and Cultural Heritage (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - Maria Calabritto
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Environment, and Cultural Heritage (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Biase
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Environment, and Cultural Heritage (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - Gennaro Brunetti
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Science, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco De Mastro
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Science, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Sapia Murgolo
- Department of Bari, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Salerno
- Department of Bari, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Dichio
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Environment, and Cultural Heritage (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
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Castaño-Trias M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Verlicchi P, Buttiglieri G. Selection of pharmaceuticals of concern in reclaimed water for crop irrigation in the Mediterranean area. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133538. [PMID: 38290335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The reuse of reclaimed water in agriculture is being fostered in areas suffering from water scarcity. However, water pollutants can compromise food safety and pose a risk for the environment. This study aims to select the pharmaceutical compounds worth monitoring and investigating when reclaimed water is used for tomato and lettuce irrigation. A comprehensive study was first conducted to identify the pharmaceuticals frequently detected in secondary wastewater effluents in Catalonia (Northeast Spain). Priority pharmaceuticals were further selected based on their occurrence in secondary effluents, persistence (removal in conventional treatment), bioaccumulation potential, toxicity for aquatic organisms, and the risks they pose to the terrestrial environment and human health (through the consumption of crops). Out of the 47 preselected priority compounds, six could pose a risk to organisms living in soil irrigated with reclaimed water and seven could be potentially taken up by the crops. Nonetheless, no risk for human consumption was foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Castaño-Trias
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Spain.
| | - P Verlicchi
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Spain.
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Montemurro N, Manasfi R, Chiron S, Perez S. Evaluation of different QuEChERS-based methods for the extraction of 48 wastewater-derived organic contaminants from soil and lettuce root using high-resolution LC-QTOF with MRM HR and SWATH acquisition modes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:20258-20276. [PMID: 38372911 PMCID: PMC10927905 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture is an important route of introducing a large number of organic contaminants into the agroecosystem. In this study, a modified QuEChERS-based approach was developed for rapid, simple, and simultaneous extraction of 48 organic wastewater-derived contaminants from soil and lettuce root. Twenty-two different (modification) scenarios of the known (or original) QuEChERS method have been tested, in order to obtain best and well-compromised recoveries for all target compounds for soil and roots. Finally, a common method was chosen for both matrices consisting of a single extraction step using EDTA-Mcllvaine buffer and the unbuffered Original QuEChERS salts. Method performance was accomplished by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry on a QToF-MS system using two different acquisition modes, the ultra-fast high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring (MRMHR) mode and the innovative Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment-Ion (SWATH) mode. Performance characterization was evaluated in terms of recovery, linearity, intra-day precision, method detection limits (MDLs), method quantification limits (MQLs), and matrix effect (ME). Recoveries in MRMHR mode ranged from 63 to 111% and 54 to 104% for lettuce root and soil, respectively, for most of compounds in MRMHR mode and from 56 to 121% and 54 to 104% for lettuce root and soil, respectively, for most of compounds in SWATH. Whereas, MQLs ranged from 0.03 to 0.92 ng g-1 in MRMHR and from 0.03 to 82 ng g-1 in SWATH for lettuce root, and from 0.02 to 0.44 ng g-1 in MRMHR and 0.02 to 0.14 ng g-1 in SWATH for soil. The method was then applied to follow the target compounds in soil and lettuce root, where the system lettuce-soil was irrigated with treated wastewater under real greenhouse conditions. Five and 17 compounds were detected in lettuce root and soil, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Montemurro
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rayana Manasfi
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), University of Montpellier, Building 39 - CC57 300, Avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Chiron
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), University of Montpellier, Building 39 - CC57 300, Avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Perez
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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García-Valverde M, Cortes-Corrales L, Gómez-Ramos MM, Martínez-Bueno MJ, Fernández-Alba AR. Evaluation of chemical contamination of crops produced in greenhouse by irrigation with reclaimed water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169454. [PMID: 38123101 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Using reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation is increasing worldwide to compensate for water scarcity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the uptake of some of the most commonly detected organic contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and pesticides in regenerated water in a field study. Furthermore, it was studied their distribution and accumulation in the different parts of a crop (soil, plant and fruit). Three crops (cucumber, pepper and melon) were grown under controlled agronomic conditions in a greenhouse. In order to make an accurate evaluation of the process, "regenerated blank water" was spiked with 70 chemicals (including antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, analgesics, anaesthetics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, pesticides) at environmental concentrations (∼1 μg/L) and used for continuous crop irrigation. After crop season, the average total concentration of contaminants detected in the soil samples ranged from 132 to 232 μg/kg d.w depending of the crops type. Between 7 and 10 different contaminants were found in the harvested fruits, up to levels of 27.8 μg/kg f.w. cucumber, 12.4 μg/kg f.w. melon and 7.8 μg/kg f.w pepper. In general, cucumber fruit showed higher accumulation levels of contaminants than pepper and melon for most target analytes. The accumulation rates followed the order: root (0.2 %) < stem/leaf (1-4 %) < fruit (1-6 %) < soil (17-30 %). The experimental data obtained in this study were also used to assess the risk associated with the reuse of reclaimed water for crop irrigation as well to identify those contaminants that, due to their physicochemical properties, show higher accumulation rates and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Valverde
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - L Cortes-Corrales
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M M Gómez-Ramos
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M J Martínez-Bueno
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - A R Fernández-Alba
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Fernandes AS, Bragança I, Homem V. Personal care products in soil-plant and hydroponic systems: Uptake, translocation, and accumulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168894. [PMID: 38036128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Personal care products (PCPs) are organic compounds that are incorporated in several daily life products, such as shampoos, lotions, perfumes, cleaning products, air fresheners, etc. Due to their massive and continuous use and because they are not routinely monitored in the environment, these compounds are considered emerging contaminants. In fact, residues of PCPs are being discharged into the sewage system, reaching wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where most of these compounds are not completely degraded, being partially released into the environment via the final effluents and/or accumulating in the sewage sludges. Environmental sustainability is nowadays one of the main pillars of society and the application of circular economy models, promoting the waste valorisation, is increasingly encouraged. Therefore, irrigation with reclaimed wastewater or soil fertilization with sewage sludge/biosolids are interesting solutions. However, these practices raise concerns due to the potential risks associated to the presence of hazardous compounds, including PCPs. When applied to agricultural soils, PCPs present in these matrices can contaminate the soil or be taken up by crops. Crops can therefore become a route of exposure for humans and pose a risk to public health. However, the extent to which PCPs are taken up and bioaccumulated in crops is highly dependent on the physicochemical properties of the compounds, environmental variables, and the plant species. This issue has attracted the attention of scientists in recent years and the number of publications on this topic has rapidly increased, but a systematic review of these studies is lacking. Therefore, the present paper reviews the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of different classes of PCPs (biocides, parabens, synthetic musks, phthalates, UV-filters) following application of sewage sludge or reclaimed water under field and greenhouse conditions, but also in hydroponic systems. The factors influencing the uptake mechanism in plants were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Fernandes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Idalina Bragança
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Homem
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Podio NS, Sun C, Dudley S, Gan J. Enantioselective uptake and translocation of atenolol in higher plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166720. [PMID: 37657535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals in surface water and wastewater has been an increasing area of research since they can represent a possible route for human exposure when these waters are used to irrigate crops. The concentration of these drugs in crops depends on their uptake and translocation within plants. A less recognized question is that over 50 % of pharmaceuticals are chiral compounds, but there is little knowledge about their enantioselectivity in plants. In this study, we evaluated the uptake, bioconcentration, and translocation of enantiomers of atenolol, a commonly used beta-blocker, in Arabidopsis thaliana cells and Lactuca sativa plants under hydroponic conditions. Atenolol was taken up by Arabidopsis thaliana cells during 120 h of exposure to solutions with 1 mg/L of R/S-(±)-atenolol. A moderate preference for R-(+)-atenolol over S-(-)-atenolol was observed, with the enantiomeric fraction (EF) reaching 0.532 ± 0.002 for the R enantiomer. Atenolol was also taken up and translocated by Lactuca sativa after hydroponic cultivation in nutrient solutions containing 1 or 10 μg/L R/S-(±)-atenolol. Moderate enantioselectivity was detected in the treatment with 10 μg/L, and the EF after 168 h was 0.42 ± 0.01, suggesting that S-(-)-atenolol was preferentially accumulated. Selectivity was also observed in the translocation factor (TF), calculated as the ratio of the concentration in the leaves over that in the roots. As many emerging contaminants are chiral, our findings highlight the importance to consider their fate and risks in terrestrial ecosystems at the enantiomer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Podio
- ICYTAC, CONICET and ISIDSA, Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Chengliang Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Stacia Dudley
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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Sunyer-Caldú A, Quintana G, Diaz-Cruz MS. Factors driving PPCPs uptake by crops after wastewater irrigation and human health implications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116923. [PMID: 37598843 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Currently, water scarcity affects more than three billion people. Nevertheless, the volume of treated wastewater discharged into the environment is estimated to exceed 100 m3 per inhabitant/year. These water resources are regularly used in agriculture worldwide to overcome water shortages. Such a practice, however, entails the uptake of waterborne pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), by crops and their further access to the food web, constituting an additional route of human exposure to PPCPs, with potential health outcomes. In this study, the occurrence of 56 PPCPs in tomatoes, lettuce, and carrot, together with soil and irrigation water, was evaluated using a QuEChERS-based methodology for extraction and LC-MS/MS for analysis. The influence of the selected cultivation conditions on the plant uptake levels of PPCPs was assessed. Two irrigation water qualities (secondary and tertiary treatment effluents), two soil compositions (sandy and clayey), two irrigation systems (dripping and sprinkling), and three crop types (lettuce, tomato, and carrot) were tested. Carrots showed the highest load of PPCPs (7787 ng/g dw), followed by tomatoes (1692 ng/g dw) and lettuces (1248 ng/g dw). The most translocated PPCPs were norfluoxetine (fluoxetine antidepressant main metabolite) (521 ng/g dw), and the anti-inflammatory diclofenac (360 ng/g dw). Nine PPCPs, are reported to be accumulated in crops for the first time. Water quality was the most important factor for reducing PPCPs' plant uptake. Overall, the best conditions for reducing PPCP uptake by crops were irrigation with reclaimed water by sprinkling in soils with higher clay content. The risk assessment performed revealed that the crops' consumption posed no risk to human health. This study serves as the first comprehensive assessment of the relevance of diverse cultivation factors on PPCPs' plant uptake under field agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Environmental Science (ACES, Exposure & Effects), Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Gerard Quintana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Zellner L, Schiefer T, Himmelsbach M, Mlynek F, Klampfl CW. Uptake and metabolization of four sartan drugs by eight different plants: Targeted and untargeted analyses by HPLC-drift-tube-ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2023. [PMID: 37946621 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the uptake and metabolization of four drugs (plus the associated prodrugs) from the sartan family by eight edible plants. Growing the plants hydroponically in a medium containing the respective drug, more than 40 phases I and II metabolites derived from the four sartan drugs could be tentatively identified. To demonstrate the suitability of the proposed analytical approach for actual environmental samples, garden cress (Lepidium sativum) selected as a model plant was grown in water drawn from the effluent of two local wastewater treatment plants. Thereby, three of the sartans, namely, olmesartan, candesartan, and valsartan, could be found in the plant extracts at concentrations of 3.1, 10.4, and 14.4 ng g-1 , respectively. Additionally, for candesartan and valsartan, a glycosylated transformation product could be detected. In order to extend the present (targeted) workflow also toward the analysis of unknown transformation products (i.e., those not listed in the custom-made database used for this research), a nontargeted approach for the analysis of plant extracts with respect to the presence of drug-related metabolites was developed. Comparison of the targeted and the nontargeted workflows led to the finding of two additional, so far unidentified, transformation products originating from azilsartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zellner
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Schiefer
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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Denora M, Candido V, Brunetti G, De Mastro F, Murgolo S, De Ceglie C, Salerno C, Gatta G, Giuliani MM, Mehmeti A, Bartholomeus RP, Perniola M. Uptake and accumulation of emerging contaminants in processing tomato irrigated with tertiary treated wastewater effluent: a pilot-scale study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1238163. [PMID: 37692419 PMCID: PMC10484752 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1238163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of treated wastewater for crop irrigation is vital in water-scarce semi-arid regions. However, concerns arise regarding emerging contaminants (ECs) that persist in treated wastewater and may accumulate in irrigated crops, potentially entering the food chain and the environment. This pilot-scale study conducted in southern Italy focused on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Taylor F1) irrigated with treated wastewater to investigate EC uptake, accumulation, and translocation processes. The experiment spanned from June to September 2021 and involved three irrigation strategies: conventional water (FW), treated wastewater spiked with 10 target contaminants at the European average dose (TWWx1), and tertiary WWTP effluent spiked with the target contaminants at a triple dose (TWWx3). The results showed distinct behavior and distribution of ECs between the TWWx1 and TWWx3 strategies. In the TWWx3 strategy, clarithromycin, carbamazepine, metoprolol, fluconazole, and climbazole exhibited interactions with the soil-plant system, with varying degradation rates, soil accumulation rates, and plant accumulation rates. In contrast, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim showed degradation. These findings imply that some ECs may be actively taken up by plants, potentially introducing them into the food chain and raising concerns for humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Denora
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, Matera, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Candido
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, Matera, Italy
| | - Gennaro Brunetti
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Science, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco De Mastro
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Science, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Sapia Murgolo
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Cristina De Ceglie
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Salerno
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gatta
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcella Michela Giuliani
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Andi Mehmeti
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, Matera, Italy
- Mediterranean Agronomic Insitute of Bari (CIHEAM Bari), Valenzano, Italy
| | - Ruud P. Bartholomeus
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michele Perniola
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, Matera, Italy
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12
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Mascellani A, Mercl F, Kurhan S, Pierdona L, Kudrna J, Zemanova V, Hnilicka F, Kloucek P, Tlustos P, Havlik J. Biochemical and physiological changes in Zea mays L. after exposure to the environmental pharmaceutical pollutant carbamazepine. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138689. [PMID: 37059200 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a matter of great concern. They are consistently found in the environment, raising concerns regarding human exposure through dietary intake. In this study, we observed the effect of the application of carbamazepine at 0.1, 1, 10, and 1000 μg per kg of soil contamination levels to assess stress metabolism in Zea mays L. cv. Ronaldinio at the 4th leaf, tasselling, and dent phenological stages. The transfer of carbamazepine to the aboveground and root biomass was assessed, and uptake increased dose-dependently. No direct effect on biomass production was observed, but multiple physiological and chemical changes were observed. Major effects were consistently observed at the 4th leaf phenological stage for all contamination levels, including reduced photosynthetic rate, reduced maximal and potential activity of photosystem II, decreased water potential, decreased carbohydrates (glucose and fructose) and γ-aminobutyric acid in roots, and increased maleic acid and phenylpropanoids (chlorogenic acid and its isomer, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid) in aboveground biomass. A reduction in net photosynthesis was observed for the older phenological stages, whereas no other relevant and consistent physiological and metabolic changes related to contamination exposure were detected. Our results indicate that Z. mays can overcome the environmental stress caused by the accumulation of carbamazepine with notable metabolic changes at the early phenological stage; however, older plants adapted and only exhibited minor effects in the presence of the contaminant. The potential implications for agricultural practice could be associated with the plant's response to simultaneous stresses due to metabolite changes associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mascellani
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Mercl
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Sebnem Kurhan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Pierdona
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kudrna
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Zemanova
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Hnilicka
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kloucek
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Tlustos
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Havlik
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
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13
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Zhang D, Lu S. A holistic review on triclosan and triclocarban exposure: Epidemiological outcomes, antibiotic resistance, and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162114. [PMID: 36764530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are antimicrobials that are widely applied in personal care products, textiles, and plastics. TCS and TCC exposure at low doses may disturb hormone levels and even facilitate bacterial resistance to antibiotics. In the post-coronavirus disease pandemic era, chronic health effects and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes associated with TCS and TCC exposure represent an increasing concern. This study sought to screen and review the exposure levels and sources and changes after the onset of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, potential health outcomes, bacterial resistance and cross-resistance, and health risk assessment tools associated with TCS and TCC exposure. Daily use of antimicrobial products accounts for most observed associations between internal exposure and diseases, while secondary exposure at trace levels mainly lead to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. The roles of altered gut microbiota in multi-system toxicities warrant further attention. Sublethal dose of TCC selects ARGs without obviously increasing tolerance to TCC. But TCS induce persistent TCS resistance and reversibly select antibiotic resistance, which highlights the benefits of minimizing its use. To derive reference doses (RfDs) for humans, more sensitive endpoints observed in populational studies need to be confirmed using toxicological tests. Additionally, the human equivalent dose is recommended to be incorporated into the health risk assessment to reduce uncertainty of extrapolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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14
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Chen WL, Yu SY, Liu SY, Lin SC, Lee TH. Using HRMS fingerprinting to explore micropollutant contamination in soil and vegetables caused by swine wastewater irrigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160830. [PMID: 36526190 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Livestock wastewater has been reused for agricultural irrigation to save water and fertilise the soil. However, micropollutants excreted by livestock animals may contaminate the soil and crops through livestock wastewater irrigation. This study employed high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to facilitate broad-scope suspect screening of soil and vegetables and identify changes in micropollutant fingerprints caused by swine wastewater irrigation. Field trials were performed to simulate the practical cultivation of small leafy vegetables. Soil and pak choi were irrigated with groundwater, a reasonable amount of swine wastewater, and excessive swine wastewater (three times the reasonable amount) and were sampled at three time points. The samples were extracted using organic solvents and analysed with a liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight HRMS system. The molecular features were compared to over 3000 micropollutants in commercial libraries. The relative concentrations of suspect micropollutants among the irrigation groups were compared using multivariate and univariate analyses. The marker micropollutants that increased with swine wastewater irrigation were rigorously identified based on the MS/MS spectra. Fifty-three micropollutants were frequently found in the soil (n = 54) and 36 in the pak choi (n = 53). Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models revealed significant differences in the micropollutant fingerprints in the soil among the three irrigation groups, but not in the pak choi. Eight micropollutants with variable importance in projection scores above 1.0 in the PLS-DA model and significantly higher relative concentrations (p < 0.05) in the soil irrigated with swine wastewater were confirmed as markers. Besides veterinary drugs and their metabolites, cinnamic acid and phenylalanine were the markers relevant to swine feed that were not previously reported. Nevertheless, accumulations of micropollutants in the soil or contamination of the pak choi due to swine wastewater irrigation were not found under the trial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
| | - Sih-Yi Yu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yen Liu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chi Lin
- Hydrotech Research Institute, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Lee
- National Taiwan University Plant Teaching Hospital, Taiwan
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15
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García-Valverde M, Aragonés AM, Andújar JAS, García MDG, Martínez-Bueno MJ, Fernández-Alba AR. Long-term effects on the agroecosystem of using reclaimed water on commercial crops. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160462. [PMID: 36435246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of reclaimed water for crop irrigation has been proposed as a suitable alternative for farmers in the coastal areas of Mediterranean countries, which suffer from greater water scarcity. In this work we study the impact on the water-soil-plant continuum of using reclaimed water for commercial crops irrigated over a long period, as well as the human risks associated with consuming the vegetables produced. Forty-four CECs were identified in the reclaimed water used for crop irrigation. Of these, twenty-four CECs were identified in the irrigated soil samples analysed. Tramadol, ofloxacin, tonalide, gemfibrozil, atenolol, caffeine, and cetirizine were the pharmaceuticals detected at the highest levels in the water samples (between 11 and 44 μg/L). The CECs with the highest average soil concentrations were tramadol (14.6 μg/kg), followed by cetirizine (13.2 μg/kg) and clarithromycin (12.7 μg/kg). In the irrigated vegetable samples analysed over the study period, carbamazepine, lidocaine, and caffeine were only detected at levels from 0.1 to 1.7 μg/kg. The CEC accumulation rate detected in the edible parts of the vegetables permanently irrigated with reclaimed water was very low (~1 %), whereas it was 33 % in the soils. The results revealed that consuming fruits harvested from plants irrigated for a long period with reclaimed water does not represent a risk to human health, opening the door to a circular economy of water. Nevertheless, for crop irrigation, future studies need to be conducted over longer periods and in other matrices to provide more scientific data on the safety of using reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Valverde
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - A M Aragonés
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - J A Salinas Andújar
- University of Almería, Department of Engineering, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M D Gil García
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M J Martínez-Bueno
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - A R Fernández-Alba
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
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16
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Maddela NR, Ramakrishnan B, Dueñas-Rivadeneira AA, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. Chemicals/materials of emerging concern in farmlands: sources, crop uptake and potential human health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2217-2236. [PMID: 36444949 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00322h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Certain chemicals/materials that are contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) have been widely detected in water bodies and terrestrial systems worldwide while other CECs occur at undetectable concentrations. The primary sources of CECs in farmlands are agricultural inputs, such as wastewater, biosolids, sewage sludge, and agricultural mulching films. The percent increase in cropland area during 1950-2016 was 30 and the rise in land use for food crops during 1960-2018 was 100-500%, implying that there could be a significant CEC burden in farmlands in the future. In fact, the alarming concentrations (μg kg-1) of certain CECs such as PBDEs, PAEs, and PFOS that occur in farmlands are 383, 35 400 and 483, respectively. Also, metal nanoparticles are reported even at the mg kg-1 level. Chronic root accumulation followed by translocation of CECs into plants results in their detectable concentrations in the final plant produce. Thus, there is a continuous flow of CECs from farmlands to agricultural produce, causing a serious threat to the terrestrial food chain. Consequently, CECs find their way to the human body directly through CEC-laden plant produce or indirectly via the meat of grazing animals. Thus, human health could be at the most critical risk since several CECs have been shown to cause cancers, disruption of endocrine and cognitive systems, maternal-foetal transfer, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Overall, this comprehensive review provides updated information on contamination of chemicals/materials of concern in farmlands globally, sources for their entry, uptake by crop plants, and their likely impact on the terrestrial food chain and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Raju Maddela
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
| | | | - Alex Alberto Dueñas-Rivadeneira
- Departamento de Procesos Agroindustriales, Facultad de Ciencias Zootécnicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Av. Urbina y Che Guevara, Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), and Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
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17
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Nie E, Chen Y, Zhou X, Xu L, Zhang S, Li QX, Ye Q, Wang H. Uptake and metabolism of 14C-triclosan in celery under hydroponic system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157377. [PMID: 35843335 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As triclosan is used extensively as an antimicrobial agent, it inevitably enters agroecosystems, when sewage and treated wastewater are applied to agricultural fields. As a result, triclosan can be accumulated into crops and vegetables. Currently, limited information is available on the metabolism of triclosan in vegetables. In this study, the fate of 14C-triclosan in celery under a hydroponic system was investigated in a 30-day laboratory test. Most (97.7 %) of the 14C-triclosan accumulated in celery. The bioconcentration factors of triclosan were up to 3140 L kg-1 at day 30. The concentration of 14C-triclosan in roots (17.8 mg kg-1) was 57- and 127-fold higher than that in stems (0.31 mg kg-1) and leaves (0.14 mg kg-1), respectively, at day 30, suggesting a higher accumulation of triclosan in celery roots and negligible transport to stems and leaves. Moreover, triclosan, as well as its eight metabolites, was detected and identified in celery tissues and the growth medium using 14C-labelling and LC-Q-TOF-MS analysis methods. Phase I metabolites in the growth medium were from hydroxylation, dechlorination, nitration, and nitrosylation. Phase II metabolism was the major pathway in celery tissues. Monosaccharide, disaccharide, and sulfate conjugates of triclosan were putatively identified. The results represent an important step toward a better evaluation of the behavior of triclosan in vegetables, with notable implications for environmental and human risk assessments of triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enguang Nie
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sufen Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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18
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Reclaimed Water Reuse for Groundwater Recharge: A Review of Hot Spots and Hot Moments in the Hyporheic Zone. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14121936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As an alternative resource, reclaimed water is rich in the various nutrients and organic matter that may irreparably endanger groundwater quality through the recharging process. During groundwater recharge with reclaimed water, hot spots and hot moments (HSHMs) in the hyporheic zones, located at the groundwater–reclaimed water interface, play vital roles in cycling and processing energy, carbon, and nutrients, drawing increasing concern in the fields of biogeochemistry, environmental chemistry, and pollution treatment and prevention engineering. This paper aims to review these recent advances and the current state of knowledge of HSHMs in the hyporheic zone with regard to groundwater recharge using reclaimed water, including the generation mechanisms, temporal and spatial characteristics, influencing factors, and identification indicators and methods of HSHMs in the materials cycle. Finally, the development prospects of HSHMs are discussed. It is hoped that this review will lead to a clearer understanding of the processes controlling water flow and pollutant flux, and that further management and control of HSHMs can be achieved, resulting in the development of a more accurate and safer approach to groundwater recharge with reclaimed water.
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19
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Soil and Water Management Factors That Affect Plant Uptake of Pharmaceuticals: A Case Study. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water and food security are of global concern. Improving knowledge on crops’ potential uptake of pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) is necessary to guarantee consumer health and improve the public’s perception of reclaimed water reuse. This study aimed to determine how water management (bottom-up applied for being supplied by Subsurface Drip Irrigation) and the plant rhizosphere effect on the uptake of PhCs. Five PhCs were mixed: atenolol, carbamazepine, dicoflenac, ibuprofen and valsartan. A total of 5 treatments were considered: 3 concentrations of PhCs in agricultural volcanic soil: 0.1, 10 and 100 µg·L−1; 0.1 µg·L−1 in sterilized soil; and a blank with three plant replications at 30, 45, and 60 days after emerging. The maximum quantity of the added PhCs was 100 µg·kg soil−1. A variant of the QuEChERS method was followed to extract PhCs from samples. The limits of quantification were between 10 ng·L−1 and 100 ng·L−1 in extracts. No PhCs over the limits of detection were detected (0.06–0.6 µg·kg−1 of dry plant sample). Hence, the described water reuse methodology poses a negligible consumer risk, which contrasts with hydroponic systems in which this risk has been shown. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of irrigation system, water management and the soil-plant barrier.
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20
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Bueno MJM, Valverde MG, Gómez-Ramos MM, Andújar JAS, Barceló D, Fernández-Alba AR. Fate, modeling, and human health risk of organic contaminants present in tomato plants irrigated with reclaimed water under real-world field conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150909. [PMID: 34653474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using reclaimed water to irrigate crops can be an important route for organic contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) to be introduced into agricultural production and thus find their way into the food chain. This work aims to establish accumulation models for the different parts of a crop (fruit/leaves/roots) and the soil of some of the most commonly detected CECs in reclaimed water, through field trials in greenhouses. For this, tomato plants were permanently irrigated under realistic agricultural conditions with a mixture of the selected compounds at approx. 1 μg/L. A total of 30 contaminants were analyzed belonging to different compound categories. A modified QuEChERS extraction method followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was the procedure used. The study revealed the presence of 21 target contaminants in the tomatoes, and 18 CECs in the leaves, roots, and soil. The average total concentration of pesticides detected in the tomatoes was 3 μg/kg f.w., whereas the average total load of pharmaceuticals was 5.8 μg/kg f.w. after three months, at the time of crop harvesting. The levels of pharmaceutical products and pesticides in the non-edible tissues were up to 3.5 and 2.1 μg/kg f.w., respectively, in the leaves and up to 89.3 and 31.3 μg/kg f.w., respectively, in the roots. In the case of the soil samples, the pesticide concentration found after crop harvesting was below 11.4 μg/kg d.w., and less than 3.0 μg/kg d.w. for pharmaceuticals. Overall, the concentration levels of CECs detected in the tomatoes, which were permanently irrigated with contaminated reclaimed water, do not pose a risk to human health via dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Martínez Bueno
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - M García Valverde
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - M M Gómez-Ramos
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - J A Salinas Andújar
- University of Almería, Department of Engineering, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), La Cañada de San Urbano 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA)-CERCA, Girona, Spain
| | - A R Fernández-Alba
- University of Almería, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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21
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Nazarkovsky M, Czech B, Żmudka A, Bogatyrov VM, Artiushenko O, Zaitsev V, Saint-Pierre TD, Rocha RC, Kai J, Xing Y, Gonçalves WD, Veiga AG, Rocco MLM, Safeer SH, Galaburda MV, Carozo V, Aucélio RQ, Caraballo-Vivas RJ, Oranska OI, Dupont J. Structural, optical and catalytic properties of ZnO-SiO2 colored powders with the visible light-driven activity. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Martínez Bueno MJ, García Valverde M, Gómez-Ramos MM, Valverde A, Martínez Galera M, Fernández-Alba AR. Monitoring of pesticide residues in crops irrigated with reclaimed water by a multiresidue method based on modified QuEChERS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4131-4142. [PMID: 34554152 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00845e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to validate and apply a quick and easy extraction method for the simultaneous determination of 27 pesticide residues at trace levels in agricultural samples (soil, fruit, and leaf) to monitor the presence of these contaminants released from reclaimed water. The procedure was based on a salting-out extraction method with acidified acetonitrile, followed by a dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up step applying the C18 sorbent. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for identification and quantification of the target analytes. This methodology provided recovery values higher than 70%, for all pesticides and matrices evaluated in the study, except for propamocarb in soil samples (35%). Repeatability and reproducibility results, calculated as relative standard deviations (RSD, %), ranged between 1% and 18% in both cases. No remarkable matrix effects were observed for vegetable samples, except for thiamethoxam in red cabbage, and hexythiazox in carrot and leaves (between 30 and 40%). Soil samples showed a moderate matrix effect (between 21 and 35%) for more than 80% of the compounds. Monitoring pesticide residues found in agricultural samples irrigated with contaminated reclaimed water under controlled conditions revealed the efficacy of the proposed method. Three common vegetables were grown to evaluate the different migration and distribution rates in crops and soil. Pesticide accumulation in the different parts of the crop (soil, fruit, and leaves) and the potential human exposure to pesticides through daily intake were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Martínez Bueno
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - M García Valverde
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - M M Gómez-Ramos
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - A Valverde
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - M Martínez Galera
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - A R Fernández-Alba
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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23
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Lang T, Himmelsbach M, Mlynek F, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. Uptake and bio-transformation of telmisartan by cress (Lepidium sativum) from sewage treatment plant effluents using high-performance liquid chromatography/drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50790-50798. [PMID: 33973117 PMCID: PMC8445863 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the uptake and metabolization of the sartan drug telmisartan by a series of plants was investigated. Thereby for seven potential metabolites, modifications on the telmisartan molecule such as hydroxylation and/or glycosylation could be tentatively identified. For two additional signals detected at accurate masses m/z 777.3107 and m/z 793.3096, no suggestions for molecular formulas could be made. Further investigations employing garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as a model plant were conducted. This was done in order to develop an analytical method allowing the detection of these substances also under environmentally relevant conditions. For this reason, the knowledge achieved from treatment of the plants with rather high concentrations of the parent drug (10 mg L-1) was compared with results obtained when using solutions containing telmisartan in the μg - ng L-1 range. Thereby the parent drug and up to three tentative drug-related metabolites could still be detected. Finally cress was cultivated in water taken from a local waste water treatment plant effluent containing 90 ng L-1 of telmisartan and harvested and the cress roots were extracted. In this extract, next to the parent drug one major metabolite, namely telmisartan-glucose could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Lang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
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24
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Labad F, Montemurro N, Berisha S, Thomaidis NS, Pérez S. One-step extraction and analysis of 45 contaminants of emerging concern using QuEChERS methodology and HR-MS in radish leaves and roots. MethodsX 2021; 8:101308. [PMID: 34434828 PMCID: PMC8374258 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The scarcity of freshwater has led to a considerable increase of the reuse of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation of field crops [1,2]. This practice potentially exposes agricultural produce to a large variety of xenobiotic compounds including contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) which have been widely recognized to be present in wastewater [3]. Common approaches for the extraction of CECs from crops rely on solid-liquid extraction [4], assisted solvent extraction [5], ultra-sound solvent extraction [6] and recently QuEChERS (QUick, Easy, CHeap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) [[7], [8]–9]. Here, eight QuEChERS-based methodologies were compared for their suitability to determine 45 CECs in roots and leaves of soil-grown radish. The key points of the method development were:The development of two single-step analytical methods specific for radish root and leaves, after testing eight different approaches using QuEChERS extraction for the quantitation of 45 CECs. The analytical methodology selected requires minimal time and solvent, making it cost-effective. Methods validation were performed at five concentrations levels (2, 5, 10, 50 and 200 ng g−1), with low limits of quantification between 0.01 and 0.32 ng g−1. The two optimized methodologies may be applied to identify large number of compounds of different families in radish crop. However, validation will be needed to quantify compounds different from the target compounds of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Labad
- ENFOCHEM Deptartment of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Montemurro
- ENFOCHEM Deptartment of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Berisha
- Deptartment of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 157 84, Greece
| | - N S Thomaidis
- Deptartment of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 157 84, Greece
| | - S Pérez
- ENFOCHEM Deptartment of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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García Valverde M, Martínez Bueno MJ, Gómez-Ramos MM, Aguilera A, Gil García MD, Fernández-Alba AR. Determination study of contaminants of emerging concern at trace levels in agricultural soil. A pilot study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146759. [PMID: 33838369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to develop and validate a quick, easy, and robust extraction method for the simultaneous determination of 30 organic contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) including some transformation products in soil samples. Three different extraction methods based on an ultrasonic cylindrical probe (UAE), a pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and a QuEChERS method were compared. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for identification and quantification of the target analytes. A modified QuEChERS method showed the best results in terms of extractability and accuracy. The extraction procedure developed provided adequate extraction performances (70% of the target analytes were recovered within a 70-99% range), with good repeatability and reproducibility (variations below 20%) and great sensitivity (LOQ < 0.1 ng/g in most cases). No matrix effects were observed for 70% of the compounds. Finally, the analytical methodology was applied in a pilot study where agricultural soil was irrigated with reclaimed water spiked with the contaminants under study. Of the 25 CECs added in irrigation water, a total of 13 pesticides and 5 pharmaceutical products were detected at concentration ranges from 0.1 to 1.2 ng/g (d.w) and from 0.1 to 2.0 ng/g (d.w), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García Valverde
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M J Martínez Bueno
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M M Gómez-Ramos
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - A Aguilera
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M D Gil García
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - A R Fernández-Alba
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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Sunyer-Caldú A, Diaz-Cruz MS. Development of a QuEChERS-based method for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in lettuces grown in field-scale agricultural plots irrigated with reclaimed water. Talanta 2021; 230:122302. [PMID: 33934770 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation is an increasingly common practice, which recently has found its own European regulatory frame. However, the partial removal of organic contaminants together with other xenobiotic substances in current wastewater treatment plants leads to the occurrence of residues of such pollutants in the treated effluents. Wastewater reclamation techniques are thus required to provide reclaimed water fitting the minimum quality standards set up for irrigation of crops intended for human consumption. This work describes the development and validation of a simple QuEChERS-based extraction and liquid chromatography quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of 55 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in lettuces irrigated with treated wastewater and reclaimed water. The method showed good recovery rates (80-120%) and low detection limits (0.04-0.8 ng/g dw). In comparison with previous analytical methodologies, this method was simpler, faster and, in most cases, more sensitive. Moreover, is the first one analysing selected personal care products in lettuces. The proposed method was applied to assess the potential transfer of contaminants of urban origin in the use of reclaimed water in agriculture. The case study consisted in the evaluation of the lettuce uptake of the selected contaminants at field scale under two irrigation systems, two soil compositions, and two water types. Benzophenone-2, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, 1H-benzotriazole, 2-(2-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-p-cresol, nalidixic acid, diclofenac, carbamazepine 10,11-epoxy, N-des-methylvenlafaxine, and salicylic acid were transferred to all samples. Highest detected values corresponded to 4-hydroxybenzophenone (84.1 ng/g dw), benzophenone-2 (54.4 ng/g dw), and salicylic acid (53.8 ng/g dw). The best combination to minimize the transfer of the target contaminants from the irrigation water to the lettuces was sprinkling irrigation with water reclaimed by soil infiltration through reactive barriers, and clayey soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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27
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Beltrán EM, Fernández-Torija C, Pablos MV, Porcel MÁ, García-Hortigüela P, González-Doncel M. The effect of PFOs on the uptake and translocation of emerging contaminants by crops cultivated under soil and soilless conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 215:112103. [PMID: 33740485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean is a region of substantial agriculture production that faces concurrent environmental stresses and freshwater pollution given the occurrence of emerging contaminants (ECs). Among these pollutants, the surface-active substances have been suggested to enhance the bioavailability of other ECs. This research evaluates a comparative uptake and translocation assessment of irrigation exposure to atenolol (ATN, 60 µg/L), carbamazepine (CBZ, 60 µg/L) and triclosan (TCS, 30 µg/L) alone vs. these combined with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS, 10 µg/L) under semifield (i.e., soil experimental set) vs. hydroponics (i.e., soilless experimental set) growing conditions with lettuce, radish and tomato plants. Both experimental sets revealed efficient root uptake and translocation for the three ECs regardless of their co-existence with PFOS. The overall results of the uptake and translocation of the ECs in the lettuce and tomato plants suggested a simultaneous treatment-plant organ interaction, which was not affected by PFOS being present in both experimental sets. PFOS in irrigation water did not increase cellular perviousness to the other three ECs. These observations support the hypothesis of factors other than PFOS being responsible for the differential bioaccumulation and translocation potentials seen in both experimental sets. However, the radish plants co-irrigated with PFOS brought about increased movement of ECs from roots to aerial parts, more specifically ATN and CBZ in the soil experimental set, and ATN and TCS in the soilless set. These results support the notion that factors inherent to the physiological characteristics of this root vegetable contributed to ECs' increased tendency to move from roots to aerial parts. Despite the three ECs efficiently accumulating, the risk to humans from eating the edible parts of these plants grown under soil or soilless conditions was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia María Beltrán
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Fernández-Torija
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Victoria Pablos
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Porcel
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Hortigüela
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Doncel
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Different Matrices: Occurrence, Pathways, and Treatment Processes. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13091159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The procedures for analyzing pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are typically tedious and expensive and thus, it is necessary to synthesize all available information from previously conducted research. An extensive collection of PPCP data from the published literature was compiled to determine the occurrence, pathways, and the effectiveness of current treatment technologies for the removal of PPCPs in water and wastewater. Approximately 90% of the compiled published papers originated from Asia, Europe, and the North American regions. The incomplete removal of PPCPs in different water and wastewater treatment processes was widely reported, thus resulting in the occurrence of PPCP compounds in various environmental compartments. Caffeine, carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, triclosan, and triclocarban were among the most commonly reported compounds detected in water and solid matrices. Trace concentrations of PPCPs were also detected on plants and animal tissues, indicating the bioaccumulative properties of some PPCP compounds. A significant lack of studies regarding the presence of PPCPs in animal and plant samples was identified in the review. Furthermore, there were still knowledge gaps on the ecotoxicity, sub-lethal effects, and effective treatment processes for PPCPs. The knowledge gaps identified in this study can be used to devise a more effective research paradigm and guidelines for PPCP management.
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29
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Tang X, Liu H, Naïla RSL, Dai Y, Zhang X, Tam NFY, Xiong C, Yang Y. Irrigation using hybrid constructed wetland treated domestic sewage: Uptake of phthalic acid esters and antibiotics by Ipomoea aquatica forssk. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124025. [PMID: 33129603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation with treated wastewater (WW) has been promoted to meet global water demands. This study investigates the occurrence and accumulation of targeted phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and antibiotics in soil and Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. irrigated with WW discharged from six hybrid constructed wetlands (HCWs), with evaluation of the associated human health risks. Results revealed that HCWs can effectively reduce the transfer of PAEs and antibiotics to soil and I. aquatica. HCW2 (VF-SF-HF) was found to be most efficient for the removal of PAEs (68.4%-95.3%) and antibiotics (28.5%-99.4%). Among the targeted PAEs, the concentration of bis (2-ethyl) hexylphthalate (DEHP) was the highest in irrigation water, soil and I. aquatica, while benzylphthalate (BBP) exhibited the highest bioconcentration factor (BCFF). Among the targeted antibiotics, the concentration of sulfapyridine (SPD) was highest in various environmental media, while norfloxacin (NFX) exhibited the highest BCFF. The properties of PAEs and antibiotics were found to be responsible for the differential uptake patterns. The estimation of the threshold of toxicological concern and hazard quotient showed that I. aquatica irrigated with HCWs treated wastewater presented a minor risk to human health. However, comprehensive safety evaluation is required for the widespread use of HCWs treated wastewater for irrigation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huanping Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | | | - Yunv Dai
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nora Fung-Yee Tam
- School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chunhui Xiong
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
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Recsetar MS, Fitzsimmons KM, Cuello JL, Hoppe-Jones C, Snyder SA. Evaluation of a recirculating hydroponic bed bioreactor for removal of contaminants of emerging concern from tertiary-treated wastewater effluent. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:128121. [PMID: 33182119 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary-treated effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Tucson, AZ, was added to recirculating hydroponic bed bioreactors filled with light expanded clay aggregate (LECA) and recirculated for 10 days. Bioreactors were planted with high and low densities of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and Bacillus thuringiensis cotton (Gossypium sp.). The experiment also included a non-planted bioreactor treatment and a control bioreactor with neither plants nor substrate medium. Of 46 contaminants of emerging conern assayed with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), 16 were initially identified at detectable levels in the effluent. After one day, concentrations of Ibuprofen and Diphenhydramine fell below detection limits in all treatments as well as the control. After five days, initial concentrations of atenolol, benzotriazole, carbamazepine, hydrochlorothiazide, iohexol, iopamidol iopromide, primidone, sulfamethoxazole and tris TCPP were reduced by greater than 80% in all treatments, while the control exhibited little to no removal. Diclofenac, simazine and sucralose exhibited variable removal rates among treatments ranging from 44 to 84% after five days. After 10 days, concentrations of DEET, diclofenac, iopromide, primidone and simazine were all below detection levels, while there was near zero removal in the control. Bioreactors planted with cotton had significantly more removal of sulfamethoxazole than unplanted bioreactors by 16-19% after five days and by an additional 18-20% removal after 10 days. The percentage uptake of benzotriazole by every planted treatment was significantly higher than the non-planted treatment after five and 10 days. Significant contaminant removal occurred in the media substrate, likely through adsorption to LECA or microbial degradation. More research is needed to examine specific pathways of degradation and removal by various microbials and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Recsetar
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Joel L Cuello
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christiane Hoppe-Jones
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Abstract
Due to climate change, two-thirds of mankind will face water scarcity by 2025, while by 2050, global food production must increase by at least 50% to feed 9 billion people. To overcome water scarcity, 15 million m3/day of untreated wastewater is used globally for crop irrigation, polluting the soil with pathogens, heavy metals and excess salts. Since 10% of the global population consumes food from crops irrigated with wastewater, pathogens transmitted through the food chain cause diseases especially in young children and women. In this paper, we discuss the status of water scarcity and the challenges to food security, the reuse of wastewater in agriculture and the possible risks to human and environmental health. The efficiency of different irrigation systems in limiting the risks of wastewater reuse and the latest regulations of the European Commission on effluent recovery are also presented. Hence, we emphasize that irrigation offers real perspectives for large-scale recovery of wastewater, helping to reduce the deficit and conserve water resources, and increasing food safety, with the express mention that investments must be made in wastewater treatment plants and wastewater must be properly treated before recovery, to limit the risks on human health and the environment.
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32
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Uptake and Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the Soil-Plant-Earthworm System. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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33
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Bigott Y, Khalaf DM, Schröder P, Schröder PM, Cruzeiro C. Uptake and Translocation of Pharmaceuticals in Plants: Principles and Data Analysis. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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