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Li G, Wu X, Han JC, Li B, Huang Y, Wang Y. Flood risk assessment by using an interpretative structural modeling based Bayesian network approach (ISM-BN): An urban-level analysis of Shenzhen, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 329:117040. [PMID: 36535147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With increasingly uncertain environmental conditions under global change, it is rather important for water security management to evaluate the flood risk, which is influenced by the compound effect of severe weather events and strong anthropogenic activities. In this paper, a risk assessment model in the framework of Bayesian network (BN) was proposed through incorporating with the Interpretative Structural Modeling method (ISM), which would produce an integrated ISM-BN model for reliable flood assessments. The ISM is employed to identify the relations among multiple risk factors, and then helps to configure the BN structure to conduct a risk inference. The established model was further demonstrated in Shenzhen city of China to perform an urban-level risk analysis of the flood disaster, and the Enhanced Water Index (EWI) was introduced to derive model parameters for training and verification. The obtained results of risk assessment lead to an accuracy of 76% with the Area Under ROC Curve (AUC) of 0.82, and spatial distribution of risk levels also showed a satisfactory performance. In addition, it was found that the maximum daily rainfall among ten risk factors play a key part in flood occurrence, while the elevation and storm frequency are also sensitive indicators for the study area. Besides, the spatial flood risk map generated under various design rainfall scenarios would contribute to identifying potential areas that are worth paying particular attention. Thus, the developed assessment model would be a useful tool for supporting flood risk governance to achieve reliable urban water security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyuan Li
- Water Research Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Water Research Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing-Cheng Han
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Bing Li
- Water Research Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yuefei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, 430010, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Eco-Environmental Sciences, 430010, Wuhan, China
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2
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Rubin A, Bailey C, Strepparava N, Wahli T, Segner H, Rubin JF. Reliable Field Assessment of Proliferative Kidney Disease in Wild Brown Trout, Salmo trutta, Populations: When Is the Optimal Sampling Period? Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060681. [PMID: 35745535 PMCID: PMC9230507 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, is suspected to contribute to the decline of wild brown trout Salmo trutta populations. Different factors need to be taken into consideration for PKD outbreaks. Among them, water temperature appears as a main driver of the disease. To understand the epidemiology and impact of the disease on wild fish populations, reliable sampling approaches to detect the presence of T. bryosalmonae-infected fish are needed. This study aimed to characterize the seasonal variation of the prevalence of T. bryosalmonae-infected fish in brown trout populations in two small streams with differing temperature regimes between upstream and downstream sites. As water temperature is known to influence PKD manifestation in brown trout, we hypothesized that the number of T. bryosalmonae-positive fish, as well as their seasonal distribution, will vary between upper and downstream parts of the two streams. Since, in field studies, results can strongly vary across years, we extended the study over a 3-year-period. The number of infected fish and the intensity of infection were assessed by histology. The results confirmed the hypothesis of pronounced temporal- and site-related differences in the percentage of PKD-positive fish and the intensity of the infection. Comparison of water temperatures (total degree days as well as the number of days with a daily mean temperature ≥15 °C) with PKD data indicated that temperature was the driving factor for the temporal development and the intensity of the infection. A mean of 1500 degree days or 30 days with a daily mean temperature ≥15 °C was required before the infection could be detected histologically. From our findings, recommendations are derived for a water temperature-driven sampling strategy campaigns that enables the detection of PKD infection and prevalence in wild brown trout populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Rubin
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.B.); (N.S.); (T.W.); (H.S.)
- La Maison de la Rivière, 1131 Tolochenaz, Switzerland;
- Land, Nature, Environment Institute, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-215-462-060
| | - Christyn Bailey
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.B.); (N.S.); (T.W.); (H.S.)
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Strepparava
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.B.); (N.S.); (T.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Thomas Wahli
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.B.); (N.S.); (T.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.B.); (N.S.); (T.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Jean-François Rubin
- La Maison de la Rivière, 1131 Tolochenaz, Switzerland;
- Land, Nature, Environment Institute, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Ros A, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Brinker A. Mitigating human impacts including climate change on proliferative kidney disease in salmonids of running waters. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:497-521. [PMID: 35100455 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, an increasing number of reports have identified a decline in salmonid populations, possibly linked to infection with the parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and the corresponding disease, that is, proliferative kidney disease (PKD). The life cycle of this myxozoan parasite includes sessile bryozoan species as invertebrate host, which facilitates the distribution of the parasite in running waters. As the disease outcome is temperature dependent, the impact of the disease on salmonid populations is increasing with global warming due to climate change. The goal of this review is to provide a detailed overview of measures to mitigate the effects of PKD on salmonid populations. It first summarizes the parasite life cycle, temperature-driven disease dynamics and new immunological and molecular research into disease resistance and, based on this, discusses management possibilities. Sophisticated management actions focusing on local adaptation of salmonid populations, restoration of the riverine ecosystem and keeping water temperatures cool are necessary to reduce the negative effects of PKD. Such actions include temporary stocking with PKD-resistant salmonids, as this may assist in conserving current populations that fail to reproduce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Ros
- Fisheries Research Station of Baden-Württemberg, LAZBW, Langenargen, Germany
| | - Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Brinker
- Fisheries Research Station of Baden-Württemberg, LAZBW, Langenargen, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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4
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Rigaud C, Härme J, Vehniäinen ER. Salmo trutta is more sensitive than Oncorhynchus mykiss to early-life stage exposure to retene. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 252:109219. [PMID: 34744005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Salmonids are known to be among the most sensitive fish to dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), but very little is known about the sensitivity of the brown trout (Salmo trutta), which has declined and is endangered in several countries of Europe and Western Asia. We investigated the sensitivity of brown trout larvae to a widespread dioxin-like PAH, retene (3.2 to 320 μg.L-1), compared to the larvae of a salmonid commonly used in toxicology studies, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Mortality, growth, cyp1a induction and the occurrence of deformities were measured after 15 days of exposure. Brown trout larvae showed a significantly higher mortality at 320 μg.L-1 compared to rainbow trout larvae. While the occurrence of deformities was only significantly increased at 320 μg.L-1 for the rainbow trout, brown trout larvae displayed pericardial edemas and hemorrhages already at 10 or 100 μg.L-1. cyp1a induction was increased significantly already at ≥3.2 μg.L-1 for the brown trout, versus ≥32 μg.L-1 for the rainbow trout. Least square regression analysis of the concentration-response relationships suggested that S. trutta larvae were at least 2 times more sensitive than O. mykiss larvae for cyp1a induction. The present study suggests that S. trutta larvae are more sensitive than O. mykiss larvae to a potent DLC, retene. As it is possible that S. trutta populations have declined partly because of pollution by DLCs, we recommend generating more data regarding the sensitivity of threatened fish populations, in order to ensure better risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Rigaud
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Julia Härme
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eeva-Riikka Vehniäinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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5
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Pravdová M, Ondračková M, Palíková M, Papežíková I, Kvach Y, Jurajda P, Bartáková V, Seidlová V, Němcová M, Mareš J. Low-level pathogen transmission from wild to farmed salmonids in a flow-through fish farm. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:338-346. [PMID: 34766922 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While the potential effects of pathogens spread from farmed fish to wild populations have frequently been studied, evidence for the transmission of parasites from wild to farmed fish is scarce. In the present study, we evaluated natural bacterial and parasitic infections in brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario) collected from the Černá Opava river (Czech Republic) as a potential source of infections for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in a flow-through farm system fed by the same river. The prevalence of bacterial and protozoan infections in farmed fish was comparable, or higher, than for riverine fish. Despite this, none of the infected farmed fish showed any signs of severe diseases. Substantial differences in metazoan parasite infections were observed between wild and farmed fish regarding monogeneans, adult trematodes, nematodes, the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae found in riverine fish only, and larval eye-fluke trematodes sporadically found in farmed fish. The different distribution of metazoan parasites between brown and rainbow trout most probably reflects the availability of infected intermediate hosts in the two habitats. Despite the river being the main water source for the farm, there was no significant threat of parasite infection to the farmed fish from naturally infected riverine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Pravdová
- 1 Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
- 2 Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
- 3 Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Ondračková
- 1 Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Palíková
- 4 Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- 5 Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Papežíková
- 4 Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- 5 Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yuriy Kvach
- 1 Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
- 6 Institute of Marine Biology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Pavel Jurajda
- 1 Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Bartáková
- 1 Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Seidlová
- 4 Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- 5 Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Němcová
- 4 Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- 5 Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mareš
- 5 Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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6
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Caradima B, Scheidegger A, Brodersen J, Schuwirth N. Bridging mechanistic conceptual models and statistical species distribution models of riverine fish. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Tallis H, Fargione J, Game E, McDonald R, Baumgarten L, Bhagabati N, Cortez R, Griscom B, Higgins J, Kennedy CM, Kiesecker J, Kroeger T, Leberer T, McGowan J, Mandle L, Masuda YJ, Morrison SA, Palmer S, Shirer R, Shyamsundar P, Wolff NH, Possingham HP. Prioritizing actions: spatial action maps for conservation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1505:118-141. [PMID: 34176148 PMCID: PMC9290997 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spatial prioritization is a critical step in conservation planning, a process designed to ensure that limited resources are applied in ways that deliver the highest possible returns for biodiversity and human wellbeing. In practice, many spatial prioritizations fall short of their potential by focusing on places rather than actions, and by using data of snapshots of assets or threats rather than estimated impacts. We introduce spatial action mapping as an approach that overcomes these shortfalls. This approach produces a spatially explicit view of where and how much a given conservation action is likely to contribute to achieving stated conservation goals. Through seven case examples, we demonstrate simple to complex versions of how this method can be applied across local to global scales to inform decisions about a wide range of conservation actions and benefits. Spatial action mapping can support major improvements in efficient use of conservation resources and will reach its full potential as the quality of environmental, social, and economic datasets converge and conservation impact evaluations improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Tallis
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Joe Fargione
- North America Program, the Nature Conservancy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Edward Game
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Rob McDonald
- Center for Sustainability Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | | | | | - Rane Cortez
- Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, the Nature Conservancy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bronson Griscom
- Center for Natural Climate Solutions, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Jonathan Higgins
- Global Freshwater Team, the Nature Conservancy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christina M Kennedy
- Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, the Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Joe Kiesecker
- Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, the Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Timm Kroeger
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Trina Leberer
- Pacific Division, the Nature Conservancy, Yona, Guam
| | - Jennifer McGowan
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia.,Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lisa Mandle
- Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Yuta J Masuda
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Scott A Morrison
- California Program, the Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, California
| | - Sally Palmer
- Tennessee Program, the Nature Conservancy, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rebecca Shirer
- New York Program, the Nature Conservancy, New York City, New York
| | | | | | - Hugh P Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Machine Learning and Geo-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Support Systems in Analysis of Complex Problems. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi10060424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many complex problems require a multi-criteria decision, such as the COVID-19 pandemic that affected nearly all activities in the world. In this regard, this study aims to develop a multi-criteria decision support system considering the sustainability, feasibility, and success rate of possible approaches. Therefore, two models have been developed: Geo-AHP (applying geo-based data) and BN-Geo-AHP using probabilistic techniques (Bayesian network). The ranking method of Geo-APH is generalized, and the equations are provided in a way that adding new elements and variables would be possible by experts. Then, to improve the ranking, the application of the probabilistic technique of a Bayesian network and the role of machine learning for database and weight of each parameter are explained, and the model of BN-Geo-APH has been developed. In the next step, to show the application of the developed Geo-AHP and BN-Geo-AHP models, we selected the new pandemic of COVID-19 that affected nearly all activities, and we used both models for analysis. For this purpose, we first analyzed the available data about COVID-19 and previous studies about similar virus infections, and then we ranked the main approaches and alternatives in confronting the pandemic of COVID-19. The analysis of approaches with the selected alternatives shows the first ranked approach is massive vaccination and the second ranked is massive swabs or other tests. The third is the use of medical masks and gloves, and the last ranked is the lockdown, mostly due to its major negative impact on the economy and individuals.
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9
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Farò D, Zolezzi G, Wolter C. How much habitat does a river need? A spatially-explicit population dynamics model to assess ratios of ontogenetical habitat needs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 286:112100. [PMID: 33639426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Restoration of spawning and juvenile habitats is often used to restore fish abundances in rivers, although often with unclear results. To study the effects of habitat limitations on the common barbel (Barbus barbus), a riverine litophilic cyprinid fish, an age-structured population model was developed. Using a Bayesian modeling approach, spawning and fry (0+ juvenile) habitat availability was integrated in the model in a spatially explicit way. Using Beverton-Holt and Ricker recruitment models, density dependence was incorporated in the spawning process and the recruitment of 0+ juveniles. Model parameters and their uncertainty ranges were obtained from reviewing the existing literature. The uncertainty of the processes was intrinsically accounted for by the inherently probabilistic nature of the Bayesian model. By testing various scenarios of habitat availabilities for the barbel, we hypothesize that improvement of the fish stock will be reached only at a well specified ratio of spawning to fry habitat. Model simulations revealed substantial abundance improvements at rather equal amounts of about 10% cover of both habitats, while even substantial improvements of either spawning or fry habitats only will result in little or no increase of abundance. Higher ratios of spawning to fry habitat were found to lower population recovery times. This work provides a tool that serves the assessment and comparison of river restoration scenarios as well as benchmarking rehabilitation targets in the planning phase. When targeting restoration of fish stocks, focusing only on one key life stage or process (such as spawning), without considering potential bottlenecks in other stages, can result in little to no improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Farò
- University of Trento, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Via Mesiano 77, Trento, 38123, Italy.
| | - Guido Zolezzi
- University of Trento, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Via Mesiano 77, Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Christian Wolter
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany
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10
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Hutchins PR, Sepulveda AJ, Hartikainen H, Staigmiller KD, Opitz ST, Yamamoto RM, Huttinger A, Cordes RJ, Weiss T, Hopper LR, Purcell MK, Okamura B. Exploration of the 2016 Yellowstone River fish kill and proliferative kidney disease in wild fish populations. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Hutchins
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2327 University Way Suite 2 Bozeman Montana59715USA
| | - Adam J. Sepulveda
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2327 University Way Suite 2 Bozeman Montana59715USA
| | - Hanna Hartikainen
- School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham University Park NottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Ken D. Staigmiller
- Fish Health Lab Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks 4801 Giant Springs Road Great Falls Montana59405USA
| | - Scott T. Opitz
- Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks 1400 South 19th Avenue Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Renee M. Yamamoto
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Amberly Huttinger
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Rick J. Cordes
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Tammy Weiss
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Lacey R. Hopper
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Maureen K. Purcell
- Western Fisheries Research Center U.S. Geological Survey 6505 NE 65th Street Seattle Washington98115USA
| | - Beth Okamura
- Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum Cromwell Road LondonSW7 5BDUK
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11
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Know your enemy - transcriptome of myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae reveals potential drug targets against proliferative kidney disease in salmonids. Parasitology 2021; 148:726-739. [PMID: 33478602 PMCID: PMC8056827 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202100010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a widely spread endoparasite that causes proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonid fish. We developed an in silico pipeline to separate transcripts of T. bryosalmonae from the kidney tissue of its natural vertebrate host, brown trout (Salmo trutta). After stringent filtering, we constructed a partial transcriptome assembly T. bryosalmonae, comprising 3427 transcripts. Based on homology-restricted searches of the assembled parasite transcriptome and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) proteome, we identified four protein targets (Endoglycoceramidase, Legumain-like protease, Carbonic anhydrase 2, Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2) for the development of anti-parasitic drugs against T. bryosalmonae. Earlier work of these proteins on parasitic protists and helminths suggests that the identified anti-parasitic drug targets represent promising chemotherapeutic candidates also against T. bryosalmonae, and strengthen the view that the known inhibitors can be effective in evolutionarily distant organisms. In addition, we identified differentially expressed T. bryosalmonae genes between moderately and severely infected fish, indicating an increased abundance of T. bryosalmonae sporogonic stages in fish with low parasite load. In conclusion, this study paves the way for future genomic research in T. bryosalmonae and represents an important step towards the development of effective drugs against PKD.
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12
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Kaikkonen L, Parviainen T, Rahikainen M, Uusitalo L, Lehikoinen A. Bayesian Networks in Environmental Risk Assessment: A Review. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:62-78. [PMID: 32841493 PMCID: PMC7821106 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Human activities both depend upon and have consequences on the environment. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) is a process of estimating the probability and consequences of the adverse effects of human activities and other stressors on the environment. Bayesian networks (BNs) can synthesize different types of knowledge and explicitly account for the probabilities of different scenarios, therefore offering a useful tool for ERA. Their use in formal ERA practice has not been evaluated, however, despite their increasing popularity in environmental modeling. This paper reviews the use of BNs in ERA based on peer-reviewed publications. Following a systematic mapping protocol, we identified studies in which BNs have been used in an environmental risk context and evaluated the scope, technical aspects, and use of the models and their results. The review shows that BNs have been applied in ERA, particularly in recent years, and that there is room to develop both the model implementation and participatory modeling practices. Based on this review and the authors' experience, we outline general guidelines and development ideas for using BNs in ERA. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:62-78. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kaikkonen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tuuli Parviainen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Mika Rahikainen
- Bioeconomy StatisticsNatural Resource Institute FinlandHelsinkiFinland
| | - Laura Uusitalo
- Programme for Environmental InformationFinnish Environment InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Annukka Lehikoinen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Kotka Maritime Research CentreKotkaFinland
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Ruggeri P, Naldoni J, Hartikainen H, Okamura B. PCR-RFLP: a targeted method to reveal host specific malacosporean infection profiles (Cnidaria: Myxozoa: Malacosporea). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 141:91-101. [PMID: 32940254 DOI: 10.3354/dao03525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Malacosporeans are a group of endoparasitic cnidarians (Myxozoa) that use freshwater bryozoans and fish as final and intermediate hosts, respectively. The malacosporean Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae causes proliferative kidney disease (PKD), an emerging disease in aquaculture and wild fish populations, including threatened salmonids in Europe and the USA. Mixed infections of malacosporeans are often encountered, and a monitoring tool for screening of multiple malacosporean species in either their fish or bryozoan hosts is therefore desirable. We describe an inexpensive method that combines PCR amplification of the partial 18S rRNA gene (~260 bp) and a single-step restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method for identification of 10 malacosporean lineages and species. We demonstrate and test this methodology on a set of DNA extracted from malacosporeans infecting fish kidney and tissues sampled from bryozoan colonies and compare the results with Sanger sequencing of the same parasite DNA isolates. The PCR-RFLP and Sanger sequencing methods agreed in 100% of cases. The PCR-RFLP method offers a number of opportunities, including screening large panels of host tissue samples to gain insights into infection patterns, characterizing mixed infections, and confirming highly pathogenic T. bryosalmonae infections. The method can also be further refined as new sequence data become available for malacosporeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ruggeri
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Health Surveillance of Wild Brown Trout ( Salmo trutta fario) in the Czech Republic Revealed a Coexistence of Proliferative Kidney Disease and Piscine Orthoreovirus-3 Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080604. [PMID: 32722219 PMCID: PMC7460431 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The population of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) in continental Europe is on the decline, with infectious diseases confirmed as one of the causative factors. However, no data on the epizootiological situation of wild fish in the Czech Republic are currently available. In this study, brown trout (n = 260) from eight rivers were examined for the presence of viral and parasitical pathogens. Salmonid alphavirus-2, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, piscine novirhabdovirus (VHSV) and salmonid novirhabdovirus (IHNV) were not detected using PCR. Cell culturing showed no viruses as well, and serological analysis of 110 sera did not detect any specific antibodies against VHSV or IHNV. Fish from two rivers were positive for the presence of piscine orthoreovirus-3 (PRV-3), subtype PRV-3b. However, none of the PRV-3-positive fish showed gross pathologies typically associated with PRV infections. By far the most widespread pathogen was Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae which was confirmed in each of the examined locations, with a prevalence of up to 65% and 100%, as established by immunohistochemistry and PCR, respectively. Furthermore, up to 43.8% of fish showed signs of proliferative kidney disease caused by T. bryosalmonae, suggesting that this parasite is a main health challenge for brown trout in the Czech Republic.
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Proliferative kidney disease in Alaskan salmonids with evidence that pathogenic myxozoans may be emerging north. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:797-807. [PMID: 32479830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids, a chronic immunopathology caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, is exacerbated by increased water temperatures. PKD causes economic concerns to trout farmers and contributes to the decline of wild salmonid populations in North America and Europe. The parasite occurs as far north as Norway and Iceland in Europe and was confirmed from California to southern British Columbia in the American continent. In mid-September 2011 adult chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were sampled from Kantishna River, a tributary to Yukon River in Alaska. Clinical PKD was diagnosed based on the macroscopic appearance of mottled kidneys that were uniformly swollen and by the detection of tumultuous histozoic extrasporogonic and coelozoic sporogonic stages of T. bryosalmonae in renal tissue by histopathology. Archived samples provided the molecular confirmation and local strain identification, representing the first confirmed case of PKD in wild adult chum salmon, also co-infected with Parvicapsula minibicornis that represents another novel myxozoan detection in Alaska. Our investigation was extended to another case from August/September 1997, with mortality following furunculosis and ectoparasite co-infections, in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) pre-smolts net-pen reared in English Bay Lakes, Alaska. Immunohistochemistry on archived histological preparations confirmed T. bryosalmonae sporogonic and extrasporogonic stages, indicating a severe to resolving PKD, with concomitant Chloromyxum spp. infection. Those cases provide the first documentation that this parasite is present in Alaska and causes PKD in wild and cultured salmonids in the region. The known geographic range of T. bryosalmonae can be extended to ~267 km south of the Arctic Circle, representing the northernmost detection in America. Given the vast size of Alaska and small resident population, it is likely that T. bryosalmonae remained undetected, but more recently became evident due to the clinical manifestation of PKD, possibly linked to increasing water temperatures reported at the sample locations.
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SanJuan-Reyes N, Gómez-Oliván LM, Pérez-Pastén Borja R, Luja-Mondragón M, Orozco-Hernández JM, Heredia-García G, Islas-Flores H, Galar-Martínez M, Escobar-Huérfano F. Survival and malformation rate in oocytes and larvae of Cyprinus carpio by exposure to an industrial effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108992. [PMID: 31830696 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are used for the prevention or treatment of diseases, and due to their manufacturing process they are continuously released to water bodies. One of the pharmacological groups detected in aquatic environments is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) at trace concentrations. This study evaluated the survival and malformation rate in oocytes and larvae of Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio) after exposure to different proportions of an industrial effluent. Initially, the industrial effluent was sampled from an NSAID manufacturing plant located in the city of Toluca, State of Mexico, subsequently the physicochemical characterization and determination of the concentration of chemical compounds present were carried out. On the other hand, the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) and the effective concentration 50 (EC50) were calculated to determine the teratogenic index (TI), as well as the alterations to the embryonic development and the teratogenic effects on oocytes and larvae of C. carpio at the following proportions of the industrial effluent: 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1%, following the Test Guideline 236, which describes a Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity test, the exposure times were 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-fertilization. The contaminants detected were NaClO (2.6 mg L-1) and NSAIDs such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen and paracetamol in the range of 1.09-2.68 mg L-1. In this study the LC50 was 0.275%, the EC50 0.133% and the TI 2.068. Several malformations were observed in all proportions of the industrial effluent evaluated, however the most severe such as spina bifida and paravertebral hemorrhage were observed at the highest effluent proportion. The industrial effluent evaluated in this study represents a risk for organisms that are in contact with it, since it contains chemical compounds that induce embryotoxic and teratogenic effects as observed in oocytes and larvae of C. carpio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nely SanJuan-Reyes
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Calzada Manuel Stampa s/n, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, C.P. 07738, Mexico.
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico.
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Pastén Borja
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Calzada Manuel Stampa s/n, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, C.P. 07738, Mexico
| | - Marlenne Luja-Mondragón
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Orozco-Hernández
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Heredia-García
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Calzada Manuel Stampa s/n, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, C.P. 07738, Mexico
| | - Francisco Escobar-Huérfano
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
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Sudhagar A, Kumar G, El-Matbouli M. The Malacosporean Myxozoan Parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae: A Threat to Wild Salmonids. Pathogens 2019; 9:E16. [PMID: 31877926 PMCID: PMC7168663 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a myxozoan parasite responsible for proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in a wide range of salmonids. PKD, characterized by high mortality and morbidity, is well known for affecting aquaculture operations and wild salmonid populations across Europe and North America. The life cycle of T. bryosalmonae revolves around freshwater bryozoan and salmonid fish hosts. In recent years, T. bryosalmonae has been reported among wild salmonids from the European countries where it has not been reported previously. T. bryosalmonae is believed to be a possible reason for the diminishing wild salmonid populations in the natural water bodies of many European countries. Climate crisis driven rising water temperature can further accelerate the distribution of T. bryosalmonae. Expansion of the geographical distribution of T. bryosalmonae may further advocate the decline of wild salmonid populations, especially brown trout (Salmo trutta) in their habitats. Mathematical models are used to understand the pattern and distribution of T. bryosalmonae among the host in the natural water bodies. The present manuscript not only summarizes the incidences of T. bryosalmonae among the wild salmonid populations, but also discusses the contemporary understanding about the development of T. bryosalmonae in its hosts and the influences of various factors in the spread of the disease in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sudhagar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria; (A.S.); (M.E.-M.)
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Rohtak Centre, Haryana 124411, India
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria; (A.S.); (M.E.-M.)
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria; (A.S.); (M.E.-M.)
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Rubin A, de Coulon P, Bailey C, Segner H, Wahli T, Rubin JF. Keeping an Eye on Wild Brown Trout ( Salmo trutta) Populations: Correlation Between Temperature, Environmental Parameters, and Proliferative Kidney Disease. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:281. [PMID: 31508435 PMCID: PMC6714597 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is an emerging disease of salmonids caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, which plays a major role in the decrease of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations in Switzerland. Strong evidence demonstrated that water temperature modulates parasite infection. However, less knowledge exists on how seasonal water temperature fluctuations influence PKD manifestation under field conditions, how further environmental factors such as water quality may modulate the disease, and whether these factors coalesce with temperatures role possibly giving rise to cumulative effects on PKD. The aims of this study were to (1) determine the correlation between seasonal course of water temperature and PKD prevalence and intensity in wild brown trout populations, (2) assess if other factors such as water quality or ecomorphology correlate with the infection, and (3) quantitatively predict the implication of these factors on PKD prevalence with a statistical model. Young-of-the-year brown trout were sampled in 45 sites through the Canton of Vaud (Switzerland). For each site, longitudinal time series of water temperature, water quality (macroinvertebrate community index, presence of wastewater treatment plant effluent) and ecomorphological data were collected and correlated with PKD prevalence and intensity. 251 T. bryosalmonae-infected trout of 1,118 were found (overall prevalence 22.5%) at 19 of 45 study sites (42.2%). Relation between PKD infection and seasonal water temperature underlined that the mean water temperature for June and the number of days with mean temperature ≥15°C were the most significantly correlated parameters with parasite prevalence and intensity. The presence of a wastewater treatment plant effluent was significantly correlated with the prevalence and infection intensity. In contrast, macroinvertebrate diversity and river ecomorphology were shown to have little impact on disease parameters. Linear and logistic regressions highlighted quantitatively the prediction of PKD prevalence depending on environmental parameters at a given site and its possible increase due to rising temperatures. The model developed within this study could serve as a useful tool for identifying and predicting disease hot spots. These results support the importance of temperature for PKD in salmonids and provides evidence for a modulating influence of additional environmental stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Rubin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,La Maison de la Rivière, Tolochenaz, Switzerland.,Land, Nature, Environment Institute, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pauline de Coulon
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christyn Bailey
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Helmut Segner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wahli
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Rubin
- La Maison de la Rivière, Tolochenaz, Switzerland.,Land, Nature, Environment Institute, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lewisch E, Unfer G, Pinter K, Bechter T, El-Matbouli M. Distribution and prevalence of T. bryosalmonae in Austria: A first survey of trout from rivers with a shrinking population. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1549-1557. [PMID: 30027582 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The first evidence of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in an Austrian river (the River Kamp) was documented in 2016, and no information on the PKD infection status of trout in other rivers was available. Since then, brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been collected from rivers in Upper and Lower Austria for different diagnostic purposes. In this study, we summarize the recent findings of a first survey concerning the distribution of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD), from these samples. Between September 2015 and October 2017, a total of 280 brown trout and 39 rainbow trout were collected from 21 rivers in the provinces of Upper and Lower Austria. T. bryosalmonae was detected by PCR of kidney tissue in 17 of 21 sampled rivers and in 138 of 280 brown trout as well as in 11 of 39 rainbow trout. Pathological signs of PKD (e.g., hypertrophy of the kidney) were observed in 33 analysed brown trout and six rainbow trout samples. No correlations between fish infected by T. bryosalmonae and the parameters size and age class, condition factor, geological origin of the streams and distribution within the river course were found, while positively tested fish are significantly increased at sampling sites exceeding water temperatures of 15°C for median periods of 115 days. The prevalence within the affected streams or stream sections is highly variable, and in single rivers, infection rates of up to 90% are confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lewisch
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guenther Unfer
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Pinter
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Bechter
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Rinaldo A, Gatto M, Rodriguez-Iturbe I. River networks as ecological corridors: A coherent ecohydrological perspective. ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES 2018; 112:27-58. [PMID: 29651194 PMCID: PMC5890385 DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper draws together several lines of argument to suggest that an ecohydrological framework, i.e. laboratory, field and theoretical approaches focused on hydrologic controls on biota, has contributed substantially to our understanding of the function of river networks as ecological corridors. Such function proves relevant to: the spatial ecology of species; population dynamics and biological invasions; the spread of waterborne disease. As examples, we describe metacommunity predictions of fish diversity patterns in the Mississippi-Missouri basin, geomorphic controls imposed by the fluvial landscape on elevational gradients of species' richness, the zebra mussel invasion of the same Mississippi-Missouri river system, and the spread of proliferative kidney disease in salmonid fish. We conclude that spatial descriptions of ecological processes in the fluvial landscape, constrained by their specific hydrologic and ecological dynamics and by the ecosystem matrix for interactions, i.e. the directional dispersal embedded in fluvial and host/pathogen mobility networks, have already produced a remarkably broad range of significant results. Notable scientific and practical perspectives are thus open, in the authors' view, to future developments in ecohydrologic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rinaldo
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology ECHO/IIE/ENAC, École Polytechinque Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
- Dipartimento ICEA, Università di Padova, Padova, IT, Italy
| | - Marino Gatto
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano IT, Italy
| | - Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Department of Ocean Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Station (TX), USA
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Feki-Sahnoun W, Njah H, Hamza A, Barraj N, Mahfoudi M, Rebai A, Hassen MB. Using general linear model, Bayesian Networks and Naive Bayes classifier for prediction of Karenia selliformis occurrences and blooms. ECOL INFORM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Integrated field, laboratory, and theoretical study of PKD spread in a Swiss prealpine river. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11992-11997. [PMID: 29078391 PMCID: PMC5692590 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713691114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting how temperature, climate change, and emerging infectious diseases interact to drive local extinction risk for natural populations requires complex integrated approaches involving field data [fish and environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling and hydrological and geomorphological surveys], laboratory studies (eDNA analyses and disease prevalence assessment), and metacommunity modeling. Together, these tools reproduce all of the relevant biological and ecohydrological features of proliferative kidney disease, a major emerging disease impacting native salmonid stocks. We thus provide a predictive framework, applicable to other aquatic pathogens, that may function as a baseline for environmental management decisions aimed at preserving declining and iconic salmonid species. Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a major threat to wild and farmed salmonid populations because of its lethal effect at high water temperatures. Its causative agent, the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, has a complex lifecycle exploiting freshwater bryozoans as primary hosts and salmonids as secondary hosts. We carried out an integrated study of PKD in a prealpine Swiss river (the Wigger). During a 3-year period, data on fish abundance, disease prevalence, concentration of primary hosts’ DNA in environmental samples [environmental DNA (eDNA)], hydrological variables, and water temperatures gathered at various locations within the catchment were integrated into a newly developed metacommunity model, which includes ecological and epidemiological dynamics of fish and bryozoans, connectivity effects, and hydrothermal drivers. Infection dynamics were captured well by the epidemiological model, especially with regard to the spatial prevalence patterns. PKD prevalence in the sampled sites for both young-of-the-year (YOY) and adult brown trout attained 100% at the end of summer, while seasonal population decay was higher in YOY than in adults. We introduce a method based on decay distance of eDNA signal predicting local species’ density, accounting for variation in environmental drivers (such as morphology and geology). The model provides a whole-network overview of the disease prevalence. In this study, we show how spatial and environmental characteristics of river networks can be used to study epidemiology and disease dynamics of waterborne diseases.
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Kotob MH, Gorgoglione B, Kumar G, Abdelzaher M, Saleh M, El-Matbouli M. The impact of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and Myxobolus cerebralis co-infections on pathology in rainbow trout. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:442. [PMID: 28946913 PMCID: PMC5613476 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myxozoan parasites pose emerging health issues for wild and farmed salmonid fish. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a particularly susceptible species to Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Malacosporea), the etiological agent of Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD), and to Myxobolus cerebralis (Myxosporea), the etiological agent of Whirling Disease (WD). The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of myxozoan co-infections on the pathogenesis of PKD and WD in the rainbow trout. Methods Two groups of rainbow trout (96 fish each) were primarily infected with T. bryosalmonae and triactinomyxons of M. cerebralis; after 30 days half of the fish in each group were co-infected with these parasites vice versa and remaining half was continued as single infection. Mortalities and clinical signs were recorded at different time points. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed to assess the extent of each infection and estimate the parasite burden between groups. Results Fish firstly infected with M. cerebralis and co-infected with T. bryosalmonae exhibited exacerbated pathological changes of both parasitic diseases and elicited a higher mortality rate. A higher kidney swelling index (grade 4) appeared together with more severe cartilage destruction and displacement, when compared to the pathological changes in fish upon single infections with T. bryosalmonae or M. cerebralis. Conversely, fish firstly infected with T. bryosalmonae and co-infected with M. cerebralis also exhibited typical pathological changes of both parasitic diseases, but with a lower mortality rate, similar as caused by the single T. bryosalmonae or M. cerebralis infection. WD clinical signs were milder, without skeletal deformities, while kidney swelling index was similar to single infection with T. bryosalmonae (grade 2 to 3). Conclusions In this study, a co-infection with myxozoan parasites was for the first time successfully achieved in the laboratory under controlled conditions. The impact of co-infections in concurrent myxozoan infections mainly depends on the primary pathogen infecting the host, which could alter the outcomes of the secondary pathogen infection. The primary M. cerebralis infection followed by T. bryosalmonae had a much more serious impact and elicited a synergistic interaction. Contrasting results were instead seen in rainbow trout primarily infected with T. bryosalmonae and then co-infected with M. cerebralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Kotob
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mahmoud Abdelzaher
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Telomere length and antioxidant defense associate with parasite-induced retarded growth in wild brown trout. Oecologia 2017; 185:365-374. [PMID: 28900791 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Early growth conditions can have profound impacts on individuals' development, growth and physiology, with subsequent long-term consequences for individuals' fitness and life expectancy. Telomere length (TL) has been suggested to indicate both individual fitness and life expectancy in wide range of species, as the telomere attrition rate at early age can be accelerated due to exposure to various stressors, including parasites and inflammatory diseases, which increase production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and influence antioxidant (AO) levels. We investigated impacts of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae infection, a causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD), on AO status and TL in a natural population of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta). The fish with higher parasite load showed more severe kidney hyperplasia, anemia and smaller body size compared to less parasitized fish. Furthermore, fish with severe PKD symptoms had lower SOD-, CAT- and GST activity than fish with milder kidney hyperplasia. However, parasite load was not directly correlated either with AOs or with TL. Smaller fish showed shorter TLs, potentially reflecting lower individual quality. The fish, which were less sensitive to parasite-induced impaired growth, quantified as parasite load-adjusted fork length, showed also longer TLs, lower GR- and GST activity and less GSHtot compared to more sensitive fish. These results provide novel knowledge about the impacts of the PKD in brown trout at the molecular level and support the idea that TL may reflect individual quality and ability to cope with parasitic infections.
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Carraro L, Mari L, Hartikainen H, Strepparava N, Wahli T, Jokela J, Gatto M, Rinaldo A, Bertuzzo E. An epidemiological model for proliferative kidney disease in salmonid populations. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:487. [PMID: 27596616 PMCID: PMC5011885 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) affects salmonid populations in European and North-American rivers. It is caused by the endoparasitic myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, which exploits freshwater bryozoans and salmonids as hosts. Incidence and severity of PKD in brown trout populations have recently increased rapidly, causing a decline in fish catches and local extinctions in many river systems. PKD incidence and fish mortality are known to be enhanced by warmer water temperatures. Therefore, environmental change is feared to increase the severity of PKD outbreaks and extend the disease range to higher latitude and altitude regions. We present the first mathematical model regarding the epidemiology of PKD, including the complex life-cycle of its causative agent across multiple hosts. Methods A dynamical model of PKD epidemiology in riverine host populations is developed. The model accounts for local demographic and epidemiological dynamics of bryozoans and fish, explicitly incorporates the role of temperature, and couples intra-seasonal and inter-seasonal dynamics. The former are described in a continuous-time domain, the latter in a discrete-time domain. Stability and sensitivity analyses are performed to investigate the key processes controlling parasite invasion and persistence. Results Stability analysis shows that, for realistic parameter ranges, a disease-free system is highly invasible, which implies that the introduction of the parasite in a susceptible community is very likely to trigger a disease outbreak. Sensitivity analysis shows that, when the disease is endemic, the impact of PKD outbreaks is mostly controlled by the rates of disease development in the fish population. Conclusions The developed mathematical model helps further our understanding of the modes of transmission of PKD in wild salmonid populations, and provides the basis for the design of interventions or mitigation strategies. It can also be used to project changes in disease severity and prevalence because of temperature regime shifts, and to guide field and laboratory experiments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1759-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carraro
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 2, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Mari
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Hanna Hartikainen
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Strepparava
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Universität Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wahli
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Universität Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Marino Gatto
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Rinaldo
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 2, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile ed Ambientale, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertuzzo
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 2, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
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Bruneaux M, Visse M, Gross R, Pukk L, Saks L, Vasemägi A. Parasite infection and decreased thermal tolerance: impact of proliferative kidney disease on a wild salmonid fish in the context of climate change. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Bruneaux
- Division of Genetics and Physiology Department of Biology University of Turku Turku FI‐20014 Finland
| | - Marko Visse
- Department of Zoology University of Tartu Tartu 51014 Estonia
| | - Riho Gross
- Department of Aquaculture Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu 51006 Estonia
| | - Lilian Pukk
- Department of Aquaculture Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu 51006 Estonia
| | - Lauri Saks
- Estonian Marine Institute University of Tartu Vanemuise 46a, Tartu 51014 Estonia
- Institute of Systematic Zoology University of Daugavpils 13–229 Vienības Street, Daugavpils 5401 Latvia
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Division of Genetics and Physiology Department of Biology University of Turku Turku FI‐20014 Finland
- Department of Aquaculture Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu 51006 Estonia
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Gorgoglione B, Kotob MH, Unfer G, El-Matbouli M. First Proliferative Kidney Disease outbreak in Austria, linking to the aetiology of Black Trout Syndrome threatening autochthonous trout populations. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 119:117-128. [PMID: 27137070 DOI: 10.3354/dao02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) was diagnosed in juvenile autochthonous brown trout Salmo trutta for the first time in Austria during summer 2014. Cytology showed Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae sporoblasts, and histology revealed sporogonic (coelozoic) and extrasporogonic (histozoic) stages. Analysis of malacosporean ribosomal small subunit revealed that this strain is closely related to European isolates, although its source is unknown. Infection and high pathogenicity were reproduced upon a pre-restocking test with specific pathogen free (SPF) juvenile trout, resulting in 100% mortality between 28 and 46 d post exposure (dpe), with high ectoparasitosis. Fish showed grade 2 of the Kidney Swelling Index and grade 3 of the PKD histological assessment. T. bryosalmonae enzootic waters were demonstrated in further locations along the River Kamp, with infected bryozoans retrieved up to 6 km upstream of the farm with the PKD outbreak. Fredericella sultana colonies collected from these locations were cultivated in laboratory conditions. Released malacospores successfully induced PKD, and contextually Black Trout Syndrome (BTS), in SPF brown trout. In the absence of co-infections mortality occurred between 59 and 98 dpe, with kidneys enlarged up to 6.74% of total body weight (normal 1.23%). This study confirms the first isolation of a pathogenic myxozoan from an Austrian river tributary of the Danube, where its 2-host life cycle is fully occurring. Its immunosuppressant action could link PKD as a key factor in the multifactorial aetiology of BTS. This T. bryosalmonae isolation provides an impetus to undertake further multi-disciplinary research, aiming to assess the impact of PKD and BTS spreading to central European regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Ropero R, Aguilera P, Rumí R. Analysis of the socioecological structure and dynamics of the territory using a hybrid Bayesian network classifier. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schmidt-Posthaus H, Hirschi R, Schneider E. Proliferative kidney disease in brown trout: infection level, pathology and mortality under field conditions. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 114:139-46. [PMID: 25993888 DOI: 10.3354/dao02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is an emerging disease threatening wild salmonid populations. In temperature-controlled aquaria, PKD can cause mortality rates of up to 85% in rainbow trout. So far, no data about PKD-related mortality in wild brown trout Salmo trutta fario are available. The aim of this study was to investigate mortality rates and pathology in brown trout kept in a cage within a natural river habitat known to harbor Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. Young-of-the-year (YOY) brown trout, free of T. bryosalmonae, were exposed in the River Wutach, in the northeast of Switzerland, during 3 summer months. Samples of wild brown trout caught by electrofishing near the cage location were examined in parallel. The incidence of PKD in cage-exposed animals (69%) was not significantly different to the disease prevalence of wild fish (82 and 80% in the upstream and downstream locations, respectively). The mortality in cage-exposed animals, however, was as low as 15%. At the termination of the exposure experiment, surviving fish showed histological lesions typical for PKD regression, suggesting that many YOY brown trout survive the initial infection. Our results at the River Wutach suggest that PKD in brown trout does not always result in high mortality under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Berne, Laenggassstrasse 122, PO Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
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Habitat suitability modelling of rare species using Bayesian networks: Model evaluation under limited data. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ayre KK, Caldwell CA, Stinson J, Landis WG. Analysis of regional scale risk of whirling disease in populations of Colorado and Rio Grande cutthroat trout using a Bayesian belief network model. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:1589-605. [PMID: 24660663 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction and spread of the parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, has contributed to the collapse of wild trout populations throughout the intermountain west. Of concern is the risk the disease may have on conservation and recovery of native cutthroat trout. We employed a Bayesian belief network to assess probability of whirling disease in Colorado River and Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus and Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis, respectively) within their current ranges in the southwest United States. Available habitat (as defined by gradient and elevation) for intermediate oligochaete worm host, Tubifex tubifex, exerted the greatest influence on the likelihood of infection, yet prevalence of stream barriers also affected the risk outcome. Management areas that had the highest likelihood of infected Colorado River cutthroat trout were in the eastern portion of their range, although the probability of infection was highest for populations in the southern, San Juan subbasin. Rio Grande cutthroat trout had a relatively low likelihood of infection, with populations in the southernmost Pecos management area predicted to be at greatest risk. The Bayesian risk assessment model predicted the likelihood of whirling disease infection from its principal transmission vector, fish movement, and suggested that barriers may be effective in reducing risk of exposure to native trout populations. Data gaps, especially with regard to location of spawning, highlighted the importance in developing monitoring plans that support future risk assessments and adaptive management for subspecies of cutthroat trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Kolb Ayre
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
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Stelkens RB, Pompini M, Wedekind C. Testing the effects of genetic crossing distance on embryo survival within a metapopulation of brown trout (Salmo trutta). CONSERV GENET 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-013-0545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vertical transmission ofTetracapsuloides bryosalmonae(Myxozoa), the causative agent of salmonid proliferative kidney disease. Parasitology 2013; 141:482-90. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013001650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe freshwater bryozoan,Fredericella sultana, is the main primary host of the myxozoan endoparasite,Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonaewhich causes proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonid fish. Because spores that develop in bryozoan colonies are infectious to fish, bryozoans represent the ultimate source of PKD. Bryozoans produce numerous seed-like dormant stages called statoblasts that enable persistence during unfavourable conditions and achieve long-distance dispersal. The possibility thatT. bryosalmonaemay undergo vertical transmission via infection of statoblasts has been the subject of much speculation since this is observed in close relatives. This study provides the first evidence that such vertical transmission ofT. bryosalmonaeis extensive by examining the proportions of infected statoblasts in populations ofF. sultanaon two different rivers systems and confirms its effectiveness by demonstrating transmission from material derived from infected statoblasts to fish hosts. Vertical transmission in statoblasts is likely to play an important role in the infection dynamics of both bryozoan and fish hosts and may substantially contribute to the widespread distribution of PKD.
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Tighe M, Pollino CA, Wilson SC. Bayesian Networks as a screening tool for exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 123:68-76. [PMID: 23583867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A tiered approach to contamination exposure assessment is currently adopted in many countries. Increasing the site-specific information in exposure assessments is generally recommended when guideline values for contaminants in soil are exceeded. This work details a Bayesian Network (BN) approach to developing a site-specific environmental exposure assessment that focuses on the simple mapping and assessment of assumptions and the effect of new data on assessment outcomes. The BN approach was applied to a floodplain system in New South Wales, Australia, where site-specific information about elevated antimony (Sb) concentrations and distribution in soils was available. Guidelines for exposure assessment in Australia are used as a template for this site, although the approach is generic. The BN-based assessment used an iterative approach starting with limited soil Sb data (41 samples ranging from 0 to 18 mg kg-(1) Sb) and extending the model with more detailed Sb data (145 samples ranging from 0 to 40 mg kg-(1) Sb). The analyses identified dominant exposure pathways and assessed the sensitivity of these pathways to changes in assumptions and the level of site-specific information available. In particular, there was a 10.8% probability of exceeding the tolerable daily intake of Sb in the case study when the limited soil Sb data was used, which increased to 26.2% with the more detailed sampling regime. There was also a 47% decrease in the probability of overexposure to Sb when the dermal bioavailability of arsenic (a similar metalloid) was used as a surrogate measure instead of a default bioavailability of 100%. We conclude that the BN approach to soil exposure assessment has merit both in the context of Australian and international soil exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Tighe
- Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Barton DN, Kuikka S, Varis O, Uusitalo L, Henriksen HJ, Borsuk M, de la Hera A, Farmani R, Johnson S, Linnell JDC. Bayesian networks in environmental and resource management. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2012; 8:418-29. [PMID: 22707420 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This overview article for the special series, "Bayesian Networks in Environmental and Resource Management," reviews 7 case study articles with the aim to compare Bayesian network (BN) applications to different environmental and resource management problems from around the world. The article discusses advances in the last decade in the use of BNs as applied to environmental and resource management. We highlight progress in computational methods, best-practices for model design and model communication. We review several research challenges to the use of BNs in environmental and resource management that we think may find a solution in the near future with further research attention.
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Borsuk ME, Schweizer S, Reichert P. A Bayesian network model for integrative river rehabilitation planning and management. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2012; 8:462-72. [PMID: 21608112 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As rehabilitation of previously channelized rivers becomes more common worldwide, flexible integrative modeling tools are needed to help predict the morphological, hydraulic, economic, and ecological consequences of the rehabilitation activities. Such predictions can provide the basis for planning and long-term management efforts that attempt to balance the diverse interests of river system stakeholders. We have previously reported on a variety of modeling methods and decision support concepts that can assist with various aspects of the river rehabilitation process. Here, we bring all of these tools together into a probability network model that links management actions, through morphological and hydraulic changes, to the ultimate ecological and economic consequences. Although our model uses a causal graph representation common to Bayesian networks, we do not limit ourselves to discrete-valued nodes or conditional Gaussian distributions as required by most Bayesian network implementations. This precludes us from carrying out easy probabilistic inference but gives us the advantages of functional and distributional flexibility and enhanced predictive accuracy, which we believe to be more important in most environmental management applications. We exemplify model application to a large, recently completed rehabilitation project in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Borsuk
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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STELKENS RIKEB, JAFFUEL GEOFFREY, ESCHER MATTHIAS, WEDEKIND CLAUS. Genetic and phenotypic population divergence on a microgeographic scale in brown trout. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:2896-915. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Holzkämper A, Kumar V, Surridge BWJ, Paetzold A, Lerner DN. Bringing diverse knowledge sources together--a meta-model for supporting integrated catchment management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 96:116-127. [PMID: 22208404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Integrated catchment management (ICM), as promoted by recent legislation such as the European Water Framework Directive, presents difficult challenges to planners and decision-makers. To support decision-making in the face of high complexity and uncertainty, tools are required that can integrate the evidence base required to evaluate alternative management scenarios and promote communication and social learning. In this paper we present a pragmatic approach for developing an integrated decision-support tool, where the available sources of information are very diverse and a tight model coupling is not possible. In the first instance, a loosely coupled model is developed which includes numerical sub-models and knowledge-based sub-models. However, such a model is not easy for decision-makers and stakeholders to operate without modelling skills. Therefore, we derive from it a meta-model based on a Bayesian Network approach which is a decision-support tool tailored to the needs of the decision-makers and is fast and easy to operate. The meta-model can be derived at different levels of detail and complexity according to the requirements of the decision-makers. In our case, the meta-model was designed for high-level decision-makers to explore conflicts and synergies between management actions at the catchment scale. As prediction uncertainties are propagated and explicitly represented in the model outcomes, important knowledge gaps can be identified and an evidence base for robust decision-making is provided. The framework seeks to promote the development of modelling tools that can support ICM both by providing an integrated scientific evidence base and by facilitating communication and learning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Holzkämper
- Catchment Science Centre, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, North Campus, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK.
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Vilizzi L, Price A, Beesley L, Gawne B, King A, Koehn J, Meredith S, Nielsen D, Sharpe C. The belief index: An empirical measure for evaluating outcomes in Bayesian belief network modelling. Ecol Modell 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hering JG, Hoehn E, Klinke A, Maurer M, Peter A, Reichert P, Robinson C, Schirmer K, Schirmer M, Stamm C, Wehrli B. Moving targets, long-lived infrastructure, and increasing needs for integration and adaptation in water management: an illustration from Switzerland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:112-118. [PMID: 22208812 PMCID: PMC3251966 DOI: 10.1021/es202189s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Switzerland provides an example of successful management of water infrastructure and water resources that was accomplished largely without integration across sectors. Limitations in this approach have become apparent; decisions that were formerly based only on technical and economic feasibility must now incorporate broader objectives such as ecological impact. In addition, current and emerging challenges relate to increasingly complex problems that are likely to demand more integrated approaches. If such integration is to be of benefit, it must be possible to redirect resources across sectors, and the synergies derived from integration must outweigh the additional cost of increased complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hering
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Poulet N, Beaulaton L, Dembski S. Time trends in fish populations in metropolitan France: insights from national monitoring data. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 79:1436-1452. [PMID: 22136235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using the electrofishing database of the French National Agency for Water and Aquatic Environment (Onema), the time trends of 48 freshwater fish taxa at 590 sites monitored for at least 8 years from 1990 to 2009 were investigated. The results demonstrated that species richness increased steadily from the beginning of the monitoring period. This is congruent with the finding that the number of species displaying a significant increase in spatial distribution or abundance was greater than those showing a significant decrease. Some species, however, had declined both in occurrence and abundance, e.g. tench Tinca tinca, common bream Abramis brama, brown trout Salmo trutta and European eel Anguilla anguilla. The species showing the most spectacular colonization were non-native, e.g. topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, wels catfish Silurus glanis and asp Aspius aspius. The time trends in population density were related to the maximal body size, habitat requirement, occurrence and abundance and the status (i.e. native or exotic) but not to the spawning temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Poulet
- French National Agency for Water and Aquatic Environment (Onema), Direction Générale Le Nadar, square Félix Nadar 94300 Vincennes, France.
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Segner H. Moving beyond a descriptive aquatic toxicology: the value of biological process and trait information. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 105:50-5. [PMID: 22099344 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the ability to link chemical exposure to toxicological and ecological effects, aquatic toxicology will have to move from observing what chemical concentrations induce adverse effects to more explanatory approaches, that are concepts which build on knowledge of biological processes and pathways leading from exposure to adverse effects, as well as on knowledge on stressor vulnerability as given by the genetic, physiological and ecological (e.g., life history) traits of biota. Developing aquatic toxicology in this direction faces a number of challenges, including (i) taking into account species differences in toxicant responses on the basis of the evolutionarily developed diversity of phenotypic vulnerability to environmental stressors, (ii) utilizing diversified biological response profiles to serve as biological read across for prioritizing chemicals, categorizing them according to modes of action, and for guiding targeted toxicity evaluation; (iii) prediction of ecological consequences of toxic exposure from knowledge of how biological processes and phenotypic traits lead to effect propagation across the levels of biological hierarchy; and (iv) the search for concepts to assess the cumulative impact of multiple stressors. An underlying theme in these challenges is that, in addition to the question of what the chemical does to the biological receptor, we should give increasing emphasis to the question how the biological receptor handles the chemicals, i.e., through which pathways the initial chemical-biological interaction extends to the adverse effects, how this extension is modulated by adaptive or compensatory processes as well as by phenotypic traits of the biological receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, PO Box 8466, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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Peeler EJ, Taylor NGH. The application of epidemiology in aquatic animal health -opportunities and challenges. Vet Res 2011; 42:94. [PMID: 21834990 PMCID: PMC3182899 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years the growth in aquaculture, accompanied by the emergence of new and transboundary diseases, has stimulated epidemiological studies of aquatic animal diseases. Great potential exists for both observational and theoretical approaches to investigate the processes driving emergence but, to date, compared to terrestrial systems, relatively few studies exist in aquatic animals. Research using risk methods has assessed routes of introduction of aquatic animal pathogens to facilitate safe trade (e.g. import risk analyses) and support biosecurity. Epidemiological studies of risk factors for disease in aquaculture (most notably Atlantic salmon farming) have effectively supported control measures. Methods developed for terrestrial livestock diseases (e.g. risk-based surveillance) could improve the capacity of aquatic animal surveillance systems to detect disease incursions and emergence. The study of disease in wild populations presents many challenges and the judicious use of theoretical models offers some solutions. Models, parameterised from observational studies of host pathogen interactions, have been used to extrapolate estimates of impacts on the individual to the population level. These have proved effective in estimating the likely impact of parasite infections on wild salmonid populations in Switzerland and Canada (where the importance of farmed salmon as a reservoir of infection was investigated). A lack of data is often the key constraint in the application of new approaches to surveillance and modelling. The need for epidemiological approaches to protect aquatic animal health will inevitably increase in the face of the combined challenges of climate change, increasing anthropogenic pressures, limited water sources and the growth in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J Peeler
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Nicholas GH Taylor
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
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Yang C, Wang M. Sensitivity analysis on causal chains of Bayesian networks. INT J INTELL SYST 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/int.20492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tops S, Hartikainen HL, Okamura B. The effects of infection by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa) and temperature on Fredericella sultana (Bryozoa). Int J Parasitol 2010; 39:1003-10. [PMID: 19504757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The myxozoan, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, exploits freshwater bryozoans as definitive hosts, occurring as cryptic stages in bryozoan colonies during covert infections and as spore-forming sacs during overt infections. Spores released from sacs are infective to salmonid fish, causing the devastating Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD). We undertook laboratory studies using mesocosm systems running at 10, 14 and 20 degrees C to determine how infection by T. bryosalmonae and water temperature influence fitness of one of its most important bryozoan hosts, Fredericella sultana, over a period of 4 weeks. The effects of infection were context-dependent and often undetectable. Covert infections appear to pose very low energetic costs. Thus, we found that growth of covertly infected F. sultana colonies was similar to that of uninfected colonies regardless of temperature, as was the propensity to produce dormant resting stages (statoblasts). Production of statoblasts, however, was associated with decreased growth. Overt infections imposed greater effects on correlates of host fitness by: (i) reducing growth rates at the two higher temperatures; (ii) increasing mortality rates at the highest temperature; (iii) inhibiting statoblast production. Our results indicate that parasitism should have a relatively small effect on host fitness in the field as the negative effects of infection were mainly expressed in environmentally extreme conditions (20 degrees C for 4 weeks). The generally low virulence of T. bryosalmonae is similar to that recently demonstrated for another myxozoan endoparasite of freshwater bryozoans. The unique opportunity for extensive vertical transmission in these colonial invertebrate hosts couples the reproductive interests of host and parasite and may well give rise to the low virulence that characterises these systems. Our study implies that climate change can be expected to exacerbate PKD outbreaks and increase the geographic range of PKD as a result of the combined responses of T. bryosalmonae and its bryozoan hosts to higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Tops
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Johnson S, Fielding F, Hamilton G, Mengersen K. An Integrated Bayesian Network approach to Lyngbya majuscula bloom initiation. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 69:27-37. [PMID: 19698985 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula have occurred for decades around the world. However, with the increase in size and frequency of these blooms, coupled with the toxicity of such algae and their increased biomass, they have become substantial environmental and health issues. It is therefore imperative to develop a better understanding of the scientific and management factors impacting on Lyngbya bloom initiation. This paper suggests an Integrated Bayesian Network (IBN) approach that facilitates the merger of the research being conducted by various parties on Lyngbya. Pivotal to this approach are two Bayesian networks modelling the management and scientific factors of bloom initiation. The research found that Bayesian Networks (BN) and specifically Object Oriented BNs (OOBN) and Dynamic OOBNs facilitate an integrated approach to modelling ecological issues of concern. The merger of multiple models which explore different aspects of the problem through an IBN approach can apply to many multi-faceted environmental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Johnson
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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Johnson S, Mengersen K, de Waal A, Marnewick K, Cilliers D, Houser AM, Boast L. Modelling cheetah relocation success in southern Africa using an Iterative Bayesian Network Development Cycle. Ecol Modell 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Scheurer K, Alewell C, Bänninger D, Burkhardt-Holm P. Climate and land-use changes affecting river sediment and brown trout in alpine countries--a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2009; 16:232-242. [PMID: 19048320 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-008-0075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE Catch decline of freshwater fish has been recorded in several countries. Among the possible causes, habitat change is discussed. This article focuses on potentially increased levels of fine sediments going to rivers and their effects on gravel-spawning brown trout. Indications of increased erosion rates are evident from land-use change in agriculture, changes in forest management practices, and from climate change. The latter induces an increase in air and river water temperatures, reduction in permafrost, changes in snow dynamics and an increase in heavy rain events. As a result, an increase in river sediment is likely. Suspended sediment may affect fish health and behaviour directly. Furthermore, sediment loads may clog gravel beds impeding fish such as brown trout from spawning and reducing recruitment rates. To assess the potential impact on fine sediments, knowledge of brown trout reproductive needs and the effects of sediment on brown trout health were evaluated. APPROACH We critically reviewed the literature and included results from ongoing studies to answer the following questions, focusing on recent decades and rivers in alpine countries. Have climate change and land-use change increased erosion and sediment loads in rivers? Do we have indications of an increase in riverbed clogging? Are there indications of direct or indirect effects on brown trout from increased suspended sediment concentrations in rivers or from an increase in riverbed clogging? RESULTS Rising air temperatures have led to more intensive precipitation in winter months, earlier snow melt in spring, and rising snow lines and hence to increased erosion. Intensification of land use has supported erosion in lowland and pre-alpine areas in the second half of the twentieth century. In the Alps, however, reforestation of abandoned land at high altitudes might reduce the erosion risk while intensification on the lower, more easily accessible slopes increases erosion risk. Data from laboratory experiments show that suspended sediments affect the health and behaviour of fish when available in high amounts. Point measurements in large rivers indicate no common lethal threat and suspended sediment is rarely measured continuously in small rivers. However, effects on fish can be expected under environmentally relevant conditions. River bed clogging impairs the reproductive performance of gravel-spawning fish. DISCUSSION Overall, higher erosion and increased levels of fine sediment going into rivers are expected in future. Additionally, sediment loads in rivers are suspected to have considerably impaired gravel bed structure and brown trout spawning is impeded. Timing of discharge is put forward and is now more likely to affect brown trout spawning than in previous decades. CONCLUSIONS Reports on riverbed clogging from changes in erosion and fine sediment deposition patterns, caused by climate change and land-use change are rare. This review identifies both a risk of increases in climate erosive forces and fine sediment loads in rivers of alpine countries. Increased river discharge and sediment loads in winter and early spring could be especially harmful for brown trout reproduction and development of young life stages. Recently published studies indicate a decline in trout reproduction from riverbed clogging in many rivers in lowlands and alpine regions. However, the multitude of factors in natural complex ecosystems makes it difficult to address a single causative factor. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES Further investigations into the consequences of climate change and land-use change on river systems are needed. Small rivers, of high importance for the recruitment of gravel-spawning fish, are often neglected. Studies on river bed clogging are rare and the few existing studies are not comparable. Thus, there is a strong need for the development of methods to assess sediment input and river bed clogging. As well, studies on the effects to fish from suspended sediments and consequences of gravel beds clogging under natural conditions are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Scheurer
- Man-Society-Environment MGU, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
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Schlüter M, Leslie H, Levin S. Managing water-use trade-offs in a semi-arid river delta to sustain multiple ecosystem services: a modeling approach. Ecol Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-008-0576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Peeler EJ, Feist SW, Longshaw M, Thrush MA, St-Hilaire S. An assessment of the variation in the prevalence of renal myxosporidiosis and hepatitis in wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L., within and between rivers in South-West England. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2008; 31:719-28. [PMID: 18681903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of renal myxosporidiosis in wild brown trout, Salmo trutta, in seven river catchments in South-West England was investigated. Three hundred and twenty-seven fish were sampled from 16 sites, of which 54 (16.5%) were found, by histological examination of the kidney, to be infected with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease. No T. bryosalmonae infected fish were found in one river catchment, in other catchments the prevalence ranged from 2.5% to 36%. Hepatitis was strongly associated with the presence of T. bryosalmonae (odds ratio = 20.2, P < 0.001). Chloromyxum schurovi was found in 25% of fish and in six of seven river catchments, where the prevalence ranged from 2.4% to 63%. There was a strong negative association between the presence of T. bryosalmonae and C. schurovi (odds ratio = 0.10, P < 0.001). A hierarchical binomal model of the variance indicated that for T. bryosalmonae most of the variance existed at the site level, whereas for C. schurovi most variance existed at the river catchment level, suggesting that prevalence of T. bryosalmonae infection is determined largely by site level factors (e.g. presence of alternate host). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were 0.2 and 0.4 for T. bryosalmonae and C. schurovi, respectively, indicating the latter has higher effective transmission because of a higher level of infectiousness and/or abundance of alternate oligochaete hosts. These values can be used in future studies to estimate the sample sizes required to generate prevalence estimates with the required precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Peeler
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, UK.
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