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Song Y, Wei D, Raza SHA, Zhao Y, Jiang C, Song X, Wu H, Wang X, Luoreng Z, Ma Y. Research progress of intramuscular fat formation based on co-culture. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3216-3236. [PMID: 36200856 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2127410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) is closely related to the meat quality of livestock and poultry. As a new cell culture technique in vitro, cell co-culture has been gradually applied to the related research of IMF formation because it can simulate the changes of microenvironment in vivo during the process of IMF cell formation. In the co-culture model, in addition to studying the effects of skeletal muscle cells on the proliferation and differentiation of IMF, we can also consider the role of many secretion factors in the formation of IMF, thus making the cell research in vitro closer to the real level in vivo. This paper reviewed the generation and origin of IMF, summarized the existing co-culture methods and systems, and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of each method as well as the challenges faced in the establishment of the system, with emphasis on the current status of research on the formation of IMF for human and animal based on co-culture technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Song
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Dawei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | | | - Yiang Zhao
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Xingping Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhuoma Luoreng
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Yun Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
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Docosahexaenoic Acid Counteracts the Hypoxic-Induced Inflammatory and Metabolic Alterations in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214600. [PMID: 36364860 PMCID: PMC9659308 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypoxia is caused by the excessive expansion of the white adipose tissue (AT) and is associated with obesity-related conditions such as insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid reported to have beneficial health effects. However, the effects of DHA in AT against hypoxia-induced immune-metabolic perturbations in adipocytes exposed to low O2 tension are not well known. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of DHA on markers of inflammation, metabolism, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 cell adipocytes exposed to low O2 tension (1% O2) induced hypoxia. Methods: The apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) rates were evaluated. Metabolic parameters such as lactate, FFA, glycerol release, glucose uptake, and ATP content were assessed by a fluorometer. The expression of HIF-1, GLUT1 and the secretion of adipocytokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and pro-inflammatory markers was evaluated. Results: DHA-treated hypoxic cells showed significantly decreased basal free fatty acid release, lactate production, and enhanced glucose consumption. In addition, DHA-treatment of hypoxic cells caused a significant reduction in the apoptosis rate and ROS production with decreased lipid peroxidation. Moreover, DHA-treatment of hypoxic cells caused a decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6, MCP-1) and leptin and increased adiponectin secretion compared with hypoxic cells. Furthermore, DHA-treatment of hypoxic cells caused significant reductions in the expression of genes related to hypoxia (HIF-1, HIF-2), anaerobic metabolism (GLUT1 and Ldha), ATP production (ANT2), and fat metabolism (FASN and PPARY). Conclusion: This study suggests that DHA can exert potential anti-obesity effects by reducing the secretion of inflammatory adipokines, oxidative stress, lipolysis, and apoptosis.
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Caron A, Ahmed F, Peshdary V, Garneau L, Atlas E, Aguer C. Effects of PCB126 on Adipose-to-Muscle Communication in an in Vitro Model. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:107002. [PMID: 33026256 PMCID: PMC7539676 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is linked to the development of insulin resistance. Previous studies suggested PCB126 alters muscle mitochondrial function through an indirect mechanism. Given that PCBs are stored in fat, we hypothesized that PCB126 alters adipokine secretion, which in turn affects muscle metabolism. OBJECTIVES We determined a) the impacts of PCB126 exposure on adipocyte cytokine/adipokine secretion in vitro; b) whether adipocyte-derived factors alter glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function in myotubes when exposed to PCB126; and c) whether preestablished insulin resistance alters the metabolic responses of adipocytes exposed to PCB126 and the communication between adipocytes and myotubes. METHODS 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to PCB126 (1-100 nM) in two insulin sensitivity conditions [insulin sensitive (IS) and insulin resistant (IR) adipocytes], followed by the measurement of secreted adipokines, mitochondrial function, and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Communication between adipocytes and myotubes was reproduced by exposing C2C12 myotubes or mouse primary myotubes to conditioned medium (CM) derived from IS or IR 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to PCB126. Mitochondrial function and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake were then determined in myotubes. RESULTS IR 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with PCB126 had significantly higher adipokine (adiponectin, IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α) secretion and lower mitochondrial function, glucose uptake, and glycolysis. However, PCB126 did not significantly alter these parameters in IS adipocytes. Altered energy metabolism in IR 3T3-L1 adipocytes was linked to lower phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and higher superoxide dismutase 2 levels, an enzyme involved in reactive oxygen species detoxification. Myotubes exposed to the CM from PCB126-treated IR adipocytes had lower glucose uptake, with no alteration in glycolysis or mitochondrial function. Interestingly, p-AMPK levels were higher in myotubes exposed to the CM of PCB126-treated IR adipocytes. DISCUSSION Taken together, these data suggest that increased adipokine secretion from IR adipocytes exposed to PCB126 might explain impaired glucose uptake in myotubes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7058.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Caron
- Institut du Savoir Montfort—recherche, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fozia Ahmed
- Institut du Savoir Montfort—recherche, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vian Peshdary
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Léa Garneau
- Institut du Savoir Montfort—recherche, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ella Atlas
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Céline Aguer
- Institut du Savoir Montfort—recherche, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Lempesis IG, Meijel RLJ, Manolopoulos KN, Goossens GH. Oxygenation of adipose tissue: A human perspective. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13298. [PMID: 31077538 PMCID: PMC6916558 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disorder of excessive adiposity, and is associated with adverse health effects such as cardiometabolic complications, which are to a large extent attributable to dysfunctional white adipose tissue. Adipose tissue dysfunction is characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy, impaired adipokine secretion, a chronic low‐grade inflammatory status, hormonal resistance and altered metabolic responses, together contributing to insulin resistance and related chronic diseases. Adipose tissue hypoxia, defined as a relative oxygen deficit, in obesity has been proposed as a potential contributor to adipose tissue dysfunction, but studies in humans have yielded conflicting results. Here, we will review the role of adipose tissue oxygenation in the pathophysiology of obesity‐related complications, with a specific focus on human studies. We will provide an overview of the determinants of adipose tissue oxygenation, as well as the role of adipose tissue oxygenation in glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and inflammation. Finally, we will discuss the putative effects of physiological and experimental hypoxia on adipose tissue biology and whole‐body metabolism in humans. We conclude that several lines of evidence suggest that alteration of adipose tissue oxygenation may impact metabolic homeostasis, thereby providing a novel strategy to combat chronic metabolic diseases in obese humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G. Lempesis
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Birmingham Health Partners Birmingham UK
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Rens L. J. Meijel
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos N. Manolopoulos
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Birmingham Health Partners Birmingham UK
| | - Gijs H. Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht the Netherlands
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Zhang C, Luo X, Zhang D, Deng B, Tong J, Zhang M, Chen L, Duan H, Niu W. Hypoxic adipocytes induce macrophages to release inflammatory cytokines that render skeletal muscle cells insulin resistant. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:625-631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Zhao Y, Li N, Li Z, Zhang D, Chen L, Yao Z, Niu W. Conditioned medium from contracting skeletal muscle cells reverses insulin resistance and dysfunction of endothelial cells. Metabolism 2018; 82:36-46. [PMID: 29289515 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obese adipose tissue has been characterized with chronic inflammation associated with elevated secretion of inflammatory cytokines and declined secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines which can impair endothelial function in an endocrine manner. Adipose tissue hypoxia plays a role in the changes of cytokines. Physical exercise/muscle contraction may help preventing cardiovascular disease through improving insulin resistance and endothelium function. However the mechanism is unclear. Skeletal muscle is an endocrine tissue. Contracting muscles secrete myokines which may play roles in the beneficial effect of exercise. In this study, the conditioned medium from electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) regulated skeletal muscle cells was used to explore the mechanism of contraction on endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance induced by conditioned medium from hypoxic adipocytes. METHODS 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated under normoxia or hypoxia condition, respectively. The supernatant was collected as adipocyte conditioned medium (CM-N and CM-H). C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells were stimulated with EPS for 12 h. The supernatant was collected as muscle cells conditioned medium (CM-EPS). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with adipocyte CM and muscle cells CM together. Macrophages migration to HUVECs was detected with transwell system. The mRNA expressions of E-selectin, ICAM-1, MCP-1 and IL-6 were measured by real-time PCR. The phosphorylation of IKKα/β, NF-κB, Akt, AMPK, eNOS and SOCS3 protein levels were detected by Western blot. Concentration of NO was measured by ELISA kit. HUVECs apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS CM-EPS reduced the increase of mRNA expressions of E-selectin, ICAM-1, MCP-1 and IL-6 in HUVECs induced by CN-H. The phosphorylations of IKKα/β and NF-κB, SOCS3 protein level and endothelial cells apoptosis, which were raised by CM-H, were significantly reduced by CM-EPS. CM-EPS reversed the effects of CM-H on Akt and eNOS phosphorylations and NO production in HUVECs. CM-EPS directly stimulated the phosphorylation of AMPK, which caused the following phosphorylation of eNOS in HUVECs. CONCLUSION In summary, CM-EPS reversed endothelial cells inflammation, apoptosis, insulin resistance and dysfunction induced by CM-H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Nana Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Da Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Wenyan Niu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Priyanka A, Shyni G, Anupama N, Raj PS, Anusree S, Raghu K. Development of insulin resistance through sprouting of inflammatory markers during hypoxia in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and amelioration with curcumin. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 812:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Avila-George K, Ramos-Olivares K, Vasquez-Munoz K, Villanueva-Morales V, Reyes-Farias M, Quintero P, Garcia L, Garcia-Diaz DF. Chemically induced hypoxia promotes differential outcomes over preadipocyte- or adipocyte-macrophage communication. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:175-181. [PMID: 28276712 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1285318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of white adipose tissue induce insufficient vascularization, driving hypoxia and low-grade inflammation. Resident preadipocytes are thought to be involved. We evaluated the effects of hypoxia over preadipocytes and adipocytes, to determine which cellular type impacts the most over macrophages activation. 3T3-L1 cells were either differentiated, or maintained undifferentiated. Each group was subjected to the presence or absence of chemical hypoxia (200 μM CoCl2) for 24 h. Conditioned media were used as treatment for murine RAW264.7 macrophages for 24 h. Gene expression of HIF-1α and TNF-α, and the release of several markers were assessed. It was observed that culture media from hypoxic preadipocytes induced greater expression of inflammatory markers and NO release than culture media from hypoxic adipocytes, by macrophages. Gene expression correlated closer with inflammatory markers release specially on macrophages treated with conditioned media from preadipocytes. Hence, the present work highlights the importance of preadipocytes on inflammatory conditions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Avila-George
- a Department of Nutrition , Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - K Ramos-Olivares
- a Department of Nutrition , Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - K Vasquez-Munoz
- a Department of Nutrition , Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - V Villanueva-Morales
- a Department of Nutrition , Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - M Reyes-Farias
- a Department of Nutrition , Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - P Quintero
- b Department of Gastroenterology , Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile , Santiago , Chile , and
| | - L Garcia
- c Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - D F Garcia-Diaz
- a Department of Nutrition , Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Adipose Tissue Hypoxia in Obesity and Its Impact on Preadipocytes and Macrophages: Hypoxia Hypothesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:305-326. [PMID: 28585205 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obese subjects exhibit lower adipose tissue oxygen consumption in accordance with the lower adipose tissue blood flow. Thus, compared with lean subjects, obese subjects have 44% lower capillary density and 58% lower vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The VEGF expression together with hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 (HIF-1) activity also requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)- and target of rapamycin (TOR)-mediated signaling. HIF-1alpha is an important signaling molecule for hypoxia to induce the inflammatory responses. Hypoxia affects a number of biological functions, such as angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation and insulin resistance. Additionally, reactive oxygen radical (ROS) generation at mitochondria is responsible for propagation of the hypoxic signal. Actually mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, but not oxygen consumption is required for hypoxic HIF-1alpha protein stabilization. Adipocyte mitochondrial oxidative capacity is reduced in obese compared with non-obese adults. In this respect, mitochondrial dysfunction of adipocyte is associated with the overall adiposity. Furthermore, hypoxia also inhibits macrophage migration from the hypoxic adipose tissue. Alterations in oxygen availability of adipose tissue directly affect the macrophage polarization and are responsible from dysregulated adipocytokines production in obesity. Hypoxia also inhibits adipocyte differentiation from preadipocytes. In addition to stressed adipocytes, hypoxia contributes to immune cell immigration and activation which further aggravates adipose tissue fibrosis. Fibrosis is initiated in response to adipocyte hypertrophy in obesity.
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Priyanka A, Sindhu G, Shyni GL, Preetha Rani MR, Nisha VM, Raghu KG. Bilobalide abates inflammation, insulin resistance and secretion of angiogenic factors induced by hypoxia in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by controlling NF-κB and JNK activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 42:209-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Anti-diabetes effect of chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia through improving liver insulin resistance in diabetic rats. Life Sci 2016; 150:1-7. [PMID: 26883978 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cumulating evidence demonstrated that chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) had beneficial effects on the body. The present study was to investigate the anti-diabetes effect of CIHH in type-2 diabetic rats for the first time. MAIN METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (CON), diabetes mellitus group (DM, induced by high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin), CIHH treatment group (CIHH, simulated 5000-m altitude, 6h per day for 28 days), and diabetes mellitus plus CIHH treatment group (DM+CIHH). Histopathology of liver, systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), blood biochemicals, glucose and insulin tolerance were determined. The expression of proteins associated with insulin signaling pathway as well as hypoxia induced factors were assayed. KEY FINDINGS Diabetic rats showed impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance in addition to increased SAP. However, SAP, serum triglyceride and cholesterol were decreased, and hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance were improved in DM+CIHH rats. Furthermore, the protein expression of glucokinase (GCK), insulin receptor substrates (IRS-1 and IRS-2), and HIF1α were increased, while the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), was markedly reduced in DM+CIHH rats. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that CIHH treatment has anti-diabetes effects through ameliorating insulin resistance via hepatic HIF-insulin signaling pathway in type-2 diabetic rats.
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Heinonen IHA, Boushel R, Kalliokoski KK. The Circulatory and Metabolic Responses to Hypoxia in Humans - With Special Reference to Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:116. [PMID: 27621722 PMCID: PMC5002918 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue metabolism and circulation play an important role in human health. It is well-known that adipose tissue mass is increased in response to excess caloric intake leading to obesity and further to local hypoxia and inflammatory signaling. Acute exercise increases blood supply to adipose tissue and mobilization of fat stores for energy. However, acute exercise during systemic hypoxia reduces subcutaneous blood flow in healthy young subjects, but the response in overweight or obese subjects remains to be investigated. Emerging evidence also indicates that exercise training during hypoxic exposure may provide additive benefits with respect to many traditional cardiovascular risk factors as compared to exercise performed in normoxia, but unfavorable effects of hypoxia have also been documented. These topics will be covered in this brief review dealing with hypoxia and adipose tissue physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka H. A. Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Ilkka H. A. Heinonen,
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Pellegrinelli V, Rouault C, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Albert V, Edom-Vovard F, Vidal-Puig A, Clément K, Butler-Browne GS, Lacasa D. Human Adipocytes Induce Inflammation and Atrophy in Muscle Cells During Obesity. Diabetes 2015; 64:3121-34. [PMID: 25695947 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and lipid accumulation are hallmarks of muscular pathologies resulting from metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. During obesity, the hypertrophy of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) contributes to muscle dysfunction, particularly through the dysregulated production of adipokines. We have investigated the cross talk between human adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells to identify mechanisms linking adiposity and muscular dysfunctions. First, we demonstrated that the secretome of obese adipocytes decreased the expression of contractile proteins in myotubes, consequently inducing atrophy. Using a three-dimensional coculture of human myotubes and VAT adipocytes, we showed the decreased expression of genes corresponding to skeletal muscle contractility complex and myogenesis. We demonstrated an increased secretion by cocultured cells of cytokines and chemokines with interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β as key contributors. Moreover, we gathered evidence showing that obese subcutaneous adipocytes were less potent than VAT adipocytes in inducing these myotube dysfunctions. Interestingly, the atrophy induced by visceral adipocytes was corrected by IGF-II/insulin growth factor binding protein-5. Finally, we observed that the skeletal muscle of obese mice displayed decreased expression of muscular markers in correlation with VAT hypertrophy and abnormal distribution of the muscle fiber size. In summary, we show the negative impact of obese adipocytes on muscle phenotype, which could contribute to muscle wasting associated with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pellegrinelli
- INSERM, U1166 Nutriomique, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1166, Paris, France
| | - Christine Rouault
- INSERM, U1166 Nutriomique, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1166, Paris, France Institut Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Victorine Albert
- INSERM, U1166 Nutriomique, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1166, Paris, France Institut Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Edom-Vovard
- Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMR 974, Paris, France INSERM, U974, Paris, France CNRS FRE 3617, Paris, France Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Karine Clément
- INSERM, U1166 Nutriomique, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1166, Paris, France Institut Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Gillian S Butler-Browne
- Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMR 974, Paris, France INSERM, U974, Paris, France CNRS FRE 3617, Paris, France Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Danièle Lacasa
- INSERM, U1166 Nutriomique, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1166, Paris, France Institut Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Goossens GH, Blaak EE. Adipose tissue dysfunction and impaired metabolic health in human obesity: a matter of oxygen? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:55. [PMID: 25964776 PMCID: PMC4408910 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gijs H. Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Gijs H. Goossens
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Insulin- and warts-dependent regulation of tracheal plasticity modulates systemic larval growth during hypoxia in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115297. [PMID: 25541690 PMCID: PMC4277339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to dynamic environmental cues during organismal development requires coordination of tissue growth with available resources. More specifically, the effects of oxygen availability on body size have been well-documented, but the mechanisms through which hypoxia restricts systemic growth have not been fully elucidated. Here, we characterize the larval growth and metabolic defects in Drosophila that result from hypoxia. Hypoxic conditions reduced fat body opacity and increased lipid droplet accumulation in this tissue, without eliciting lipid aggregation in hepatocyte-like cells called oenocytes. Additionally, hypoxia increased the retention of Dilp2 in the insulin-producing cells of the larval brain, associated with a reduction of insulin signaling in peripheral tissues. Overexpression of the wildtype form of the insulin receptor ubiquitously and in the larval trachea rendered larvae resistant to hypoxia-induced growth restriction. Furthermore, Warts downregulation in the trachea was similar to increased insulin receptor signaling during oxygen deprivation, which both rescued hypoxia-induced growth restriction, inhibition of tracheal molting, and developmental delay. Insulin signaling and loss of Warts function increased tracheal growth and augmented tracheal plasticity under hypoxic conditions, enhancing oxygen delivery during periods of oxygen deprivation. Our findings demonstrate a mechanism that coordinates oxygen availability with systemic growth in which hypoxia-induced reduction of insulin receptor signaling decreases plasticity of the larval trachea that is required for the maintenance of systemic growth during times of limiting oxygen availability.
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Guo Y, Jin L, Wang F, He M, Liu R, Li M, Shuai S. Dynamic changes in genes related to glucose uptake and utilization during pig skeletal and cardiac muscle development. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1159-66. [PMID: 25229851 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.915725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal and cardiac muscle have important roles in glucose uptake and utilization. However, changes in expression of protein coding genes and miRNAs that participate in glucose metabolism during development are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the expression of genes related to glucose metabolism during muscle development. We found an age-dependent increase in gene expression in cardiac muscle, with enrichment in heart development- and energy-related metabolic processes. A subset of genes that were up-regulated until 30 or 180 days postnatally, and then down-regulated in psoas major muscle was significantly enriched in mitochondrial oxidative-related processes, while genes that up-regulated in longissimus doris muscle was significantly enriched in glycolysis-related processes. Meanwhile, expression of energy-related microRNAs decreased with increasing age. In addition, we investigated the correlation between microRNAs and mRNAs in three muscle types across different stages of development and found many potential microRNA-mRNA pairs involved in regulating glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Guo
- a Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology , Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an , P.R. China
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Zhang GM, Zhu Y, Ye DW. Metabolic syndrome and renal cell carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2014; 12:236. [PMID: 25069390 PMCID: PMC4118156 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, which has been regarded as a pivotal risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies focusing on the relationship between MS and cancer have recognized the significant role of MS on carcinogenesis. Likewise, growing evidence suggests that MS has a strong association with increased renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk. This review outlines the link between MS and RCC, and some underlying mechanisms responsible for MS-associated RCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed search (http://www.pubmed.gov) was conducted using medical subject headings 'metabolic syndrome', 'obesity', 'hypertension', 'diabetes', 'dyslipidemia', and 'renal cell carcinoma'. RESULTS This revealed that a variety of molecular mechanisms secondary to MS are involved in RCC formation, progression, and metastasis. A deeper understanding of these molecular mechanisms may provide some strategies for the prevention and treatment of RCC. CONCLUSIONS In summary, there is a large body of evidence regarding the link between MS and RCC, within which each component of MS is considered to have a close causal association with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No, 270, Dongan Rd, Shanghai 200032, China.
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18
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Samaan MC, Scheinemann K, Burrow S, Dillenburg RF, Barr RD, Wang KW, Valencia M, Thabane L. Recruitment feasibility to a cohort study of endocrine and metabolic health among survivors of childhood brain tumours: a report from the Canadian study of Determinants of Endometabolic Health in ChIlDrEn (CanDECIDE). BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005295. [PMID: 24969784 PMCID: PMC4078774 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of recruitment and performance of study procedures of the Canadian Study of Determinants of Endometabolic Health in ChIlDrEn (CanDECIDE) study, which was designed to assess the determinants of endocrine and metabolic health in survivors of childhood brain tumours. SETTING A single paediatric tertiary care centre in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS We included boys and girls, aged 5 years and older, who were lean (body mass index (BMI) below 85th centile for age and gender) or overweight/obese (BMI 85th centile or above for age and gender). We excluded children on steroids or immunosuppressant therapy, smokers and those who had an active infection for the 2 weeks prior to participation. OUTCOMES Feasibility targets included recruitment rate of at least 50%, the consenting of 80% of participants to provide biological samples, 90% questionnaire completion rate and the ability to process biological samples from at least 80% of participants. RESULTS We approached 210 potential participants, and of the 112 (53%) who agreed to participate, 30 (26.8%) completed the study visit over 7 months. All participants agreed to fast, provide biological samples and complete the questionnaires. Sample collection was successful in 97% (29/30) of participants and laboratory procedures were feasible in 100% of collected samples. We also tested resources required for the conduct of the full study including personnel, space, laboratory equipment and procedures and determined that they are all feasible. CONCLUSIONS Recruitment and consenting of patients for the CanDECIDE study may be feasible. However, we are considering prolonging recruitment duration and collaboration with other centres to meet recruitment targets due to lower than expected recruitment rate. Completion of questionnaires and implementation of sample processing protocols are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Constantine Samaan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katrin Scheinemann
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Sarah Burrow
- Division of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rejane F Dillenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald D Barr
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kuan-Wen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marlie Valencia
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's Healthcare-Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Kihira Y, Miyake M, Hirata M, Hoshina Y, Kato K, Shirakawa H, Sakaue H, Yamano N, Izawa-Ishizawa Y, Ishizawa K, Ikeda Y, Tsuchiya K, Tamaki T, Tomita S. Deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in adipocytes enhances glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and reduces adipose tissue inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93856. [PMID: 24705496 PMCID: PMC3976326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that obese adipose tissues are hypoxic and express hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Although some studies have shown that the expression of HIF-1α in adipocytes induces glucose intolerance, the mechanisms are still not clear. In this study, we examined its effects on the development of type 2 diabetes by using adipocyte-specific HIF-1α knockout (ahKO) mice. ahKO mice showed improved glucose tolerance compared with wild type (WT) mice. Macrophage infiltration and mRNA levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were decreased in the epididymal adipose tissues of high fat diet induced obese ahKO mice. The results indicated that the obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation was suppressed in ahKO mice. In addition, in the ahKO mice, serum insulin levels were increased under the free-feeding but not the fasting condition, indicating that postprandial insulin secretion was enhanced. Serum glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were also increased in the ahKO mice. Interestingly, adiponectin, whose serum levels were increased in the obese ahKO mice compared with the obese WT mice, stimulated GLP-1 secretion from cultured intestinal L cells. Therefore, insulin secretion may have been enhanced through the adiponectin-GLP-1 pathway in the ahKO mice. Our results suggest that the deletion of HIF-1α in adipocytes improves glucose tolerance by enhancing insulin secretion through the GLP-1 pathway and by reducing macrophage infiltration and inflammation in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kihira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mariko Miyake
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Manami Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Student Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoji Hoshina
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Student Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kana Kato
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamano
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Izawa-Ishizawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tamaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tomita
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Alvarez A, Singh PM, Sinha AC. Tissue oxygenation in morbid obesity – The physiological and clinical perspective. TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Phieler J, Chung KJ, Chatzigeorgiou A, Klotzsche-von Ameln A, Garcia-Martin R, Sprott D, Moisidou M, Tzanavari T, Ludwig B, Baraban E, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Bornstein SR, Mziaut H, Solimena M, Karalis KP, Economopoulou M, Lambris JD, Chavakis T. The complement anaphylatoxin C5a receptor contributes to obese adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4367-74. [PMID: 24043887 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obese adipose tissue (AT) inflammation contributes critically to development of insulin resistance. The complement anaphylatoxin C5a receptor (C5aR) has been implicated in inflammatory processes and as regulator of macrophage activation and polarization. However, the role of C5aR in obesity and AT inflammation has not been addressed. We engaged the model of diet-induced obesity and found that expression of C5aR was significantly upregulated in the obese AT, compared with lean AT. In addition, C5a was present in obese AT in the proximity of macrophage-rich crownlike structures. C5aR-sufficient and -deficient mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a normal diet (ND). C5aR deficiency was associated with increased AT weight upon ND feeding in males, but not in females, and with increased adipocyte size upon ND and HFD conditions in males. However, obese C5aR(-/-) mice displayed improved systemic and AT insulin sensitivity. Improved AT insulin sensitivity in C5aR(-/-) mice was associated with reduced accumulation of total and proinflammatory M1 macrophages in the obese AT, increased expression of IL-10, and decreased AT fibrosis. In contrast, no difference in β cell mass was observed owing to C5aR deficiency under an HFD. These results suggest that C5aR contributes to macrophage accumulation and M1 polarization in the obese AT and thereby to AT dysfunction and development of AT insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Phieler
- Division of Vascular Inflammation, Diabetes and Kidney, Department of Medicine III, Dresden University, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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22
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Feraco A, Armani A, Mammi C, Fabbri A, Rosano GMC, Caprio M. Role of mineralocorticoid receptor and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in adipocyte dysfunction and obesity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:99-106. [PMID: 23454117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) classically mediates aldosterone effects on salt homeostasis and blood pressure regulation in epithelial target tissues. In recent years, functional MRs have been identified in non classical targets of aldosterone actions, in particular in adipose tissue, where they mediate the effects of aldosterone and glucocorticoids in the control of adipogenesis, adipose expansion and its pro-inflammatory capacity. In this context, inappropriate MR activation has been demonstrated to be a causal factor in several pathologic conditions such as vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance and obesity. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest developments in this rapidly developing field, and will focus on the role of MR and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) as potential leading characters in the early steps of adipocyte dysfunction and obesity. Indeed modulation of MR activity in adipose tissue has promise as a novel therapeutic approach to treat obesity and its related metabolic complications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'CSR 2013'.
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Samaan MC, Thabane L, Burrow S, Dillenburg RF, Scheinemann K. Canadian Study of Determinants of Endometabolic Health in ChIlDrEn (CanDECIDE study): a cohort study protocol examining the mechanisms of obesity in survivors of childhood brain tumours. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e002869. [PMID: 23794554 PMCID: PMC3686178 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is impacting children's health globally. In adults, obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation that leads to insulin resistance, which is one of the important mechanisms through which dysregulation of metabolism occurs. There is limited information available about the contribution of inflammation to metabolic health in obese children, and how individual and lifestyle factors impact this risk. One of the paediatric groups at risk of higher rates of obesity includes the survivors of childhood brain tumours. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms that contribute to inflammation in obese survivors of childhood brain tumours. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a prospective cohort study. We will recruit lean and obese survivors of childhood brain tumours, and a control group composed of lean and obese children with no history of tumours. We will measure circulating and urinary cytokine levels and cytokine gene expression in monocytes. In addition, the methylation patterns of cytokine genes and that of toll-like receptor genes will be evaluated. These will be correlated with individual and lifestyle factors including age, sex, ethnicity, puberty, body mass index, fasting lipid levels, insulin sensitivity, diet, exercise, sleep, stress and built environment. The sample size calculation showed that we need 25 participants per arm ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has received ethics approval from the institutional review board. Once completed, we will publish this work in peer-reviewed journals and share the findings in presentations and posters in meetings. DISCUSSION This study will permit the interrogation of inflammation as a contributor to obesity and its complications in obese survivors of childhood brain tumours and compare them with lean survivors and lean and obese controls with no history of tumours, which may help identify therapeutic and preventative interventions to combat the rising tide of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Constantine Samaan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's Healthcare-Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Burrow
- Division of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rejane F Dillenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katrin Scheinemann
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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24
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van den Borst B, Schols AMWJ, de Theije C, Boots AW, Köhler SE, Goossens GH, Gosker HR. Characterization of the inflammatory and metabolic profile of adipose tissue in a mouse model of chronic hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1619-28. [PMID: 23539316 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00460.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In both obesity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), altered oxygen tension in adipose tissue (AT) has been suggested to evoke AT dysfunction, subsequently contributing to metabolic complications. Studying the effects of chronic hypoxia on AT function will add to our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of alterations in AT inflammation, metabolism, and mass observed in both obesity and COPD. This study investigated the inflammatory and metabolic profile of AT after chronic hypoxia. Fifty-two-week-old C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to chronic hypoxia (8% O2) or normoxia for 21 days, after which AT and plasma were collected. Adipocyte size, AT gene expression of inflammatory and metabolic genes, AT macrophage density, and circulating adipokine concentrations were measured. Food intake and body weight decreased upon initiation of hypoxia. However, whereas food intake normalized after 10 days, lower body weight persisted. Chronic hypoxia markedly reduced AT mass and adipocyte size. AT macrophage density and expression of Emr1, Ccl2, Lep, and Tnf were decreased, whereas Serpine1 and Adipoq expression levels were increased after chronic hypoxia. Concomitantly, chronic hypoxia increased AT expression of regulators of oxidative metabolism and markers of mitochondrial function and lipolysis. Circulating IL-6 and PAI-1 concentrations were increased, and leptin concentration was decreased after chronic hypoxia. Chronic hypoxia is associated with decreased rather than increased AT inflammation, and markedly decreased fat mass and adipocyte size. Furthermore, our data indicate that chronic hypoxia is accompanied by significant alterations in AT metabolic gene expression, pointing toward an enhanced AT metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram van den Borst
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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25
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Goossens GH, Blaak EE. Adipose tissue oxygen tension: implications for chronic metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012; 15:539-46. [PMID: 23037900 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328358fa87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review aims to address the role of adipose tissue oxygen partial pressure (PO2) in the metabolic and endocrine derangements in conditions characterized by insulin resistance. RECENT FINDINGS The balance between adipose tissue oxygen supply and its metabolic rate seems to determine adipose tissue PO2. Studies in ob/ob and dietary-induced obese mice have provided evidence for adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity, which has been explained by insufficient adipose tissue angiogenesis during the massive and rapid weight gain in these animals. However, conflicting data have been reported in humans, showing both increased and decreased adipose tissue PO2 in obese compared with lean individuals. Both low and high adipose tissue PO2 may induce a proinflammatory phenotype in (pre)adipocytes, but most studies have been performed under rather extreme PO2 levels, not reflecting human adipose tissue physiology. Furthermore, adipose tissue PO2 may affect glucose and lipid metabolism as well as adipogenic differentiation, but many issues still need to be addressed. SUMMARY Adipose tissue hypoxia has been demonstrated in animal models of obesity, but findings in humans are controversial and require further investigation. Although adipose tissue PO2 seems to be involved in metabolic and endocrine derangements in human adipose tissue, future studies should investigate how low and high adipose tissue PO2 within the human physiological range (3-11% O2) relates to adipose tissue blood flow and oxygen consumption, cellular metabolic responses, and the inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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26
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Girgis CM, Cheng K, Scott CH, Gunton JE. Novel links between HIFs, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:372-80. [PMID: 22766319 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are master-regulators of cellular responses to hypoxia, and thus are crucial for survival. HIFs also play a role in regulating cellular processes in β-cells, liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, have effects on the regulation of weight, and play a role in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Indeed, in people with T2D the HIF pathway is dyregulated in major metabolic tissues involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This review covers the contrasting, complementary and conflicting effects of decreasing and increasing HIFs in various tissues, and shows that a delicate balance exists between HIF levels and optimal metabolic function. We propose that increasing the activity of HIFs might be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Girgis
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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27
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Panee J. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1) in obesity and diabetes. Cytokine 2012; 60:1-12. [PMID: 22766373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) is the first discovered and most extensively studied CC chemokine, and the amount of studies on its role in the etiologies of obesity- and diabetes-related diseases have increased exponentially during the past two decades. This review attempted to provide a panoramic perspective of the history, regulatory mechanisms, functions, and therapeutic strategies of this chemokine. The highlights of this review include the roles of MCP-1 in the development of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, insulitis, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. Therapies that specifically or non-specifically inhibit MCP-1 overproduction have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Panee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street BSB 222, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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28
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Samaan MC. The macrophage at the intersection of immunity and metabolism in obesity. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2011; 3:29. [PMID: 22035457 PMCID: PMC3223491 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-3-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide pandemic representing one of the major challenges that societies face around the globe. Identifying the mechanisms involved in its development and propagation will help the development of preventative and therapeutic strategies that may help control its rising rates.Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, and this is believed to be one of the major contributors to the development of insulin resistance, which is an early event in obesity and leads to type 2 diabetes when the pancreas fails to keep up with increased demand for insulin. In this review, we discuss the role of macrophages in mediation of inflammation in obesity in metabolic organs including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver. The presence of immune cells at the interface with metabolic organs modulates both metabolic function and inflammatory responses in these organs, and may provide a potential therapeutic target to modulate metabolic function in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Constantine Samaan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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