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Pathology of sudden death, cardiac arrhythmias, and conduction system. Cardiovasc Pathol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822224-9.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Gómez-Torres F, Estupiñán HY, Ruíz-Sauri A. Identification to cardiac conduction cells in humans and pigs according to their zonal distribution, using histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric study. Res Vet Sci 2021; 138:137-147. [PMID: 34144281 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Histologically, the cardiac conduction network is formed of electrically isolated subendocardial fibers that comprise specialized cells with fewer myofibrils and mitochondria than cardiomyocytes. Our aim is to uncover regional variations of cardiac conduction fibers through histological and morphometric study in a porcine and human model. We analyzed five male adult human hearts and five male pig hearts. The left ventricles were dissected and sectioned in the axial plane into three parts: basal, middle third and apex regions. Cardiac conduction fibers study was carried out using hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining, and cardiac conduction cells and their junctions were identified using desmin, and a PAS method. Cardiac conduction fibers were difficult to pinpoint in humans, mostly showing a darker color or equal to cardiomyocytes. Cardiac conduction fibers in humans were in the subendocardium and in pigs in the myocardium and subendocardium. Cardiac conduction fibers were located mainly in the septal region in both humans and pigs. In our morphometric analysis, we were able to determine that cardiac conduction cells in humans (18.52 +/- 5.41 μm) and pigs (21.32 +/- 6.45 μm) were large, compared to cardiomyocytes. Conduction fiber-myocardial junctions were present in 10% in humans and 24.2% in pigs. The performance of immunohistochemical methods made it possible to improve the identification of cardiac conduction cells in the species studied. Study of cardiac conduction fibers and cells and their myocardial junctions is vital to gain insight into their normal distribution in the species analyzed, and thus advance the use of pigs in experimental models of the cardiac conduction system in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Gómez-Torres
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine School, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra 32 # 29-31, 68002 Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - H Yesid Estupiñán
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine School, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra 32 # 29-31, 68002 Bucaramanga, Colombia; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Amparo Ruíz-Sauri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Zhu Y, Shamblin I, Rodriguez E, Salzer GE, Araysi L, Margolies KA, Halade GV, Litovsky SH, Pogwizd S, Gray M, Huke S. Progressive cardiac arrhythmias and ECG abnormalities in the Huntington's disease BACHD mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:369-381. [PMID: 31816043 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease. There is accumulating evidence that HD patients have increased prevalence of conduction abnormalities and compromised sinoatrial node function which could lead to increased risk for arrhythmia. We used mutant Huntingtin (mHTT) expressing bacterial artificial chromosome Huntington's disease mice to determine if they exhibit electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities involving cardiac conduction that are known to increase risk of sudden arrhythmic death in humans. We obtained surface ECGs and analyzed arrhythmia susceptibility; we observed prolonged QRS duration, increases in PVCs as well as PACs. Abnormal histological and structural changes that could lead to cardiac conduction system dysfunction were seen. Finally, we observed decreases in desmosomal proteins, plakophilin-2 and desmoglein-2, which have been reported to cause cardiac arrhythmias and reduced conduction. Our study indicates that mHTT could cause progressive cardiac conduction system pathology that could increase the susceptibility to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Isaac Shamblin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Efrain Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Grace E Salzer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lita Araysi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Katherine A Margolies
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Silvio H Litovsky
- Department of Pathology, Division of Anatomic Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Steven Pogwizd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Michelle Gray
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sabine Huke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Gómez-Torres FA, Estupiñán HY, Ruíz-Saurí A. Morphometric analysis of cardiac conduction fibers in horses and dogs, a comparative histological and immunohistochemical study with findings in human hearts. Res Vet Sci 2021; 135:200-216. [PMID: 33618179 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The principal function of the ventricular conduction system is rapid electrical activation of the ventricles. The aim of this study is to conduct a morphometric study to pinpoint the morphological parameters that define cardiac conduction cells, allowing us to distinguish them from other cells. Five male horse hearts and five male dog hearts were used in the study. The hearts were fixed in a 5% formaldehyde solution. Histological sections of 5 μm thickness were acquired and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome and cardiac conduction cells and their junctions were identified by desmin, connexin 40 and a PAS method. We found statistically significant differences in cardiac conduction fibers density and thickness, which was much higher in horses than in dogs (p = 0.000 for both values). By comparing the measured parameters of the cells in both species, we determined that cardiac conduction cells area and diameters were greater in horses than in dogs (p = 0.000 for all values). In dogs there are more junctions (30.8%) than in horses (26.1%), a statistically significant difference (p = 0.041). Our findings regarding the cardiac conduction fibers distribution in the animal species studied becomes new knowledge that contributes to the morphological study of this component of the cardiac conduction system and also makes it possible to locate exactly the site with the highest density of cardiac conduction fibers as a contribution to the cardiological study of these structures that lead to the prevention of ventricular arrhythmias and the identification of their treatment site.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Gómez-Torres
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 1st floor, Universitat de Valencia, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra 32 # 29-31, 68002 Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - H Y Estupiñán
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra 32 # 29-31, 68002 Bucaramanga, Colombia; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - A Ruíz-Saurí
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 1st floor, Universitat de Valencia, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Mavroidis M, Athanasiadis NC, Rigas P, Kostavasili I, Kloukina I, Te Rijdt WP, Kavantzas N, Chaniotis D, van Tintelen JP, Skaliora I, Davos CH. Desmin is essential for the structure and function of the sinoatrial node: implications for increased arrhythmogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H557-H570. [PMID: 32678709 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00594.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the effect of desmin depletion on the structure and function of the sinoatrial pacemaker complex (SANcl) and its implication in arrhythmogenesis. Analysis of mice and humans (SANcl) indicated that the sinoatrial node exhibits high amounts of desmin, desmoplakin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin in structures we call "lateral intercalated disks" connecting myocytes side by side. Examination of the SANcl from an arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy model, desmin-deficient (Des-/-) mouse, by immunofluorescence, ultrastructural, and Western blot analysis showed that the number of these lateral intercalated disks was diminished. Also, electrophysiological recordings of the isolated compact sinoatrial node revealed increased pacemaker systolic potential and higher diastolic depolarization rate compared with wild-type mice. Prolonged interatrial conduction expressed as a longer P wave duration was also observed in Des-/- mice. Upregulation of mRNA levels of both T-type Ca2+ current channels, Cav3.1 and Cav3.2, in the Des-/- myocardium (1.8- and 2.3-fold, respectively) and a 1.9-fold reduction of funny hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated K+ channel 1 could underlie these functional differences. To investigate arrhythmogenicity, electrocardiographic analysis of Des-deficient mice revealed a major increase in supraventricular and ventricular ectopic beats compared with wild-type mice. Heart rate variability analysis indicated a sympathetic predominance in Des-/- mice, which may further contribute to arrhythmogenicity. In conclusion, our results indicate that desmin elimination leads to structural and functional abnormalities of the SANcl. These alterations may be enhanced by the sympathetic component of the cardiac autonomic nervous system, which is predominant in the desmin-deficient heart, thus leading to increased arrhythmogenesis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The sinoatrial node exhibits high amounts of desmin and desmoplakin in structures we call "lateral intercalated disks," connecting side-by-side adjacent cardiomyocytes. These structures are diminished in desmin-deficient mouse models. Misregulation of T-type Ca2+ current and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated K+ channel 1 was proved along with prolonged interatrial conduction and cardiac autonomic nervous system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Mavroidis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos C Athanasiadis
- Center of Clinical Research and Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pavlos Rigas
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Kostavasili
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ismini Kloukina
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Wouter P Te Rijdt
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Kavantzas
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Chaniotis
- Center of Clinical Research and Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - J Peter van Tintelen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irini Skaliora
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos H Davos
- Center of Clinical Research and Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Angulo-Urarte A, van der Wal T, Huveneers S. Cell-cell junctions as sensors and transducers of mechanical forces. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183316. [PMID: 32360073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial and endothelial monolayers are multicellular sheets that form barriers between the 'outside' and 'inside' of tissues. Cell-cell junctions, made by adherens junctions, tight junctions and desmosomes, hold together these monolayers. They form intercellular contacts by binding their receptor counterparts on neighboring cells and anchoring these structures intracellularly to the cytoskeleton. During tissue development, maintenance and pathogenesis, monolayers encounter a range of mechanical forces from the cells themselves and from external systemic forces, such as blood pressure or tissue stiffness. The molecular landscape of cell-cell junctions is diverse, containing transmembrane proteins that form intercellular bonds and a variety of cytoplasmic proteins that remodel the junctional connection to the cytoskeleton. Many junction-associated proteins participate in mechanotransduction cascades to confer mechanical cues into cellular responses that allow monolayers to maintain their structural integrity. We will discuss force-dependent junctional molecular events and their role in cell-cell contact organization and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Angulo-Urarte
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanne van der Wal
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abreu-Velez AM, Upegui-Zapata YA, Valencia-Yepes CA, Upegui-Quiceno E, Jiménez-Echavarría AM, Niño-Pulido CD, Smoller BR, Howard MS. Involvement of the Areae Compositae of the Heart in Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus. Dermatol Pract Concept 2019; 9:181-186. [PMID: 31384490 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0903a02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A new variant of endemic pemphigus foliaceus in El Bagre (El Bagre-EPF), Colombia, South America, shares features with Senear-Usher syndrome and occurs in an endemic fashion. Patients affected by El Bagre-EPF have heterogeneous antigenic reactivity not only to the skin but to other organs, including the heart. Here we test for autoantibodies to the areae compositae of the heart (structure consisting of typical desmosomal amalgamated fascia adherens molecules) and evaluate any possible clinical correlation. Methods A case-control study comparing 45 patients and 45 controls from the endemic area, matched by demographics including age, gender, weight, work activities, and comorbidities, was performed. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopic studies, and echocardiogram studies were completed. Results The main clinical abnormally seen in the El Bagre-EPF patients was left ventricular hypertrophy in 15/45 patients, compared with no such findings in the control population (P < 0.1). Seventy percent of El Bagre-EPF patients and none of the controls displayed polyclonal autoreactivity using different immunoglobulins and complement to the areae compositae of the heart using different methods and antibodies (P < 0.1). Conclusions Patients affected by El Bagre-EPF demonstrated autoantibodies to the areae compositae of the heart. This finding was associated with left ventricular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The areae compositae may play a role in cell junction tension and the El Bagre-EPF patients' autoantibodies possibly disrupting these junctions and thereby contributing to the left ventricular hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yulieth A Upegui-Zapata
- PECET Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruce R Smoller
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine & Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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Bradyarrhythmias in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2019; 123:1690-1695. [PMID: 30885416 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Less is known about bradyarrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence and clinical significance of bradyarrhythmias in ARVC. From May 1995 to December 2017, bradyarrhythmias including sick sinus syndrome, atrioventricular block, and intraventricular conductional block (ICB) were investigated in 522 ARVC patients. A total of 169 patients (32.4%) presented with bradyarrhythmias including sick sinus syndrome in18 (3.5%), atrioventricular block in 56 (10.7%), and ICB in 118 patients (22.6%). Multivariate analysis showed right atrial dilation increased the risk of bradyarrhythmias (odds ratio [OR] 1.641, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.081 to 2.492, p= 0.020). Bradyarrhythmias were not associated with death and heart transplantation. In patients with bradyarrhythmias, female gender, left atrial diameter >40 mm, and New York Heart Association Ⅲ/Ⅳ increased the risk of death and heart transplantation (hazards ratio [HR] = 2.790, 95% CI 1.220 to 6.377, p = 0.015; HR = 4.913, 95% CI 2.058 to 11.730, p <0.001; HR = 3.223, 95% CI 1.246 to 8.340, p = 0.016). Among the 23 patients who underwent device implantation, left atrial diameter >40mm was associated with death and heart transplantation (HR = 9.523, 95% CI 1.587 to 57.126, p = 0.014). In conclusion, bradyarrhythmias were commonly seen in ARVC, and ICB was the most common type. Female, left atrial diameter >40 mm, and NYHA class were associated with death and heart transplantation.
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Hausner EA, Elmore SA, Yang X. Overview of the Components of Cardiac Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:673-688. [PMID: 30967471 PMCID: PMC7333657 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.086611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism in organs other than the liver and kidneys may play a significant role in how a specific organ responds to chemicals. The heart has metabolic capability for energy production and homeostasis. This homeostatic machinery can also process xenobiotics. Cardiac metabolism includes the expression of numerous organic anion transporters, organic cation transporters, organic carnitine (zwitterion) transporters, and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Expression and distribution of the transporters within the heart may vary, depending on the patient’s age, disease, endocrine status, and various other factors. Several cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme classes have been identified within the heart. The P450 hydroxylases and epoxygenases within the heart produce hydroxyeicosatetraneoic acids and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, metabolites of arachidonic acid, which are critical in regulating homeostatic processes of the heart. The susceptibility of the cardiac P450 system to induction and inhibition from exogenous materials is an area of expanding knowledge, as are the metabolic processes of glucuronidation and sulfation in the heart. The susceptibility of various transcription factors and signaling pathways of the heart to disruption by xenobiotics is not fully characterized but is an area with implications for disruption of normal postnatal development, as well as modulation of adult cardiac health. There are knowledge gaps in the timelines of physiologic maturation and deterioration of cardiac metabolism. Cross-species characterization of cardiac-specific metabolism is needed for nonclinical work of optimum translational value to predict possible adverse effects, identify sensitive developmental windows for the design and conduct of informative nonclinical and clinical studies, and explore the possibilities of organ-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hausner
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland (E.A.H., X.Y.); and National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (S.A.E.)
| | - Susan A Elmore
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland (E.A.H., X.Y.); and National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (S.A.E.)
| | - Xi Yang
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland (E.A.H., X.Y.); and National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (S.A.E.)
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Quinlan RA, Schwarz N, Windoffer R, Richardson C, Hawkins T, Broussard JA, Green KJ, Leube RE. A rim-and-spoke hypothesis to explain the biomechanical roles for cytoplasmic intermediate filament networks. J Cell Sci 2018; 130:3437-3445. [PMID: 29032358 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Textbook images of keratin intermediate filament (IF) networks in epithelial cells and the functional compromization of the epidermis by keratin mutations promulgate a mechanical role for this important cytoskeletal component. In stratified epithelia, keratin filaments form prominent radial spokes that are focused onto cell-cell contact sites, i.e. the desmosomes. In this Hypothesis, we draw attention to a subset of keratin filaments that are apposed to the plasma membrane. They form a rim of filaments interconnecting the desmosomes in a circumferential network. We hypothesize that they are part of a rim-and-spoke arrangement of IFs in epithelia. From our review of the literature, we extend this functional role for the subplasmalemmal rim of IFs to any cell, in which plasma membrane support is required, provided these filaments connect directly or indirectly to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, cytoplasmic IF networks physically link the outer nuclear and plasma membranes, but their participation in mechanotransduction processes remain largely unconsidered. Therefore, we also discuss the potential biomechanical and mechanosensory role(s) of the cytoplasmic IF network in terms of such a rim (i.e. subplasmalemmal)-and-spoke arrangement for cytoplasmic IF networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Quinlan
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK .,Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Windoffer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christine Richardson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Tim Hawkins
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Dept. of Pathology W127, Tarry Bldg, Room 3-735, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Dept. of Pathology W127, Tarry Bldg, Room 3-735, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Karmouch J, Zhou QQ, Miyake CY, Lombardi R, Kretzschmar K, Bannier-Hélaouët M, Clevers H, Wehrens XHT, Willerson JT, Marian AJ. Distinct Cellular Basis for Early Cardiac Arrhythmias, the Cardinal Manifestation of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy, and the Skin Phenotype of Cardiocutaneous Syndromes. Circ Res 2017; 121:1346-1359. [PMID: 29018034 PMCID: PMC5722680 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is caused primarily by mutations in genes encoding desmosome proteins. Ventricular arrhythmias are the cardinal and typically early manifestations, whereas myocardial fibroadiposis is the pathological hallmark. Homozygous DSP (desmoplakin) and JUP (junction protein plakoglobin) mutations are responsible for a subset of patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy who exhibit cardiac arrhythmias and dysfunction, palmoplanter keratosis, and hair abnormalities (cardiocutaneous syndromes). OBJECTIVE To determine phenotypic consequences of deletion of Dsp in a subset of cells common to the heart and skin. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of CSPG4 (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4) was detected in epidermal keratinocytes and the cardiac conduction system. CSPG4pos cells constituted ≈5.6±3.3% of the nonmyocyte cells in the mouse heart. Inducible postnatal deletion of Dsp under the transcriptional control of the Cspg4 locus led to ventricular arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular conduction defects, and death by 4 months of age. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred early and in the absence of cardiac dysfunction and excess cardiac fibroadipocytes, as in human arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. The mice exhibited palmoplantar keratosis and progressive alopecia, leading to alopecia totalis, associated with accelerated proliferation and impaired terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. The phenotype is similar to human cardiocutaneous syndromes caused by homozygous mutations in DSP. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of Dsp under the transcriptional regulation of the CSPG4 locus led to lethal cardiac arrhythmias in the absence of cardiac dysfunction or fibroadiposis, palmoplantar keratosis, and alopecia, resembling the human cardiocutaneous syndromes. The findings offer a cellular basis for early cardiac arrhythmias in patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and cardiocutaneous syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Karmouch
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Qiong Q Zhou
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Christina Y Miyake
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Raffaella Lombardi
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Kai Kretzschmar
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Marie Bannier-Hélaouët
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Hans Clevers
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - James T Willerson
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Ali J Marian
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.).
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12
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Mezzano V, Liang Y, Wright AT, Lyon RC, Pfeiffer E, Song MY, Gu Y, Dalton ND, Scheinman M, Peterson KL, Evans SM, Fowler S, Cerrone M, McCulloch AD, Sheikh F. Desmosomal junctions are necessary for adult sinus node function. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:274-86. [PMID: 27097650 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Current mechanisms driving cardiac pacemaker function have focused on ion channel and gap junction channel function, which are essential for action potential generation and propagation between pacemaker cells. However, pacemaker cells also harbour desmosomes that structurally anchor pacemaker cells to each other in tissue, but their role in pacemaker function remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine the role of desmosomes in pacemaker function, we generated a novel mouse model harbouring cardiac conduction-specific ablation (csKO) of the central desmosomal protein, desmoplakin (DSP) using the Hcn4-Cre-ERT2 mouse line. Hcn4-Cre targets cells of the adult mouse sinoatrial node (SAN) and can ablate DSP expression in the adult DSP csKO SAN resulting in specific loss of desmosomal proteins and structures. Dysregulation of DSP via loss-of-function (adult DSP csKO mice) and mutation (clinical case of a patient harbouring a pathogenic DSP variant) in mice and man, respectively, revealed that desmosomal dysregulation is associated with a primary phenotype of increased sinus pauses/dysfunction in the absence of cardiomyopathy. Underlying defects in beat-to-beat regulation were also observed in DSP csKO mice in vivo and intact atria ex vivo. DSP csKO SAN exhibited migrating lead pacemaker sites associated with connexin 45 loss. In vitro studies exploiting ventricular cardiomyocytes that harbour DSP loss and concurrent early connexin loss phenocopied the loss of beat-to-beat regulation observed in DSP csKO mice and atria, extending the importance of DSP-associated mechanisms in driving beat-to-beat regulation of working cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION We provide evidence of a mechanism that implicates an essential role for desmosomes in cardiac pacemaker function, which has broad implications in better understanding mechanisms underlying beat-to-beat regulation as well as sinus node disease and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mezzano
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Adam T Wright
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert C Lyon
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Emily Pfeiffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Y Song
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, Department of Medicine, Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yusu Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Nancy D Dalton
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Melvin Scheinman
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kirk L Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven Fowler
- Cardiovascular Genetics Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marina Cerrone
- Cardiovascular Genetics Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
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13
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Franke WW, Rickelt S, Zimbelmann R, Dörflinger Y, Kuhn C, Frey N, Heid H, Rosin-Arbesfeld R. Striatins as plaque molecules of zonulae adhaerentes in simple epithelia, of tessellate junctions in stratified epithelia, of cardiac composite junctions and of various size classes of lateral adherens junctions in cultures of epithelia- and carcinoma-derived cells. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:779-97. [PMID: 25501894 PMCID: PMC4341017 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the striatin family (striatins 1–4; sizes ranging from 90 to 110 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) are highly homologous in their amino acid sequences but can differ in their cell-type-specific gene expression patterns and biological functions. In various cell types, we have found one, two or three polypeptides of this evolutionarily old and nearly ubiquitous family of proteins known to serve as scaffold proteins for diverse protein complexes. Light and electron microscopic immunolocalization methods have revealed striatins in mammalian cell-cell adherens junctions (AJs). In simple epithelia, we have localized striatins as constitutive components of the plaques of the subapical zonulae adhaerentes of cells, including intestinal, glandular, ductal and urothelial cells and hepatocytes. Striatins colocalize with E-cadherin or E–N-cadherin heterodimers and with the plaque proteins α- and β-catenin, p120 and p0071. In some epithelia and carcinomas and in cultured cells derived therefrom, striatins are also seen in lateral AJs. In stratified epithelia and in corresponding squamous cell carcinomas, striatins can be found in plaques of some forms of tessellate junctions. Moreover, striatins are major plaque proteins of composite junctions (CJs; areae compositae) in the intercalated disks connecting cardiomyocytes, colocalizing with other CJ molecules, including plectin and ankyrin-G. We discuss the “multimodulator” scaffold roles of striatins in the initiation and regulation of the formation of various complex particles and structures. We propose that striatins are included in the diagnostic candidate list of proteins that, in the CJs of human hearts, can occur in mutated forms in the pathogeneses of hereditary cardiomyopathies, as seen in some types of genetically determined heart damage in boxer dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner W Franke
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
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14
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Calore M, Lorenzon A, De Bortoli M, Poloni G, Rampazzo A. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: a disease of intercalated discs. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 360:491-500. [PMID: 25344329 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an acquired progressive disease having an age-related penetrance and showing clinical manifestations usually during adolescence and young adulthood. It is characterized clinically by a high incidence of severe ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death and pathologically by degeneration of ventricular cardiomyocytes with replacement by fibro-fatty tissue. Whereas, in the past, the disease was considered to involve only the right ventricle, more recent clinical studies have established that the left ventricle is frequently involved. ACM is an inherited disease in up to 50% of cases, with predominantly an autosomal dominant pattern of transmission, although recessive inheritance has also been described. Since most of the pathogenic mutations have been identified in genes encoding desmosomal proteins, ACM is currently defined as a disease of desmosomes. However, on the basis of the most recent description of the intercalated disc organization and of the identification of a novel ACM gene encoding for an area composita protein, ACM can be considered as a disease of the intercalated disc, rather than only as a desmosomal disease. Despite increasing knowledge of the genetic basis of ACM, we are just beginning to understand early molecular events leading to cardiomyocyte degeneration, fibrosis and fibro-fatty substitution. This review summarizes recent advances in our comprehension of the link between the molecular genetics and pathogenesis of ACM and of the novel role of cardiac intercalated discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Calore
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
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15
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Patel DM, Green KJ. Desmosomes in the Heart: A Review of Clinical and Mechanistic Analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:109-28. [DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2014.906533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Mezzano V, Pellman J, Sheikh F. Cell junctions in the specialized conduction system of the heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:149-59. [PMID: 24738884 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2014.905928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Anchoring cell junctions are integral in maintaining electro-mechanical coupling of ventricular working cardiomyocytes; however, their role in cardiomyocytes of the cardiac conduction system (CCS) remains less clear. Recent studies in genetic mouse models and humans highlight the appearance of these cell junctions alongside gap junctions in the CCS and also show that defects in these structures and their components are associated with conduction impairments in the CCS. Here we outline current evidence supporting an integral relationship between anchoring and gap junctions in the CCS. Specifically we focus on (1) molecular and ultrastructural evidence for cell-cell junctions in specialized cardiomyocytes of the CCS, (2) genetic mouse models specifically targeting cell-cell junction components in the heart which exhibit CCS conduction defects and (3) human clinical studies from patients with cell-cell junction-based diseases that exhibit CCS electrophysiological defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mezzano
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine , New York , New York
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17
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Dun W, Lowe JS, Wright P, Hund TJ, Mohler PJ, Boyden PA. Ankyrin-G participates in INa remodeling in myocytes from the border zones of infarcted canine heart. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78087. [PMID: 24155982 PMCID: PMC3796465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac Na channel remodeling provides a critical substrate for generation of reentrant arrhythmias in border zones of the infarcted canine heart. Recent studies show that Nav1.5 assembly and function are linked to ankyrin-G, gap, and mechanical junction proteins. In this study our objective is to expound the status of the cardiac Na channel, its interacting protein ankyrinG and the mechanical and gap junction proteins at two different times post infarction when arrhythmias are known to occur; that is, 48 hr and 5 day post coronary occlusion. Previous studies have shown the origins of arrhythmic events come from the subendocardial Purkinje and epicardial border zone. Our Purkinje cell (Pcell) voltage clamp study shows that INa and its kinetic parameters do not differ between Pcells from the subendocardium of the 48hr infarcted heart (IZPCs) and control non-infarcted Pcells (NZPCs). Immunostaining studies revealed that disturbances of Nav1.5 protein location with ankyrin-G are modest in 48 hr IZPCs. Therefore, Na current remodeling does not contribute to the abnormal conduction in the subendocardial border zone 48 hr post myocardial infarction as previously defined. In addition, immunohistochemical data show that Cx40/Cx43 co-localize at the intercalated disc (IDs) of control NZPCs but separate in IZPCs. At the same time, Purkinje cell desmoplakin and desmoglein2 immunostaining become diffuse while plakophilin2 and plakoglobin increase in abundance at IDs. In the epicardial border zone 5 days post myocardial infarction, immunoblot and immunocytochemical analyses showed that ankyrin-G protein expression is increased and re-localized to submembrane cell regions at a time when Nav1.5 function is decreased. Thus, Nav1.5 and ankyrin-G remodeling occur later after myocardial infarction compared to that of gap and mechanical junctional proteins. Gap and mechanical junctional proteins remodel in IZPCs early, perhaps to help maintain Nav1.5 subcellular location position and preserve its function soon after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dun
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John S. Lowe
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Patrick Wright
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hund
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,the Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Mohler
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Penelope A. Boyden
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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18
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Pieperhoff S, Rickelt S, Heid H, Claycomb WC, Zimbelmann R, Kuhn C, Winter-Simanowski S, Kuhn C, Frey N, Franke WW. The plaque protein myozap identified as a novel major component of adhering junctions in endothelia of the blood and the lymph vascular systems. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1709-19. [PMID: 21992629 PMCID: PMC3822684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently the protein myozap, a 54-kD polypeptide which is not a member of any of the known cytoskeletal and junctional protein multigene families, has been identified as a constituent of the plaques of the composite junctions in the intercalated disks connecting the cardiomyocytes of mammalian hearts. Using a set of novel, highly sensitive and specific antibodies we now report that myozap is also a major constituent of the cytoplasmic plaques of the adherens junctions (AJs) connecting the endothelial cells of the mammalian blood and lymph vascular systems, including the desmoplakin-containing complexus adhaerentes of the virgultar cells of lymph node sinus. In light and electron microscopic immunolocalization experiments we show that myozap colocalizes with several proteins of desmosomal plaques as well as with AJ-specific transmembrane molecules, including VE-cadherin. In biochemical analyses, rigorous immunoprecipitation experiments have revealed N-cadherin, desmoplakin, desmoglein-2, plakophilin-2, plakoglobin and plectin as very stably bound complex partners. We conclude that myozap is a general component of cell-cell junctions not only in the myocardium but also in diverse endothelia of the blood and lymph vascular systems of adult mammals, suggesting that this protein not only serves a specific role in the heart but also a broader set of functions in the vessel systems. We also propose to use myozap as an endothelial cell type marker in diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pieperhoff
- Helmholtz Group Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, Canada
| | - Steffen Rickelt
- Helmholtz Group Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Heidelberg, Germany
- Progen Biotechnik GmbH, HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hans Heid
- Helmholtz Group Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Zimbelmann
- Helmholtz Group Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caecilia Kuhn
- Helmholtz Group Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Heidelberg, Germany
- Progen Biotechnik GmbH, HeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Christian Kuhn
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital, Schleswig-HolsteinCampus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital, Schleswig-HolsteinCampus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Werner W Franke
- Helmholtz Group Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Heidelberg, Germany
- Progen Biotechnik GmbH, HeidelbergGermany
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19
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Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs): science and f(r)iction. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:773-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0915-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pieperhoff S. Gene Mutations Resulting in the Development of ARVC/D Could Affect Cells of the Cardiac Conduction System. Front Physiol 2012; 3:22. [PMID: 22363295 PMCID: PMC3281278 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes are connected by complex hybrid-type adhering junctions, termed composite junctions (areae compositae). Composite junctions are found to be composed of typical desmosomal as well as adherens junction proteins. Therefore, in adult mammalian cardiomyocytes desmosomal proteins are not restricted to the relatively small desmosomes but are indirectly involved in anchoring the myofibrillar actin filaments. Subsequent investigations revealed that the formation of composite junctions is a rather late event during mammalian heart development and vertebrate heart evolution. Nascent, more round shaped cardiomyocytes of early developmental stages are connected by desmosomes and separate adherens junctions quite similar to cells of epithelial origin. During progression of development both types of adhering junctions seem to gradually fuse at the two poles of the mature mammalian cardiomyocytes to establish the hybrid-type composite junctions. Recently, we demonstrated that the specialized cardiomyocytes of the cardiac conduction system exhibit high amounts of desmosomes, not fully established composite junctions and adherens junctions. This underlines the fact that cells of the cardiac conduction system are known to resemble cardiomyocytes in their nascent state and do not undergo working myocardial differentiation. However, the astonishing high amount of desmosomal protein containing adhering junctions connecting, e.g., Purkinje fibers raises the possibility that pacemaker and conductive tissue may be affected by desmosomal gene mutations in ARVC/D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pieperhoff
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Scotland, UK
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21
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Mezzano V, Sheikh F. Cell-cell junction remodeling in the heart: possible role in cardiac conduction system function and arrhythmias? Life Sci 2011; 90:313-21. [PMID: 22227473 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anchoring cell-cell junctions (desmosomes, fascia adherens) play crucial roles in maintaining mechanical integrity of cardiac muscle cells and tissue. Genetic mutations and/or loss of critical components in these macromolecular structures are increasingly being associated with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies; however, their specific roles have been primarily attributed to effects within the working (ventricular) cardiac muscle. Growing evidence also points to a key role for anchoring cell-cell junction components in cardiac muscle cells of the cardiac conduction system. This is not only evidenced by the molecular and ultra-structural presence of anchoring cell junctions in specific compartments/structures of the cardiac conduction system (sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, His-Purkinje system), but also because conduction system-related arrhythmias can be found in humans and mouse models of cardiomyopathies harboring defects and/or mutations in key anchoring cell-cell junction proteins. These studies emphasize the clinical need to understand the molecular and cellular role(s) for anchoring cell-cell junctions in cardiac conduction system function and arrhythmias. This review will focus on (i) experimental findings that underline an important role for anchoring cell-cell junctions in the cardiac conduction system, (ii) insights regarding involvement of these structures in age-related cardiac remodeling of the conduction system, (iii) summarizing available genetic mouse models that can target cardiac conduction system structures and (iv) implications of these findings on future therapies for arrhythmogenic heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mezzano
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Lund LM, Kerr JP, Lupinetti J, Zhang Y, Russell MA, Bloch RJ, Bond M. Synemin isoforms differentially organize cell junctions and desmin filaments in neonatal cardiomyocytes. FASEB J 2011; 26:137-48. [PMID: 21982947 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-179408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) in cardiomyocytes consist primarily of desmin, surround myofibrils at Z disks, and transmit forces from the contracting myofilaments to the cell surface through costameres at the sarcolemma and desmosomes at intercalated disks. Synemin is a type IV IF protein that forms filaments with desmin and also binds α-actinin and vinculin. Here we examine the roles and expression of the α and β forms of synemin in developing rat cardiomyocytes. Quantitative PCR showed low levels of expression for both synemin mRNAs, which peaked at postnatal day 7. Synemin was concentrated at sites of cell-cell adhesion and at Z disks in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of the individual isoforms showed that α-synemin preferentially localized to cell-cell junctions, whereas β-synemin was primarily at the level of Z disks. An siRNA targeted to both synemin isoforms reduced protein expression in cardiomyocytes by 70% and resulted in a failure of desmin to align with Z disks and disrupted cell-cell junctions, with no effect on sarcomeric organization. Solubility assays showed that β-synemin was soluble and interacted with sarcomeric α-actinin by coimmunoprecipitation, while α-synemin and desmin were insoluble. We conclude that β-synemin mediates the association of desmin IFs with Z disks, whereas α-synemin stabilizes junctional complexes between cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Lund
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Palatinus JA, O'Quinn MP, Barker RJ, Harris BS, Jourdan J, Gourdie RG. ZO-1 determines adherens and gap junction localization at intercalated disks. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 300:H583-94. [PMID: 21131473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00999.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of the spatial order of electromechanical junctions at myocyte-intercalated disks (ICDs) is a poorly understood characteristic of many cardiac disease states. Here, in vitro and in vivo evidence is provided that zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) regulates the organization of gap junctions (GJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) at ICDs. We investigated the contribution of ZO-1 to cell-cell junction localization by expressing a dominant-negative ZO-1 construct (DN-ZO-1) in rat ventricular myocytes (VMs). The expression of DN-ZO-1 in cultured neonatal VMs for 72 h reduced the interaction of ZO-1 and N-cadherin, as assayed by colocalization and coimmunoprecipitation, prompting cytoplasmic internalization of AJ and GJ proteins. DN-ZO-1 expression in adult VMs in vivo also reduced N-cadherin colocalization with ZO-1, a phenomenon not observed when the connexin-43 (Cx43)-ZO-1 interaction was disrupted using a mimetic of the ZO-1-binding ligand from Cx43. DN-ZO-1-infected VMs demonstrated large GJs at the ICD periphery and showed a loss of focal ZO-1 concentrations along plaque edges facing the disk interior. Additionally, there was breakdown of the characteristic ICD pattern of small interior and large peripheral GJs. Continuous DN-ZO-1 expression in VMs over postnatal development reduced ICD-associated Cx43 GJs and increased lateralized and cytoplasmic Cx43. We conclude that ZO-1 regulation of GJ localization is via an association with the N-cadherin multiprotein complex and that this is a key determinant of stable localization of both AJs and GJs at the ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Palatinus
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Biology Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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The Misregulation of Cell Adhesion Components during Tumorigenesis: Overview and Commentary. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20953359 PMCID: PMC2952821 DOI: 10.1155/2010/174715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion complexes facilitate attachment between cells or the binding of cells to the extracellular matrix. The regulation of cell adhesion is an important step in embryonic development and contributes to tissue homeostasis allowing processes such as differentiation and cell migration. Many mechanisms of cancer progression are reminiscent of embryonic development, for example, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and involve the disruption of cell adhesion and expression changes in components of cell adhesion structures. Tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and focal adhesion besides their roles in cell-cell or cell-matrix interaction also possess cell signaling function. Perturbations of such signaling pathways can lead to cancer. This article gives an overview of the common structures of cell adhesion and summarizes the impact of their loss on cancer development and progression with articles highlighted from the present issue.
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Pieperhoff S, Barth M, Rickelt S, Franke WW. Desmosomal molecules in and out of adhering junctions: normal and diseased States of epidermal, cardiac and mesenchymally derived cells. Dermatol Res Pract 2010; 2010:139167. [PMID: 20671973 PMCID: PMC2909724 DOI: 10.1155/2010/139167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cell biology textbooks mention only two kinds of cell-to-cell adhering junctions coated with the cytoplasmic plaques: the desmosomes (maculae adhaerentes), anchoring intermediate-sized filaments (IFs), and the actin microfilament-anchoring adherens junctions (AJs), including both punctate (puncta adhaerentia) and elongate (fasciae adhaerentes) structures. In addition, however, a series of other junction types has been identified and characterized which contain desmosomal molecules but do not fit the definition of desmosomes. Of these special cell-cell junctions containing desmosomal glycoproteins or proteins we review the composite junctions (areae compositae) connecting the cardiomyocytes of mature mammalian hearts and their importance in relation to human arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. We also emphasize the various plakophilin-2-positive plaques in AJs (coniunctiones adhaerentes) connecting proliferatively active mesenchymally-derived cells, including interstitial cells of the heart and several soft tissue tumor cell types. Moreover, desmoplakin has also been recognized as a constituent of the plaques of the complexus adhaerentes connecting certain lymphatic endothelial cells. Finally, we emphasize the occurrence of the desmosomal transmembrane glycoprotein, desmoglein Dsg2, out of the context of any junction as dispersed cell surface molecules in certain types of melanoma cells and melanocytes. This broadening of our knowledge on the diversity of AJ structures indicates that it may still be too premature to close the textbook chapters on cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pieperhoff
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Mareike Barth
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Rickelt
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Werner W. Franke
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Progen Biotechnik GmbH, Maaßstraße 30, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
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