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Shimura M, Higashi-Kuwata N, Fujiwara A, Taniguchi M, Ichinose T, Hamano F, Uematsu M, Inoue T, Matsuyama S, Suzuki T, Ghosh AK, Shindou H, Shimuzu T, Mitsuya H. A lipid index for risk of hyperlipidemia caused by anti-retroviral drugs. Antiviral Res 2024; 223:105819. [PMID: 38272319 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
HIV-associated lipodystrophy has been reported in people taking anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Lipodystrophy can cause cardiovascular diseases, affecting the quality of life of HIV-infected individuals. In this study, we propose a pharmacological lipid index to estimate the risk of hyperlipidemia caused by anti-retroviral drugs. Lipid droplets were stained in cells treated with anti-retroviral drugs and cyclosporin A. Signal intensities of lipid droplets were plotted against the drug concentrations to obtain an isodose of 10 μM of cyclosporin A, which we call the Pharmacological Lipid Index (PLI). The PLI was then normalized by EC50. PLI/EC50 values were low in early proteinase inhibitors and the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, d4T, indicating high risk of hyperlipidemia, which is consistent with previous findings of hyperlipidemia. In contrast, there are few reports of hyperlipidemia for drugs with high PLI/EC50 scores. Data suggests that PLI/EC50 is a useful index for estimating the risk of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Shimura
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Nobuyo Higashi-Kuwata
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Fujiwara
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Taniguchi
- Inorganic Analysis Laboratories, Toray Research Center, Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ichinose
- Inorganic Analysis Laboratories, Toray Research Center, Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Fumie Hamano
- Life Sciences Core Facility, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Uematsu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Inoue
- Department of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsuyama
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan; Department of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Life Science, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Medical Lipid Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Shimuzu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Center Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20893, USA.
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Ekpa QL, Akahara PC, Anderson AM, Adekoya OO, Ajayi OO, Alabi PO, Okobi OE, Jaiyeola O, Ekanem MS. A Review of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) in the Pediatric Population: Evaluating Current Trends and Changes in Guidelines in the Past Decade. Cureus 2023; 15:e49930. [PMID: 38179374 PMCID: PMC10766210 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a commonly diagnosed cancer in children. Despite technological advancements to improve treatment and survival rates, there has been a steady increase in the incidence of ALL and treatment failures. This paper discusses the pathogenic interaction between genetic and environmental factors leading to childhood ALL. It evaluates the current treatment guidelines and notable obstacles leading to resistance, relapse, and treatment toxicities. The review evaluates a 10-year trend in the management guidelines of pediatric ALL through a systematic literature review of records from 2012 to 2023. Findings show that improvement in the five-year survival rates, notwithstanding rates of relapse and incurable diseases, is still high. Furthermore, several risk factors, including an interplay between genetic and environmental factors, are largely contributory to the outcome of ALL treatments and its overall incidence. Moreover, huge financial costs have remained a significant challenge in outcomes. There remains a need to provide individualized treatment plans, shared decision-making, and goals of care as parts of the management guidelines for the best possible outcomes. We expect that future advancements will increase overall survival rates and disease-free years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Queen L Ekpa
- General Practice, Conestoga College, Kitchener, CAN
| | | | - Alexis M Anderson
- Pediatric Medicine, St. George's University, School of Medicine, St. George's, GRD
| | | | - Olamide O Ajayi
- Pediatrics, Medway Maritime Hospital, Kent, GBR
- Internal Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, NGA
| | - Peace O Alabi
- Pediatrics, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, NGA
| | - Okelue E Okobi
- Family Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital Palm Springs Campus, Hialeah, USA
- Family Medicine, Medficient Health Systems, Laurel, USA
- Family Medicine, Lakeside Medical Center, Belle Glade, USA
| | | | - Medara S Ekanem
- General Medicine, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan-Remo, NGA
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3
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Laumann RD, Pedersen LL, Andrés-Jensen L, Mølgaard C, Schmiegelow K, Frandsen TL, Als-Nielsen B. Hyperlipidemia in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70:e30683. [PMID: 37776083 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The established association between acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and hyperlipidemia has, in some studies, been linked to toxicities such as pancreatitis, thrombosis, and osteonecrosis. However, a systematic review investigating the incidence, management, and clinical implications of hyperlipidemia during childhood ALL treatment is lacking. OBJECTIVES Systematically assess the incidence of hyperlipidemia during ALL treatment, explore associations with risk factors and severe toxicities (osteonecrosis, thrombosis, and pancreatitis), and review prevalent management strategies. METHODS A systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Data synthesis was descriptive, and a meta-analysis of hypertriglyceridemia and risk of severe toxicities was performed. RESULTS We included 13 studies with 3,425 patients. Hyperlipidemia incidence varied widely (6.7%-85%) but with inconsistent definitions and screening strategies across studies. Evidence regarding risk factors was conflicting, but age (> 10 years) and treatment with asparaginase and glucocorticosteroids seem to be associated with hyperlipidemia. Hypertriglyceridemia (grade 3/4) increased the risk for osteonecrosis (odds ratio (OR): 4.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.77-6.61). No association could be established for pancreatitis (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 0.53-4.82) or thrombosis (OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 0.86-7.01), but larger studies are needed to confirm this. CONCLUSION The overall evidence of this systematic review is limited by the small number of studies and risk of bias. Our review suggests that hypertriglyceridemia increases the risk for osteonecrosis. However, larger studies are needed to explore the clinical implications of hyperlipidemia and randomized trials investigating hyperlipidemia management and its impact on severe toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Dagsdottir Laumann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Lindkvist Pedersen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liv Andrés-Jensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Pediatric Nutrition Unit, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Leth Frandsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bodil Als-Nielsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Baxter CL, Martin EG, Marwa BM, Pacaud D, Cummings EA. Very severe hypertriglyceridemia complicating pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment: a call for management guidelines. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:978-982. [PMID: 37403553 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2023-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Severe and very severe hypertriglyceridemia although rare within the pediatric population occur more often among oncology patients, secondary to chemotherapeutic agents. Currently there exists minimal literature to guide management of severe hypertriglyceridemia among pediatric patients. Very-low-fat dietary restriction should be considered over nil per os (NPO) for initial management of severe hypertriglyceridemia in stable pediatric patients. Pediatricians caring for oncology patients must consider chylomicronemia as a potential etiology for presenting symptoms. Pediatric severe hypertriglyceridemia management guidelines are needed as pediatricians must currently rely on anecdotal experiences for management decisions. CASE PRESENTATION Three children receiving treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia required hospitalization for very severe hypertriglyceridemia. Management varied among the cases but included: NPO or very-low-fat diet, insulin, intravenous fluids, fibrates, and omega-3 fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS These cases suggest that pediatric severe hypertriglyceridemia management, in the absence of pancreatitis should allow a very-low-fat diet initially rather than NPO followed by pharmacologic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly L Baxter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elise G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Bilal M Marwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Danièle Pacaud
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Calgary, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Cummings
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Calgary, Canada
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Yildirim UM, Tekkesin F, Koc BS, Aydogdu S, Asarcikli F, Kilic SC. Acute complications observed during intensive chemotherapy in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Single-center experience. North Clin Istanb 2023; 10:458-469. [PMID: 37719261 PMCID: PMC10500240 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2022.47600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), very promising results were obtained thanks to the developments in treatment strategies in recent years. However, acute complications during treatment continue to be the important causes of mortality and morbidity. In this study, acute complications that develop during the treatment of ALL in childhood were evaluated. METHODS Medical records of 47 patients treated according to (ALL Intercontinental Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster) 2009 protocol between 2016 and 2021 were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS Of 47 patients, 28 (59.6%) were male and 19 (40.4%) were female. The mean age at diagnosis was 5.9±4.2 years. Forty-four patients (93.6%) were pre-B cell ALL, 3 patients (6.4%) were pre-T cell ALL. Of 47 patients, 9 (19.1%) were high risk, 32 (68.1%) were intermediate risk, and 6 (12.8%) were standard risk. Acute complications developed in 38 patients (80.8%). Among these complications, infectious complications are the most common and these were followed by gastrointestinal complications, drug-related reactions, thrombotic, neurological, and endocrine/metabolic complications, respectively. CONCLUSION In terms of complications that may develop, the threshold of suspicion should be kept low, and patients should be treated with the same medical team in fully equipped centers with a multidisciplinary approach. Inpatient treatment strategies should be applied especially in the early stages of treatment. The importance of inpatient treatment strategy, especially in the early stages of treatment, is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulku Miray Yildirim
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Funda Tekkesin
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Begum Sirin Koc
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Selime Aydogdu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Fikret Asarcikli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Suar Caki Kilic
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
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6
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Boulter AC, Maurer BJ, Pogue M, Kang MH, Cho H, Knight A, Reynolds CP, Quick D, Awasthi S, Gerber DE. Phase I trial of intravenous fenretinide (4-HPR) plus safingol in advanced malignancies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2023; 92:97-105. [PMID: 37199745 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid that induces cytotoxicity through dihydroceramide production. Safingol, a stereochemical-variant dihydroceramide precursor, exhibits synergistic effects when administered with fenretinide in preclinical studies. We conducted a phase 1 dose-escalation clinical trial of this combination. METHODS Fenretinide was administered as a 600 mg/m2 24-h infusion on Day 1 of a 21-day cycle followed by 900 mg/m2/day on Days 2 and 3. Safingol was concurrently administered as a 48-h infusion on Day 1 and 2 using 3 + 3 dose escalation. Primary endpoints were safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Secondary endpoints included pharmacokinetics and efficacy. RESULTS A total of 16 patients were enrolled (mean age 63 years, 50% female, median three prior lines of therapy), including 15 patients with refractory solid tumors and one with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The median number of treatment cycles received was 2 (range 2-6). The most common adverse event (AE) was hypertriglyceridemia (88%; 38% ≥ Grade 3), attributed to the fenretinide intralipid infusion vehicle. Other treatment-related AEs occurring in ≥ 20% of patients included anemia, hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyponatremia. At safingol dose 420 mg/m2, one patient had a dose-limiting toxicity of grade 3 troponinemia and grade 4 myocarditis. Due to limited safingol supply, enrollment was halted at this dose level. Fenretinide and safingol pharmacokinetic profiles resembled those observed in monotherapy trials. Best radiographic response was stable disease (n = 2). CONCLUSION Combination fenretinide plus safingol commonly causes hypertriglyceridemia and may be associated with cardiac events at higher safingol levels. Minimal activity in refractory solid tumors was observed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01553071 (3.13.2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Boulter
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Barry J Maurer
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Meredith Pogue
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Min H Kang
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Hwangeui Cho
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | | | - C Patrick Reynolds
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- South Plains Oncology Consortium, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Doctors Hospital Cayman, George Town, Cayman Islands
| | - David E Gerber
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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7
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Ioannidou M, Avgeros C, Tsotridou E, Tragiannidis A, Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Makedou K, Hatzipantelis E. Lipid profile of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during L-asparaginase treatment. Hippokratia 2023; 27:41-47. [PMID: 39056099 PMCID: PMC11268314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background L-asparaginase is valuable in treating pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), yet its use has been associated with lipid profile disturbances. Methods We compared the lipid profile [high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein-α1 (Apo-Α1), apolipoprotein-B100 (Αpo-B100), lipoprotein-α (Lp-α), glucose, amylase, and lipase] between newly diagnosed ALL patients, ALL survivors, and healthy controls. We also assessed alterations of the parameters mentioned earlier during induction and consolidation treatment. Results We recorded significant differences in the lipid profile at diagnosis of children with ALL compared to controls (HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, Apo-A1, and Apo-B100 levels). HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and Apo-Α1 levels increased significantly during induction at most time points. Levels of Αpo-B100, triglycerides, and Lp-α exhibited a downward trend. During re-induction, no change was observed. During the treatment of high-risk patients, we found no statistically significant difference for any of the examined variables. Conclusion To confirm our preliminary results, the role of the administration of L-asparaginase and other medications in the variations in the lipid profile at diagnosis of children with ALL needs to be further elucidated with larger multicentre studies, including more patients from diverse ethnic backgrounds. HIPPOKRATIA 2023, 27 (2):41-47.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ioannidou
- Children & Adolescent Hematology-Oncology Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, AHEPA University General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - C Avgeros
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Tsotridou
- Children & Adolescent Hematology-Oncology Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, AHEPA University General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Tragiannidis
- Children & Adolescent Hematology-Oncology Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, AHEPA University General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Galli-Tsinopoulou
- Children & Adolescent Hematology-Oncology Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, AHEPA University General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K Makedou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Hatzipantelis
- Children & Adolescent Hematology-Oncology Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, AHEPA University General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Asparaginase: How to Better Manage Toxicities in Adults. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:51-61. [PMID: 36449117 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to help oncologists who predominantly treat adults better understand and manage asparaginase associated toxicities and prevent unnecessary discontinuation or reluctance of its use. RECENT FINDINGS Given the data supporting the benefit of incorporating multiple doses of asparaginase in pediatric type regimens, it is prudent to promote deeper understanding of this drug, particularly its toxicities, and its use so as to optimize treatment of ALL. Although asparaginase is associated with a variety of toxicities, the vast majority are not life threatening and do not preclude repeat dosing of this important drug. Understanding the pharmacology and toxicity profile of asparaginase is critical to dosing asparaginase appropriately in order to minimize these toxicities.
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Khera S, Kapoor R, Sunder S, Mahajan D. Grade 4 very severe hypertriglyceridaemia at diagnosis in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e245820. [PMID: 35817486 PMCID: PMC9274531 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-245820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia is seen in nearly all cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) at diagnosis, with mild hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) in 61% and reduced high-density lipoprotein in 98% cases. HTG irrespective of severity is due to metabolic derangements associated with tumour cells turnover in haematological malignancies and is generally self-limiting. Very severe HTG with overt lipaemic serum is extremely rare at presentation in ALL. HTG is complicated by thrombosis, osteonecrosis and pancreatitis during induction chemotherapy for ALL with steroids and L-asparginase. A careful monitoring is required during induction chemotherapy in ALL when severe HTG is present at diagnosis. We present a female toddler with ALL, who presented with very severe HTG and grossly lipaemic serum. Her very severe HTG decreased to mildly raised HTG at the end of first week of induction chemotherapy. There was no further complication noticed during induction therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Khera
- Pediatrics, Army Hospital Research and Referral, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Kapoor
- Pathology, Army Hospital Research and Referral, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam Sunder
- Pediatrics, Army Hospital Research and Referral, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepti Mahajan
- Pediatrics, Army Hospital Research and Referral, New Delhi, India
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10
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Maese L, Rau RE. Current Use of Asparaginase in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoblastic Lymphoma. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:902117. [PMID: 35844739 PMCID: PMC9279693 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.902117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) cure rates have improved exponentially over the past five decades with now over 90% of children achieving long-term survival. A direct contributor to this remarkable feat is the development and expanded understanding of combination chemotherapy. Asparaginase is the most recent addition to the ALL chemotherapy backbone and has now become a hallmark of therapy. It is generally accepted that the therapeutic effects of asparaginase is due to depletion of the essential amino acid asparagine, thus occupying a unique space within the therapeutic landscape of ALL. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling have allowed a detailed and accessible insight into the biochemical effects of asparaginase resulting in regular clinical use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Asparaginase's derivation from bacteria, and in some cases conjugation with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety, have contributed to a unique toxicity profile with hypersensitivity reactions being the most salient. Hypersensitivity, along with several other toxicities, has limited the use of asparaginase in some populations of ALL patients. Both TDM and toxicities have contributed to the variety of approaches to the incorporation of asparaginase into the treatment of ALL. Regardless of the approach to asparagine depletion, it has continually demonstrated to be among the most important components of ALL therapy. Despite regular use over the past 50 years, and its incorporation into the standard of care treatment for ALL, there remains much yet to be discovered and ample room for improvement within the utilization of asparaginase therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Maese
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Rachel E. Rau
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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11
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Xiong H, Zhang HT, Xiao HW, Huang CL, Huang MZ. Serum Metabolomics Coupling With Clinical Laboratory Indicators Reveal Taxonomic Features of Leukemia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:794042. [PMID: 35721208 PMCID: PMC9204281 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.794042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic abnormality has been considered to be the seventh characteristic in cancer cells. The potential prospect of using serum biomarkers metabolites to differentiate ALL from AML remains unclear. The purpose of our study is to probe whether the differences in metabolomics are related to clinical laboratory-related indicators. We used LC-MS-based metabolomics analysis to study 50 peripheral blood samples of leukemia patients from a single center. Then Chi-square test and T test were used to analyze the clinical characteristics, laboratory indicators and cytokines of 50 patients with leukemia. Correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between them and the differential metabolites of different types of leukemia. Our study shows that it is feasible to better identify serum metabolic differences in different types and states of leukemia by metabolomic analysis on existing clinical diagnostic techniques. The metabolism of choline and betaine may also be significantly related to the patient’s blood lipid profile. The main enrichment pathways for distinguishing differential metabolites in different types of leukemia are amino acid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. All these findings suggested that differential metabolites and lipid profiles might identify different types of leukemia based on existing clinical diagnostic techniques, and their rich metabolic pathways help us to better understand the physiological characteristics of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao- Xiong
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hui-Tao Zhang
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of General Practice, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wen Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chun-Lan Huang
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Mei-Zhou Huang
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Mei-Zhou Huang,
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Iannuzzi A, Annunziata M, Fortunato G, Giacobbe C, Palma D, Bresciani A, Aliberti E, Iannuzzo G. Case Report: Genetic Analysis of PEG-Asparaginase Induced Severe Hypertriglyceridemia in an Adult With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia. Front Genet 2022; 13:832890. [PMID: 35237305 PMCID: PMC8882989 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.832890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PEG-Asparaginase (also known as Pegaspargase), along with glucocorticoids (predominantly prednisolone or dexamethasone) and other chemotherapeutic agents (such as cyclophosphamide, idarubicin, vincristine, cytarabine, methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine) is the current standard treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in both children and adults. High doses of PEG-asparaginase are associated with side effects such as hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, venous thrombosis, hypersensitivity reactions against the drug and severe hypertriglyceridemia. We report a case of a 28-year-old male who was normolipidemic at baseline and developed severe hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides of 1793 mg/dl) following treatment with PEG-asparaginase for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Thorough genetic analysis was conducted to assess whether genetic variants could suggest a predisposition to this drug-induced metabolic condition. This genetic analysis showed the presence of a rare heterozygous missense variant c.11G > A-p.(Arg4Gln) in the APOC3 gene, classified as a variant of uncertain significance, as well as its association with four common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; c.*40C > G in APOC3 and c.*158T > C; c.162-43G > A; c.-3A > G in APOA5) related to increased plasma triglyceride levels. To our knowledge this is the first case that a rare genetic variant associated to SNPs has been related to the onset of severe drug-induced hypertriglyceridemia.
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13
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El-Khoury H, Saifi O, Haddad S, Chahrour M, Ghanem KM, Mubarak Y, Tamim H, Makki M, Zakka C, Chan AK, Mahfouz R, Tarek N, El-Solh H, Abboud MR, Saab R, Muwakkit SA. Treatment-induced cerebral sinus venous thrombosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic malignancies: New risk factors to consider. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29210. [PMID: 34327817 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT) is one of the many side effects encountered during acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy. Due to the rarity of cases, lack of data, and consensus management, no recommendations exist to target the population at risk. METHODS This is a retrospective chart review of 229 consecutive patients diagnosed with ALL with an age range of 1-21 years, treated at the Children's Cancer Center of Lebanon between October 2007 and February 2018. RESULTS The incidence of CSVT was 10.5%. Using univariate analysis, increased risk of CSVT was observed with male gender, age >10 years, T-cell immunophenotype, intermediate/high-risk disease, maximum triglyceride (TG) level of >615 mg/dl, presence of mediastinal mass, and larger body surface area (BSA). With multivariate analysis, the only statistically significant risk factors were maximum TG level, BSA, presence of mediastinal mass, and risk stratification (intermediate/high risk). CONCLUSION Our study was able to unveil TG level of >615 mg/dl, mediastinal mass, and a larger BSA as novel risk factors that have not been previously discussed in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib El-Khoury
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Omran Saifi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Salame Haddad
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Chahrour
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Khaled M Ghanem
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yaacoub Mubarak
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hani Tamim
- Department of Pediatrics, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maha Makki
- Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cyril Zakka
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Anthony K Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rami Mahfouz
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nidale Tarek
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan El-Solh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Miguel R Abboud
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Raya Saab
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar A Muwakkit
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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14
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Evenepoel A, Herroelen P, Lanckmans K, van der Werff Ten Bosch J, Martin M, Weets I, van Dalem A. Asparaginase-induced pseudohyponatremia, a case-driven working strategy in pediatric patients. Acta Clin Belg 2021; 77:832-836. [PMID: 34666631 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2021.1992583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES When using indirect ion-selective electrode (ISE) methods, hypertriglyceridemia leads to pseudohyponatremia due to water displacement artifacts. Multiple strategies exist to minimize this interference. Our objective was to create a patient-friendly one-tube-fits-all testing setup without compromising the method robustness. METHODS Four strategies were evaluated in a single patient with hypertriglyceridemia. Additionally, the interchangeability between the Cobas 8000 and ABL Flex was evaluated on samples (n = 2274) with different total protein (TP) concentrations. Finally, a proof-of-concept (n = 40) was performed by re-measuring the routine sample with the ABL90 Flex. RESULTS ABL90 flex results and calculated sodium did not suffer from the presence of high triglyceride levels. We did not observe any significant differences between the three groups (P > 0.05) of sample types (arterial vs. venous plasma vs. venous whole blood after mixing up) nor for the analysers (Roche vs. ABL90 Flex). Passing-Bablok and Bland-Altman tests revealed interchangeability. CONCLUSION In future cases of hypertriglyceridemia, 1500 mg/dL will be used as a preliminary threshold for reliable sodium determination. Routine Li-heparin samples can be used for accurate sodium determination without any need for extra arterial or venous blood gas tubes, offering a patient-friendly test setup for similar cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Evenepoel
- Department of Clinical Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - P. Herroelen
- Department of Clinical Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - K. Lanckmans
- Department of Clinical Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. van der Werff Ten Bosch
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. Martin
- Department of Clinical Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - I. Weets
- Department of Clinical Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. van Dalem
- Department of Clinical Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Schmiegelow K, Rank CU, Stock W, Dworkin E, van der Sluis I. SOHO State of the Art Updates and Next Questions: Management of Asparaginase Toxicity in Adolescents and Young Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2021; 21:725-733. [PMID: 34511319 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A wider use of L-asparaginase in the treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia has improved cure rates during recent decades and hence led to introduction of pediatric-inspired treatment protocols for adolescents and young adults. In parallel, a range of burdensome, often severe and occasionally life-threatening toxicities have become frequent, including hypersensitivity, hepatotoxicity, hypertriglyceridemia, thromboembolism, pancreatitis, and osteonecrosis. This often leads to truncation of asparaginase therapy, which at least in the pediatric population has been clearly associated with a higher risk of leukemic relapse. Many of the asparaginase induced toxicities are far more common in older patients, but since their relapse rate is still unsatisfactory, the decision to discontinue asparaginase therapy should balance the risk of toxicity with continued asparaginase therapy against the risk of relapse in the individual patient. The underlying mechanisms of most of the asparaginase induced side effects are still unclear. In this review we address the individual toxicities, known risk factors, and their clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Cecilie Utke Rank
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wendy Stock
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Emily Dworkin
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL
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16
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Finch ER, Payton MA, Jenkins DA, Cai X, Li L, Karol SE, Relling MV, Janke LJ. Fenofibrate reduces osteonecrosis without affecting antileukemic efficacy in dexamethasone-treated mice. Haematologica 2021; 106:2095-2101. [PMID: 32675219 PMCID: PMC8327737 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.252767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) indicate that severe hypertriglyceridemia (>1000 mg/dL) during therapy is associated with an increased frequency of symptomatic osteonecrosis. Interventions to lower triglycerides have been considered, but there have been no preclinical studies investigating the impact of lowering triglycerides on osteonecrosis risk, nor whether such interventions interfere with the antileukemic efficacy of ALL treatment. We utilized our clinically relevant mouse model of dexamethasoneinduced osteonecrosis to determine whether fenofibrate decreased osteonecrosis. To test whether fenofibrate affected the antileukemic efficacy of dexamethasone, we utilized a BCR-ABL+ model of ALL. Serum triglycerides were reduced by fenofibrate throughout the period of treatment, with the most pronounced, 4.5-fold, decrease at week 3 (P<1x10-6). Both frequency (33% vs. 74%, P=0.006) and severity (median necrosis score of 0 vs. 75; P=6x10-5) of osteonecrosis were reduced with fenofibrate. Fenofibrate had no impact on BCR-ABL+ ALL survival (P=0.65) nor on the antileukemic properties of dexamethasone (P=0.49). These data suggest that lowering triglycerides with fenofibrate reduces dexamethasone- induced osteonecrosis while maintaining antileukemic efficacy, and thus may be considered for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Finch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Monique A Payton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David A Jenkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiangjun Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lie Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Seth E Karol
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mary V Relling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Laura J Janke
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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17
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Barzilai-Birenboim S, Yacobovich J, Zalcberg Y, Arad-Cohen N, Avrahami G, Gilad G, Litichever N, Izraeli S, Elitzur S. Bone pain at leukemia diagnosis and other risk factors for symptomatic osteonecrosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29033. [PMID: 33788395 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteonecrosis is a major cause of acute and long-lasting complications of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy in children. Our study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, characteristics, risk factors, and outcome of osteonecrosis in children with ALL. PROCEDURE The cohort included 559 children aged 1-20 years diagnosed with ALL between 2003 and 2018 at two tertiary medical centers in Israel and enrolled in two consecutive protocols: ALL-IC BFM 2002 and AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009. Symptomatic osteonecrosis was prospectively captured as an adverse event. RESULTS Osteonecrosis occurred in 51 patients (9.1%). Ninety-four percent of the events were graded as moderate or severe (grades 3-4, Ponte di Legno Toxicity Working Group classification) and multiple bone involvement was common. Full resolution of osteonecrosis was documented in only 16% of the children (median follow-up 4.2 years). Stepwise logistic regression identified five risk factors for osteonecrosis, with a high predictive value (AUC = 0.88): older ageat ALL diagnosis, high-risk ALL group, T-cell immunophenotype, female gender, and a novel risk factor: bone pain at the time of leukemia diagnosis. In addition, osteonecrosis was less common among children of Arab ethnicity. Thrombophilia and an elevated age-adjusted body mass index were not confirmed as risk factors for osteonecrosis. CONCLUSION Due to the low rates of osteonecrosis resolution and its debilitating long-term impact, the identification of patients at high risk for osteonecrosis is important for their inclusion in further studies evaluating potential therapeutic adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Barzilai-Birenboim
- The Rina Zaizov Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joanne Yacobovich
- The Rina Zaizov Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yair Zalcberg
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nira Arad-Cohen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Galia Avrahami
- The Rina Zaizov Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Gilad
- The Rina Zaizov Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Naomi Litichever
- The Rina Zaizov Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Shai Izraeli
- The Rina Zaizov Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sarah Elitzur
- The Rina Zaizov Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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18
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Bélanger V, Benmoussa A, Napartuk M, Warin A, Laverdière C, Marcoux S, Levy E, Marcil V. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Cardiometabolic Health of Children During Cancer Treatment and Potential Impact of Key Nutrients. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:293-318. [PMID: 33386063 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The 5-year survival rate of childhood cancers is now reaching 84%. However, treatments cause numerous acute and long-term side effects. These include cardiometabolic complications, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and increased fat mass. Recent Advances: Many antineoplastic treatments can induce oxidative stress (OxS) and trigger an inflammatory response, which may cause acute and chronic side effects. Critical Issues: Clinical studies have reported a state of heightened OxS and inflammation during cancer treatment in children as the result of treatment cytotoxic action on both cancerous and noncancerous cells. Higher levels of OxS and inflammation are associated with treatment side effects and with the development of cardiometabolic complications. Key nutrients (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary antioxidants, probiotics, and prebiotics) have the potential to modulate inflammatory and oxidative responses and, therefore, could be considered in the search for adverse complication prevention means as long as antineoplastic treatment efficiency is maintained. Future Directions: There is a need to better understand the relationship between cardiometabolic complications, OxS, inflammation and diet during pediatric cancer treatment, which represents the ultimate goal of this review. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 293-318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Bélanger
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Abderrahim Benmoussa
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Mélanie Napartuk
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Alexandre Warin
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Sophie Marcoux
- Department of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
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19
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Madan D, Aggarwal P, Jain A, Gupta V. Lipid profile during chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Indian J Cancer 2021; 58:461-462. [PMID: 34380832 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_280_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Madan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Aggarwal
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anubha Jain
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Gupta
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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20
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Bender C, Maese L, Carter-Febres M, Verma A. Clinical Utility of Pegaspargase in Children, Adolescents and Young Adult Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Review. Blood Lymphat Cancer 2021; 11:25-40. [PMID: 33907490 PMCID: PMC8064615 DOI: 10.2147/blctt.s245210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogenous hematological malignancy representing 25% of all cancers in children less than 15 years of age. Significant improvements in survival and cure rates have been made over the past four decades in pediatric ALL treatment. Asparaginases, derived from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi, have become a critical component of ALL therapy since the 1960s. Asparaginases cause depletion of serum asparagine, leading to deprivation of this critical amino acid for protein synthesis, and hence limit survival of lymphoblasts. Pegaspargase, a conjugate of monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) and L-asparaginase, has become an integral component of pediatric upfront and relapsed ALL protocols due to its longer half-life and improved immunogenicity profile compared to native asparaginase preparations. Over the past two decades great strides have been made in outcomes for pediatric ALL due to risk stratification, incorporation of multiagent chemotherapy protocols, and central nervous system prophylaxis with pegaspargase having played an important role in this success. However, adolescents and young adults (AYA) with ALL when treated on contemporaneous trials using adult ALL regimens, continue to have poor outcomes. There is increasing realization of adapting pediatric trial regimens for treating AYAs, especially those incorporating higher intensity of chemotherapeutic agents with pegaspargase being one such agent. Dose or treatment-limiting toxicity is observed in 25-30% of patients, most notable being hypersensitivity reactions. Other toxicities include asparaginase-associated pancreatitis, thrombosis, liver dysfunction, osteonecrosis, and dyslipidemia. Discontinuation or subtherapeutic levels of asparaginase are associated with inferior disease-free survival leading to higher risk of relapse, and in cases of relapse, a higher risk for remission failure. This article provides an overview of available evidence for use of pegaspargase in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Bender
- Department of Pharmacy, Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Luke Maese
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah and Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Maria Carter-Febres
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah and Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anupam Verma
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah and Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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21
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Silvano J, Marques N, Tavares I, Ferreira I. Severe L-asparaginase-induced Hypertriglyceridaemia Treated with Plasmapheresis. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2021; 8:002342. [PMID: 33768080 DOI: 10.12890/2021_002342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Hypertriglyceridaemia is a side effect and associated with potentially fatal complications, including acute pancreatitis. Plasmapheresis may have a role in treatment when triglycerides are >2000 mg/dl. We report the case of a 39-year-old woman treated with L-asparaginase for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, who developed severe hypertriglyceridaemia (6560 mg/dl) and acute pancreatitis. Intravenous insulin infusion was started, along with fenofibrate and atorvastatin administration, and platelet transfusion. Plasmapheresis was carried out leading to a frank decline in serum triglyceride levels (366 mg/dl), a decrease in pancreatic enzymes and clinical improvement. The diagnosis of pancreatitis secondary to L-asparaginase should lead to immediate drug withdrawal, and plasmapheresis should be considered when serum triglyceride values exceed 2000 mg/dl. In our case, there was a 95% triglyceride removal rate. This response illustrates the strong effectiveness of early treatment with plasmapheresis in severe and symptomatic hypertriglyceridaemia associated with L-asparaginase. LEARNING POINTS Pancreatitis following L-asparaginase-induced hypertriglyceridaemia is a severe and potentially reversible condition in both adults and children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.Early plasmapheresis is more effective to rapidly decrease serum triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Silvano
- Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nidia Marques
- Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Tavares
- Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ines Ferreira
- Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Lau SCD, Loh CK, Alias H. Case Report: The Use of Intravenous SMOFlipid Infusion to Treat Severe Asparaginase-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia in Two Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:660627. [PMID: 33968859 PMCID: PMC8100240 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.660627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparaginase-induced hypertriglyceridemia can have a spectrum of clinical presentations, from being asymptomatic to having life-threatening thrombosis or hyperviscosity syndrome. At present, there is no recommendation on routine lipid monitoring during asparaginase-containing treatment phase, nor a standardized guideline on its management. Two cases are presented here to illustrate the effects of concurrent infection on asparaginase-induced hypertriglyceridemia in patients with high-risk ALL and the use of SMOFlipid infusion as a treatment option in an acute situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sie Chong Doris Lau
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, UKM Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - C-Khai Loh
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, UKM Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamidah Alias
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, UKM Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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23
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Lussana F, Minetto P, Ferrara F, Chiaretti S, Specchia G, Bassan R. National Italian Delphi panel consensus: which measures are indicated to minimize pegylated-asparaginase associated toxicity during treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia? BMC Cancer 2020; 20:956. [PMID: 33008391 PMCID: PMC7532578 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-asparaginase (L-ASP) is a key component of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment, but its use in clinical practice raises challenges to clinicians due to a relatively high incidence of drug-related adverse events, mainly in adult patients. In the past years the use of ASP in adult population has been mainly limited due to a poor knowledge of its safety profile and to an approximate management of ASP-related toxicity. Recently the development of pediatric-inspired treatment protocols for adult ALL has led to a wider use of ASP and since 2010 in Italy three national treatment protocols including Pegylated asparaginase (Peg-ASP) have been sequentially developed for adolescents, young adults and adults with Philadelphia-negative (Ph-) ALL. METHODS With the aim to better understand the approach adopted in Italian centers for the management and prevention of Peg-ASP toxicity in adult ALL and to provide practical, consensus-based recommendations, a board of 6 Italian clinicians, with known expertise in adult ALL, designed 41 consensus statements on current challenges on the management of Peg-ASP associated toxicity. A group of 19 clinical experts in the field then rated these statements using the 5-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree). RESULTS The main Peg-ASP related issues identified by the board included: 1) clinician's attitudes; 2) toxicity profile; 3) hypersensitivity reactions; 4) hepatic toxicity; 5) hepatic and/or metabolic toxicity; 6) hemorrhagic/thrombotic toxicity; 7) pancreatitis; 8) metabolic toxicity management and prevention; 9) activity levels monitoring. Overall, participants agreed on most statements, except those addressing the potential contraindications to the treatment with Peg-ASP, such as patients with a diagnosis of chronic liver disease or the subsequent administrations of the drug in patients who had previously developed chemical pancreatitis or severe metabolic toxicity. Participants agreed that adult patients with ALL should receive Peg-Asp because this drug is essential to improve treatment results. CONCLUSIONS The panel agreed that a critical evaluation of specific risk factors for each patient is crucial in order to reduce the risk of adverse events and specific advices in the management of Peg-ASP toxicities are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lussana
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Piazza OMS, 1, 24127, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Paola Minetto
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Sabina Chiaretti
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgina Specchia
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), Hematology Section, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Renato Bassan
- Complex Operative Unit of Haematology, dell'Angelo Hospital and Santissimi Giovanni and Paolo Hospital, Mestre and Venice, Italy
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24
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Novak C, Johnson S, Rinholm G, Foulds J. A 4 year-old Girl with Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Lipemic Blood. Pediatr Rev 2020; 41:S89-S90. [PMID: 33004593 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2018-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Graeme Rinholm
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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25
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Barzilai-Birenboim S, Nirel R, Arad-Cohen N, Avrahami G, Ben Harush M, Barg AA, Bielorai B, Elhasid R, Gilad G, Toren A, Weinreb S, Izraeli S, Elitzur S. Venous Thromboembolism and Its Risk Factors in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Israel: A Population-Based Study. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102759. [PMID: 32992771 PMCID: PMC7600511 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious complication of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy. The aim of this population-based study was to evaluate the rate, risk factors, and long-term sequelae of VTE in children treated for ALL. The cohort included 1191 children aged 1-19 years diagnosed with ALL between 2003-2018, prospectively enrolled in two consecutive protocols: ALL-IC BFM 2002 and AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009. VTEs occurred in 89 patients (7.5%). Long-term sequelae were uncommon. By univariate analysis, we identified four significant risk factors for VTEs: Severe hypertriglyceridemia (p = 0.005), inherited thrombophilia (p < 0.001), age >10 years (p = 0.015), and high-risk ALL group (p = 0.039). In addition, the incidence of VTE was significantly higher in patients enrolled in AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009 than in those enrolled in ALL-IC BFM 2002 (p = 0.001). Severe VTE occurred in 24 children (2%), all of whom had at least one risk factor. Elevated triglyceride levels at diagnosis did not predict hypertriglyceridemia during therapy. In a multivariate analysis of 388 children, severe hypertriglyceridemia and inherited thrombophilia were independent risk factors for VTE. Routine evaluation for these risk factors in children treated for ALL may help identify candidates for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Barzilai-Birenboim
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 49202, Israel; (G.A.); (G.G.); (S.I.); (S.E.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ronit Nirel
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel;
| | - Nira Arad-Cohen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Ruth Rappaport Children’s Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel;
| | - Galia Avrahami
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 49202, Israel; (G.A.); (G.G.); (S.I.); (S.E.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
| | - Miri Ben Harush
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Soroka Medical Center, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84990, Israel;
| | - Assaf Arie Barg
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52620, Israel
| | - Bella Bielorai
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52620, Israel
| | - Ronit Elhasid
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Gil Gilad
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 49202, Israel; (G.A.); (G.G.); (S.I.); (S.E.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
| | - Amos Toren
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52620, Israel
| | - Sigal Weinreb
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 49202, Israel; (G.A.); (G.G.); (S.I.); (S.E.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
| | - Sarah Elitzur
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 49202, Israel; (G.A.); (G.G.); (S.I.); (S.E.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
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26
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Mayerhofer C, Speckmann C, Kapp F, Teufel-Schäfer U, Kluwe W, Schneider J, Flotho C. Lipid Apheresis to Manage Severe Hypertriglyceridemia during Induction Therapy in a Child with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2020; 37:530-538. [PMID: 32374222 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2020.1756999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PEG asparaginase is an important and established drug in the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Severe hypertriglyceridemia is a rare complication of PEG asparaginase in combination with glucocorticoids. We report a case of excessive hypertriglyceridemia in a child during ALL induction therapy successfully treated by lipid apheresis and give a literature review on the management of hypertriglyceridemia in children treated for ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mayerhofer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kapp
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Teufel-Schäfer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Kluwe
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Flotho
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Rank CU, Schmiegelow K. Optimal approach to the treatment of young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in 2020. Semin Hematol 2020; 57:102-114. [PMID: 33256899 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Akin to the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors to Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), pediatric-based asparaginase-heavy approaches have revolutionized the treatment of young adults with the Philadelphia chromosome-negative subset the past decades. Once again, we are approaching a new era. An era of precision medicine with immunotherapy and other molecularly targeted treatments that offers unique opportunities to customize treatment intensity with or without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, reduce the burden of toxicities, and combat persistent residual disease. Recently approved agents for refractory/relapsed B-cell precursor ALL include the chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cells, the anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody-drug conjugate, inotuzumab ozogamicin, and the bispecific anti-CD19 T-cell engager, blinatumomab. These agents are expected to move widely into the frontline setting along with the proteasome inhibitors, bortezomib and carfilzomib, as well as tyrosine kinase inhibitors for Philadelphia-like rearrangements that are especially frequent among young adults. To this add the BH3 mimetics, venetoclax and navitoclax, which are being widely explored in refractory/relapsed as well as frontline settings for B- and T-cell ALL. The promising anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, daratumumab, is entering the scene of refractory/relapsed T-ALL, whereas the old purine analogue, nelarabine, is being evaluated in a new upfront setting. This review focuses on 2 main questions: How do we optimize frontline as well as salvage ALL treatment of young adults in the 2020s? Not least, how do we address the current burden of serious toxicities unique to young adults?
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Utke Rank
- Pediatric Oncology Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Pediatric Oncology Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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28
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Laumann RD, Iversen T, Mogensen PR, Lauritzen L, Mølgaard C, Frandsen TL. Effect of Fish Oil Supplementation on Hyperlipidemia during Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment - A Pilot Study. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1816-1820. [PMID: 32791015 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1803934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is common during contemporary treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and may increase risk of osteonecrosis, thrombosis, and possibly acute pancreatitis. Marine fatty acids found in fish oil decrease levels of triglycerides and possibly total cholesterol in hyperlipidemic patients. This prospective pilot study provided fish oil for 83 days to seven children undergoing acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment. On average fish oil was consumed 74% of the intervention period. Further, we found significant lower levels of triglycerides (P = 0.016) and total cholesterol (P = 0.027) compared to 22 historical controls, although correction for one extra PEG-asparaginase dose reduced the level of significance. However, the findings indicate that fish oil may alleviate development of hyperlipidemia during acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm these findings and to investigate the potential effect of fish oil supplements on development of severe adverse events, including osteonecrosis, thrombosis, and acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate D Laumann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Turid Iversen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille R Mogensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Diabetes and Bone-metabolic Research Unit, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Pediatric Nutrition Unit, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Frandsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Mateos MK, Tulstrup M, Quinn MCJ, Tuckuviene R, Marshall GM, Gupta R, Mayoh C, Wolthers BO, Barbaro PM, Ruud E, Sutton R, Huttunen P, Revesz T, Trakymiene SS, Barbaric D, Tedgård U, Giles JE, Alvaro F, Jonsson OG, Mechinaud F, Saks K, Catchpoole D, Kotecha RS, Dalla-Pozza L, Chenevix-Trench G, Trahair TN, MacGregor S, Schmiegelow K. Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism during Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoma in Caucasian Children. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1285. [PMID: 32438682 PMCID: PMC7280960 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs in five percent of children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but whether a genetic predisposition exists across different ALL treatment regimens has not been well studied. METHODS We undertook a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis for VTE in consecutively treated children in the Nordic/Baltic acute lymphoblastic leukemia 2008 (ALL2008) cohort and the Australian Evaluation of Risk of ALL Treatment-Related Side-Effects (ERASE) cohort. A total of 92 cases and 1481 controls of European ancestry were included. RESULTS No SNPs reached genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10-8) in either cohort. Among the top 34 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (p < 1 × 10-6), two loci had concordant effects in both cohorts: ALOX15B (rs1804772) (MAF: 1%; p = 3.95 × 10-7) that influences arachidonic acid metabolism and thus platelet aggregation, and KALRN (rs570684) (MAF: 1%; p = 4.34 × 10-7) that has been previously associated with risk of ischemic stroke, atherosclerosis, and early-onset coronary artery disease. CONCLUSION This represents the largest GWAS meta-analysis conducted to date associating SNPs to VTE in children and adolescents treated on childhood ALL protocols. Validation of these findings is needed and may then lead to patient stratification for VTE preventive interventions. As VTE hemostasis involves multiple pathways, a more powerful GWAS is needed to detect combination of variants associated with VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion K. Mateos
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (G.M.M.); (D.B.); (T.N.T.)
- School of Women and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.); (J.E.G.)
| | - Morten Tulstrup
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.T.); (B.O.W.); (K.S.)
| | - Michael CJ Quinn
- Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (M.C.J.Q.); (S.M.)
| | - Ruta Tuckuviene
- Department of Pediatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Glenn M. Marshall
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (G.M.M.); (D.B.); (T.N.T.)
- School of Women and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.); (J.E.G.)
| | - Ramneek Gupta
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Chelsea Mayoh
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.); (J.E.G.)
| | - Benjamin O. Wolthers
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.T.); (B.O.W.); (K.S.)
| | - Pasquale M. Barbaro
- Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Queensland Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Ellen Ruud
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rosemary Sutton
- School of Women and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.); (J.E.G.)
| | - Pasi Huttunen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, New Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia;
| | - Sonata S. Trakymiene
- Children’s Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Santariškių Str. 7, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Draga Barbaric
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (G.M.M.); (D.B.); (T.N.T.)
| | - Ulf Tedgård
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lasarettsgatan 48, 221 85 Lund, Sweden;
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC F12 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jodie E. Giles
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.); (J.E.G.)
| | - Frank Alvaro
- John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia;
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Olafur G. Jonsson
- Children’s Hospital, Barnaspitali Hringsins, Landspitali University Hospital, Hringbraut 101, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland;
| | - Françoise Mechinaud
- The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Unite Hematologie Immunologie, Hopital universitaire Robert-Debre, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Kadri Saks
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tallinn Children’s Hospital, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- Tumour Bank, Children’s Cancer Research Unit, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
| | - Rishi S. Kotecha
- Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Luciano Dalla-Pozza
- Cancer Centre for Children, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Children’s Cancer Research Unit, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Toby N. Trahair
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (G.M.M.); (D.B.); (T.N.T.)
- School of Women and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.); (J.E.G.)
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (M.C.J.Q.); (S.M.)
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.T.); (B.O.W.); (K.S.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Mogensen PR, Grell K, Schmiegelow K, Overgaard UM, Wolthers BO, Mogensen SS, Vaag A, Frandsen TL. Dyslipidemia at diagnosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231209. [PMID: 32251440 PMCID: PMC7135240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As survival of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) exceeds 90%, limiting therapy-related toxicity has become a key challenge. Cardio-metabolic dysfunction is a challenge during and after childhood ALL therapy. In a single center study, we measured triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) levels at diagnosis and assessed the association with BMI, early therapy response, on-therapy hyperlipidemia and the toxicities; thromboembolism, osteonecrosis and pancreatitis. We included 127 children (1.0-17.9 years) all treated according to the NOPHO ALL2008 protocol. Dyslipidemia was identified at ALL-diagnosis in 99% of the patients, dominated by reduced HDL levels (98%) and mild hypertriglyceridemia (61%). Hypertriglyceridemia was not associated with body mass index (P = 0.71). Five percent of patients had mild hypercholesterolemia, 14% had mild hypocholesterolemia, 13% had decreased and 1% elevated LDL-levels. Increased TG and TC levels at ALL-diagnosis were not associated with any on-therapy lipid levels. Lipid levels and BMI were not associated to MRD after induction therapy; However, BMI and hypercholesterolemia were associated with worse risk group stratification (P<0.045 for all). The cumulative incidence of thromboembolism was increased both for patients with hypo- (20.0%) and hypercholesterolemia (16.7%) compared to patients with normal TC levels (2.2%) at diagnosis (P = 0.0074). In conclusion, dyslipidemic changes were present prior to ALL-therapy in children with ALL but did not seem to affect dysmetabolic traits during therapy and were not predictive of on-therapy toxicities apart from an association between dyscholesterolemia at time of ALL-diagnosis and risk of thromboembolism. However, the latter should be interpreted with caution due to low number in the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Rudebeck Mogensen
- Department of Diabetes and Bone-metabolic Research Unit, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Grell
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Benjamin Ole Wolthers
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Sloth Mogensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Vaag
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Leth Frandsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Randall Y Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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32
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Finch ER, Smith CA, Yang W, Liu Y, Kornegay NM, Panetta JC, Crews KR, Molinelli AR, Cheng C, Pei D, Ramsey LB, Karol SE, Inaba H, Sandlund JT, Metzger M, Evans WE, Jeha S, Pui CH, Relling MV. Asparaginase formulation impacts hypertriglyceridemia during therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28040. [PMID: 31612640 PMCID: PMC6868303 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids and asparaginase, used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), can cause hypertriglyceridemia. We compared triglyceride levels, risk factors, and associated toxicities in two ALL trials at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital with identical glucocorticoid regimens, but different asparaginase formulations. In Total XV (TXV), native Escherichia coli l-asparaginase was front-line therapy versus the pegylated formulation (PEG-asparaginase) in Total XVI (TXVI). PROCEDURE Patients enrolled on TXV (n = 498) and TXVI (n = 598) were assigned to low-risk (LR) or standard/high-risk (SHR) treatment arms (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT00137111 and NCT00549848). Triglycerides were measured four times and were evaluable in 925 patients (TXV: n = 362; TXVI: n = 563). The genetic contribution was assessed using a triglyceride polygenic risk score (triglyceride-PRS). Osteonecrosis, thrombosis, and pancreatitis were prospectively graded. RESULTS The largest increase in triglycerides occurred in TXVI SHR patients treated with dexamethasone and PEG-asparaginase (4.5-fold increase; P <1 × 10-15 ). SHR patients treated with PEG-asparaginase (TXVI) had more severe hypertriglyceridemia (>1000 mg/dL) compared to native l-asparaginase (TXV): 10.5% versus 5.5%, respectively (P = .007). At week 7, triglycerides did not increase with dexamethasone treatment alone (LR patients) but did increase with dexamethasone plus asparaginase (SHR patients). The variability in triglycerides explained by the triglyceride-PRS was highest at baseline and declined with therapy. Hypertriglyceridemia was associated with osteonecrosis (P = .0006) and thrombosis (P = .005), but not pancreatitis (P = .4). CONCLUSION Triglycerides were affected more by PEG-asparaginase than native l-asparaginase, by asparaginase more than dexamethasone, and by drug effects more than genetics. It is not clear whether triglycerides contribute to thrombosis and osteonecrosis or are biomarkers of the toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Finch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Colton A. Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Nancy M. Kornegay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - John C. Panetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Kristine R. Crews
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Alejandro R. Molinelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Deqing Pei
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Laura B. Ramsey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Seth E. Karol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Hiroto Inaba
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - John T. Sandlund
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Monika Metzger
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - William E. Evans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Sima Jeha
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Mary V. Relling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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33
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Goldberg RB, Chait A. A Comprehensive Update on the Chylomicronemia Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:593931. [PMID: 33193106 PMCID: PMC7644836 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.593931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chylomicronemia syndrome is characterized by severe hypertriglyceridemia and fasting chylomicronemia and predisposes affected individuals to acute pancreatitis. When due to very rare monogenic mutations in the genes encoding the enzyme, lipoprotein lipase, or its regulators, APOC2, APOA5, GPIHBP1, and LMF1, it is referred to as the familial chylomicronemia syndrome. Much more frequently, the chylomicronemia syndrome results from a cluster of minor genetic variants causing polygenic hypertriglyceridemia, which is exacerbated by conditions or medications which increase triglyceride levels beyond the saturation point of triglyceride removal systems. This situation is termed the multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome. These aggravating factors include common conditions such as uncontrolled diabetes, overweight and obesity, alcohol excess, chronic kidney disease and pregnancy and several medications, including diuretics, non-selective beta blockers, estrogenic compounds, corticosteroids, protease inhibitors, immunosuppressives, antipsychotics, antidepressants, retinoids, L-asparaginase, and propofol. A third uncommon cause of the chylomicronemia syndrome is familial forms of partial lipodystrophy. Development of pancreatitis is the most feared complication of the chylomicronemia syndrome, but the risk of cardiovascular disease as well as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is also increased. Treatment consists of dietary fat restriction and weight reduction combined with the use of triglyceride lowering medications such as fibrates, omega 3 fatty acids and niacin. Effective management of aggravating factors such as improving diabetes control, discontinuing alcohol and replacing or reducing the dose of medications that raise triglyceride levels is essential. Importantly, many if not most cases of the chylomicronemia syndrome can be prevented by effective identification of polygenic hypertriglyceridemia in people with conditions that increase its likelihood or before starting medications that may increase triglyceride levels. Several new pharmacotherapeutic agents are being tested that are likely to considerably improve treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in people at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B. Goldberg
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Ronald B. Goldberg,
| | - Alan Chait
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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34
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Grzych G, Lopez B, Pekar JD. Increased Triglycerides in a Child. Clin Chem 2019; 65:1180-1181. [PMID: 31481355 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.303974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Grzych
- CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire "Hormonologie, Métabolisme-Nutrition, Oncologie", F-59000, Lille, France; .,Univ Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011- EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Lopez
- CHU Lille, Institut d'immunologie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-David Pekar
- CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie automatisée Protéines, F-59000 Lille, France
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35
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Abstract
Severe hyperlipidemia (>1000 mg/dL) at initial presentation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is rare. Cases of hyperlipidemia during therapy for childhood ALL where they were secondary to L-asparaginase or steroids have been described. This is a case report of a one-and-half-year-old boy who presented to us with fever, abdominal distension, severe pallor, and hepatosplenomegaly. Although his investigations were suggestive of ALL, the initial blood samples were found to be grossly lipemic. The lipid profile was abnormal, showing severe hypertriglyceridemia (serum triglycerides 1552 mg/dL). High-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein levels were low, but there were raised very low-density lipoprotein level and serum lactate dehydrogenase (18117 U/L). The patient was started on induction of remission with careful monitoring of biochemical parameters. Abnormal lipid levels declined gradually with normalization of the levels at the end of one week of chemotherapy. No further complications were encountered during the course of induction of remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimjhim Sonowal
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Gupta
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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36
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Lau KM, Saunders IM, Goodman A. Pegaspargase-induced hypertriglyceridemia in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2019; 26:193-199. [PMID: 30823860 DOI: 10.1177/1078155219833438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pegaspargase, a long acting formulation of L-asparaginase, is an asparagine specific enzyme that selectively kills leukemic cells by depleting plasma asparagine. Pegaspargase is FDA approved for the first-line treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is a critical component of numerous multi-chemotherapeutic regimens. Pegaspargase is associated with well-described toxicities including hypersensitivity reactions, hepatotoxicity, and thrombosis. However, hypertriglyceridemia is a much rarer complication of pegaspargase and has only been described in a limited number of reports. We present a case of severe hypertriglyceridemia after a single dose of pegaspargase. The patient was re-challenged with pegaspargase and again developed hypertriglyceridemia which was complicated by pancreatitis. Here, we summarize published reports and a literature review describing the incidence of pegaspargase-induced hypertriglyceridemia in common acute lymphoblastic leukemia protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Lau
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ila M Saunders
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Goodman
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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37
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Parasole R, Valsecchi MG, Silvestri D, Locatelli F, Barisone E, Petruzziello F, Putti MC, Micalizzi C, Colombini A, Mura R, Mina T, Testi AM, Notarangelo LD, Santoro N, Casini T, Consarino C, Nigro LL, Ziino O, Giagnuolo G, Rizzari C, Conter V. Correspondence: Osteonecrosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective cohort study of the Italian Association of Pediatric Haemato-Oncology (AIEOP). Blood Cancer J 2018; 8:115. [PMID: 30442887 PMCID: PMC6237817 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-018-0150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Parasole
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria G Valsecchi
- Center of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Health Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Silvestri
- Center of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Health Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation/ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Barisone
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Fara Petruzziello
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon, Naples, Italy
| | - M Caterina Putti
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Laboratory of Haematology-Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Concetta Micalizzi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS "Giannina Gaslini" Children's Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Colombini
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation/ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Rossella Mura
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Ospedale Microcitemico, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mina
- Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna M Testi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematogy, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Santoro
- UOC di Pediatria ad indirizzo Oncoematologico Ospedaliera, Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Tommaso Casini
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Consarino
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Pugliese Ciaccio, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Lo Nigro
- Center of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Azienda Policlinico - OVE, Catania, Italy
| | - Ottavio Ziino
- Department of Pediatric Haemato-Oncology, ARNAS Civico e Di Cristina, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Giagnuolo
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmelo Rizzari
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation/ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentino Conter
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation/ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
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38
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Mogensen SS, Harila-Saari A, Mäkitie O, Myrberg IH, Niinimäki R, Vestli A, Hafsteinsdottir S, Griškevicius L, Saks K, Hallböök H, Retpen J, Helt LR, Toft N, Schmiegelow K, Frandsen TL. Comparing osteonecrosis clinical phenotype, timing, and risk factors in children and young adults treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27300. [PMID: 29943905 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment-related osteonecrosis (ON) is a serious complication of treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PROCEDURE This study included 1,489 patients with ALL, aged 1-45 years, treated according to the Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology ALL2008 protocol, using alternate-week dexamethasone during delayed intensification, with prospective registration of symptomatic ON. We aimed at comparing risk factors, timing, and clinical characteristics of ON in children and young adults. RESULTS ON was diagnosed in 67 patients, yielding a 5-year cumulative incidence of 6.3%, but 28% in female adolescents. Median age at ALL diagnosis was 12.1 years and 14.9 years for females and males, respectively. At ON diagnosis, 59 patients had bone pain (91%) and 30 (46%) had multiple-joint involvement. The median interval between ALL and ON diagnosis was significantly shorter in children aged 1.0-9.9 years (0.7 years [range: 0.2-2.1]) compared with adolescents (1.8 years [range: 0.3-3.7, P < 0.001]) and adults (2.1 years [range: 0.4-5.3, P = 0.001]). Female sex was a risk factor in adolescent patients (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-4.2) but not in children aged 1.1-9.9 years (HR = 2.4, 95% CI: 0.9-6.2, P = 0.08) or adults aged 19-45 years (HR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.3-4.0). Age above 10 years at ALL diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 3.7, P = 0.026) and multiple joints affected at ON diagnosis (OR = 3.4, P = 0.027) were risk factors for developing severe ON. CONCLUSION We provide a detailed phenotype of patients with ALL with symptomatic ON, including description of risk factors and timing of ON across age groups. This awareness is essential in exploring measures to prevent development of ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Sloth Mogensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, the Juliane Marie Center, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arja Harila-Saari
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida Hed Myrberg
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Riitta Niinimäki
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Vestli
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Laimonas Griškevicius
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine Center, Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kadri Saks
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Tallinn Children´s Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Helene Hallböök
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Retpen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Herlev Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Rold Helt
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, the Juliane Marie Center, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Toft
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, the Juliane Marie Center, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Leth Frandsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, the Juliane Marie Center, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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39
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Coakley JC. Lipids in Children and Links to Adult Vascular Disease. Clin Biochem Rev 2018; 39:65-76. [PMID: 30828113 PMCID: PMC6370283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis often begins in childhood or adolescence. Post-mortem studies in children have shown the presence of coronary atheroma, and there are hereditary conditions associated with hyperlipidaemia in childhood which lead to premature cardiovascular disease. Detection of hyperlipidaemia early in life can be crucial in the prevention of premature death from atherosclerosis. The circulating lipoproteins are in a constant state of flux, with passage of apolipoproteins and lipids between the various particles. Genetic variants of apolipoproteins can cause both hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. Elevated concentrations of lipoprotein(a) predispose to coronary artery disease. Another important molecule in lipid metabolism, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), plays a crucial role in the removal of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. Reference intervals for the various lipid subfractions are now available for children, and there are guidelines regarding when to take action regarding paediatric hyperlipidaemia. The most important genetic condition in children which may lead to premature death from coronary heart disease is familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). FH is best diagnosed and treated early in life. Most cases are due to defects in the LDL receptor. Pharmacotherapy for FH usually involves the statin group of drugs, although newer medications are now available, especially for the treatment of homozygous FH. Statin therapy has been demonstrated to be successful in preventing cardiac events in FH. Secondary dyslipidaemia in childhood can be associated with numerous diseases including diabetes, lifestyle disorders such as obesity, and drugs. Treatment of the underlying condition usually resolves the hyperlipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Coakley
- Retired Head of Biochemistry Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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40
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Kamat A. Retrospective post-marketing study on the use of bio-similar pegasparagase among acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients in India. PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY ONCOLOGY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phoj.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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41
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Lopez-Santillan M, Iparraguirre L, Martin-Guerrero I, Gutierrez-Camino A, Garcia-Orad A. Review of pharmacogenetics studies of L-asparaginase hypersensitivity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia points to variants in the GRIA1 gene. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2017; 32:1-9. [PMID: 28259867 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2016-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a major pediatric cancer in developed countries. Although treatment outcome has improved owing to advances in chemotherapy, there is still a group of patients who experience severe adverse events. L-Asparaginase is an effective antineoplastic agent used in chemotherapy of ALL. Despite its indisputable indication, hypersensitivity reactions are common. In those cases, discontinuation of treatment is usually needed and anti-asparaginase antibody production may also attenuate asparaginase activity, compromising its antileukemic effect. Till now, six pharmacogenetic studies have been performed in order to elucidate possible genetic predisposition for inter-individual differences in asparaginase hypersensitivity. In this review we have summarized the results of those studies which describe the involvement of four different genes, being polymorphisms in the glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 1 (GRIA1) the most frequently associated with asparaginase hypersensitivity. We also point to new approaches focusing on epigenetics that could be interesting for consideration in the near future.
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42
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Yamada Y, Shima H, Shibata H, Ishii T, Hasegawa T, Shimada H. Severe hypertriglyceridemia during treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 28371240 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruko Shima
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Shibata
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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43
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Lebovic R, Pearce N, Lacey L, Xenakis J, Faircloth CB, Thompson P. Adverse effects of pegaspargase in pediatric patients receiving doses greater than 3,750 IU. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 28436558 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased toxicities have been identified with higher doses of pegaspargase (PEG-ASP) in adults. This has led to routine use of a dose cap of 3,750 IU for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients in most institutions. In pediatric ALL patients, PEG-ASP is not capped. There is concern at our institution that larger doses may result in increased rates of adverse effects and that increased monitoring may be warranted in pediatric patients receiving doses greater than 3,750 IU. The objective of this study is to quantify the difference in the rates of PEG-ASP-associated adverse events between pediatric patients who received doses greater than 3,750 IU and less than or equal to 3,750 IU. METHODS Retrospective chart review of patients 1-21 years old with pre-B-cell ALL who received PEG-ASP between 2007 and 2014 at an academic medical center. RESULTS Of 183 patients included in the analysis, 24 received PEG-ASP doses higher than 3,750 IU and 159 received doses less than or equal to 3,750 IU. The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) was significantly higher for patients in the group that received more than 3,750 IU compared with those who received 3,750 IU or less (20.8 vs. 1.89%, respectively; P = 0.0011). The incidence of pancreatitis (P = 0.0306) and hyperglycemia (P = 0.0089) were also higher in the group that received more than 3,750 IU. CONCLUSIONS PEG-ASP doses higher than 3,750 IU are associated with higher rates of VTE, pancreatitis, and hyperglycemia in pediatric patients with pre-B-cell ALL. Patients receiving more than 3,750 IU should have increased monitoring, and larger, multicenter trials are needed to determine if monitoring, VTE prophylaxis, and potential dose capping recommendations should be added to clinical trial protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lebovic
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Natalie Pearce
- UNC at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy/United Therapeutics, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Laura Lacey
- Carolinas Healthcare System North East, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - James Xenakis
- Department of Biostatistics and Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cassidy B Faircloth
- Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Patrick Thompson
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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44
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Persson L, Harila-Saari A, Hed Myrberg I, Heyman M, Nilsson A, Ranta S. Hypertriglyceridemia during asparaginase treatment in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia correlates with antithrombin activity in adolescents. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 28440015 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asparaginase (ASP) is a cornerstone in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It is also known for its ability to cause side effects, such as allergy and pancreatitis, as well as lipid and coagulation disturbances. The most important laboratory abnormalities are hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) and low antithrombin (AT). HTG is usually considered to be transient and benign in children with ALL, whereas low AT activity predisposes to thrombosis. Studies on the incidence and significance of HTG in children with ALL are scarce, and their findings have not always been congruent. We investigated the incidence and significance of ASP-related HTG, defined as triglyceride values more than five times the upper normal limit, in children with ALL. PROCEDURE We analyzed the laboratory and clinical data of children diagnosed with ALL at the Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, from July 2008 to December 2014. Triglyceride and AT values were measured before each injection of pegylated ASP. RESULTS The study group comprised of 92 patients, aged 1-17.9 years at diagnosis (median 4.8 years), almost half (42/92, 46%) of whom had HTG. A significant negative correlation between triglyceride and AT values was observed in those aged over 10 years (P = 0.0002). No significant correlation was found between HTG and thrombosis, osteonecrosis, or pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS Although common, ASP-associated HTG was not associated with other ASP-related toxicities. HTG correlated with decreased AT activity in older children, which may explain previous association between HTG and thrombosis. Larger studies are of interest with regard to establishing guidelines for HGT management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Persson
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arja Harila-Saari
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida Hed Myrberg
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Heyman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Ranta
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Severe hypertriglyceridemia in Japan: Differences in causes and therapeutic responses. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:1383-1392. [PMID: 28958672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe hypertriglyceridemia (>1000 mg/dL) has a variety of causes and frequently leads to life-threating acute pancreatitis. However, the origins of this disorder are unclear for many patients. OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize the causes of and responses to therapy in rare cases of severe hypertriglyceridemia in a group of Japanese patients. METHODS We enrolled 121 patients from a series of case studies that spanned 30 years. Subjects were divided into 3 groups: (1) primary (genetic causes); (2) secondary (acquired); and (3) disorders of uncertain causes. In the last group, we focused on 3 possible risks factors for hypertriglyceridemia: obesity, diabetes mellitus, and heavy alcohol intake. RESULTS Group A (n = 20) included 13 patients with familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency, 3 patients with apolipoprotein CII deficiency, and other genetic disorders in the rest of the group. Group B patients (n = 15) had various metabolic and endocrine diseases. In Group C (uncertain causes; n = 86), there was conspicuous gender imbalance (79 males, 3 females) and most male subjects were heavy alcohol drinkers. In addition, 18 of 105 adult patients (17%) had histories of acute pancreatitis. CONCLUSION The cause of severe hypertriglyceridemia is uncertain in many patients. In primary genetic forms of severe hypertriglyceridemia, genetic diversity between populations is unknown. In the acquired forms, we found fewer cases of estrogen-induced hypertriglyceridemia than in Western countries. In our clinical experience, the cause of most hypertriglyceridemia is uncertain. Our work suggests that genetic factors for plasma triglyceride sensitivity to alcohol should be explored.
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Kuhlen M, Kunstreich M, Krull K, Meisel R, Borkhardt A. Osteonecrosis in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a therapeutic challenge. Blood Adv 2017; 1:981-994. [PMID: 29296741 PMCID: PMC5737600 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017007286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteonecrosis (ON) represents one of the most common and debilitating sequelae of antileukemic treatment in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Systematic screening strategies can focus on early detection and intervention to prevent ON from progressing to stages associated with pain and functional impairment. These strategies hold promise for reducing ON-associated morbidity without the risk of impairing leukemia control. Herein, we critically reviewed clinical data on pharmacological, nonpharmacological/nonsurgical, and surgical (including cellular) treatment options for ON, which are covered in the literature and/or are conceivable based on the supposed underlying ON pathophysiology. Prevention of ON progression is of paramount importance, and attempts seem to be more effective in early (precollapse) disease status than in late-stage (collapse) ON. Based on the results of ongoing prospective magnetic resonance imaging screening studies, which will hopefully identify those patients with a high risk of ON progression and debilitating sequelae, prospective interventional studies are urgently needed. Although there is still a lack of high-quality studies, based on currently available data, core decompression surgery combined with cellular therapies (eg, employing mesenchymal stem cells) appears most promising for preventing joint infraction in children at high risk of developing late-stage ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kuhlen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Medical Faculty, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marina Kunstreich
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Medical Faculty, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathinka Krull
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Medical Faculty, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Roland Meisel
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Medical Faculty, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Medical Faculty, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Mogensen SS, Schmiegelow K, Grell K, Albertsen BK, Wehner PS, Kampmann P, Frandsen TL. Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for osteonecrosis in children and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2017; 102:e175-e178. [PMID: 28209659 PMCID: PMC5477618 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.160507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Signe Sloth Mogensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Grell
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peder Skov Wehner
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, H. C. Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Peter Kampmann
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Leth Frandsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Schmiegelow K, Müller K, Mogensen SS, Mogensen PR, Wolthers BO, Stoltze UK, Tuckuviene R, Frandsen T. Non-infectious chemotherapy-associated acute toxicities during childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. F1000Res 2017; 6:444. [PMID: 28413626 PMCID: PMC5389408 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10768.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, all organs can be affected by severe acute side effects, the most common being opportunistic infections, mucositis, central or peripheral neuropathy (or both), bone toxicities (including osteonecrosis), thromboembolism, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, endocrinopathies (especially steroid-induced adrenal insufficiency and hyperglycemia), high-dose methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity, asparaginase-associated hypersensitivity, pancreatitis, and hyperlipidemia. Few of the non-infectious acute toxicities are associated with clinically useful risk factors, and across study groups there has been wide diversity in toxicity definitions, capture strategies, and reporting, thus hampering meaningful comparisons of toxicity incidences for different leukemia protocols. Since treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia now yields 5-year overall survival rates above 90%, there is a need for strategies for assessing the burden of toxicities in the overall evaluation of anti-leukemic therapy programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Müller
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Sloth Mogensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Rudebeck Mogensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Ole Wolthers
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Kristoffer Stoltze
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruta Tuckuviene
- Department of Pediatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Frandsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Delvecchio M, Muggeo P, Monteduro M, Lassandro G, Novielli C, Valente F, Salinaro E, Zito A, Ciccone MM, Miniello VL, Santoro N, Giordano P, Faienza MF. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with early left ventricular dysfunction in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia survivors. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:111-121. [PMID: 27913605 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) survivors have an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to assess the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in childhood ALL and if it is associated with early cardiovascular dysfunction. METHODS In total, 53 childhood ALL survivors and 34 controls underwent auxological evaluation, biochemical assay, liver, heart and vascular ultrasound study. RESULTS NAFLD was more frequent in ALL patients than in controls (39.6% vs 11.7%, P < 0.01). Patients with NAFLD were more obese and insulin resistant than patients without NAFLD. Flow-mediated dilatation and interventricular septum were lower in the ALL group than those in the control group (P < 0.001 for both). The patients with NAFLD showed lower left ventricular ejection fraction than those without NAFLD (P = 0.011). In ALL survivors, BMI-SDS and subcutaneous fat were the strongest predictors of NAFLD, whereas preperitoneal adipose tissue and C-reactive protein were the strongest predictors of left ventricular ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS Childhood ALL survivors had higher prevalence of NAFLD than healthy controls, which is associated with early left ventricular impairment. In the case of fatty liver, a comprehensive heart evaluation is mandatory. We strongly recommend to prevent visceral adiposity in ALL survivors, to search for metabolic syndrome or its components and to reinforce the need of intervention on diet and lifestyle during the follow-up of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Delvecchio
- Department of Biomedicine and Human OncologyPediatric Section, University 'A. Moro' of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Muggeo
- Department of Biomedicine and Human OncologyPediatric Section, University 'A. Moro' of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lassandro
- Department of Biomedicine and Human OncologyPediatric Section, University 'A. Moro' of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Novielli
- Department of Biomedicine and Human OncologyPediatric Section, University 'A. Moro' of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Valente
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO)Cardiovascular Diseases Section, University 'A. Moro' of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuela Salinaro
- Department of Diagnostic ImagingUniversity of Bari 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Annapaola Zito
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO)Cardiovascular Diseases Section, University 'A. Moro' of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Matteo Ciccone
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO)Cardiovascular Diseases Section, University 'A. Moro' of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Leonardo Miniello
- Department of Biomedicine and Human OncologyPediatric Section, University 'A. Moro' of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Department of Biomedicine and Human OncologyPediatric Section, University 'A. Moro' of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Giordano
- Department of Biomedicine and Human OncologyPediatric Section, University 'A. Moro' of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Felicia Faienza
- Department of Biomedicine and Human OncologyPediatric Section, University 'A. Moro' of Bari, Bari, Italy
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McNeer JL, Bleyer A, Conter V, Stock W. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. CANCER IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33679-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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