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Asgharzadeh F, Memarzia A, Alikhani V, Beigoli S, Boskabady MH. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: Key regulators of tumor progression and growth. Transl Oncol 2024; 47:102039. [PMID: 38917593 PMCID: PMC11254173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the main causes of death on the globe is cancer. Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors, including PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ, which are important in regulating cancer cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and tumor growth. Activation of PPARs by endogenous or synthetic compounds regulates tumor progression in various tissues. Although each PPAR isotype suppresses or promotes tumor development depending on the specific tissues or ligands, the mechanism is still unclear. PPARs are receiving interest as possible therapeutic targets for a number of disorders. Numerous clinical studies are being conducted on PPARs as possible therapeutic targets for cancer. Therefore, this review will focus on the existing and future uses of PPARs agonists and antagonists in treating malignancies. PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases were searched regarding the effect of PPARs on various types of cancers until the end of May 2023. The results of the review articles showed the therapeutic influence of PPARs on a wide range of cancer on in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. However, further experimental and clinical studies are needed to be conducted on the influence of PPARs on various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arghavan Memarzia
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vida Alikhani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Sima Beigoli
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Pan Y, Li Y, Fan H, Cui H, Chen Z, Wang Y, Jiang M, Wang G. Roles of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117089. [PMID: 38972148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) holds a prominent position among global cancer types. Classically, HCC manifests in individuals with a genetic predisposition when they encounter risk elements, particularly in the context of liver cirrhosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which are transcription factors activated by fatty acids, belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and play a pivotal role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. At present, three distinct subtypes of PPARs have been recognized: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ. They regulate the transcription of genes responsible for cellular development, energy metabolism, inflammation, and differentiation. In recent years, with the rising incidence of HCC, there has been an increasing focus on the mechanisms and roles of PPARs in HCC. PPARα primarily mediates the occurrence and development of HCC by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress. PPARβ/δ is closely related to the self-renewal ability of liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) and the formation of the tumor microenvironment. PPARγ not only influences tumor growth by regulating the glucose and lipid metabolism of HCC, but its agonists also have significant clinical significance for the treatment of HCC. Therefore, this review offers an exhaustive examination of the role of the three PPAR subtypes in HCC progression, focusing on their mediation of critical cellular processes such as glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and other pivotal signaling pathways. At the end of the review, we discuss the merits and drawbacks of existing PPAR-targeted therapeutic strategies and suggest a few alternative combinatorial therapeutic approaches that diverge from conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yunkuo Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Hongyu Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Baojian Road, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Huijuan Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Zhiyue Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yunzhu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Mengyu Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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3
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Zamani SA, Graubard BI, Hyer M, Carver E, Petrick JL, McGlynn KA. Use of cholesterol-lowering medications in relation to risk of primary liver cancer in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Cancer 2024. [PMID: 39072717 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.35436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the relation between statin use and liver cancer risk has been extensively examined, few studies have examined other cholesterol-lowering medications in relation to liver cancer risk. The authors examined five classes of nonstatin medications and liver cancer risk. METHODS A nested case-control including 3719 cases and 14,876 matched controls was conducted within the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Additional matches on type 2 diabetes and chronic liver disease were also implemented. The medications examined included cholesterol absorption inhibitors, bile acid sequestrants, fibrates, niacin, and omega-3 fatty acids. Conditional logistic regression estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Cholesterol absorption inhibitor use was associated with reduced liver cancer risk in the overall analysis (odds ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-0.96) and in analyses based on type 2 diabetes and chronic liver disease status. Although bile acid sequestrant use was associated with increased liver cancer risk in the overall analysis (odds ratio, 5.31; 95% confidence interval, 3.534-7.97), the results of the analyses based on type 2 diabetes and chronic liver disease status were inconsistent. No associations were observed for the other medications. CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol absorption inhibitors may be associated with reduced liver cancer risk. Whether bile acid sequestrant use was associated with increased risk was only partially supported in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar A Zamani
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Barry I Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Marianne Hyer
- Information Management Services, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily Carver
- Information Management Services, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica L Petrick
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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4
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Zhao Y, Tan H, Zhang X, Zhu J. Roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18042. [PMID: 37987033 PMCID: PMC10902579 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the main pathological type of liver cancer, is linked to risk factors such as viral hepatitis, alcohol intake and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recent advances have greatly improved our understanding that NAFLD is playing a major risk factor for HCC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of transcription factors divided into three subtypes: PPARα (PPARA), PPARδ/β (PPARD) and PPARγ (PPARG). As important nuclear receptors, PPARs are involved in many physiological processes, and PPARs can improve NAFLD by regulating lipid metabolism, accelerating fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting inflammation. In recent years, some studies have shown that PPARs can participate in the occurrence and development of HCC by regulating metabolic pathways. In addition, PPAR modulators have been reported to inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells and can enhance the curative effect of conventional treatments. This article reviews the role of PPARs in the occurrence and development of HCC, as well as its value in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of HCC, in order to provide directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhao
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Huabing Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Disease Laboratory, Renmin HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanHubeiChina
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General SurgeryThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityHuai'anChina
| | - Jing Zhu
- Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalNanjingChina
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Alizadehasl A, Alavi MS, Boudagh S, Alavi MS, Mohebi S, Aliabadi L, Akbarian M, Ahmadi P, Mannarino MR, Sahebkar A. Lipid-lowering drugs and cancer: an updated perspective. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:1-24. [PMID: 38015371 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Statins and non-statin medications used for the management of dyslipidemia have been shown to possess antitumor properties. Since the use of these drugs has steadily increased over the past decades, more knowledge is required about their relationship with cancer. Lipid-lowering agents are heterogeneous compounds; therefore, it remains to be revealed whether anticancer potential is a class effect or related to them all. Here, we reviewed the literature on the influence of lipid-lowering medications on various types of cancer during development or metastasis. We also elaborated on the underlying mechanisms associated with the anticancer effects of antihyperlipidemic agents by linking the reported in vivo and in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Alizadehasl
- Cardio-Oncology Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Echocardiography Research CenterRajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadat Alavi
- Echocardiography Research CenterRajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Boudagh
- Echocardiography Research CenterRajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somaye Mohebi
- Echocardiography Research CenterRajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Aliabadi
- Echocardiography Research CenterRajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Akbarian
- Echocardiography Research CenterRajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Ahmadi
- Echocardiography Research CenterRajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Fatemi N, Karimpour M, Bahrami H, Zali MR, Chaleshi V, Riccio A, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Totonchi M. Current trends and future prospects of drug repositioning in gastrointestinal oncology. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1329244. [PMID: 38239190 PMCID: PMC10794567 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1329244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers comprise a significant number of cancer cases worldwide and contribute to a high percentage of cancer-related deaths. To improve survival rates of GI cancer patients, it is important to find and implement more effective therapeutic strategies with better prognoses and fewer side effects. The development of new drugs can be a lengthy and expensive process, often involving clinical trials that may fail in the early stages. One strategy to address these challenges is drug repurposing (DR). Drug repurposing is a developmental strategy that involves using existing drugs approved for other diseases and leveraging their safety and pharmacological data to explore their potential use in treating different diseases. In this paper, we outline the existing therapeutic strategies and challenges associated with GI cancers and explore DR as a promising alternative approach. We have presented an extensive review of different DR methodologies, research efforts and examples of repurposed drugs within various GI cancer types, such as colorectal, pancreatic and liver cancers. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of employing the DR approach in GI cancers to inform future research endeavors and clinical trials in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeralsadat Fatemi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Karimpour
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Bahrami
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Chaleshi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Riccio
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Bui KC, Nguyen TML, Barat S, Scholta T, Xing J, Bhuria V, Sipos B, Wilkens L, Nguyen LT, Le HS, Velavan TP, Bozko P, Plentz RR. Novel Adiponectin Receptor Agonist Inhibits Cholangiocarcinoma via Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:4534-4548. [PMID: 38361349 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673254969231122114107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has a poor prognosis and only limited palliative treatment options. The deficiency of adiponectin and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling was reported in several malignancies, but the alteration of these proteins in CCA is still unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the role of adiponectin and AMPK signaling in CCA. Furthermore, AdipoRon, a novel adiponectin receptor (AdipoR) agonist, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo as a new anti-tumor therapy for CCA. METHODS The expression of AdipoR1 and p-AMPKα in human tissue microarrays (TMAs) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry staining (IHC). The effect of 2-(4-Benzoylphenoxy)-N-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-acetamide (AdipoRon) was investigated in vitro with proliferation, crystal violet, migration, invasion, colony formation, senescence, cell cycle and apoptosis assays and in vivo using a CCA engineered mouse model (AlbCre/LSL-KRASG12D/p53L/L). RT-qPCR and western blot methods were applied to study molecular alterations in murine tissues. RESULTS AdipoR1 and p-AMPKα were impaired in human CCA tissues, compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue. There was a positive correlation between the AdipoR1 and p-AMPKα levels in CCA tissues. Treatment with AdipoRon inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation and induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner in vitro (p<0.05). In addition, AdipoRon reduced the number of CCA and tumor volume, prolonged survival, and decreased metastasis and ascites in the treated group compared to the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS AdipoR1 and p-AMPKα are impaired in CCA tissues, and AdipoRon effectively inhibits CCA in vitro and in vivo. Thus, AdipoRon may be considered as a potential anti-tumor therapy in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khac Cuong Bui
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Vietnamese-German Centre for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Mai Ly Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Vietnamese-German Centre for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Biochemistry, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Samarpita Barat
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim Scholta
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jun Xing
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vikas Bhuria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation, Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention-ChaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bence Sipos
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludwig Wilkens
- Institute of Pathology, Nordstadt Krankenhaus, Hannover, Germany
| | - Linh Toan Nguyen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huu Song Le
- Vietnamese-German Centre for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Vietnamese-German Centre for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Przemyslaw Bozko
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ruben R Plentz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Bremen Nord, Bremen, Germany
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Jin J, Liang X, Bi W, Liu R, Zhang S, He Y, Xie Q, Liu S, Xiao JC, Zhang P. Identification of a Difluorinated Alkoxy Sulfonyl Chloride as a Novel Antitumor Agent for Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Activating Fumarate Hydratase Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1705. [PMID: 38139831 PMCID: PMC10748328 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate is known as a lipid-lowering drug. Although previous studies have reported that fenofibrate exhibits potential antitumor activities, IC50 values of fenofibrate could be as high as 200 μM. Therefore, we investigated the antitumor activities of six synthesized fenofibrate derivatives. We discovered that one compound, SIOC-XJC-SF02, showed significant antiproliferative activity on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HCCLM3 cells and HepG2 cells (the IC50 values were 4.011 μM and 10.908 μM, respectively). We also found this compound could inhibit the migration of human HCC cells. Transmission electron microscope and flow cytometry assays demonstrated that this compound could induce apoptosis of human HCC cells. The potential binding sites of this compound acting on human HCC cells were identified by mass spectrometry-cellular thermal shift assay (MS-CETSA). Molecular docking, Western blot, and enzyme activity assay-validated binding sites in human HCC cells. The results showed that fumarate hydratase may be a potential binding site of this compound, exerting antitumor effects. A xenograft model in nude mice demonstrated the anti-liver cancer activity and the mechanism of action of this compound. These findings indicated that the antitumor effect of this compound may act via activating fumarate hydratase, and this compound may be a promising antitumor candidate for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (J.J.); (W.B.); (R.L.); (Q.X.); (S.L.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xujun Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (J.J.); (W.B.); (R.L.); (Q.X.); (S.L.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wu Bi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (J.J.); (W.B.); (R.L.); (Q.X.); (S.L.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (J.J.); (W.B.); (R.L.); (Q.X.); (S.L.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (J.J.); (W.B.); (R.L.); (Q.X.); (S.L.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yi He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (J.J.); (W.B.); (R.L.); (Q.X.); (S.L.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Qingming Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (J.J.); (W.B.); (R.L.); (Q.X.); (S.L.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Shilei Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (J.J.); (W.B.); (R.L.); (Q.X.); (S.L.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (J.J.); (W.B.); (R.L.); (Q.X.); (S.L.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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9
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Li C, Wang F, Cui L, Li S, Zhao J, Liao L. Association between abnormal lipid metabolism and tumor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1134154. [PMID: 37305043 PMCID: PMC10248433 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1134154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Reprogramming is a sign of tumor, and as one of the three major substances metabolism, lipid has an obvious impact. Abnormal lipid metabolism is related to the occurrence of various diseases, and the proportion of people with abnormal lipid metabolism is increasing year by year. Lipid metabolism is involved in the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of tumors by regulating various oncogenic signal pathways. The differences in lipid metabolism among different tumors are related to various factors such as tumor origin, regulation of lipid metabolism pathways, and diet. This article reviews the synthesis and regulatory pathways of lipids, as well as the research progress on cholesterol, triglycerides, sphingolipids, lipid related lipid rafts, adipocytes, lipid droplets, and lipid-lowering drugs in relation to tumors and their drug resistance. It also points out the limitations of current research and potential tumor treatment targets and drugs in the lipid metabolism pathway. Research and intervention on lipid metabolism abnormalities may provide new ideas for the treatment and survival prognosis of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Shaoxin Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Junyu Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Liao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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10
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Liang W, Huang L, Whelchel A, Yuan T, Ma X, Cheng R, Takahashi Y, Karamichos D, Ma JX. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) regulates wound healing and mitochondrial metabolism in the cornea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217576120. [PMID: 36943878 PMCID: PMC10068757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217576120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes can result in impaired corneal wound healing. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in diabetic complications. However, the regulation of mitochondria function in the diabetic cornea and its impacts on wound healing remain elusive. The present study aimed to explore the molecular basis for the disturbed mitochondrial metabolism and subsequent wound healing impairment in the diabetic cornea. Seahorse analysis showed that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is a major source of ATP production in human corneal epithelial cells. Live corneal biopsy punches from type 1 and type 2 diabetic mouse models showed impaired mitochondrial functions, correlating with impaired corneal wound healing, compared to nondiabetic controls. To approach the molecular basis for the impaired mitochondrial function, we found that Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α (PPARα) expression was downregulated in diabetic human corneas. Even without diabetes, global PPARα knockout mice and corneal epithelium-specific PPARα conditional knockout mice showed disturbed mitochondrial function and delayed wound healing in the cornea, similar to that in diabetic corneas. In contrast, fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist, ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced wound healing in the corneas of diabetic mice. Similarly, corneal epithelium-specific PPARα transgenic overexpression improved mitochondrial function and enhanced wound healing in the cornea. Furthermore, PPARα agonist ameliorated the mitochondrial dysfunction in primary human corneal epithelial cells exposed to diabetic stressors, which was impeded by siRNA knockdown of PPARα, suggesting a PPARα-dependent mechanism. These findings suggest that downregulation of PPARα plays an important role in the impaired mitochondrial function in the corneal epithelium and delayed corneal wound healing in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Liang
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou350000, China
| | - Amy Whelchel
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| | - Tian Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- Division of Research and Innovation, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX76107
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX76107
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX76107
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
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11
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Warzecha KW, Pudełek M, Catapano J, Madeja Z, Czyż J. Long-Term Fenofibrate Treatment Stimulates the Phenotypic Microevolution of Prostate Cancer Cells In Vitro. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1320. [PMID: 36355492 PMCID: PMC9694160 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate is a widely used anti-hyperlipidemic agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). As a metabolic blocker, fenofibrate interferes with cancer promotion/progression via its misbalancing effects on cellular metabolism. However, the consequences of its long-term application for patients with diagnosed drug-resistant cancers are unknown. We addressed this point by tracing the phenotypic microevolution of naïve and drug-resistant prostate cancer PC3_DCX20 cells that underwent a long-term exposition to 10 μM and 50 μM fenofibrate. Their resistance to fenofibrate, metabolic profile and invasive phenotype were estimated in the control conditions and under fenofibrate-induced stress. Apparently, drug efflux systems are not effective against the cytostatic FF action. However, wtPC3 and PC3_DCX20 cells that survived the long-term 50 μM fenofibrate treatment gave rise to lineages that displayed an increased proliferation rate, lower motility in the control conditions and enhanced fenofibrate resistance. Attenuated fenofibrate bioavailability modified the pattern of PC3 microevolution, as illustrated by phenotypic differences between wtPC3/PC3_DCX20 lineages propagated in the presence of 50 μM and 10 μM fenofibrate. Collectively, our observations indicate that fenofibrate acts as a selective factor that affects prostate cancer microevolution. We also pinpoint potential consequences of long-term exposition of prostate cancer patients to metabolic blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jarosław Czyż
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
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12
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A method of isolating and analysing drugs from cancer cells for preclinical research. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463500. [PMID: 36162249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The presented paper describes a new isolation method of recovery and analysis of selected drugs developed for preclinical research. The method uses the RP-HPLC technique (in a single chromatographic separation) and serves the recovery and analysis of selected drugs from neoplastic cells. It enables the determination of cytostatics statins, fibrates, and pioglitazone. Chromatographic separations of the tested compounds were carried out on a Gemini-NX 5 µ C18 (4.6 × 150 mm i.d.) column, in a gradient system with a mobile phase consisting of ACN (0.1% TFA) and water (0.1% TFA) at ambient temperature. The separations were carried out at a flow of 1 ml/min and UV detection of 220 nm. The inter-day and intra-day precision and accuracy of the method were determined. Extending the extraction time at reduced temperature resulted in a significant increase in the recovery of the pharmaceuticals in comparison with traditional extraction methods. The presence of the tested pharmaceuticals at defined retention times was confirmed by mass spectrometry. A recovery procedure for the tested compounds from biological material (medium, cell pellets) was developed at a level ranging between 93 and 99%. The utility of the new HPLC method has been confirmed in drug absorption studies as screening tests for the analysis of the new therapeutic compositions on melanoma cell lines.
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13
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Wagner N, Wagner KD. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152432. [PMID: 35954274 PMCID: PMC9368267 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) function as nuclear transcription factors upon the binding of physiological or pharmacological ligands and heterodimerization with retinoic X receptors. Physiological ligands include fatty acids and fatty-acid-derived compounds with low specificity for the different PPAR subtypes (alpha, beta/delta, and gamma). For each of the PPAR subtypes, specific pharmacological agonists and antagonists, as well as pan-agonists, are available. In agreement with their natural ligands, PPARs are mainly focused on as targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. Nevertheless, many publications are available that implicate PPARs in malignancies. In several instances, they are controversial for very similar models. Thus, to better predict the potential use of PPAR modulators for personalized medicine in therapies against malignancies, it seems necessary and timely to review the three PPARs in relation to the didactic concept of cancer hallmark capabilities. We previously described the functions of PPAR beta/delta with respect to the cancer hallmarks and reviewed the implications of all PPARs in angiogenesis. Thus, the current review updates our knowledge on PPAR beta and the hallmarks of cancer and extends the concept to PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wagner
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (K.-D.W.); Tel.: +33-489-153-713 (K.-D.W.)
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14
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Cizkova K, Koubova K, Tauber Z. Lipid Messenger Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate Is Increased by Both PPARα Activators and Inhibitors: Relevance for Intestinal Cell Differentiation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070997. [PMID: 36101378 PMCID: PMC9312331 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Fibrates, such as fenofibrate, are widely used drugs for dyslipidaemia treatment. It is known that they activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) which serves as a lipid sensor in the organism. This article addresses how activators and inhibitor of the PPARα could affect differentiation of intestinal cells. Carcinogenesis is a disruption of normal differentiation process and colorectal carcinoma is the third most common cancer in terms of incidence, but the secondp in terms of mortality. One of the important signalling pathways in intestinal cell differentiation as well as carcinogenesis is PI3K/Akt/PTEN. We showed that PPARα activators as well as inhibitor affected the levels of one member of this pathway called phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. This molecule is important for formation of microvilli, the essential structures of fully differentiated intestinal cells. Abstract We investigated the effects of PPARα activators fenofibrate and WY-14643 as well as the PPARα inhibitor GW6471 on the PI3K/Akt/PTEN pathway of intestinal cell differentiation. Our previous study showed that all these compounds increased the expression of villin, a specific marker of intestinal cell differentiation in HT-29 and Caco2 cells. Our current results confirmed the central role of lipid messenger phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a known player in brush border formation, in mediating the effects of tested PPARα ligands. Although all tested compounds increased its levels, surprisingly, each of them affected different PIP2-metabolizing enzymes, especially the levels of PIP5K1C and PTEN. Moreover, we found a positive relationship between the expression of PPARα itself and PIP2 as well as PIP5K1C. By contrast, PPARα was negatively correlated with PTEN. However, the expression of antigens of interest was independent of PPARα subcellular localization, suggesting that it is not directly involved in their regulation. In colorectal carcinoma tissues we found a decrease in PTEN expression, which was accompanied by a change in its subcellular localization. This change was also observed for the regulatory subunit of PI3K. Taken together, our data revealed that fenofibrate, WY-14643, and GW6471 affected different members of the PI3K/Akt/PTEN pathway. However, these effects were PPARα-independent.
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15
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S ingh S, Dhar R, Karmakar S. Fenofibrate mediated activation of PPARα negatively regulates trophoblast invasion. Placenta 2022; 126:140-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Zhao Z, Zhao Z, Wang J, Zhang H, Xi Z, Xia Q. ABCC6 Knockdown Fuels Cell Proliferation by Regulating PPARα in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:840287. [PMID: 35280774 PMCID: PMC8907651 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.840287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family is ubiquitous in eukaryotes, specifically in vertebrates, and plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis, cell signaling, and drug resistance. Accumulating evidence indicates that some ABC transporters contribute to cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression; however, relatively little is known about the behavior of the ABC transporter family in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). By analyzing two public transcriptomic databases, we evaluated the effect of genes in the ABC transporter family on HCC prognostic prediction; ABCC6 was selected for further study. Notably, ABCC6 was found to be downregulated in HCC tissues and correlated with favorable outcomes in patients with HCC. Moreover, ABCC6 knockdown not only significantly promoted cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, but also inhibited cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ABCC6 depletion enhanced the “mitotic cell cycle” and “DNA replication” pathways, and suppressed the “PPAR signaling pathway”. Further investigation demonstrated that PPARα, one of the key regulators in peroxisome metabolism, is located downstream of ABCC6. In summary, our study provides profound insights into the behavior of ABC transporter family genes in various HCC cohorts, identifies ABCC6 as a biomarker for early-stage HCC diagnosis, and offers experimental basis for further investigations of targeting ABCC6 in the treatment of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Zhenjun Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianye Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhifeng Xi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
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17
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Song SY, Lee SY, Ko YB, Kim J, Choi TY, Lee KH, Yoo HJ, Yuk JM. Fenofibrate Exerts Anticancer Effects on Human Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells via Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2022; 87:79-88. [DOI: 10.1159/000518509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
<b><i>Objective:</i></b> In the present study, we attempted to identify the effects of fenofibrate on human cervical cancer cells. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The cytotoxicity of fenofibrate in cervical cancer cells was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8. Immunoblotting assay was used to determine the protein expression of caspase-3, poly ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage, B-cell lymphoma 2 family protein expression, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3), as well as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Immunofluorescence imaging was used to determine the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and LC3. Flow cytometry was used to determine cell cycle and apoptosis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We first showed that fenofibrate treatment reduced cell viability in HeLa cervical cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner at 24 h and 48 h. Importantly, fenofibrate-induced cell death was mediated through cell cycle arrest in the G0–G1 phase and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Moreover, fenofibrate also induced autophagy activation in a dose-dependent manner and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy led to increase of sub-G1 phase and caspase-dependent cell death in HeLa cells. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In conclusion, these data demonstrated that fenofibrate initially induced cell cycle arrest, followed by caspase-3-dependent cell death in cervical cancer HeLa cells. However, fenofibrate also induced autophagy activation, which is closely related to the survival of diverse cancer cells, thus reducing the anticancer effects of fenofibrate. Therefore, the combination of an autophagy inhibitor and fenofibrate might have the potential to become a new therapeutic strategy for cervical cancer.
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18
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Morikawa T, Fukami T, Gotoh-Saito S, Nakano M, Nakajima M. PPARα regulates the expression of human arylacetamide deacetylase involved in drug hydrolysis and lipid metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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PPAR Ligands Induce Antiviral Effects Targeting Perturbed Lipid Metabolism during SARS-CoV-2, HCV, and HCMV Infection. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010114. [PMID: 35053112 PMCID: PMC8772958 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic turned the attention of researchers to developing novel strategies to counteract virus infections. Despite several antiviral drugs being commercially available, there is an urgent need to identify novel molecules efficacious against viral infections that act through different mechanisms of action. In this context, our attention is focused on novel compounds acting on nuclear receptors, whose activity could be beneficial in viral infections, including coronavirus, hepatitis C virus, and cytomegalovirus. Abstract The manipulation of host metabolisms by viral infections has been demonstrated by several studies, with a marked influence on the synthesis and utilization of glucose, nucleotides, fatty acids, and amino acids. The ability of virus to perturb the metabolic status of the infected organism is directly linked to the outcome of the viral infection. A great deal of research in recent years has been focusing on these metabolic aspects, pointing at modifications induced by virus, and suggesting novel strategies to counteract the perturbed host metabolism. In this review, our attention is turned on PPARs, nuclear receptors controlling multiple metabolic actions, and on the effects played by PPAR ligands during viral infections. The role of PPAR agonists and antagonists during SARS-CoV-2, HCV, and HCMV infections will be analyzed.
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20
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Mohamed DAW, Elazeem HMA, Al-Hameid HA, Mohamed RH, Abdel-Salam MF, Abuelela S, Abozeid AA, Mohamad MI. Low dose pterostilbene-mediated hepatic chemoprevention in diethylnitrosamine-treated rats: Modulation of Ppar alpha, Nrf2 and Capase3 expression. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Kumar N, Mandal CC. Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs on Akt Signaling for Prevention of Tumorigenesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:724149. [PMID: 34603386 PMCID: PMC8483559 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.724149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol has been reported to be accumulated in cancer cells. The metabolic dysregulation of the cholesterol is associated with tumor development and progression. The cholesterol-lowering drugs have been found to be involved in the prevention and treatment of various cancers. Akt, a serine/threonine kinase, can modulate the role of several downstream proteins involved in cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metabolism, and apoptosis. Since its involvement in several signaling pathways, its dysregulation is commonly reported in several cancers. Thus, targeting Akt could be an effective approach for cancer prevention and therapy. Cholesterol-lowering drugs have been found to affect the expression of Akt, and its activation in the cancer cells and thus have shown anticancer activity in different type of cancers. These drugs act on various signaling pathways such as PTEN/Akt, PI3k/Akt, Akt/NF-κB, Akt/FOXO1, Akt/mTOR, etc., which will be discussed in this article. This review article will discuss the significance of cholesterol in cancer cells, cholesterol-lowering drugs, the role of Akt in cancer cells, and the effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs on Akt in the prevention of therapy resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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22
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Cizkova K, Foltynkova T, Hanyk J, Kamencak Z, Tauber Z. When Activator and Inhibitor of PPARα Do the Same: Consequence for Differentiation of Human Intestinal Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091255. [PMID: 34572440 PMCID: PMC8472525 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that plays a role in various processes including differentiation of several cell types. We investigated the role of PPARα in the differentiation of intestinal cells using HT-29 and Caco2 cell lines as a model as well as human normal colon and colorectal carcinoma tissues. We detected a significant increase in PPARα expression in differentiated HT-29 cells as well as in normal surface colon epithelium where differentiated cells are localised. Thus, it seems that PPARα may play a role in differentiation of intestinal cells. Interestingly, we found that both PPARα activators (fenofibrate and WY-14643) as well as its inhibitor (GW6471) regulated proliferation and differentiation of HT-29 cells in vitro in the same way. Both compounds led to a decrease in proliferation accompanied by a significant increase in expression of villin, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (differentiation markers). Moreover, the same trend in villin expression was observed in Caco2 cells. Furthermore, villin expression was independent of subcellular localisation of PPARα. In addition, we found similar levels of PPARα expression in colorectal carcinomas in comparison to adjacent normal epithelium. All these findings support the hypothesis that differentiation of intestinal epithelium is PPARα-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zdenek Tauber
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-585-632-283; Fax: +420-585-632-966
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23
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Orabi D, Berger NA, Brown JM. Abnormal Metabolism in the Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Mechanistic Insights to Chemoprevention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3473. [PMID: 34298687 PMCID: PMC8307710 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on the rise and becoming a major contributor to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Reasons for this include the rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome in contrast to the marked advances in prevention and treatment strategies of viral HCC. These shifts are expected to rapidly propel this trend even further in the coming decades, with NAFLD on course to become the leading etiology of end-stage liver disease and HCC. No Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications are currently available for the treatment of NAFLD, and advances are desperately needed. Numerous medications with varying mechanisms of action targeting liver steatosis and fibrosis are being investigated including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists. Additionally, drugs targeting components of metabolic syndrome, such as antihyperglycemics, have been found to affect NAFLD progression and are now being considered in the treatment of these patients. As NAFLD drug discovery continues, special attention should be given to their relationship to HCC. Several mechanisms in the pathogenesis of NAFLD have been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis, and therapies aimed at NAFLD may additionally harbor independent antitumorigenic potential. This approach may provide novel prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Orabi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nathan A. Berger
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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Kikuchi R, Maeda Y, Tsuji T, Yamaguchi K, Abe S, Nakamura H, Aoshiba K. Fenofibrate inhibits TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation in human lung fibroblasts in vitro. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11. [PMID: 34228906 PMCID: PMC8329776 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate (FF), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) agonist and a lipid-lowering agent, can decrease experimental pulmonary fibrosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the antifibrotic effect of FF remain unknown. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of FF on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation in lung fibroblasts. The results showed that FF inhibited alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor expression, collagen production, cell motility, SMAD3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and metabolic reprogramming in TGF-β-exposed cells. The inhibitory effect of FF did not decrease with the addition of a PPAR-α antagonist. Moreover, the inhibitory effect given by FF could not be reproduced with the addition of an alternative PPAR-α agonist. FF inhibited mitochondrial respiration. However, rotenone, a complex I inhibitor, did not suppress TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation. Furthermore, the TGF-β-induced nuclear reduction of protein phosphatase, Mg2+ /Mn2+ -dependent 1A (PPM1A), a SMAD phosphatase, was inhibited by FF. These results showed that FF suppressed TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation independent of PPAR-α activation and impaired mitochondrial respiration. In conclusion, this study provides information on the effects of FF on anti-TGF-β mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityShinjuku‐kuJapan
| | - Yuki Maeda
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of MedicineOtsuki Municipal HospitalJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
| | - Shinji Abe
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityShinjuku‐kuJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
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25
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Giacomini I, Gianfanti F, Desbats MA, Orso G, Berretta M, Prayer-Galetti T, Ragazzi E, Cocetta V. Cholesterol Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer and Its Pharmacological Modulation as Therapeutic Strategy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:682911. [PMID: 34109128 PMCID: PMC8181394 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.682911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a ubiquitous sterol with many biological functions, which are crucial for proper cellular signaling and physiology. Indeed, cholesterol is essential in maintaining membrane physical properties, while its metabolism is involved in bile acid production and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Additionally, isoprenoids metabolites of the mevalonate pathway support protein-prenylation and dolichol, ubiquinone and the heme a biosynthesis. Cancer cells rely on cholesterol to satisfy their increased nutrient demands and to support their uncontrolled growth, thus promoting tumor development and progression. Indeed, transformed cells reprogram cholesterol metabolism either by increasing its uptake and de novo biosynthesis, or deregulating the efflux. Alternatively, tumor can efficiently accumulate cholesterol into lipid droplets and deeply modify the activity of key cholesterol homeostasis regulators. In light of these considerations, altered pathways of cholesterol metabolism might represent intriguing pharmacological targets for the development of exploitable strategies in the context of cancer therapy. Thus, this work aims to discuss the emerging evidence of in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials, on the role of cholesterol pathways in the treatment of cancer, starting from already available cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins or fibrates), and moving towards novel potential pharmacological inhibitors or selective target modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Giacomini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Gianfanti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Genny Orso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tommaso Prayer-Galetti
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology - Urology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Ragazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Cocetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Fenofibrate Exerts Antitumor Effects in Colon Cancer via Regulation of DNMT1 and CDKN2A. PPAR Res 2021; 2021:6663782. [PMID: 33959155 PMCID: PMC8075693 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6663782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) is the molecular target of fibrates commonly used to treat dyslipidemia and diabetes. Recently, the potential role of PPARA in other pathological conditions, such as cancers, has been recognized. Here, using bioinformatics analysis, we found that PPARA was expressed at relatively low levels in pancancers, and Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed that high PPARA protein expression was correlated with better survival of patients with colon cancer. In vitro experiments showed that fenofibrate regulated cell cycle distribution, promoted apoptosis, and suppressed cell proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transition by activating PPARA. PPARA activation inhibited DNMT1 activity and abolished methylation-mediated CDKN2A repression. Downregulation of cyclin-CDK complexes led to the restoration of CDKN2A, which caused cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase via regulation of the CDKN2A/RB/E2F pathway. Finally, we demonstrated that fenofibrate administration inhibited tumor growth and DNMT1 activity in vivo. The PPARA agonist, fenofibrate, might serve as an applicable agent for epigenetic therapy of colon cancer patients.
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Tan Y, Wang M, Yang K, Chi T, Liao Z, Wei P. PPAR-α Modulators as Current and Potential Cancer Treatments. Front Oncol 2021; 11:599995. [PMID: 33833983 PMCID: PMC8021859 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.599995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. PPAR modulators may hold great potential for the management of cancer patients. Indeed, PPARs are critical sensors and regulators of lipid, and they are able to promote eNOS activation, regulate immunity and inflammation response, and affect proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells. Cancer, a name given to a group of diseases, is characterized by multiple distinctive biological behaviors, including angiogenesis, abnormal cell proliferation, aerobic glycolysis, inflammation, etc. In the last decade, emerging evidence has shown that PPAR-α, a nuclear hormone receptor, can modulate carcinogenesis via exerting effects on one or several characteristic pathological behaviors of cancer. Therefore, the multi-functional PPAR modulators have substantial promise in various types of cancer therapies. This review aims to consolidate the functions of PPAR-α, as well as discuss the current and potential applications of PPAR-α agonists and antagonists in tackling cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mina Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiange Chi
- The First Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zehuan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
- Zehuan Liao
| | - Peng Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Wei
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JNK-mediated disruption of bile acid homeostasis promotes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16492-16499. [PMID: 32601222 PMCID: PMC7368313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002672117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with hepatic steatosis and activation of the cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) stress-signaling pathway. Studies in mice demonstrate that JNK deficiency in the liver prevents the development of hepatic steatosis. This observation suggests that inhibition of JNK signaling may represent a possible treatment for hepatic steatosis. However, the long-term consequences of JNK inhibition are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that loss of JNK causes changes in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism that promote cholestasis, bile duct proliferation, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. We identify PPARα activation as the molecular mechanism that accounts for this phenotype. Our analysis has important implications for the long-term use of JNK inhibitors for the treatment of obesity. Metabolic stress causes activation of the cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway. It is established that one consequence of JNK activation is the development of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis through inhibition of the transcription factor PPARα. Indeed, JNK1/2 deficiency in hepatocytes protects against the development of steatosis, suggesting that JNK inhibition represents a possible treatment for this disease. However, the long-term consequences of JNK inhibition have not been evaluated. Here we demonstrate that hepatic JNK controls bile acid production. We found that hepatic JNK deficiency alters cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis, conjugation, and transport, resulting in cholestasis, increased cholangiocyte proliferation, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Gene ablation studies confirmed that PPARα mediated these effects of JNK in hepatocytes. This analysis highlights potential consequences of long-term use of JNK inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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29
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Successful stories of drug repurposing for cancer therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. DRUG REPURPOSING IN CANCER THERAPY 2020. [PMCID: PMC7471801 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819668-7.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Exploring anticancer activity of structurally modified benzylphenoxyacetamide (BPA); I: Synthesis strategies and computational analyses of substituted BPA variants with high anti-glioblastoma potential. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17021. [PMID: 31745126 PMCID: PMC6864087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural variations of the benzylphenoxyacetamide (BPA) molecular skeleton were explored as a viable starting point for designing new anti-glioblastoma drug candidates. Hand-to-hand computational evaluation, chemical modifications, and cell viability testing were performed to explore the importance of some of the structural properties in order to generate, retain, and improve desired anti-glioblastoma characteristics. It was demonstrated that several structural features are required to retain the anti-glioblastoma activity, including a carbonyl group of the benzophenone moiety, as well as 4′-chloro and 2,2-dimethy substituents. In addition, the structure of the amide moiety can be modified in such a way that desirable anti-glioblastoma and physical properties can be improved. Via these structural modifications, more than 50 compounds were prepared and tested for anti-glioblastoma activity. Four compounds were identified (HR28, HR32, HR37, and HR46) that in addition to HR40 (PP1) from our previous study, have been determined to have desirable physical and biological properties. These include high glioblastoma cytotoxicity at low μM concentrations, improved water solubility, and the ability to penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB), which indicate a potential for becoming a new class of anti-glioblastoma drugs.
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31
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Activation and Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Are Associated with Tumorigenesis in Colorectal Carcinoma. PPAR Res 2019; 2019:7486727. [PMID: 31354797 PMCID: PMC6636540 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7486727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) belongs to the PPAR family and plays a critical role in inhibiting cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in various tumors. However, the role of PPAR-α in colorectal tumorigenesis is unclear. In the present study, we found that fenofibrate, a PPAR-α agonist, significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cells. In addition, PPAR-α was expressed in the nucleus of colorectal carcinoma cells, and the expression of nuclear PPAR-α increased in colorectal carcinoma tissue compared with that of normal epithelium tissue (P<0.01). The correlation between the expression of nuclear PPAR-α and clinicopathological factors was evaluated in human colorectal carcinoma tissues, and the nuclear expression of PPAR-α was significantly higher in well-to-moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma than in mucinous adenocarcinoma (P<0.05). These findings indicate that activation of PPAR-α may be involved in anticancer effects in colorectal carcinomas, and nuclear expression of PPAR-α may be a therapeutic target for colorectal adenocarcinoma treatment.
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32
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Pan M, Jiao S, Reinach PS, Yan J, Yang Y, Li Q, Srinivasalu N, Qu J, Zhou X. Opposing Effects of PPARα Agonism and Antagonism on Refractive Development and Form Deprivation Myopia in Guinea Pigs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:5803-5815. [PMID: 30521668 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine if drug-induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) signal pathway modulation affects refractive development and myopia in guinea pigs. Methods Pigmented guinea pigs were randomly divided into normal vision (unoccluded) and form deprivation myopia (FDM) groups. Each group received daily peribulbar injections of either a vehicle or (1) PPARα agonist, GW7647, clofibrate, or bezafibrate or (2) PPARα antagonist, GW6471, for 4 weeks. Baseline and posttreatment refraction and ocular biometric parameters were measured. Immunofluorescent staining of PPARα and two of its downstream readouts, cytosolic malic enzyme 1 (ME1) and apolipoproteinA II (apoA-II), was undertaken in selected scleral sections. Western blot analysis determined collagen type I expression levels. Results GW6471 induced a myopic shift in unoccluded eyes, but had no effect on form-deprived eyes. Conversely, GW7647 inhibited FDM progression without altering unoccluded eyes. Bezafibrate and clofibrate had effects on refraction similar to those of GW7647 in unoccluded and form-deprived eyes. GW6471 downregulated collagen type I expression in unoccluded eyes whereas bezafibrate inhibited collagen type I decreases in form-deprived eyes. GW6471 also reduced the density of ME1- and apoA-II-stained cells in unoccluded eyes whereas bezafibrate increased apoA-II-positive cell numbers in form-deprived eyes. Conclusions As GW7647 and GW6471 had opposing effects on myopia development, PPARα signaling modulation may be involved in this condition in guinea pigs. Fibrates are potential candidates for treating myopia since they reduced both FDM and the associated axial elongation. Bezafibrate also inhibited form deprivation-induced decreases in scleral collagen type I expression and the density of apoA-II expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaozhen Pan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiming Jiao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaofeng Yan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Yang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihang Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Nethrajeith Srinivasalu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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33
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Li IH, Shih JH, Tsai CS, Chien WC, Kao HH, Pan KT, Cheng YD, Kao LT. Inverse Association of Fibrates and Liver Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Taiwan. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 59:1170-1176. [PMID: 30964561 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This large-scale case-control study in Taiwan elucidated the potential connection between fibrate use and liver cancer by using the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005 with a propensity-score-matching design. In total, 4173 patients diagnosed as having liver cancer were included as cases, and 4173 propensity-score-matched patients without liver cancer were identified as controls. The association between previous fibrate use and liver cancer occurrence was demonstrated using conditional logistic regression. Fibrate use was noted in 371 (8.89%) cases and 481 (11.53%) controls. After adjustments, the cases had significantly lower odds of previous fibrate use than did the controls (adjusted odds ratio 0.70, 95%CI 0.60-0.82); moreover, regardless of the patients' sex, age group, and comorbidities, the cases were less likely to have used fibrates than were the controls. Dose-dependent analysis revealed that 1-695 cumulative defined daily doses of fibrates may significantly induce a protective effect for liver cancer. Although other fibrate dose intervals did not reach statistical significance, the dose-response curve presented the trend of a protective effect for liver cancer among the fibrate users. In summary, fibrate use had a significant protective effect against liver cancer in this Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsun Li
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hu Shih
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sung Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Han Kao
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Ting Pan
- Institute of Environmental Design and Engineering, Bartlett School, UCL, London, United Kingdom.,Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Dih Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Kao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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34
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Luty M, Piwowarczyk K, Łabędź-Masłowska A, Wróbel T, Szczygieł M, Catapano J, Drabik G, Ryszawy D, Kędracka-Krok S, Madeja Z, Siedlar M, Elas M, Czyż J. Fenofibrate Augments the Sensitivity of Drug-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells to Docetaxel. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010077. [PMID: 30641904 PMCID: PMC6356694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metronomic agents reduce the effective doses and adverse effects of cytostatics in cancer chemotherapy. Therefore, they can enhance the treatment efficiency of drug-resistant cancers. Cytostatic and anti-angiogenic effects of fenofibrate (FF) suggest that it can be used for the metronomic chemotherapy of drug-resistant prostate tumors. To estimate the effect of FF on the drug-resistance of prostate cancer cells, we compared the reactions of naïve and drug-resistant cells to the combined treatment with docetaxel (DCX)/mitoxantrone (MTX) and FF. FF sensitized drug-resistant DU145 and PC3 cells to DCX and MTX, as illustrated by their reduced viability and invasive potential observed in the presence of DCX/MTX and FF. The synergy of the cytostatic activities of both agents was accompanied by the inactivation of P-gp-dependent efflux, dysfunction of the microtubular system, and induction of polyploidy in DCX-resistant cells. Chemical inhibition of PPARα- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent pathways by GW6471 and N-acetyl-L-cysteine, respectively, had no effect on cell sensitivity to combined DCX/FF treatment. Instead, we observed the signs of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) deficit and autophagy in DCX/FF-treated drug-resistant cells. Furthermore, the cells that had been permanently propagated under DCX- and DCX/FF-induced stress did not acquire DCX/FF-resistance. Instead, relatively slow proliferation of DCX-resistant cells was efficiently inhibited by FF. Collectively, our observations show that FF reduces the effective doses of DCX by interfering with the drug resistance and energy metabolism of prostate cancer cells. Concomitantly, it impairs the chemotherapy-induced microevolution and expansion of DCX/FF-resistant cells. Therefore, FF can be applied as a metronomic agent to enhance the efficiency of palliative chemotherapy of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Luty
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Piwowarczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Łabędź-Masłowska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Wróbel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Szczygieł
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jessica Catapano
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Drabik
- Department of Transplantology, Institute of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka Str., 30-663 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Damian Ryszawy
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Kędracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków; and Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka Str., 30-663 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Martyna Elas
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Czyż
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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35
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Piwowarczyk K, Kwiecień E, Sośniak J, Zimoląg E, Guzik E, Sroka J, Madeja Z, Czyż J. Fenofibrate Interferes with the Diapedesis of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells through the Interference with Cx43/EGF-Dependent Intercellular Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100363. [PMID: 30274176 PMCID: PMC6210471 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extravasation of circulating cancer cells is regulated by the intercellular/intracellular signaling pathways that locally impair the endothelial barrier function. Co-cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells enabled us to identify these pathways and to quantify the effect of fenofibrate (FF) on their activity. A549 cells induced the disruption and local activation of endothelial continuum. These events were accompanied by epidermal growth factor (EGF) up-regulation in endothelial cells. Impaired A549 diapedesis and HUVEC activation were seen upon the chemical inhibition of connexin(Cx)43 functions, EGF/ERK1/2-dependent signaling, and RhoA/Rac1 activity. A total of 25 μM FF exerted corresponding effects on Cx43-mediated gap junctional coupling, EGF production, and ERK1/2 activation in HUVEC/A549 co-cultures. It also directly augmented endothelial barrier function via the interference with focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/RhoA/Rac1-regulated endothelial cell adhesion/contractility/motility and prompted the selective transmigration of epithelioid A549 cells. N-acetyl-L-cysteine abrogated FF effects on HUVEC activation, suggesting the involvement of PPARα-independent mechanism(s) in its action. Our data identify a novel Cx43/EGF/ERK1/2/FAK/RhoA/Rac1-dependent signaling axis, which determines the efficiency of lung cancer cell diapedesis. FF interferes with its activity and reduces the susceptibility of endothelial cells to A549 stimuli. These findings provide the rationale for the implementation of FF in the therapy of malignant lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Piwowarczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Edyta Kwiecień
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Justyna Sośniak
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Eliza Zimoląg
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Emiliana Guzik
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Sroka
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Czyż
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Li Z, Xue T, Yang C, Wang Y, Zhu X, Ni C. EGFL7 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis through increasing CKS2 expression by activating Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:10327-10337. [PMID: 30129142 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology The First Affliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Tong‐Qing Xue
- Department of Interventional Radiology The First Affliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
- Department of Interventional Radiology Huaian Hospital of Huaian City Huaian China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Interventional Radiology The First Affliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Yun‐Liang Wang
- Department of General Surgery The First Affliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Li Zhu
- Department of Interventional Radiology The First Affliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Cai‐Fang Ni
- Department of Interventional Radiology The First Affliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
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Xiao YB, Cai SH, Liu LL, Yang X, Yun JP. Decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha indicates unfavorable outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:1781-1789. [PMID: 29983595 PMCID: PMC6027701 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s166971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a close relationship with lipid metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) plays a crucial role in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation in the liver. However, the role of PPARα in HCC remains unclear. Methods A total of 804 HCC specimens were collected to construct a tissue microarray and for immunohistochemical analysis. The relationship between PPARα expression and clinical features of HCC patients was analyzed. Kaplan–Meier analysis was conducted to assess the prognostic value of PPARα expression levels. Results The expression of PPARα in HCC was noticeably decreased in HCC tissues. HCC patients with high levels of PPARα expression in cytoplasm had smaller tumors (P=0.027), less vascular invasion (P=0.049), and a higher proportion of complete involucrum (P=0.038). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that HCC patients with low PPARα expression in the cytoplasm had significantly worse outcomes in terms of overall survival (P<0.001), disease-free survival (P=0.024), and the probability of recurrence (P=0.037). Similarly, overall survival was significantly shorter in HCC patients with negative PPARα expression in the nucleus (P=0.034). Multivariate Cox analyses indicated that tumor size (P=0.001), TNM stage (P<0.001), vascular invasion (P<0.001), and PPARα expression in the cytoplasm (P<0.001) were found to be independent prognostic variables for overall survival. Conclusion Our data revealed that PPARα expression was decreased in HCC samples. High PPARα expression was correlated with longer survival times in HCC patients, and served as an independent factor for better outcomes. Our study therefore provides a promising biomarker for prognostic prediction and a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China, .,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China,
| | - Shao-Hang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China, .,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China,
| | - Li-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China, .,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China,
| | - Xia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China, .,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China,
| | - Jing-Ping Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China, .,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China,
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Up-regulation of CTD-2547G23.4 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and its prospective molecular regulatory mechanism: a novel qRT-PCR and bioinformatics analysis study. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:74. [PMID: 29780284 PMCID: PMC5948809 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulated expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been reported in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LncRNA CTD-2547G23.4 is a novel lncRNA, and its role in HCC is still unknown. Here, we aimed to clarify the expression pattern and clinical value of CTD-2547G23.4 and to investigate the prospective regulatory mechanism via bioinformatics analysis in HCC. Methods To identify differentially expressed lncRNAs in HCC, we downloaded RNA-Seq data for HCC and adjacent non-tumour tissues via The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). CTD-2547G23.4 was selected by using the R language and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Furthermore, we validated the differential expression of CTD-2547G23.4 via Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), ArrayExpress, Oncomine databases and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The relationship between the CTD-2547G23.4 level and clinic pathological parameters was also assessed. To further probe the role of CTD-2547G23.4 in HCC cell cycle, lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNA was applied to silence CTD-2547G23.4 expression in Huh-7 cell line. In addition, the related genes of CTD-2547G23.4 gathered from The Atlas of Noncoding RNAs in Cancer (TANRIC) database and Multi Experiment Matrix (MEM) were assessed with Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks. Results CTD-2547G23.4 expression was remarkably higher in 370 HCC tissue samples than that in adjacent non-tumour liver tissues (48.762 ± 27.270 vs. 14.511 ± 8.341, P < 0.001) from TCGA dataset. The relative expression level of CTD-2547G23.4 in HCC was consistently higher than that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (2.464 ± 0.833 vs. 1.813 ± 0.784, P = 0.001) as assessed by real time RT-qPCR. The area under the curve of the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.8720 based on TCGA, qRT-PCR and GEO data. Further analysis indicated that the increased expression levels of CTD-2547G23.4 were associated with the neoplasm histologic grade and vascular tumour cell type. The expression of CTD-2547G23.4 was significantly downregulated in CTD-2547G23.4 knockdown cells. Moreover, cell cycle analysis revealed that CTD-2547G23.4 depletion in Huh-7 cell line led to S phase arrest. Furthermore, 314 related genes identified by TANRIC and MEM databases were processed with a pathway analysis. The bioinformatics analysis indicated that CTD-2547G23.4 might play a key role in the progress of HCC through four hub genes, SRC, CREBBP, ADCY8 and PPARA. Conclusions Collectively, we put forward the hypothesis that the novel lncRNA CTD-2547G23.4 may act as an exceptional clinical index and promote the HCC tumourigenesis and progression via various related genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-018-0566-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Lian X, Wang G, Zhou H, Zheng Z, Fu Y, Cai L. Anticancer Properties of Fenofibrate: A Repurposing Use. J Cancer 2018; 9:1527-1537. [PMID: 29760790 PMCID: PMC5950581 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death throughout the world, and cancer therapy remains a big medical challenge in terms of both its therapeutic efficacy and safety. Therefore, to find out a safe anticancer drug has been long goal for oncologist and medical scientists. Among clinically used medicines with no or little toxicity, fenofibrate is a drug of the fibrate class that plays an important role in lowering the levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides while elevating the levels of high-density lipoproteins. Recently, several studies have implied that fenofibrate may exert anticancer effects via a variety of pathways involved in apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, invasion, and migration. Given the great potential that fenofibrate may have anticancer effects, this review was to investigate all published works which directly or indirectly support the anticancer activity of fenofibrate. These studies provide evidence that fenofibrate exerted antitumor effects in several human cancer cell lines, such as breast, liver, glioma, prostate, pancreas, and lung cancer cell lines. Among these studies some have further confirmed the possibility and efficacy of fenofibrate anticancer in xenograft mouse models. In the last part of this review, we also discuss the potential mechanisms of action of fenofibrate based on the available information. Overall, we may repurpose fenofibrate as an anticancer drug in cancer treatment, which urgently need further and comprehensively investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lian
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zongyu Zheng
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yaowen Fu
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Departments of Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Lian X, Gu J, Gao B, Li Y, Damodaran C, Wei W, Fu Y, Cai L. Fenofibrate inhibits mTOR-p70S6K signaling and simultaneously induces cell death in human prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:70-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Qiu F, Matlock G, Chen Q, Zhou K, Du Y, Wang X, Ma JX. Therapeutic Effects of PPARα Agonist on Ocular Neovascularization in Models Recapitulating Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:5065-5075. [PMID: 28980001 PMCID: PMC5633006 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was designed to evaluate effects of fenofibric acid (Feno-FA), a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) agonist, on ocular neovascularization (NV) in models recapitulating neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and to explore whether the effects are PPARα dependent. Methods Laser-induced choroidal NV (CNV) in rats and very low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Vldlr−/−) mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of Feno-FA or vehicle. Vascular leakage was examined by fundus fluorescein angiography and permeability assay using Evans blue as tracer. In CNV rats, severity of CNV was evaluated by CNV areas and CNV volume. In Vldlr−/− mice, subretinal NV (SRNV) and intraretinal NV (IRNV) were quantified in choroid flat mount and retina flat mount, respectively. Inflammatory factors were measured using Western blotting and retinal leukostasis assay. Further, Pparα−/− mice and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice were used for laser-induced CNV and treated with Feno-FA to explore the underlying mechanism. Results Feno-FA significantly reduced vascular leakage in CNV rats and Vldlr−/− mice, reduced CNV volume in laser-induced CNV rats, and suppressed SRNV and IRNV in Vldlr−/− mice. In addition, Feno-FA downregulated the expression of inflammatory factors, including VEGF, TNF-α, and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), in the eyecups of CNV rats and decreased adherent retinal leukocytes in Vldlr−/− mice. Furthermore, Pparα−/− mice developed more severe CNV compared with WT mice, and PPARα knockout abolished the beneficial effects of Feno-FA on CNV. Conclusions Feno-FA has therapeutic effects on ocular NV in models recapitulating neovascular AMD through a PPARα-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Qiu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Greg Matlock
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Kelu Zhou
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Yanhong Du
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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Molecular characterization and functional analysis of PPARα promoter in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pein H, Koeberle SC, Voelkel M, Schneider F, Rossi A, Thürmer M, Loeser K, Sautebin L, Morrison H, Werz O, Koeberle A. Vitamin A regulates Akt signaling through the phospholipid fatty acid composition. FASEB J 2017; 31:4566-4577. [PMID: 28687611 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700078r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases, including the serine/threonine kinase Akt, mediate manifold bioactivities of vitamin A, although the mechanisms behind the sustained kinase activation are diffuse. To investigate the role of cellular lipids as targetable factors in Akt signaling, we combined mass spectrometry-based lipidomics with immunologic detection of Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation. A screening campaign revealed retinol (vitamin A alcohol) and all-trans retinoic acid (vitamin A acid) (RA) as hits that time-dependently (≥24 h) deplete phosphatidylcholine-bound polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA-PCs) from NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts while inducing Akt activation (EC50 ≈ 0.1-1 µM). Other mitogenic and stress-regulated kinases were hardly affected. Organized in a coregulated phospholipid subcluster, PUFA-PCs compensated for the RA-induced loss of cellular PUFA-PCs and diminished Akt activation when supplemented. The counter-regulation of phospholipids and Akt by RA was mimicked by knockdown of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase-3 or the selective retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist bexarotene and prevented by the selective RXR antagonist Hx531. Treatment of mice with retinol decreased the tissue ratio of PUFA-PC and enhanced basal Akt activation preferentially in brain, which was attributed to astrocytes in dissociated cortical cultures. Together, our findings show that RA regulates the long-term activation of Akt by changes in the phospholipid composition.-Pein, H., Koeberle, S. C., Voelkel, M., Schneider, F., Rossi, A., Thürmer, M., Loeser, K., Sautebin, L., Morrison, H., Werz, O., Koeberle, A. Vitamin A regulates Akt signaling through the phospholipid fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Pein
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Maria Voelkel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Freya Schneider
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Thürmer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Lidia Sautebin
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute of Age Research, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany;
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Sun X, Kellner M, Desai AA, Wang T, Lu Q, Kangath A, Qu N, Klinger C, Fratz S, Yuan JXJ, Jacobson JR, Garcia JGN, Rafikov R, Fineman JR, Black SM. Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Stimulates Akt1 Phosphorylation via Heat Shock Protein 70-Facilitated Carboxyl-Terminal Modulator Protein Degradation in Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:275-87. [PMID: 26959555 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0185oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) induces the mitochondrial translocation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) through the nitration-mediated activation of Akt1. However, it is recognized that the activation of Akt1 requires phosphorylation events at threonine (T) 308 and serine (S) 473. Thus, the current study was performed to elucidate the potential effect of ADMA on Akt1 phosphorylation and the mechanisms that are involved. Exposure of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells to ADMA enhanced Akt1 phosphorylation at both threonine 308 and Ser473 without altering Akt1 protein levels, phosphatase and tensin homolog activity, or membrane Akt1 levels. Heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 plays a pivotal role in maintaining Akt1 activity, and our results demonstrate that ADMA decreased Hsp90-Akt1 interactions, but, surprisingly, overexpression of a dominant-negative Hsp90 mutant increased Akt1 phosphorylation. ADMA exposure or overexpression of dominant-negative Hsp90 increased Hsp70 levels, and depletion of Hsp70 abolished ADMA-induced Akt1 phosphorylation. ADMA decreased the interaction of Akt1 with its endogenous inhibitor, carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (CTMP). This was mediated by the proteasomal-dependent degradation of CTMP. The overexpression of CTMP attenuated ADMA-induced Akt1 phosphorylation at Ser473, eNOS phosphorylation at Ser617, and eNOS mitochondrial translocation. Finally, we found that the mitochondrial translocation of eNOS in our lamb model of pulmonary hypertension is associated with increased Akt1 and eNOS phosphorylation and reduced Akt1-CTMP protein interactions. In conclusion, our data suggest that CTMP is directly involved in ADMA-induced Akt1 phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo, and that increasing CTMP levels may be an avenue to treat pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xutong Sun
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Manuela Kellner
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ankit A Desai
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ting Wang
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Qing Lu
- 2 Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Archana Kangath
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ning Qu
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Christina Klinger
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sohrab Fratz
- 3 Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center at the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- 4 Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ruslan Rafikov
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- 5 Department of Pediatrics and.,6 Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen M Black
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Vella V, Nicolosi ML, Giuliano S, Bellomo M, Belfiore A, Malaguarnera R. PPAR-γ Agonists As Antineoplastic Agents in Cancers with Dysregulated IGF Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:31. [PMID: 28275367 PMCID: PMC5319972 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are associated to increased cancer incidence and mortality. Moreover, cancer development and progression as well as cancer resistance to traditional anticancer therapies are often linked to a deregulation/overactivation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, which involves the autocrine/paracrine production of IGFs (IGF-I and IGF-II) and overexpression of their cognate receptors [IGF-I receptor, IGF-insulin receptor (IR), and IR]. Recently, new drugs targeting various IGF axis components have been developed. However, these drugs have several limitations including the occurrence of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, which, in turn, may affect cancer cell growth and survival. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed. In this regard, the pleiotropic effects of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonists may have promising applications in cancer prevention and therapy. Indeed, activation of PPAR-γ by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or other agonists may inhibit cell growth and proliferation by lowering circulating insulin and affecting key pathways of the Insulin/IGF axis, such as PI3K/mTOR, MAPK, and GSK3-β/Wnt/β-catenin cascades, which regulate cancer cell survival, cell reprogramming, and differentiation. In light of these evidences, TZDs and other PPAR-γ agonists may be exploited as potential preventive and therapeutic agents in tumors addicted to the activation of IGF axis or occurring in hyperinsulinemic patients. Unfortunately, clinical trials using PPAR-γ agonists as antineoplastic agents have reached conflicting results, possibly because they have not selected tumors with overactivated insulin/IGF-I axis or occurring in hyperinsulinemic patients. In conclusion, the use of PPAR-γ agonists in combined therapies of IGF-driven malignancies looks promising but requires future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vella
- Scienze delle Attività Motorie e Sportive, University Kore, Enna, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Nicolosi
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Giuliano
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Bellomo
- Scienze delle Attività Motorie e Sportive, University Kore, Enna, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonino Belfiore,
| | - Roberta Malaguarnera
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Jinawath N, Bunbanjerdsuk S, Chayanupatkul M, Ngamphaiboon N, Asavapanumas N, Svasti J, Charoensawan V. Bridging the gap between clinicians and systems biologists: from network biology to translational biomedical research. J Transl Med 2016; 14:324. [PMID: 27876057 PMCID: PMC5120462 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
With the wealth of data accumulated from completely sequenced genomes and other high-throughput experiments, global studies of biological systems, by simultaneously investigating multiple biological entities (e.g. genes, transcripts, proteins), has become a routine. Network representation is frequently used to capture the presence of these molecules as well as their relationship. Network biology has been widely used in molecular biology and genetics, where several network properties have been shown to be functionally important. Here, we discuss how such methodology can be useful to translational biomedical research, where scientists traditionally focus on one or a small set of genes, diseases, and drug candidates at any one time. We first give an overview of network representation frequently used in biology: what nodes and edges represent, and review its application in preclinical research to date. Using cancer as an example, we review how network biology can facilitate system-wide approaches to identify targeted small molecule inhibitors. These types of inhibitors have the potential to be more specific, resulting in high efficacy treatments with less side effects, compared to the conventional treatments such as chemotherapy. Global analysis may provide better insight into the overall picture of human diseases, as well as identify previously overlooked problems, leading to rapid advances in medicine. From the clinicians’ point of view, it is necessary to bridge the gap between theoretical network biology and practical biomedical research, in order to improve the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the world’s major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natini Jinawath
- Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Program in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sacarin Bunbanjerdsuk
- Program in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maneerat Chayanupatkul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nuttapong Ngamphaiboon
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nithi Asavapanumas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varodom Charoensawan
- Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Tsai SC, Tsai MH, Chiu CF, Lu CC, Kuo SC, Chang NW, Yang JS. AMPK-dependent signaling modulates the suppression of invasion and migration by fenofibrate in CAL 27 oral cancer cells through NF-κB pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:866-876. [PMID: 25545733 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist and lipid-lowering agent, has been used worldwide for treatment of hyperlipidemia. The clinical trials demonstrate that fenofibrate possesses multiple pharmacological activities, including antitumor effects. However, the precise mechanisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of fenofibrate on the migration and invasion of human oral cancer CAL 27 cells. Fenofibrate inhibited the cell migration and invasion of CAL 27 cells by the wound healing and Boyden chamber transwell assays, respectively. In addition, fenofibrate reduced the protein expressions of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 by Western blotting and inhibited enzyme activities of MMP-2/-9 using gelatin zymography assay. Results from immunoblotting analysis showed that the proteins of p-LKB1 (Ser428), LKB1, p-AMPKα (Thr172), p-AMPKα1/α2 (Ser425/Ser491), p-AMPKβ1 (Ser108), and AMPKγ1 were upregulated by fenofibrate; the levels of p-IKKα/β (Ser176) and p-IκBα were reduced in fenofibrate-treated cells. Also, fenofibrate suppressed the expressions of nuclear NF-κB p65 and p50 by immunoblotting and NF-κB DNA binding activity by EMSA assay. The anti-invasive effect of fenofibrate was attenuated by compound C [an adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor] or dominant negative form of AMPK (DN-AMPKα1). Thus, fenofibrate considerably inhibited metastatic behaviors of CAL 27 cells might be mediated through blocking NF-κB signaling, resulting in the inhibition of MMPs; these effects were AMPK-dependent rather than PPARα signaling. Our findings provide a molecular rationale, whereby fenofibrate exerts anticancer effects and additional beneficial effects for the treatment of cancer patients. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 866-876, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chang Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsui Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Fang Chiu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Bracco Pharmaceutical Corp. Ltd., Taipei, 104, Taiwan
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48
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Helmy MM, Helmy MW, El-Mas MM. Additive Renoprotection by Pioglitazone and Fenofibrate against Inflammatory, Oxidative and Apoptotic Manifestations of Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity: Modulation by PPARs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142303. [PMID: 26536032 PMCID: PMC4633146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a major side effect for the antineoplastic drug cisplatin. Here, we employed pharmacological, biochemical, and molecular studies to investigate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Rats were treated with a single i.p. dose of cisplatin (5 mg/kg) alone or combined with pioglitazone (PPARγ agonist), fenofibrate (PPARα agonist), pioglitazone plus fenofibrate, or thalidomide (Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor; TNF-α). Cisplatin nephrotoxicity was evidenced by rises in renal indices of functional (blood urea nitrogen, BUN, and creatinine), inflammatory (TNF-α, interleukin 6, IL-6), oxidative (increased malondialdehyde, MDA, and decreased superoxide dismutase, SOD and nitric oxide metabolites, NOx), apoptotic (caspase 3), and histological (glomerular atrophy, acute tubular necrosis and vacuolation) profiles. Cisplatin effects were partly abolished upon concurrent exposure to pioglitazone, fenofibrate, or thalidomide; more renoprotection was observed in rats treated with pioglitazaone plus fenofibrate. Immunostaining showed that renal expressions of PPARα and PPARγ were reduced by cisplatin and restored to vehicle-treated values after simultaneous treatment with pioglitazone or fenofibrate. Fenofibrate or pioglitazone renoprotection remained unaltered after concurrent blockade of PPARα (GW6471) and PPARγ (GW9662), respectively. To complement the rat studies, we also report that in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293 cells), increases caused by cisplatin in inflammatory, apoptotic, and oxidative biomarkers were (i) partly improved after exposure to pioglitazone, fenofibrate, or thalidomide, and (ii) completely disappeared in cells treated with a combination of all three drugs. These data establish that the combined use of pioglitazone and fenofibrate additively improved manifestations of cisplatin nephrotoxicity through perhaps GW6471/GW9662-insensitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Helmy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maged W Helmy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M El-Mas
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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PPARα regulates tumor progression, foe or friend? Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:560-4. [PMID: 26409040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PPARα belongs to the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) family that consists of PPARα, PPARδ, and PAPRγ. Activation of PPARα by ligands including fatty acids and their derivatives as well as some synthetic compounds regulates tumor progression in various tissues. Activated PPARα inhibits or promotes tumorigenesis depending on the specific tissues, but the molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this review, the recent progress of PPARα regulating tumorigenesis is discussed.
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Zhang N, Chu ESH, Zhang J, Li X, Liang Q, Chen J, Chen M, Teoh N, Farrell G, Sung JJY, Yu J. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis through mediating NF-κB signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8330-40. [PMID: 25327562 PMCID: PMC4226686 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) ligands have been reported to suppress cancer growth. However, the role of PPARα in hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear. We investigated the functional significance of PPARα in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PPARα-knockout (PPARα-/-) mice were more susceptible to diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC at 6 months compared with wild-type (WT) littermates (80% versus 43%, P < 0.05). In resected HCCs, TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells were significantly less in PPARα-/- mice than in WT mice (P < 0.01), commensurate with a reduction in cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-7 protein expression. Ki-67 staining showed increased cell proliferation in PPARα-/- mice (P < 0.01), with concomitant up-regulation of cyclin-D1 and down-regulation of p15. Moreover, ectopic expression of PPARα in HCC cells significantly suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. The anti-tumorigenic function of PPARα was mediated via NF-κB as evidenced by inhibition of NF-κB promoter activity, diminution of phosphor-p65, phosphor-p50 and BCL2 levels, and enhancing IkBα protein. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed PPARα directly binds to the IkBα promoter. In conclusion, PPARα deficiency enhances susceptibility to DEN-initiated HCC. PPARα suppresses tumor cell growth by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis via direct targeting IκBα and NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eagle S H Chu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology & Therapeutics Laboratory, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingwan Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology & Therapeutics Laboratory, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoxing Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology & Therapeutics Laboratory, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiaoyi Liang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology & Therapeutics Laboratory, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Narci Teoh
- Australian National University Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Farrell
- Australian National University Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology & Therapeutics Laboratory, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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