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Cho YL, Tzou YM, Assakinah A, Than NAT, Yoon HS, Park SI, Wang CC, Lee YC, Hsu LC, Huang PY, Liu SL, Liu YT. Accumulation and bio-oxidation of arsenite mediated by thermoacidophilic Cyanidiales: innate potential biomaterials toward arsenic remediation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 406:130912. [PMID: 38821424 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Addressing geogenic and anthropogenic arsenic (As) pollution is critical for environmental health. This study explored arsenite [As(III)] removal using Cyanidiales, particularly Cyanidium caldarium (Cc) and Galdieria partita (Gp), under acidic to neutral pH, and determined As(III) detoxification mechanisms in relation to As speciation and protein secondary structure in Cyanidiales. Regarding As(III) sorption amounts, Cc outperformed Gp, reaching 83.2 mg g-1 of removal at pH 5.0. Wherein, 23.5 % of sorbed As on Cc presented as arsenate [As(V)] complexation with polysaccharides, alongside other predominant species including As(III)-cysteine (41.2 %) and As(III)-polysaccharides (35.3 %) complexes. This suggested that As(III) was directly transported into cells, rather than As(V). Coupled with the formation of As(III)-cysteine complexes within cells, these mechanisms may be key to efficiently accumulating As(III) in Cyanidiales during the 6-h incubation. These results highlight the potential of Cyanidiales for sustainable As(III) remediation and provide new insights into managing As(III) toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Lin Cho
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan (R.O.C.); Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407224, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yu-Min Tzou
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan (R.O.C.); Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Afifah Assakinah
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Nhu Anh Thi Than
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Seung In Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yao-Chang Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Liang-Ching Hsu
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Pei-Yu Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Shao-Lun Liu
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yu-Ting Liu
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan (R.O.C.); Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
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Wang Y, Chen X, Lin L, Ge J, Huang Y, Gu X. Alleviation of arsenic stress in pakchoi by foliar spraying of engineered nanomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34481-6. [PMID: 39052115 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Addressing heavy metal contamination in leafy vegetables is critically important due to its adverse effects on human health. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of foliar spraying with four nanoparticles (CeO2, ZnO, SiO2, and S NPs) on arsenic (As) stress in pakchoi (Brassica rapa var. Chinensis). The findings reveal that foliar application of ZnO NPs at 1 ~ 2.5 mg plant-1 and CeO2 NPs at 5 mg plant-1 significantly reduces As in shoots by 40.9 ~ 47.3% and 39.4%, respectively. Moreover, 5 mg plant-1 CeO2 NPs increased plant height by 6.06% and chlorophyll a (Chla) content by 30.2% under As stress. Foliar spraying of CeO2 NPs at 0.2-5 mg plant-1 also significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in shoots by 9.4 ~ 13.9%, lowered H2O2 content by 42.4 ~ 53.25%, and increased root protein contents by 79 ~ 109.2%. CeO2 NPs regulate the As(III)/As(V) ratio, aiding in As efflux from roots and thereby reducing As toxicity to plants. In vitro digestion experiments reveal that the consumption of CeO2 NPs carries the lowest health risk of As. In addition, foliar spraying of ZnO NPs at 1 ~ 2.5 mg plant-1 can suppress plant As uptake by modulating enzyme activity, reducing leaf damage, and enhancing chlorophyll content. The study demonstrates that high CeO2 NP concentrations and suitable ZnO NP concentrations can alleviate As toxicity in pakchoi, consequently reducing human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xingbei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingwen Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xueyuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Ali A, Su J, Huang T, Hou C, Li X. Microbial-induced calcium precipitation: Bibliometric analysis, reaction mechanisms, mineralization types, and perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142762. [PMID: 38971440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Microbial-induced calcium precipitation (MICP) refers to the formation of calcium precipitates induced by mineralization during microbial metabolism. MICP has been widely used as an ecologically sustainable method in environmental, geotechnical, and construction fields. This article reviews the removal mechanisms of MICP for different contaminants in the field of water treatment. The nucleation pathway is explained at both extracellular and intracellular levels, with a focus on evaluating the contribution of extracellular polymers to MICP. The types of mineralization and the regulatory role of enzyme genes in the MICP process are innovatively summarized. Based on this, the environmental significance of MICP is illustrated, and the application prospects of calcium precipitation products are discussed. The research hotspots and development trends of MICP are analyzed by bibliometric methods, and the challenges and future directions of MICP technology are identified. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for further understanding of the MICP phenomenon in water treatment and the effective removal of multiple pollutants, which will help researchers to find the breakthroughs and innovations in the existing technologies, with a view to making significant progress in MICP technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Amjad Ali
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Junfeng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Tinglin Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Chenxi Hou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Wang C, He M. Enhancing aggregation of microalgae on polystyrene microplastics by high light: Processes, drivers, and environmental risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135062. [PMID: 38959831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are emerging pollutants, causing potential threats to aquatic ecosystems and serious concern in aggregating with microalgae (critical primary producers). When entering water bodies, MPs are expected to sink below the water surface and disperse into varying water compartments with different light intensities. However, how light influences the aggregation processes of algal cells onto MPs and the associated molecular coupling mechanisms and derivative risks remain poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the aggregation behavior between polystyrene microplastics (mPS, 10 µm) and Chlorella pyrenoidosa under low (LL, 15 μmol·m-2·s-1), normal (NL, 55 μmol·m-2·s-1), and high light (HL, 150 μmol·m-2·s-1) conditions from integrated in vivo and in silico assays. The results indicated that under LL, the mPS particles primarily existed independently, whereas under NL and HL, C. pyrenoidosa tightly bounded to mPS by secreting more protein-rich extracellular polymeric substances. Infrared spectroscopy analysis and density functional theory calculation revealed that the aggregation formation was driven by non-covalent interaction involving van der Waals force and hydrogen bond. These processes subsequently enhanced the deposition and adherence capacity of mPS and relieved its phytotoxicity. Overall, our findings advance the practical and theoretical understanding of the ecological impacts of MPs in complex aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changhai Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Meilin He
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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5
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Rico M, Santiago-Díaz P, Rivero A, Santana-Casiano JM. Characterization of polyphenols and carbohydrates exuded by Phaeodactylum tricornutum diatom grown under Cu stress. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9367. [PMID: 38654118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study is focused on analysing polyphenols and carbohydrates released by Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) diatoms cultured in natural seawater enriched with sublethal and lethal Cu doses. Cu concentrations of 0.31, 0.79 and 1.57 µM reduced cell densities by 37, 82 and 91%, respectively, compared to the control. The total sum of all identified polyphenols and total carbohydrates released by cells grown under lethal Cu levels increased up to 18.8 and 107.4 times, respectively, compared to data from a control experiment. Four different in vitro assays were used to estimate the antioxidant activities of the extracellular compounds: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power and Cu complexing ability (CCA). The highest antioxidant activities were observed in the Cu lethal treatments, where the CCA assay exhibited a greater increase (up to 32.2 times higher than that found in the control experiment) to reduce the concentration of free Cu in the medium and its toxicity. The presence of Cu stimulated the release of polyphenols and carbohydrates to the medium as a detoxification mechanism to survive under lethal levels of Cu regulating its speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Rico
- Departamento de Química , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Paula Santiago-Díaz
- Departamento de Química , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Argimiro Rivero
- Departamento de Química , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juana Magdalena Santana-Casiano
- Departamento de Química , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Zhang C, Li S, Sun H, Li X, Fu L, Zhang C, Sun S, Zhou D. Assessing the impact of low organic loading on effluent safety in wastewater treatment: Insights from an activated sludge reactor study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133083. [PMID: 38181593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an organic loading (OL) of 300 mg/(L d) was set as the relative normal condition (OL-300), while 150 mg/(L d) was chosen as the condition reflecting excessively low organic loading (OL-150) to thoroughly assess the associated risks in the effluent of the biological wastewater treatment process. Compared with OL-300, OL-150 did not lead to a significant decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, but it did improve dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) levels by ∼63 %. Interestingly, the dissolved organic matter (DOM) exhibited higher susceptibility to transformation into chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPs) in OL-150, resulting in an increase in the compound number of Cl-DBPs by ∼16 %. Additionally, OL-150 induced nutrient stress, which promoted engendered human bacterial pathogens (HBPs) survival by ∼32 % and led to ∼51 % increase in the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) abundance through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). These findings highlight the importance of carefully considering the potential risks associated with low organic loading strategies in wastewater treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjun Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Shaoran Li
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Liang Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Chaofan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Shijun Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Gu P, Li X, Wang G. Exploring cell aggregation as a defense strategy against perchlorate stress in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through multi-omics analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167045. [PMID: 37709088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4-) is a type of novel, widely distributed, and persistent inorganic pollutant. However, the impacts of perchlorate on freshwater algae remain unclear. In this study, the response and defense mechanisms of microalgae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) under perchlorate stress were investigated by integrating physiological and biochemical monitoring, transcriptomics, and metabolomics. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of transcriptome data was used to analyze the relationship between genes and phenotype and screen the key pathways. C. reinhardtii exhibited aggregate behavior when exposed to 100- and 200-mM perchlorate but was restored to its unicellular lifestyle when transferred to fresh medium. WGCNA results found that the "carbohydrate metabolism" and "lipid metabolism" pathways were closely related to cell aggregation phenotype. The differential expression genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) of these pathways were upregulated, indicating that the lipid and carbohydrate metabolisms were enhanced in aggregated cells. Additionally, most genes and metabolites related to phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway were significantly upregulated, indicating their crucial roles in the signal transmission of aggregated cells. Meanwhile, in aggregated cells, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and lipid contents increased, photosynthesis activity decreased, and the antioxidant system was activated. These characteristics contributed to C. reinhardtii's improved resistance to perchlorate stress. Above results demonstrated that cell aggregation behavior was the principal defense strategy of C. reinhardtii against perchlorate. Overall, this study sheds new light on the impact mechanisms of perchlorate to aquatic microalgae and provides multi-omics insights into the research of multicellular-like aggregation as an adaptation strategy to abiotic stress. These results are beneficial for assessing the risk of perchlorate in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Algae Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Algae Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; School of Science, Tibet University, Lasha 850000, China
| | - Zixu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Algae Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peifan Gu
- Key Laboratory for Algae Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory for Algae Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Gaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Algae Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Li R, Song M, Yin D, Ye X, Yu J, Chen X. Indole-3-acetic acid mediated removal of sludge toxicity by microalgae: Focus on the role of extracellular polymeric substances. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129700. [PMID: 37604255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of indole-3-acid (IAA) as an additive aided in achieving the objectives of reducing sludge extract toxicity, increasing Tetradesmus obliquus biomass yield, and enhancing extracellular polysaccharide production. Proteomics analysis can unveil the microalgae's response mechanism to sludge toxicity stress. With 10-6 M IAA addition, microalgae biomass reached 3.426 ± 0.067 g/L. Sludge extract demonstrated 78.3 ± 3.2% total organic carbon removal and 72.2 ± 2.1% toxicity removal. Extracellular polysaccharides and proteins witnessed 2.08 and 1.76-fold increments, respectively. Proteomic analysis indicated that Tetradesmus obliquus directed carbon sources towards glycogen accumulation and amino acid synthesis, regulating pathways associated with carbon metabolism (glycolysis, TCA cycle, and amino acid metabolism) to adapt to the stressful environment. These findings lay the groundwork for future waste sludge treatment and offer novel insights into microalgae cultivation and extracellular polysaccharide enrichment in sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Meijing Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Danning Yin
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiayu Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiurong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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9
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Guan H, Jiang Z, Sun D, Wang Z, Sun Y, Huo H, Li Z, Tang L, Li Z, Zhang C, Ge Y. Sufficient Phosphorus Enhances Resistance and Changes Accumulation of Lead in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1960-1970. [PMID: 37283217 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is critical for algal growth and resistance to environmental stress. However, little is known about the effects of P supply on the lead (Pb) toxicity and accumulation in microalgae. We set up two P concentrations, 315 (PL ) and 3150 μg L-1 (PH ), in algal culture, and the responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to various Pb treatments (0, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 μg L-1 ) were investigated. Compared with the PL condition, PH promoted cell growth but reduced cellular respiration by approximately 50%. Moreover, PH alleviated damage to the photosynthetic system in algal cells after Pb stress. After exposure to 200-2000 μg L-1 Pb, higher Pb2+ concentrations and Pb removal were observed in the PL medium. However, under exposure to 5000 μg L-1 Pb, less Pb2+ was present but more Pb was removed by the algal cells in the PH medium. More P supply enhanced the secretion of extracellular fluorescent substances by C. reinhardtii. Transcriptomic analysis showed that genes associated with synthesis of phospholipids, tyrosine-like proteins, ferredoxin, and RuBisCO were up-regulated after Pb exposure. Together the findings of our study demonstrated the critical roles of P in Pb accumulation and resistance in C. reinhardtii. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1960-1970. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huize Guan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongquan Jiang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danqing Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongyang Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yutong Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxun Huo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoyan Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyi Tang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Demonstration Laboratory of Element and Life Science Research, Laboratory Center of Life Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Ge
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Sun D, Jiang Z, Yu H, Li Z, Zhang C, Ge Y. Assessment of Joint Toxicity of Arsenate and Lead by Multiple Endpoints in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 111:30. [PMID: 37642728 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic ecosystems, arsenate (As(V)) and lead (Pb(II)) frequently coexist but their joint toxicity on microalgae remains unknown. In this study, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was exposed to various levels of combined As(V) and Pb(II) treatments. The cell growth, respiration, pigment synthesis, polysaccharides and protein secretion as well as As speciation of C. reinhardtii were analyzed. The low-level coexistence of As(V) and Pb(II) had a stimulatory effect, as indicated by enhanced cell proliferation. In the middle-level coexistence, the cells resisted the toxicity by significant increasing protein secretion. Under high-level coexistence, the presence of Pb(II) inhibited the efflux of As and caused the decline of cell numbers and occurrence of cell lysis, indicating that the interaction mode between As(V) and Pb(II) switched to synergistic. Taken together, the above findings may deepen the understanding of detoxification mechanisms of algae upon exposure to combined metal(loid)s in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongquan Jiang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hangqi Yu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Laboratory Centre of Life Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ying Ge
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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11
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Wang Z, Su J, Ali A, Gao Z, Zhang R, Li Y, Yang W. Microbially induced calcium precipitation driven by denitrification: Performance, metabolites, and molecular mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117826. [PMID: 37001427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbially induced calcium precipitation (MICP) driven by denitrification has attracted extensive attention due to its application potential in nitrate removal from calcium-rich groundwater. However, little research has been conducted on this technique at the molecular level. Here, Pseudomonas WZ39 was used to explore the molecular mechanisms of nitrate-dependent MICP and the effects of Ca2+ on bacterial transcriptional regulation and metabolic response. The results exhibited that appropriate Ca2+ concentration (4.5 mM) can promote denitrification and the production of ATP, EPSs, and SMPs. Genome-wide analysis showed that the nitrate-dependent MICP was accomplished through heterotrophic denitrification and CO2 capture. During this process, EPS biosynthesis and Ca2+ signaling regulation were involved in the nucleation template supply and Ca2+ homeostasis balance. Untargeted transcriptome- and metabolome-association analyses revealed that the addition of Ca2+ triggered the significant up-regulation in several key pathways, such as transmembrane transporter and channel activities, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism, which played a momentous role in the mineral nucleation and energy provision. The detailed information provided novel insights for understanding the active control of bacteria on MICP, and has great significance for deepening the cognition of groundwater remediation using nitrate-dependent MICP technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Junfeng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Amjad Ali
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yifei Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Wenshuo Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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12
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Li C, Li P, Fu H, Chen J, Ye M, Zhai S, Hu F, Zhang C, Ge Y, Fortin C. A comparative study of the accumulation and detoxification of copper and zinc in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: The role of extracellular polymeric substances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:161995. [PMID: 36739008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) form an interface between microalgae and the surrounding water environment. Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are essential micronutrients but may negatively affect microbial growth when their concentrations reach toxic thresholds. However, how EPS affect the accumulation and resistance of Cu and Zn in microalgae remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated EPS production upon Cu/Zn exposure and compared the tolerance strategies to the two metals by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with and without EPS. Microalgal EPS synthesis was induced by Cu/Zn treatments, and the functional groups of polysaccharides and proteins were involved in complexation with metal ions. The extraction of EPS aggravated the toxicity and reduced the removal of metals from solution, but the effect was more pronounced for Cu than for Zn. Copper bound on the cell surface accounted for 54.6 ± 2.0 % of the Cu accumulated by C. reinhardtii, whose EPS components strongly correlated with Cu adsorption. In contrast, 74.3 ± 3.0 % of accumulated Zn was absorbed in cells, and glutathione synthesis was significantly induced. Redundancy and linear correlation analyses showed that the polysaccharide, protein and DNA contents in EPS were significantly correlated with Cu accumulation, absorption and adsorption but not with Zn. Data fitted to a Michaelis-Menten model further showed that the EPS-intact cells had higher binding capacity for Cu2+ but not for Zn2+. These differential impacts of EPS on Cu/Zn sorption and detoxification contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the roles of microalgal EPS in the biogeochemical cycle of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghua Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peihuan Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongxuan Fu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiale Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Menglei Ye
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Suhua Zhai
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fan Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Demonstration Laboratory of Element and Life Science Research, Laboratory Centre of Life Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Ge
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Claude Fortin
- EcotoQ, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
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13
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Ke X, Xu J, Wang X, Zhu B, Han F, Tang L, Jiang Z, Gu T, Li Z. Extracting extracellular polymeric substances from fungi in contrasts: from quantity to quality. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:943-954. [PMID: 36625912 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many fungi are able to produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) for environmental, food, and industrial applications. This study evaluated the extraction (in vivo) of EPS from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, a typical yeast with abundant EPS. Three extracting methods were set, i.e., heating, addition of NaCl during heating, and cation exchange resin (CER). The abundance of extracted proteins and polysaccharides showed evident contrasts (elevated to ~ 600 and 1700 mg/L, respectively) after heating at 70 °C in water. Although the higher temperature will increase the extracted abundance of EPS, the leakage of DNA would be enhanced due to cell rupture. The addition of NaCl further promoted the efficiency of extraction, either for proteins (from ~ 550 to ~ 650 mg/L) or polysaccharides (from ~ 1700 to ~ 2010 mg/L). Moreover, the biochemical results showed that the extracted abundance of EPS via heating was dramatically higher than that via CER. Additionally, DNA leakage in the CER treatment (2.0 g/g DW) was significantly higher (up to > 6 mg/L) than that under heating at 70 °C (< 2 mg/L). Furthermore, the three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectra showed two characteristic peaks of emission/excitation wavelength at 280/300 and 280/350, suggesting the relative high diversity of organic matters in EPS after heating treatments. Finally, a fluctuation of polysaccharide abundance in EPS at 500-1500 mg/L Pb2+ level was elucidated by the extraction based on heating treatment. This study hence confirmed that the heating method might be recommended for extraction of EPS from fungi in vivo KEY POINTS: • 3D-EEM results indicated that heating could extract more EPS compared with CER. • Heating treatments showed lower DNA leakage from fungi than CER treatments. • Addition of NaCl promoted the detachment of EPS from fungal cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Ke
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bihe Zhu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feiyu Han
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingyi Tang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongquan Jiang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Gu
- State Key Lab Plant Genet & Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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14
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Bhatt P, Bhandari G, Turco RF, Aminikhoei Z, Bhatt K, Simsek H. Algae in wastewater treatment, mechanism, and application of biomass for production of value-added product. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119688. [PMID: 35793713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The pollutants can enter water bodies at various point and non-point sources, and wastewater discharge remains a major pathway. Wastewater treatment effectively reduces contaminants, it is expensive and requires an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative approach to reduce treatment costs. Algae have recently emerged as a potentially cost-effective method to remediate toxic pollutants through the mechanism of biosorption, bioaccumulation, and intracellular degradation. Hence, before discharging the wastewater into the natural environment better solutions for environmental resource recovery and sustainable developments can be applied. More importantly, algae are a potential feedstock material for various industrial applications such as biofuel production. Currently, researchers are developing algae as a source for pharmaceuticals, biofuels, food additives, and bio-fertilizers. This review mainly focused on the potential of algae and their specific mechanisms involved in wastewater treatment and energy recovery systems leading to important industrial precursors. The review is highly beneficial for scientists, wastewater treatment plant operators, freshwater managers, and industrial communities to support the sustainable development of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - Geeta Bhandari
- Department of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, 248016, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ronald F Turco
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Zahra Aminikhoei
- Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Offshore Fisheries Research Center, Chabahar, Iran
| | - Kalpana Bhatt
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Halis Simsek
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
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15
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Ye M, Jiang Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Fang S, Sun Y, Guan H, Sun D, Ma X, Zhang C, Ge Y. Physiological and proteomic responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to arsenate and lead mixtures. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113856. [PMID: 35809392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) are frequently emitted from various sources into environment, but microbial responses to their combined toxicity have not been systematically investigated. In this study, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was exposed to two levels of arsenate (As (V), 50, 500 μg/L), Pb (II) (500, 5000 μg/L) and their mixture (50 μg/L As (V) + 500 μg/L Pb (II); 500 μg/L As (V) + 5000 μg/L Pb (II)). The growth of C. reinhardtii was inhibited more remarkably by As (V) than by Pb (II). The As stress was alleviated by Pb in the 50 μg/L As (V) + 500 μg/L Pb (II) treatment, but was enhanced upon the 500 μg/L As (V) + 5000 μg/L Pb (II) exposure, with more pronounced changes in a number of physiological parameters of the algal cells. Proteomic results showed that 71 differently expressed proteins (DEPs) in the treatment of 50 μg/L As (V) + 500 μg/L Pb (II), and 167 DEPs were identified in that of 500 μg/L As (V) + 5000 μg/L Pb (II). These proteins were involved in energy metabolism, photosynthetic carbon fixation, reactive oxygen scavenging and defense, and amino acid synthesis. Taken together, these physiological and proteomic data demonstrated that C. reinhardtii could resist the As (V) and Pb (II) combined treatments through extracellular complexation and intracellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Ye
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhongquan Jiang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhongyang Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Shu Fang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yutong Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Huize Guan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Danqing Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xuening Ma
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Demonstration Laboratory of Element and Life Science Research, Laboratory Centre of Life Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Ge
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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