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Yu Y, Weiss RM, Wei S. Interleukin 17A Contributes to Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption of Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus in Rats With Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032533. [PMID: 38240234 PMCID: PMC11056165 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated inflammatory cytokines in the periphery have been identified as active contributors to neuroinflammation and sympathetic overactivity in heart failure (HF). Yet, the exact mechanisms by which these cytokines breach the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to exert their effects on the brain remain elusive. Interleukin 17A has been linked to BBB disruption in various neurologic disorders, and its levels were significantly augmented in circulation and the brain in HF. The present study aimed to determine whether the BBB integrity was compromised within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and if so, whether interleukin 17A contributes to BBB disruption in myocardial infarction-induced HF. METHODS AND RESULTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent coronary artery ligation to induce HF or sham surgery. Some HF rats received bilateral PVN microinjections of an interleukin 17 receptor A small interfering RNA or a scrambled small interfering RNA adeno-associated virus. Four weeks after coronary artery ligation, the permeability of the BBB was evaluated by intracarotid injection of fluorescent dyes (fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 10 kDa+rhodamine-dextran 70 kDa). Compared with sham-operated rats, HF rats exhibited an elevated extravasation of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 10 kDa within the PVN but not in the brain cortex. The plasma interleukin 17A levels were positively correlated with fluorescein isothiocyanate 10 kDa extravasation in the PVN. The expression of caveolin-1, a transcytosis marker, was augmented, whereas the expression of tight junction proteins was diminished in HF rats. Interleukin 17 receptor A was identified within the endothelium of PVN microvessels. Treatment with interleukin 17 receptor A small interfering RNA led to a significant attenuation of fluorescein isothiocyanate 10 kDa extravasation in the PVN and reversed expression of caveolin-1 and tight junction-associated proteins in the PVN. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data indicate that BBB permeability within the PVN is enhanced in HF and is likely attributable to increased interleukin 17A/interleukin 17 receptor A signaling in the BBB endothelium, by promoting caveolar transcytosis and degradation of tight junction complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIA
| | - Robert M. Weiss
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIA
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIA
- Veteran Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIA
| | - Shun‐Guang Wei
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIA
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIA
- Veteran Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIA
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Yang H, Hu Y, Kong B, Zhou Y, Shuai W. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment mitigates ventricular arrhythmias via inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in heart failure rat model. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111317. [PMID: 38048669 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sympathetic overactivation plays an important role in heart failure (HF)-induced ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation could contribute to sympathetic overactivation. A previous study demonstrated that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) could inhibit neuroinflammation. However, whether LIPUS could attenuate HF-induced VAs via inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation remains largely unknown. METHODS Forth Sprague-Dawley male rats were averagely randomized into four groups: CTL (control) group, CTL + LIPUS group, HF group and HF + LIPUS. Surgical ligation of the coronary artery was used for induction of HF. In vivo electrophysiological study was performed to check VAs susceptibility. Left stellate ganglion (LSG) neural activity and heart rate variability (HRV) were used to test sympathetic nerve activity. RESULTS Compared to the HF group, LIPUS treatment significantly ameliorated HF-induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. In addition, LIPUS treatment markedly inhibited HF-induced VAs susceptibility and reversed gap junction remodeling. LIPUS treatment obviously inhibited microglial activation and neuroinflammation in PVN, sympathetic hyperactivity in the LSG and proinflammatory cytokines releases in the ventricle. P2X7/NLRP3 signaling pathway may be involved in the anti-arrhythmic effect of LIPUS treatment following HF. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that LIPUS treatment protected against HF-induced VAs via alleviating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, sympathetic overactivation and proinflammatory cytokines releases through inhibiting P2X7/NLRP3 signaling. This study provides novel insight into the therapeutic potential of LIPUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yugang Hu
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Bin Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yanxiang Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Wei Shuai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China.
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Şeren N, Dovinova I, Birim D, Kaftan G, Barancik M, Erdogan MA, Armagan G. Regulation of tight junction proteins and cell death by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist in brainstem of hypertensive rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:411-421. [PMID: 37458776 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The decrease in tight junction proteins and their adapter proteins in the hypertensive brain is remarkable. Here, we aimed to investigate tight junction proteins and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) activation as well as inflammation factors and cell death proteins in the brainstem of hypertension models, namely spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and borderline hypertensive rats (BHR). At first, SHR and BHR groups were treated with PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone. Then, occludin, claudin-1, claudin-2, claudin-12, ZO-1, and NF-κB p65 gene expression levels; pIKKβ, NF-κB p65, TNF, IL-1β, caspase-3, caspase-9 levels, and PARP-1 cleavage were evaluated. Significantly lower pIKKβ, NF-κB p65, TNF, and IL-1β levels were measured in pioglitazone-treated SHR. Results from this study confirm higher occludin (1.35-fold), claudin-2 (7.45-fold), claudin-12 (1.12-fold), and NF-κB p65 subunit (4.76-fold) expressions in the BHR group when compared to the SHR group. Pioglitazone was found effective in terms of regulating gene expression in SHR. Pioglitazone significantly increased occludin (8.17-fold), claudin-2 (2.41-fold), and claudin-12 (1.85-fold) mRNA levels, which were accompanied by decreased cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9 levels, PARP-1 activation, and proinflammatory factor levels in SHR (p ˂ 0.05). Our work has led us to conclude that alterations in tight junction proteins, particularly occludin, and cell death parameters in the brainstem following PPARγ activation may contribute to neuroprotection in essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazlıcan Şeren
- Master Program in Biochemistry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ima Dovinova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84104, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Derviş Birim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
- Doctorate Program in Biochemistry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kaftan
- Doctorate Program in Biochemistry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, 03100, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Miroslav Barancik
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84104, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mumin Alper Erdogan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35610, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güliz Armagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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Althammer F, Roy RK, Kirchner MK, McGrath S, Lira EC, Stern JE. Angiotensin-II drives changes in microglia-vascular interactions in rats with heart failure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.22.573045. [PMID: 38187537 PMCID: PMC10769361 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.573045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Activation of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, leading to the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, has been linked to cardiac remodeling, autonomic disbalance, and cognitive deficits in heart failure (HF). While previous studies emphasized the role of hippocampal Angiotensin II (AngII) signaling in HF-induced microglial activation, unanswered mechanistic questions persist. Evidence suggests significant interactions between microglia and local microvasculature, potentially affecting blood-brain barrier integrity and cerebral blood flow regulation. Still, whether the microglial-vascular interface is affected in the brain during HF remains unknow. Using a well-established ischemic HF rat model, we demonstrate increased vessel-associated microglia (VAM) in HF rat hippocampi, which showed heightened expression of AngII AT1a receptors. Acute AngII administration to sham rats induced microglia recruitment to the perivascular space, along with increased expression of TNFa. Conversely, administering an AT1aR blocker to HF rats prevented the recruitment of microglia to the perivascular space, normalizing their levels to those in healthy rats. These results highlight the critical importance of a rather understudied phenomenon (i.e., microglia-vascular interactions in the brain) in the context of the pathophysiology of a highly prevalent cardiovascular disease, and unveil novel potential therapeutic avenues aimed at mitigating neuroinflammation in cardiovascular diseases.
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Traub J, Frey A, Störk S. Chronic Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Decline in Patients with Cardiac Disease: Evidence, Relevance, and Therapeutic Implications. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020329. [PMID: 36836686 PMCID: PMC9962280 DOI: 10.3390/life13020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic cardiac disorders predispose to alterations in cognitive performance, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to overt dementia. Although this association is well-established, the factors inducing and accelerating cognitive decline beyond ageing and the intricate causal pathways and multilateral interdependencies involved remain poorly understood. Dysregulated and persistent inflammatory processes have been implicated as potentially causal mediators of the adverse consequences on brain function in patients with cardiac disease. Recent advances in positron emission tomography disclosed an enhanced level of neuroinflammation of cortical and subcortical brain regions as an important correlate of altered cognition in these patients. In preclinical and clinical investigations, the thereby involved domains and cell types of the brain are gradually better characterized. Microglia, resident myeloid cells of the central nervous system, appear to be of particular importance, as they are extremely sensitive to even subtle pathological alterations affecting their complex interplay with neighboring astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, infiltrating myeloid cells, and lymphocytes. Here, we review the current evidence linking cognitive impairment and chronic neuroinflammation in patients with various selected cardiac disorders including the aspect of chronic neuroinflammation as a potentially druggable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Traub
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +4993120139216
| | - Anna Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Störk
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Roy RK, Ferreira-Neto HC, Felder RB, Stern JE. Angiotensin II inhibits the A-type K + current of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons in rats with heart failure: role of MAPK-ERK1/2 signaling. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R526-R534. [PMID: 35319903 PMCID: PMC9076419 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00308.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (ANG II)-mediated sympathohumoral activation constitutes a pathophysiological mechanism in heart failure (HF). Although the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a major site mediating ANG II effects in HF, the precise mechanisms by which ANG II influences sympathohumoral outflow from the PVN remain unknown. ANG II activates the ubiquitous intracellular MAPK signaling cascades, and recent studies revealed a key role for ERK1/2 MAPK signaling in ANG II-mediated sympathoexcitation in HF rats. Importantly, ERK1/2 was reported to inhibit the transient outward potassium current (IA) in hippocampal neurons. Given that IA is a critical determinant of the PVN neuronal excitability, and that downregulation of IA in the brain has been reported in cardiovascular disease states, including HF, we investigated here whether ANG II modulates IA in PVN neurons via the MAPK-ERK pathway, and, whether these effects are altered in HF rats. Patch-clamp recordings from identified magnocellular neurosecretory neurons (MNNs) and presympathetic (PS) PVN neurons revealed that ANG II inhibited IA in both PVN neuronal types, both in sham and HF rats. Importantly, ANG II effects were blocked by inhibiting MAPK-ERK signaling as well as by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a gateway to MAPK-ERK signaling. Although no differences in basal IA magnitude were found between sham and HF rats under normal conditions, MAPK-ERK blockade resulted in significantly larger IA in both PVN neuronal types in HF rats. Taken together, our studies show that ANG II-induced ERK1/2 activity inhibits IA, an effect expected to increase the excitability of presympathetic and neuroendocrine PVN neurons, contributing in turn to the neurohumoral overactivity that promotes progression of the HF syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan K Roy
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Robert B Felder
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Javier E Stern
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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A raising dawn of pentoxifylline in management of inflammatory disorders in Covid-19. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:799-809. [PMID: 35486310 PMCID: PMC9051499 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The existing pandemic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). SARS-CoV-2 exploits angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an entry-point into affected cells and down-regulation of ACE2 by this virus triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of angiotensin II. These changes may lead to hypercytokinemia and the development of cytokine storm with the development of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Different repurposed had been in use in the management of Covid-19, one of these agents is pentoxifylline (PTX) which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, the objective of the present mini-review is to highlight the potential role of PTX in Covid-19 regarding its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. PTX is a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate which stimulates protein kinase A and inhibits leukotriene and tumor necrosis factor. PTX has antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, thus it may attenuate SARS-CoV-2-induced hyperinflammation and related complications. As well, PTX can reduce hyper-viscosity and coagulopathy in Covid-19 through increasing red blood cell deformability and inhibition of platelet aggregations. In conclusion, PTX is a non-selective phosphodiesterase drug, that has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects thereby can reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection-hyperinflammation and oxidative stress. Besides, PTX improves red blood cells (RBCs) deformability and reduces blood viscosity so can mitigate Covid-19-induced hyper-viscosity and RBCs hyper-aggregation which is linked with the development of coagulopathy. Taken together, PTX seems to be an effective agent against Covid-19 severity.
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Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212305. [PMID: 34830184 PMCID: PMC8624735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) impacts cardiovascular homeostasis via direct actions on peripheral blood vessels and via modulation of the autonomic nervous system. To date, research has primarily focused on the actions of the RAAS on the sympathetic nervous system. Here, we review the critical role of the RAAS on parasympathetic nerve function during normal physiology and its role in cardiovascular disease, focusing on hypertension. Angiotensin (Ang) II receptors are present throughout the parasympathetic nerves and can modulate vagal activity via actions at the level of the nerve endings as well as via the circumventricular organs and as a neuromodulator acting within brain regions. There is tonic inhibition of cardiac vagal tone by endogenous Ang II. We review the actions of Ang II via peripheral nerve endings as well as via central actions on brain regions. We review the evidence that Ang II modulates arterial baroreflex function and examine the pathways via which Ang II can modulate baroreflex control of cardiac vagal drive. Although there is evidence that Ang II can modulate parasympathetic activity and has the potential to contribute to impaired baseline levels and impaired baroreflex control during hypertension, the exact central regions where Ang II acts need further investigation. The beneficial actions of angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertension may be mediated in part via actions on the parasympathetic nervous system. We highlight important unknown questions about the interaction between the RAAS and the parasympathetic nervous system and conclude that this remains an important area where future research is needed.
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Su C, Xue J, Ye C, Chen A. Role of the central renin‑angiotensin system in hypertension (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:95. [PMID: 33846799 PMCID: PMC8041481 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Present in more than one billion adults, hypertension is the most significant modifiable risk factor for mortality resulting from cardiovascular disease. Although its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, the disruption of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), consisting of the systemic and brain RAS, has been recognized as one of the primary reasons for several types of hypertension. Therefore, acquiring sound knowledge of the basic science of RAS and the under- lying mechanisms of the signaling pathways associated with RAS may facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic targets with which to promote the management of patients with cardiovascular and kidney disease. In total, 4 types of angiotensin II receptors have been identified (AT1R-AT4R), of which AT1R plays the most important role in vasoconstriction and has been most extensively studied. It has been found in several regions of the brain, and its distribution is highly associated with that of angiotensin-like immunoreactivity in nerve terminals. The effect of AT1R involves the activation of multiple media and signaling pathways, among which the most important signaling pathways are considered to be AT1R/JAK/STAT and Ras/Raf/MAPK pathways. In addition, the regulation of the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and cyclic AMP response element-binding (CREB) pathways is also closely related to the effect of ATR1. Their mechanisms of action are related to pro-inflammatory and sympathetic excitatory effects. Central AT1R is involved in almost all types of hypertension, including spontaneous hypertension, salt-sensitive hypertension, obesity-induced hypertension, renovascular hypertension, diabetic hypertension, L-NAME-induced hypertension, stress-induced hypertension, angiotensin II-induced hyper- tension and aldosterone-induced hypertension. There are 2 types of central AT1R blockade, acute blockade and chronic blockade. The latter can be achieved by chemical blockade or genetic engineering. The present review article aimed to high- light the prevalence, functions, interactions and modulation means of central AT-1R in an effort to assist in the treatment of several pathological conditions. The identification of angiotensin-derived peptides and the development of AT-2R agonists may provide a wider perspective on RAS, as well as novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Su
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Xue
- Research Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, The University of Duisburg‑Essen, Duisburg‑Essen University, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Aidong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
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Kermorgant M, Ben Salem J, Iacovoni JS, Calise D, Dahan L, Guiard BP, Lopez S, Lairez O, Lasbories A, Nasr N, Pavy Le‐Traon A, Beaudry F, Senard J, Arvanitis DN. Cardiac sensory afferents modulate susceptibility to anxio-depressive behaviour in a mouse model of chronic heart failure. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13601. [PMID: 33316126 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Impairments in cerebral structure and cognitive performance in chronic heart failure (CHF) are critical components of its comorbidity spectrum. Autonomic afferents that arise from cardiac sensory fibres show enhanced activity with CHF. Desensitization of these fibres by local application of resiniferatoxin (RTX) during myocardial infarction (MI) is known to prevent cardiac hypertrophy, sympathetic hyperactivity and CHF. Whether these afferents mediate cerebral allostasis is unknown. METHODS CHF was induced by myocardial infarction. To evaluate if cardiac afferents contribute to cerebral allostasis, RTX was acutely applied to the pericardial space in controls (RTX) and in MI treated animals (MI/RTX). Subjects were then evaluated in a series of behavioural tests recapitulating different symptoms of depressive disorders. Proteomics of the frontal cortices (FC) was performed to identify contributing proteins and pathways responsible for behavioural allostasis. RESULTS Desensitization of cardiac afferents relieves hallmarks of an anxio/depressive-like state in mice. Unique protein signatures and regulatory pathways in FCs isolated from each treatment reveal the degree of complexity inherent in the FC response to stresses originating in the heart. While cortices from the combined treatment (MI/RTX) did not retain protein signatures from the individual treatment groups, all three groups suffer dysregulation in circadian entrainment. CONCLUSION CHF is comorbid with an anxio/depressive-like state and ablation of cardiac afferents relieves the despair phenotype. The strikingly different proteomic profiles observed in FCs suggest that MI and RTX lead to unique brain-signalling patterns and that the combined treatment, potentially through destructive interference mechanisms, most closely resembles controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kermorgant
- INSERM DR Midi‐Pyrénées LimousinInstitut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC) UMR1048Université de Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Jennifer Ben Salem
- INSERM DR Midi‐Pyrénées LimousinInstitut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC) UMR1048Université de Toulouse III Toulouse France
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ) Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Université de Montréal Saint Hyacinthe QC Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cerveau et l’apprentissage (CIRCA) Université de Montréal Montréal QC Canada
| | - Jason S. Iacovoni
- INSERM DR Midi‐Pyrénées LimousinInstitut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC) UMR1048Université de Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Denis Calise
- INSERM DR Midi‐Pyrénées LimousinCentre Régional d’Exploration Fonctionnelle et Ressources Expérimentales Service Microchirurgie, (CREFRE‐US06, Rangueil) Toulouse France
| | - Lionel Dahan
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale Centre de Biologie Intégrative Université de Toulouse Toulouse France
- CNRSUniversité de Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Bruno P. Guiard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale Centre de Biologie Intégrative Université de Toulouse Toulouse France
- CNRSUniversité de Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Sébastien Lopez
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale Centre de Biologie Intégrative Université de Toulouse Toulouse France
- CNRSUniversité de Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Olivier Lairez
- INSERM DR Midi‐Pyrénées LimousinInstitut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC) UMR1048Université de Toulouse III Toulouse France
- Fédération des services de cardiologie Hôpital RangueilUniversité de Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Antoine Lasbories
- INSERM DR Midi‐Pyrénées LimousinInstitut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC) UMR1048Université de Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Nathalie Nasr
- INSERM DR Midi‐Pyrénées LimousinInstitut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC) UMR1048Université de Toulouse III Toulouse France
- Département de Neurologie et Institut des Neurosciences CHU de ToulouseUniversité de Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Anne Pavy Le‐Traon
- INSERM DR Midi‐Pyrénées LimousinInstitut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC) UMR1048Université de Toulouse III Toulouse France
- Département de Neurologie et Institut des Neurosciences CHU de ToulouseUniversité de Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ) Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Université de Montréal Saint Hyacinthe QC Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cerveau et l’apprentissage (CIRCA) Université de Montréal Montréal QC Canada
| | - Jean‐Michel Senard
- INSERM DR Midi‐Pyrénées LimousinInstitut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC) UMR1048Université de Toulouse III Toulouse France
- Département de Neurologie et Institut des Neurosciences CHU de ToulouseUniversité de Toulouse III Toulouse France
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique CHU de ToulouseUniversité de Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Dina N Arvanitis
- INSERM DR Midi‐Pyrénées LimousinInstitut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC) UMR1048Université de Toulouse III Toulouse France
- CNRSUniversité de Toulouse III Toulouse France
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Yu Y, Wei SG, Weiss RM, Felder RB. Silencing Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Reduces Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 1 and 2 Signaling and Sympathetic Excitation in Heart Failure Rats. Neuroscience 2021; 463:227-237. [PMID: 33540053 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling in cardiovascular regulatory regions of the brain contributes to sympathetic excitation in myocardial infarction (MI)-induced heart failure (HF) by increasing brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity, neuroinflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The mechanisms eliciting brain ERK1/2 signaling in HF are still poorly understood. We tested the involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which, upon activation, stimulates ERK1/2 activity. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral microinjections of a lentiviral vector encoding a small interfering RNA (siRNA) for EGFR, or a scrambled siRNA, into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a recognized source of sympathetic overactivity in HF. One week later, coronary artery ligation was performed to induce HF. Four weeks later, the EGFR siRNA-treated HF rats, compared with the scrambled siRNA-treated HF rats, had lower mRNA and protein levels of EGFR, lower levels of phosphorylated (p-) EGFR and p-ERK1/2 and lower mRNA levels of the inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β and cyclooxygenase-2, the RAS components angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II type 1a receptor and the ER stress markers BIP and ATF4 in the PVN. They also had lower plasma and urinary norepinephrine levels and improved peripheral manifestations of HF. Additional studies revealed that p-EGFR was increased in the PVN of HF rats, compared with sham-operated control rats. These results suggest that activation of EGFR in the PVN triggers ERK1/2 signaling, along with ER stress, neuroinflammation and RAS activity, in MI-induced HF. Brain EGFR may be a novel target for therapeutic intervention in MI-induced HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shun-Guang Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert B Felder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Maldonado V, Loza-Mejía MA, Chávez-Alderete J. Repositioning of pentoxifylline as an immunomodulator and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system in the treatment of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:109988. [PMID: 32540603 PMCID: PMC7282759 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels, which in turn activate protein kinase, leading to a reduction in the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines to ultimately influence the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in vitro by inhibiting angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1R) expression. The rheological, anti-inflammatory, and renin-angiotensin axis properties of PTX highlight this drug as a therapeutic treatment alternative for patients with COVID-19 by helping reduce the production of the inflammatory cytokines without deleterious effects on the immune system to delay viral clearance. Moreover, PTX can restore the balance of the immune response, reduce damage to the endothelium and alveolar epithelial cells, improve circulation, and prevent microvascular thrombosis. There is further evidence that PTX can improve ventilatory parameters. Therefore, we propose repositioning PTX in the treatment of COVID-19. The main advantage of repositioning PTX is that it is an affordable drug that is already available worldwide with an established safety profile, further offering the possibility of immediately analysing the result of its use and associated success rates. Another advantage is that PTX selectively reduces the concentration of TNF-α mRNA in cells, which, in the case of an acute infectious state such as COVID-19, would seem to offer a more strategic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valente Maldonado
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad La Salle-México, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06140, Mexico; Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Col. Nonoalco Tlatelolco Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico.
| | - Marco A Loza-Mejía
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad La Salle-México, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06140, Mexico
| | - Jaime Chávez-Alderete
- Laboratory of Bronchial Hyperreactivity, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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A Clinically Relevant Functional Model of Type-2 Cardio-Renal Syndrome with Paraventricular Changes consequent to Chronic Ischaemic Heart Failure. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1261. [PMID: 31988300 PMCID: PMC6985167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome, de novo renal pathology arising secondary to cardiac insufficiency, is clinically recognised but poorly characterised. This study establishes and characterises a valid model representative of Type 2 cardiorenal syndrome. Extensive permanent left ventricular infarction, induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in Lewis rats, was confirmed by plasma cardiac troponin I, histology and cardiac haemodynamics. Renal function and morphology was assessed 90-days post-ligation when heart failure had developed. The involvement of the paraventricular nucleus was investigated using markers of inflammation, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species and of angiotensin II involvement. An extensive left ventricular infarct was confirmed following coronary artery ligation, resulting in increased left ventricular weight and compromised left ventricular diastolic function and developed pressure. Glomerular filtration was significantly decreased, fractional excretion of sodium and caspase activities were increased and basement membrane thickening, indicating glomerulosclerosis, was evident. Interestingly, angiotensin II receptor I expression and reactive oxygen species levels in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus remained significantly increased at 90-days post-coronary artery ligation, suggesting that these hypothalamic changes may represent a novel, valuable pharmacological target. This model provides conclusive morphological, biochemical and functional evidence of renal injury consequent to heart failure, truly representative of Type-2 cardiorenal syndrome.
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Díaz HS, Toledo C, Andrade DC, Marcus NJ, Del Rio R. Neuroinflammation in heart failure: new insights for an old disease. J Physiol 2020; 598:33-59. [PMID: 31671478 DOI: 10.1113/jp278864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome affecting roughly 26 million people worldwide. Increased sympathetic drive is a hallmark of HF and is associated with disease progression and higher mortality risk. Several mechanisms contribute to enhanced sympathetic activity in HF, but these pathways are still incompletely understood. Previous work suggests that inflammation and activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) increases sympathetic drive. Importantly, chronic inflammation in several brain regions is commonly observed in aged populations, and a growing body of evidence suggests neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in HF. In animal models of HF, central inhibition of RAS and pro-inflammatory cytokines normalizes sympathetic drive and improves cardiac function. The precise molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to neuroinflammation and its effect on HF progression remain undetermined. This review summarizes the most recent advances in the field of neuroinflammation and autonomic control in HF. In addition, it focuses on cellular and molecular mediators of neuroinflammation in HF and in particular on brain regions involved in sympathetic control. Finally, we will comment on what is known about neuroinflammation in the context of preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo S Díaz
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Toledo
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - David C Andrade
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noah J Marcus
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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15
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Yu Y, Wei SG, Weiss RM, Felder RB. Sex differences in the central and peripheral manifestations of ischemia-induced heart failure in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H70-H79. [PMID: 30289294 PMCID: PMC6383354 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00499.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in the presentation, outcome, and responses to treatment of systolic heart failure (HF) have been reported. In the present study, we examined the effect of sex on central neural mechanisms contributing to neurohumoral excitation and its peripheral manifestations in rats with HF. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent coronary artery ligation (CL) to induce HF. Age-matched rats served as controls. Ischemic zone and left ventricular function were similar 24 h and 4 wk after CL. Female rats with HF had a lower mortality rate and less hemodynamic compromise, pulmonary congestion, and right ventricular remodeling 4 wk after CL. Plasma angiotensin II (ANG II), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and norepinephrine levels were increased in HF rats in both sexes, but AVP and norepinephrine levels increased less in female rats. In the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, a key cardiovascular-related nucleus contributing to neurohumoral excitation in HF, mRNA levels for the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β as well as cyclooxygenase-2 and the ANG II type 1a receptor were increased in HF rats of both sexes, but less so in female rats. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein levels increased in female HF rats but decreased in male HF rats. mRNA levels of AVP were lower in female rats in both control and HF groups compared with the respective male groups. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 increased similarly in both sexes in HF. The results suggest that female HF rats have less central neural excitation and less associated hemodynamic compromise than male HF rats with the same degree of initial ischemic cardiac injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sex differences in the presentation and responses to treatment of heart failure (HF) are widely recognized, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study describes sex differences in the central nervous system mechanisms that drive neurohumoral excitation in ischemia-induced HF. Female rats had a less intense central neurochemical response to HF and experienced less hemodynamic compromise. Sex hormones may contribute to these differences in the central and peripheral adaptations to HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Shun-Guang Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert B Felder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Iowa City, Iowa
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16
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Choi SR, Roh DH, Yoon SY, Choi HS, Kang SY, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Astrocyte D-serine modulates the activation of neuronal NOS leading to the development of mechanical allodynia in peripheral neuropathy. Mol Pain 2019; 15:1744806919843046. [PMID: 30900515 PMCID: PMC6495448 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919843046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal D-serine plays an important role in nociception via an increase in phosphorylation of the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GluN1 subunit (pGluN1). However, the cellular mechanisms underlying this process have not been elucidated. Here, we investigate the possible role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the D-serine-induced potentiation of NMDA receptor function and the induction of neuropathic pain in a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. Intrathecal administration of the serine racemase inhibitor, L-serine O-sulfate potassium salt (LSOS) or the D-serine degrading enzyme, D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) on post-operative days 0-3 significantly reduced the CCI-induced increase in nitric oxide (NO) levels and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase staining in lumbar dorsal horn neurons, as well as the CCI-induced decrease in phosphorylation (Ser847) of nNOS (pnNOS) on day 3 post-CCI surgery. LSOS or DAAO administration suppressed the CCI-induced development of mechanical allodynia and protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent (Ser896) phosphorylation of GluN1 on day 3 post-surgery, which were reversed by the co-administration of the NO donor, 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1). In naïve mice, exogenous D-serine increased NO levels via decreases in pnNOS. D-serine-induced increases in mechanical hypersensitivity, NO levels, PKC-dependent pGluN1, and NMDA-induced spontaneous nociception were reduced by pretreatment with the nNOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole or with the NMDA receptor antagonists, 7-chlorokynurenic acid and MK-801. Collectively, we show that spinal D-serine modulates nNOS activity and concomitant NO production leading to increases in PKC-dependent pGluN1 and ultimately contributing to the induction of mechanical allodynia following peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheu-Ran Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Yoon
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon-Seong Choi
- Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Yun Kang
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Alvin James Beitz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jang-Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Feetham CH, O'Brien F, Barrett-Jolley R. Ion Channels in the Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus (PVN); Emerging Diversity and Functional Roles. Front Physiol 2018; 9:760. [PMID: 30034342 PMCID: PMC6043726 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is critical for the regulation of homeostatic function. Although also important for endocrine regulation, it has been referred to as the "autonomic master controller." The emerging consensus is that the PVN is a multifunctional nucleus, with autonomic roles including (but not limited to) coordination of cardiovascular, thermoregulatory, metabolic, circadian and stress responses. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying these multifunctional roles remain poorly understood. Neurones from the PVN project to and can alter the function of sympathetic control regions in the medulla and spinal cord. Dysfunction of sympathetic pre-autonomic neurones (typically hyperactivity) is linked to several diseases including hypertension and heart failure and targeting this region with specific pharmacological or biological agents is a promising area of medical research. However, to facilitate future medical exploitation of the PVN, more detailed models of its neuronal control are required; populated by a greater compliment of constituent ion channels. Whilst the cytoarchitecture, projections and neurotransmitters present in the PVN are reasonably well documented, there have been fewer studies on the expression and interplay of ion channels. In this review we bring together an up to date analysis of PVN ion channel studies and discuss how these channels may interact to control, in particular, the activity of the sympathetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Feetham
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona O'Brien
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Barrett-Jolley
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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18
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Yu Y, Wei SG, Weiss RM, Felder RB. Angiotensin II Type 1a Receptors in the Subfornical Organ Modulate Neuroinflammation in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus in Heart Failure Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 381:46-58. [PMID: 29684507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributes to neurohumoral excitation and its adverse consequences in systolic heart failure (HF). The stimuli that trigger inflammation in the PVN in HF are not well understood. Angiotensin II (AngII) has pro-inflammatory effects, and circulating levels of AngII increase in HF. The subfornical organ (SFO), a circumventricular structure that lacks an effective blood-brain barrier and senses circulating AngII, contains PVN-projecting neurons. We hypothesized that activation of AngII type 1a receptors (AT1aR) in the SFO induces neuroinflammation downstream in the PVN. Male rats received SFO microinjections of an adeno-associated virus carrying shRNA for AT1aR, a scrambled shRNA, or vehicle. One week later, some rats were euthanized to confirm the transfection potential and knockdown efficiency of the shRNA. Others underwent coronary artery ligation to induce HF or a sham coronary artery ligation (Sham). Four weeks later, HF rats that received the scrambled shRNA had increased mRNA in SFO and PVN for AT1aR, inflammatory mediators and indicators of neuronal and glial activation, increased plasma levels of AngII, tumor necrosis factor-α, norepinephrine and arginine vasopressin, and impaired cardiac function, compared with Sham rats that received scrambled shRNA. The central abnormalities were ameliorated in HF rats that received AT1aR shRNA, as were plasma norepinephrine and vasopressin. Sham rats that received AT1aR shRNA had reduced SFO AT1aR mRNA but no other changes compared with Sham rats that received scrambled shRNA. The results suggest that activation of AT1aR in the SFO upregulates the neuroinflammation in the PVN that contributes to neurohumoral excitation in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Shun-Guang Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Robert B Felder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 601 Highway 6 West, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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19
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Haspula D, Clark MA. Neuroinflammation and sympathetic overactivity: Mechanisms and implications in hypertension. Auton Neurosci 2018; 210:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Wei SG, Yu Y, Felder RB. Blood-borne interleukin-1β acts on the subfornical organ to upregulate the sympathoexcitatory milieu of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R447-R458. [PMID: 29167166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00211.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that microinjection of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) into the subfornical organ (SFO) elicits a pressor response accompanied by increases in inflammation and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity in the SFO and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The present study sought to determine whether blood-borne IL-1β induces similar neurochemical changes in the SFO and PVN and, if so, whether increased inflammation and RAS activity at the SFO level orchestrate the sympathoexcitatory response to circulating IL-1β. In urethane-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats, intravenous injection of IL-1β (500 ng) increased blood pressure, heart rate, renal sympathetic nerve activity, and mRNA for angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin II type 1a receptor, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1β, as well as the tumor necrosis factor-α p55 receptor and the IL-1 receptor, in the SFO and PVN. Pretreatment with SFO microinjections of the angiotensin II type 1a receptor blocker losartan (1 µg), the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (1 µg), or the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 (2 µg) attenuated expression of these excitatory mediators in the SFO and downstream in the PVN and the IL-1β-induced pressor responses. An SFO lesion minimized the IL-1β-induced expression of inflammatory and RAS components as well as c-Fos, an indicator of neuronal excitation, in the PVN. These studies demonstrate that circulating IL-1β, which increases in cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension and heart failure, acts on the SFO to increase inflammation and RAS activity in the SFO and PVN and that intervening in these neurochemical processes in the SFO can significantly reduce the sympathetic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Guang Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert B Felder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City, Iowa.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Iowa City, Iowa
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21
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Yu Y, Wei SG, Weiss RM, Felder RB. TNF-α receptor 1 knockdown in the subfornical organ ameliorates sympathetic excitation and cardiac hemodynamics in heart failure rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H744-H756. [PMID: 28710070 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00280.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In systolic heart failure (HF), circulating proinflammatory cytokines upregulate inflammation and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity in cardiovascular regions of the brain, contributing to sympathetic excitation and cardiac dysfunction. Important among these is the subfornical organ (SFO), a forebrain circumventricular organ that lacks an effective blood-brain barrier and senses circulating humors. We hypothesized that the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) receptor 1 (TNFR1) in the SFO contributes to sympathetic excitation and cardiac dysfunction in HF rats. Rats received SFO microinjections of a TNFR1 shRNA or a scrambled shRNA lentiviral vector carrying green fluorescent protein, or vehicle. One week later, some rats were euthanized to confirm the accuracy of the SFO microinjections and the transfection potential of the lentiviral vector. Other rats underwent coronary artery ligation (CL) to induce HF or a sham operation. Four weeks after CL, vehicle- and scrambled shRNA-treated HF rats had significant increases in TNFR1 mRNA and protein, NF-κB activity, and mRNA for inflammatory mediators, RAS components and c-Fos protein in the SFO and downstream in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, along with increased plasma norepinephrine levels and impaired cardiac function, compared with vehicle-treated sham-operated rats. In HF rats treated with TNFR1 shRNA, TNFR1 was reduced in the SFO but not paraventricular nucleus, and the central and peripheral manifestations of HF were ameliorated. In sham-operated rats treated with TNFR1 shRNA, TNFR1 expression was also reduced in the SFO but there were no other effects. These results suggest a key role for TNFR1 in the SFO in the pathophysiology of systolic HF.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Activation of TNF-α receptor 1 in the subfornical organ (SFO) contributes to sympathetic excitation in heart failure rats by increasing inflammation and renin-angiotensin system activity in the SFO and downstream in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Cytokine receptors in the SFO may be a target for central intervention in cardiovascular conditions characterized by peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Shun-Guang Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Robert B Felder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and .,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
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22
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Ruchaya PJ, Speretta GF, Blanch GT, Li H, Sumners C, Menani JV, Colombari E, Colombari DSA. Overexpression of AT2R in the solitary-vagal complex improves baroreflex in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:29-36. [PMID: 27469059 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological effects of increased angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) expression in the solitary-vagal complex (nucleus of the solitary tract/dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; NTS/DVM) on baroreflex function in non-anaesthetised normotensive (NT) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Ten week old NT Holtzman and SHR were microinjected with either an adeno-associated virus expressing AT2R (AAV2-CBA-AT2R) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (control; AAV2-CBA-eGFP) into the NTS/DVM. Baroreflex and telemetry recordings were performed on four experimental groups: 1) NTeGFP, 2) NTAT2R, 3) SHReGFP and 4) SHRAT2R (n=4-7/group). Following in-vivo experimental procedures, brains were harvested for gene expression analysis. Impaired bradycardia in SHReGFP was restored in SHR rats overexpressing AT2R in the NTS/DMV. mRNA levels of angiotensin converting enzyme decreased and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 increased in the NTS/DMV of SHRAT2R compared to SHReGFP. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels in the SHReGFP group also decreased in the SHRAT2R group. AT2R overexpression did not elicit any significant change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in all groups from baseline to 4weeks post viral transfection. Both SHReGFP and SHRAT2R showed a significant elevation in MAP compared to the NTeGFP and NTAT2R groups. Increased AT2R expression within the NTS/DMV of SHR was effective at improving baroreflex function but not MAP. We propose possible mediators involved in improving baroreflex are in the ANG II/ACE2 axis, suggesting a potential beneficial modulatory effect of AT2R overexpression in the NTS/DMV of neurogenic hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant J Ruchaya
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme F Speretta
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Graziela Torres Blanch
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Hongwei Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - José V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Débora S A Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Ramakrishnan A, Vijayakumar N, Renuka M. Naringin regulates glutamate-nitric oxide cGMP pathway in ammonium chloride induced neurotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1717-1726. [PMID: 27836465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringin, plant bioflavonoid extracted mainly from grapefruit and other related citrus species. This study was designed to assess the neuroprotective effect of naringin on ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) induced hyperammonemic rats. Experimental hyperammonemia was induced by intraperitonial injection (i.p) of NH4Cl (100mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) thrice a week for 8 consecutive weeks. Hyperammonemic rats were treated with naringin (80mg/kg b.w.) via oral gavage. Naringin administration drastically restored the levels of blood ammonia, plasma urea, nitric oxide (NO), glutamate, glutamine, lipid peroxidation, lipid profile, activities of liver marker enzymes, antioxidant status and sodium/potassium-ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase). In addition, naringin supplementation reverted back the pathological changes of liver, brain and kidney tissues, the expressions of Glutamine synthetase (GS), Na+/K+-ATPase, neuronal nitric oxide (nNOS) and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) in hyperammonemic rats. Hence, this study suggested that nargingin exhibited their protective effect against NH4Cl induced toxicity via enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting the lipid peroxidation process. Take together, this study provides data that naingin effectively reduced neurotoxicity by attenuating hyperammonemia, suggesting that naringin act as a potential therapeutic agent to treat hyperammonemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, India
| | - Natesan Vijayakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, India.
| | - Mani Renuka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, India
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Żera T, Nowiński A, Kwiatkowski P. Centrally administered TNF increases arterial blood pressure independently of nitric oxide synthase. Neuropeptides 2016; 58:67-72. [PMID: 27241175 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging evidence indicates that increased levels of TNF in the brain are associated with hypertension. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is involved in the central control of the cardiovascular system, exerting both pro- and antihypertensive effects. TNF induces hypothalamic synthesis of nitric oxide. AIM We checked if acutely administered TNF into the cerebral ventricles affects arterial blood pressure, heart rate and baroreflex sensitivity, and whether TNF actions are dependent on NOS in normotensive rats. METHODS We carried out hemodynamic measurements in 6 groups of freely moving, adult Sprague-Dawley male rats, intracerebroventricularly (ICV) infused with either: 1) saline (5μl/h); 2) TNF (200ng/5μl/h); 3) non-selective NO synthase inhibitor - l-NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (l-NAME) (1mg/5μl/h); 4) TNF together with l-NAME (200ng and 1mg/5μl/h, respectively); 5) neuronal NO synthase inhibitor - 7-nitroindazole sodium salt (7-NI) (20μg/10μl/h); 6) or TNF together with 7-NI (200ng and 20μg/10μl/h, respectively). Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate (HR) and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (sBRS) evaluated by the sequence method were analysed. RESULTS ICV infusion of TNF caused a significant increase in MABP accompanied by a transient increase in HR, and a decrease in sBRS. ICV infusion of l-NAME increased MABP, but it did not change HR, nor sBRS. ICV infusion of 7-NI did not affect MABP, nor HR, nor sBRS. TNF administered together with l-NAME increased MABP with a transient increase in HR without changes of sBRS. Similarly, ICV infusion of TNF with 7-NI increased MABP without changes in HR and sBRS. CONCLUSIONS Centrally administered TNF increases MABP and HR and blunts sBRS. The pressor effect of TNF appears to be independent of NOS activity in the brain. Inhibition of nNOS restores sBRS in TNF treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tymoteusz Żera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Artur Nowiński
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Kwiatkowski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Gao HL, Yu XJ, Qi J, Yi QY, Jing WH, Sun WY, Cui W, Mu JJ, Yuan ZY, Zhao XF, Liu KL, Zhu GQ, Shi XL, Liu JJ, Kang YM. Oral CoQ10 attenuates high salt-induced hypertension by restoring neurotransmitters and cytokines in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30301. [PMID: 27452860 PMCID: PMC4958989 DOI: 10.1038/srep30301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
High salt intake leads to an increase in some proinflammatory cytokines and neurotransmitters involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The purpose of this work was to know if oral administration of anti-oxidant and free-radical scavenger CoQ10 may attenuate high salt-induced hypertension via regulating neurotransmitters and cytokines in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed with a normal salt diet (NS, 0.3% NaCl) or a high salt diet (HS, 8% NaCl) for 15 weeks to induce hypertension. These rats received CoQ10 (10 mg/kg/day) dissolved in olive oil was given by gavage (10 mg/kg/day) for 15 weeks. HS resulted in higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). These HS rats had higher PVN levels of norepinephrine (NE), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), interleukin (IL)-1β, NOX2 and NOX4, lower PVN levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), IL-10, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and the 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), as compared with NS group. CoQ10 supplementation reduced NE, TH, IL-1β, NOX2 and NOX4 in the PVN, and induced IL-10, Cu/Zn-SOD and GAD67 in the PVN. These findings suggest that CoQ10 supplementation restores neurotransmitters and cytokines in the PVN, thereby attenuating high salt-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Yi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wang-Hui Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wen-Yan Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jian-Jun Mu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zu-Yi Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
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Reis WL, Biancardi VC, Zhou Y, Stern JE. A Functional Coupling Between Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide Contributes to Increased Vasopressin Neuronal Activity in Heart Failure rats. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2052-66. [PMID: 26982634 PMCID: PMC4870874 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the pathophysiological importance of neurohumoral activation in patients with heart failure (HF), the precise underlying mechanisms contributing to elevated vasopressin (VP) activation in HF remains unknown. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gaseous neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that stimulates VP neuronal firing activity. Recently, we showed that the excitatory effect of CO on VP neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was mediated by inhibition of nitric oxide (NO). Given that previous studies showed that VP neuronal activity is enhanced, whereas NO inhibitory signaling is blunted in HF rats, we tested whether an enhanced endogenous CO availability within the PVN contributes to elevated VP neuronal activity and blunted NO signaling in HF rats. We found that both haeme-oxygenase 1 (the CO-synthesizing enzyme) protein and mRNA expression levels were enhanced in the PVN of HF compared with sham rats (∼18% and ∼38%, respectively). We report that in sham rats, bath application of a CO donor (tricarbonyldichlororuthenium dimer) increased the firing activity of identified PVN VP neurons (P < .05), whereas inhibition of endogenous CO production (Tin-protoporphyrin IX [SnPP]) failed to affect neuronal activity. In HF rats, however, SnPP decreased VP activity (P < .05), an effect that was occluded by previous NO synathase blockade NG-nitro-larginine methyl ester. Finally, we found that SnPP increased the mean frequency of γ-aminobutyric acid inhibitory postsynaptic currents in VP neurons in HF (P < .05) but not sham rats. Our results support an enhanced endogenous CO excitatory signaling in VP neurons, which likely contributes to blunted NO and γ-aminobutyric acid inhibitory function in HF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner L Reis
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Vinicia C Biancardi
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Yiqiang Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Javier E Stern
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
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27
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Yu Y, Wei SG, Zhang ZH, Weiss RM, Felder RB. ERK1/2 MAPK signaling in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus contributes to sympathetic excitation in rats with heart failure after myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H732-9. [PMID: 26801309 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00703.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain MAPK signaling pathways are activated in heart failure (HF) induced by myocardial infarction and contribute to augmented sympathetic nerve activity. We tested whether decreasing ERK1/2 (also known as p44/42 MAPK) signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a forebrain source of presympathetic neurons, would reduce the upregulation of sympathoexcitatory mediators in the PVN and augmented sympathetic nerve activity in rats with HF. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation to induce HF, with left ventricular dysfunction confirmed by echocardiography. One week after coronary artery ligation or sham operation, small interfering (si)RNAs targeting ERK1/2 or a nontargeting control siRNA was microinjected bilaterally into the PVN. Experiments were conducted 5-7 days later. Confocal images revealed reduced phosphorylated ERK1/2 immunofluorescence in the PVN of HF rats treated with ERK1/2 siRNAs compared with HF rats treated with control siRNA. Western blot analysis confirmed significant reductions in both total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 in the PVN of HF rats treated with ERK1/2 siRNAs along with reduced expression of renin-angiotensin system components and inflammatory mediators. HF rats treated with ERK1/2 siRNAs also had reduced PVN neuronal excitation (fewer Fos-related antigen-like-immunoreactive neurons), lower plasma norepinephrine levels, and improved peripheral manifestations of HF compared with HF rats treated with control siRNAs. These results demonstrate that ERK1/2 signaling in the PVN plays a pivotal role in mediating sympathetic drive in HF induced by myocardial infarction and may be a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Shun-Guang Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert B Felder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Hirai DM, Musch TI, Poole DC. Exercise training in chronic heart failure: improving skeletal muscle O2 transport and utilization. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1419-39. [PMID: 26320036 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) impairs critical structural and functional components of the O2 transport pathway resulting in exercise intolerance and, consequently, reduced quality of life. In contrast, exercise training is capable of combating many of the CHF-induced impairments and enhancing the matching between skeletal muscle O2 delivery and utilization (Q̇mO2 and V̇mO2 , respectively). The Q̇mO2 /V̇mO2 ratio determines the microvascular O2 partial pressure (PmvO2 ), which represents the ultimate force driving blood-myocyte O2 flux (see Fig. 1). Improvements in perfusive and diffusive O2 conductances are essential to support faster rates of oxidative phosphorylation (reflected as faster V̇mO2 kinetics during transitions in metabolic demand) and reduce the reliance on anaerobic glycolysis and utilization of finite energy sources (thus lowering the magnitude of the O2 deficit) in trained CHF muscle. These adaptations contribute to attenuated muscle metabolic perturbations (e.g., changes in [PCr], [Cr], [ADP], and pH) and improved physical capacity (i.e., elevated critical power and maximal V̇mO2 ). Preservation of such plasticity in response to exercise training is crucial considering the dominant role of skeletal muscle dysfunction in the pathophysiology and increased morbidity/mortality of the CHF patient. This brief review focuses on the mechanistic bases for improved Q̇mO2 /V̇mO2 matching (and enhanced PmvO2 ) with exercise training in CHF with both preserved and reduced ejection fraction (HFpEF and HFrEF, respectively). Specifically, O2 convection within the skeletal muscle microcirculation, O2 diffusion from the red blood cell to the mitochondria, and muscle metabolic control are particularly susceptive to exercise training adaptations in CHF. Alternatives to traditional whole body endurance exercise training programs such as small muscle mass and inspiratory muscle training, pharmacological treatment (e.g., sildenafil and pentoxifylline), and dietary nitrate supplementation are also presented in light of their therapeutic potential. Adaptations within the skeletal muscle O2 transport and utilization system underlie improvements in physical capacity and quality of life in CHF and thus take center stage in the therapeutic management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Hirai
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - David C Poole
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Stern JE. Neuroendocrine-autonomic integration in the paraventricular nucleus: novel roles for dendritically released neuropeptides. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:487-97. [PMID: 25546497 PMCID: PMC4447596 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Communication between pairs of neurones in the central nervous system typically involves classical 'hard-wired' synaptic transmission, characterised by high temporal and spatial precision. Over the last two decades, however, knowledge regarding the repertoire of communication modalities used in the brain has notably expanded to include less conventional forms, characterised by a diffuse and less temporally precise transfer of information. These forms are best suited to mediate communication among entire neuronal populations, now recognised to be a fundamental process in the brain for the generation of complex behaviours. In response to an osmotic stressor, the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) generates a multimodal homeostatic response that involves orchestrated neuroendocrine (i.e. systemic release of vasopressin) and autonomic (i.e. sympathetic outflow to the kidneys) components. The precise mechanisms that underlie interpopulation cross-talk between these two distinct neuronal populations, however, remain largely unknown. The present review summarises and discusses a series of recent studies that have identified the dendritic release of neuropeptides as a novel interpopulation signalling modality in the PVN. A current working model is described in which it is proposed that the activity-dependent dendritic release of vasopressin from neurosecretory neurones in the PVN acts in a diffusible manner to increase the activity of distant presympathetic neurones, resulting in an integrated sympathoexcitatory population response, particularly within the context of a hyperosmotic challenge. The cellular mechanism underlying this novel form of intercellular communication, as well as its physiological and pathophysiological implications, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Stern
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Azhar A, El-Bassossy HM. Pentoxifylline alleviates hypertension in metabolic syndrome: effect on low-grade inflammation and angiotensin system. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:437-45. [PMID: 25412944 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Pentoxifylline is a well-tolerated drug used in treatment of vascular insufficiency. We previously showed that pentoxifylline protects from impairment in vascular reactivity in cases of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of pentoxifylline against hypertension in metabolic syndrome rats. METHODS Metabolic syndrome was induced by feeding rats a high-fructose, high-fat and high-salt diet for 12 weeks. Pentoxifylline was administered daily (30 mg kg(-1)) during the last 4 weeks of the study, before blood pressure parameters were assessed at the end of study. In addition, serum levels of glucose, fructosamine, insulin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, adiponectin, and lipid profile parameters were determined. Aortic protein levels of angiotensin II and angiotensin receptor 1 were assessed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Pentoxifylline administration prevented excessive weight gain but did not affect hyperinsulinemia or hypertriglyceridemia seen in metabolic syndrome animals. In addition, pentoxifylline prevented the elevations in mean blood pressure associated with metabolic syndrome. Particularly, pentoxifylline prevented elevations in systolic, diastolic, and notch blood pressure; however, elevation in pulse blood pressure was not affected. Further, pentoxifylline alleviated the low-grade inflammation associated with metabolic syndrome, as reflected by the significantly lower serum tumor necrosis factor α and higher serum adiponectin levels metabolic syndrome animals treated with pentoxifylline. Also, pentoxifylline inhibited elevated expression of angiotensin receptor 1 in aortic tissue of metabolic syndrome animals. CONCLUSION Pentoxifylline directly alleviated hypertension in metabolic syndrome rats, at least in part, via amelioration of low-grade inflammation and inhibition of angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Azhar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80260, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - H M El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Masson GS, Nair AR, Dange RB, Silva-Soares PP, Michelini LC, Francis J. Toll-like receptor 4 promotes autonomic dysfunction, inflammation and microglia activation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: role of endoplasmic reticulum stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122850. [PMID: 25811788 PMCID: PMC4374971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling induces tissue pro-inflammatory cytokine release and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We examined the role of TLR4 in autonomic dysfunction and the contribution of ER stress. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Our study included animals divided in 6 experimental groups: rats treated with saline (i.v., 0.9%), LPS (i.v., 10mg/kg), VIPER (i.v., 0.1 mg/kg), or 4-PBA (i.p., 10 mg/kg). Two other groups were pretreated either with VIPER (TLR4 viral inhibitory peptide) LPS + VIPER (i.v., 0.1 mg/kg) or 4-Phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) LPS + PBA (i.p., 10 mg/kg). Arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were measured in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats. AP, HR variability, as well as baroreflex sensitivity (BrS), was determined after LPS or saline treatment for 2 hours. Immunofluorescence staining for NeuN, Ib1a, TLR4 and GRP78 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was performed. TNF-α, TLR4 and GRP78 protein expression in the PVN were evaluated by western blot. Plasma norepinephrine levels were determined by ELISA. KEY RESULTS Acute LPS treatment increased HR and plasma norepinephrine concentration. It also decreased HR variability and high frequency (HF) components of HR variability, as well BrS. Acute LPS treatment increased TLR4 and TNF-α protein expression in the PVN. These hemodynamic and molecular effects were partially abrogated with TLR4 blocker or ER stress inhibitor pretreatment. In addition, immunofluorescence study showed that TLR4 is co-localized with GRP78in the neurons. Further inhibition of TLR4 or ER stress was able to attenuate the LPS-induced microglia activation. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS TLR4 signaling promotes autonomic dysfunction, inflammation and microglia activation, through neuronal ER stress, in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo S. Masson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anand R. Nair
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rahul B. Dange
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Lisete C. Michelini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph Francis
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The present review assesses the current state of literature defining integrative autonomic-immune physiological processing, focusing on studies that have employed electrophysiological, pharmacological, molecular biological, and central nervous system experimental approaches. Central autonomic neural networks are informed of peripheral immune status via numerous communicating pathways, including neural and non-neural. Cytokines and other immune factors affect the level of activity and responsivity of discharges in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves innervating diverse targets. Multiple levels of the neuraxis contribute to cytokine-induced changes in efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve outflows, leading to modulation of peripheral immune responses. The functionality of local sympathoimmune interactions depends on the microenvironment created by diverse signaling mechanisms involving integration between sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters and neuromodulators; specific adrenergic receptors; and the presence or absence of immune cells, cytokines, and bacteria. Functional mechanisms contributing to the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway likely involve novel cholinergic-adrenergic interactions at peripheral sites, including autonomic ganglion and lymphoid targets. Immune cells express adrenergic and nicotinic receptors. Neurotransmitters released by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve endings bind to their respective receptors located on the surface of immune cells and initiate immune-modulatory responses. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system are instrumental in orchestrating neuroimmune processes, although additional studies are required to understand dynamic and complex adrenergic-cholinergic interactions. Further understanding of regulatory mechanisms linking the sympathetic nervous, parasympathetic nervous, and immune systems is critical for understanding relationships between chronic disease development and immune-associated changes in autonomic nervous system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kenney
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Żera T, Ufnal M, Szczepańska-Sadowska E. TNF and angiotensin type 1 receptors interact in the brain control of blood pressure in heart failure. Cytokine 2014; 71:272-7. [PMID: 25481865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Accumulating evidence suggests that the brain renin-angiotensin system and proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, play a key role in the neurohormonal activation in chronic heart failure (HF). In this study we tested the involvement of TNF-α and angiotensin type 1 receptors (AT1Rs) in the central control of the cardiovascular system in HF rats. METHODS we carried out the study on male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to the left coronary artery ligation (HF rats) or to sham surgery (sham-operated rats). The rats were pretreated for four weeks with intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of either saline (0.25μl/h) or TNF-α inhibitor etanercept (0.25μg/0.25μl/h). At the end of the pretreatment period, we measured mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) at baseline and during 60min of ICV administration of either saline (5μl/h) or AT1Rs antagonist losartan (10μg/5μl/h). After the experiments, we measured the left ventricle end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and the size of myocardial scar. RESULTS MABP and HR of sham-operated and HF rats were not affected by pretreatments with etanercept or saline alone. In sham-operated rats the ICV infusion of losartan did not affect MABP either in saline or in etanercept pretreated rats. In contrast, in HF rats the ICV infusion of losartan significantly decreased MABP in rats pretreated with saline, but not in those pretreated with etanercept. LVEDP was significantly elevated in HF rats but not in sham-operated ones. Surface of the infarct scar exceeded 30% of the left ventricle in HF groups, whereas sham-operated rats did not manifest evidence of cardiac scarring. CONCLUSIONS our study provides evidence that in rats with post-infarction heart failure the regulation of blood pressure by AT1Rs depends on centrally acting endogenous TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tymoteusz Żera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Szczepańska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Wei SG, Zhang ZH, Yu Y, Felder RB. Central SDF-1/CXCL12 expression and its cardiovascular and sympathetic effects: the role of angiotensin II, TNF-α, and MAP kinase signaling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1643-54. [PMID: 25260613 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00432.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) and its receptors are expressed by neurons and glial cells in cardiovascular autonomic regions of the brain, including the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and contribute to neurohumoral excitation in rats with ischemia-induced heart failure. The present study examined factors regulating the expression of SDF-1 in the PVN and mechanisms mediating its sympatho-excitatory effects. In urethane anesthetized rats, a 4-h intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of angiotensin II (ANG II) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in doses that increase mean blood pressure (MBP) and sympathetic drive increased the expression of SDF-1 in PVN. ICV administration of SDF-1 increased the phosphorylation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), JNK, and p38 MAPK in PVN, along with MBP, heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), but did not affect total p44/42 MAPK, JNK, and p38 MAPK levels. ICV pretreatment with the selective p44/42 MAPK inhibitor PD98059 prevented the SDF-1-induced increases in MBP, HR, and RSNA; ICV pretreatment with the selective JNK and p38 MAPK inhibitors attenuated but did not block these SDF-1-induced excitatory responses. ICV PD98059 also prevented the sympatho-excitatory response to bilateral PVN microinjections of SDF-1. ICV pretreatment with SDF-1 short-hairpin RNA significantly reduced ANG II- and TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK in PVN. These findings identify TNF-α and ANG II as drivers of SDF-1 expression in PVN and suggest that the full expression of their cardiovascular and sympathetic effects depends upon SDF-1-mediated activation of p44/42 MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Guang Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Robert B Felder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
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Song XA, Jia LL, Cui W, Zhang M, Chen W, Yuan ZY, Guo J, Li HH, Zhu GQ, Liu H, Kang YM. Inhibition of TNF-α in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus attenuates hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting neurohormonal excitation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 281:101-8. [PMID: 25223692 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that chronic inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) delays the progression of hypertension and attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by up-regulating anti-inflammatory cytokines, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs), decreasing nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and NAD(P)H oxidase activities, as well as restoring the neurotransmitters balance in the PVN of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Adult normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and SHR rats received bilateral PVN infusion of a TNF-α blocker (pentoxifylline or etanercept) or vehicle for 4weeks. SHR rats showed higher mean arterial pressure and cardiac hypertrophy compared with WKY rats, as indicated by increased whole heart weight/body weight ratio, whole heart weight/tibia length ratio, left ventricular weight/tibia length ratio, and cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and beta-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) mRNA expressions. Compared with WKY rats, SHR rats had higher PVN levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, PICs, the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), NF-κB p65 activity, mRNA expressions of NOX-2 and NOX-4, and lower PVN levels of IL-10 and 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), and higher plasma norepinephrine. PVN infusion of pentoxifylline or etanercept attenuated all these changes in SHR rats. These findings suggest that SHR rats have an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, as well as an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the PVN; and chronic inhibition of TNF-α in the PVN delays the progression of hypertension by restoring the balances of neurotransmitters and cytokines in the PVN, and attenuating PVN NF-κB p65 activity and oxidative stress, thereby attenuating hypertension-induced sympathetic hyperactivity and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ai Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lin-Lin Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zu-Yi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Interaction between AT1 receptor and NF-κB in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus contributes to oxidative stress and sympathoexcitation by modulating neurotransmitters in heart failure. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2014; 13:381-90. [PMID: 23877628 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-013-9219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) play important roles in heart failure (HF); however, the central mechanisms by which AT1-R and NF-κB contribute to sympathoexcitation in HF are yet unclear. In this study, we determined whether interaction between AT1-R and NF-κB in the PVN modulates neurotransmitters and contributes to NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent oxidative stress and sympathoexcitation in HF. Rats were implanted with bilateral PVN cannulae and subjected to coronary artery ligation or sham surgery (SHAM). Subsequently, animals were treated for 4 weeks through bilateral PVN infusion with either vehicle or losartan (LOS, 10 μg/h), an AT1-R antagonist; or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 5 μg/h), a NF-κB inhibitor via osmotic minipump. Myocardial infarction (MI) rats had higher levels of glutamate (Glu), norepinephrine (NE) and NF-κB p65 activity, lower levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and more positive neurons for phosphorylated IKKβ and gp91(phox) (a subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase) in the PVN when compared to SHAM rats. MI rats also had higher levels of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and plasma proinflammatory cytokines (PICs), NE and epinephrine. PVN infusions of LOS or PDTC attenuated the decreases in GABA and the increases in gp91(phox), NF-κB activity, Glu and NE, in the PVN of HF rats. PVN infusions of LOS or PDTC also attenuated the increases in RSNA and plasma PICs, NE and epinephrine in MI rats. These findings suggest that interaction between AT1 receptor and NF-κB in the PVN contributes to oxidative stress and sympathoexcitation by modulating neurotransmitters in heart failure.
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Liu Q, Wang T, Yu H, Liu B, Jia R. Interaction between interleukin-1 beta and angiotensin II receptor 1 in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus contributes to progression of heart failure. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:870-5. [PMID: 24955935 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The central mechanisms by which interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and angiotension II receptor 1 (AT1-R) contribute to sympathoexcitation in heart failure (HF) are unclear. In this study, we determined whether an interaction between IL-1β and AT1-R in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributes to progression of HF. Rats were implanted with bilateral PVN cannulae and subjected to coronary artery ligation or sham surgery (Sham). Subsequently, animals were treated for 4 weeks through PVN infusion with either vehicle, losartan (LOS, 200 μg/day), IL-1β (IL, 1 μg/day), or IL-1β along with LOS (LOS+IL). HF rats had higher levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), norepinephrine (NE), and glutamate (Glu); lower levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); and more positive fra-like activity in PVN when compared with Sham rats. HF rats also had higher levels of NE, epinephrine (EPI), and IL-1β in plasma. PVN infusion of LOS attenuated the decreases in GABA and the increases in CRH, NE, and Glu in the PVN of HF rats. IL-1β could further increase the expression of CRH, NE, Glu, EPI, and IL-1β and decrease GABA expression. Treatment with IL-1β along with LOS could eliminate the effects of IL-1β. These findings suggest that an interaction between AT1-R and IL-1β in the PVN contributes to progression in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Tai Shan Medical College, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan , Jinan, P.R. China
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Ramchandra R, Hood SG, May CN. Central exogenous nitric oxide decreases cardiac sympathetic drive and improves baroreflex control of heart rate in ovine heart failure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R271-80. [PMID: 24848361 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00057.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is associated with increased cardiac and renal sympathetic drive, which are both independent predictors of poor prognosis. A candidate mechanism for the centrally mediated sympathoexcitation in HF is reduced synthesis of the inhibitory neuromodulator nitric oxide (NO), resulting from downregulation of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS). Therefore, we investigated the effects of increasing the levels of NO in the brain, or selectively in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA) and baroreflex control of CSNA and heart rate in ovine pacing-induced HF. The resting level of CSNA was significantly higher in the HF than in the normal group, but the resting level of RSNA was unchanged. Intracerebroventricular infusion of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 500 μg · ml(-1)· h(-1)) in conscious normal sheep and sheep in HF inhibited CSNA and restored baroreflex control of heart rate, but there was no change in RSNA. Microinjection of SNP into the PVN did not cause a similar cardiac sympathoinhibition in either group, although the number of nNOS-positive cells was decreased in the PVN of sheep in HF. Reduction of endogenous NO with intracerebroventricular infusion of N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester decreased CSNA in normal but not in HF sheep and caused no change in RSNA in either group. These findings indicate that endogenous NO in the brain provides tonic excitatory drive to increase resting CSNA in the normal state, but not in HF. In contrast, exogenously administered NO inhibited CSNA in both the normal and HF groups via an action on sites other than the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Ramchandra
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandFlorey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Sally G Hood
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Clive N May
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
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Time-dependent effects of training on cardiovascular control in spontaneously hypertensive rats: role for brain oxidative stress and inflammation and baroreflex sensitivity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94927. [PMID: 24788542 PMCID: PMC4006803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Baroreflex dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation, important hallmarks of hypertension, are attenuated by exercise training. In this study, we investigated the relationships and time-course changes of cardiovascular parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-oxidant profiles within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Basal values and variability of arterial pressure and heart rate and baroreflex sensitivity were measured in trained (T, low-intensity treadmill training) and sedentary (S) SHR at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8. Paraventricular nucleus was used to determine reactive oxygen species (dihydroethidium oxidation products, HPLC), NADPH oxidase subunits and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (Real time PCR), p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 expression (Western blotting), NF-κB content (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) and cytokines immunofluorescence. SHR-S vs. WKY-S (Wistar Kyoto rats as time control) showed increased mean arterial pressure (172±3 mmHg), pressure variability and heart rate (358±7 b/min), decreased baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability, increased p47phox and reactive oxygen species production, elevated NF-κB activity and increased TNF-α and IL-6 expression within the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. Two weeks of training reversed all hypothalamic changes, reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and normalized baroreflex sensitivity (4.04±0.31 vs. 2.31±0.19 b/min/mmHg in SHR-S). These responses were followed by increased vagal component of heart rate variability (1.9-fold) and resting bradycardia (−13%) at the 4th week, and, by reduced vasomotor component of pressure variability (−28%) and decreased mean arterial pressure (−7%) only at the 8th week of training. Our findings indicate that independent of the high pressure levels in SHR, training promptly restores baroreflex function by disrupting the positive feedback between high oxidative stress and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. These early adaptive responses precede the occurrence of training-induced resting bradycardia and blood pressure fall.
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Wang M, Shibamoto T, Kuda Y, Sun L, Tanida M, Kurata Y. Angiotensin II and vasopressin are involved in the defense system against anaphylactic hypotension in anesthetized rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 731:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kishi T, Hirooka Y, Sunagawa K. Telmisartan reduces mortality and left ventricular hypertrophy with sympathoinhibition in rats with hypertension and heart failure. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:260-7. [PMID: 24096926 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers have various benefits on hypertension and/or heart failure. We demonstrated that telmisartan (TLM), an AT1R blocker, causes sympathoinhibition by reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs). The aim of this study was to determine whether TLM improves survival in rats with hypertension and heart failure. METHODS Angiotensin II-infused and salt-loaded SHRSPs were divided into TLM-treated, candesartan cilexetil (CAN)-treated, and control groups. We determined the dose of TLM or CAN with similar depressor effects. We examined survival, urinary norepinephrine excretion (uNE) as a parameter of sympathoexcitation, ROS in the RVLM, and left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). LV hypertrophy (LVH) was assessed by echocardiography and heart/body weight. RESULTS Compared with the control group, TLM improved survival to a greater extent than CAN. At 4 weeks after treatment, ROS in the RVLM and uNE were significantly lower in the TLM-treated group than in the CAN-treated group, despite the similar depressor effects. At 8 weeks after the treatments, LVH and LVEDP were attenuated in the TLM-treated group compared with the CAN-treated group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that TLM has the potential to reduce mortality, LVH, and LVEDP and that enhanced sympathoinhibition by reduction of ROS in the RVLM might be one of the mechanisms contributing to the beneficial actions of TLM in a model of rats with severe hypertension and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kishi
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kang YM, Zhang DM, Yu XJ, Yang Q, Qi J, Su Q, Suo YP, Yue LY, Zhu GQ, Qin DN. Chronic infusion of enalaprilat into hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy by restoring neurotransmitters and cytokines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 274:436-44. [PMID: 24342267 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the brain is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We hypothesized that inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) attenuates angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension via restoring neurotransmitters and cytokines. Rats underwent subcutaneous infusions of ANG II or saline and bilateral PVN infusions of ACE inhibitor enalaprilat (ENL, 2.5μg/h) or vehicle for 4weeks. ANG II infusion resulted in higher mean arterial pressure and cardiac hypertrophy as indicated by increased whole heart weight/body weight ratio, whole heart weight/tibia length ratio, left ventricular weight/tibia length ratio, and mRNA expressions of cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide and beta-myosin heavy chain. These ANG II-infused rats had higher PVN levels of glutamate, norepinephrine, tyrosine hydroxylase, pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) and the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and lower PVN levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid, interleukin (IL)-10 and the 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), and higher plasma levels of PICs, norepinephrine and aldosterone, and lower plasma IL-10, and higher renal sympathetic nerve activity. However, PVN treatment with ENL attenuated these changes. PVN microinjection of ANG II induced increases in IL-1β and IL-6, and a decrease in IL-10 in the PVN, and pretreatment with angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) antagonist losartan attenuated these changes. These findings suggest that ANG II infusion induces an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the PVN, and PVN inhibition of the RAS restores neurotransmitters and cytokines in the PVN, thereby attenuating ANG II-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ping Suo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Li-Ying Yue
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Da-Nian Qin
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
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Kang YM, Yang Q, Yu XJ, Qi J, Zhang Y, Li HB, Su Q, Zhu GQ. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation contributes to neurohumoral excitation in rats with heart failure. Regen Med Res 2014; 2:2. [PMID: 25984330 PMCID: PMC4422478 DOI: 10.1186/2050-490x-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a serious cardiovascular disease and is characterized by exaggerated sympathetic activity. In this paper, we review these limited studies, with particular emphasis on examining the role of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the neurohumoral excitation in HF. The PVN is an important neuroendocrine and preautonomic output nucleus, and is considered as the important central site for integration of sympathetic nerve activity. Accumulating evidences demonstrate that a number of neurohumoral processes are involved in the pathophysiology of HF, such as renin-angiotensin system (RAS), proinflammatory cytokines (PICs), neurotransmitters, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent studies about neurohumoral regulation indicate that angiotensin II type1 receptor (AT1-R) is the important product mediated by cytoplasmic nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) which is up-regulated along with elevated PICs and angiotensin II (ANG II) in the PVN of HF rats. These findings suggest that the NF-κB mediates the cross-talk between RAS and PICs in the PVN in HF. The further studies indicate that the interaction between AT1-R and NF-κB in the PVN contributes to oxidative stress and sympathoexcitation by modulating neurotransmitters in heart failure, and the superoxide activates NF-κB in the PVN and contributes to neurohumoral excitation. In conclusion, the neurohumoral excitation in HF is based on the interaction of RAS, PICs, ROS, NF-κB and neurotransmitters in the PVN; and the activated NF-κB in the PVN modulates the neurotransmitters and contributes to sympathoexcitation in rats with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
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Sabharwal R, Chapleau MW. Autonomic, locomotor and cardiac abnormalities in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy: targeting the renin-angiotensin system. Exp Physiol 2013; 99:627-31. [PMID: 24334334 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.074336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
New Findings What is the topic of this review? This symposium report summarizes autonomic, cardiac and skeletal muscle abnormalities in sarcoglycan-δ-deficient mice (Sgcd-/-), a mouse model of limb girdle muscular dystrophy, with emphasis on the roles of autonomic dysregulation and activation of the renin-angiotensin system at a young age. What advances does it highlight? The contributions of the autonomic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system to the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy are highlighted. Results demonstrate that autonomic dysregulation precedes and predicts later development of cardiac dysfunction in Sgcd-/- mice and that treatment of young Sgcd-/- mice with the angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist losartan or with angiotensin-(1-7) abrogates the autonomic dysregulation, attenuates skeletal muscle pathology and increases spontaneous locomotor activity. Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of genetic muscle diseases characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy. Mutations in sarcoglycans and other subunits of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex cause muscular dystrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy in animals and humans. Aberrant autonomic signalling is recognized in a variety of neuromuscular disorders. We hypothesized that activation of the renin-angiotensin system contributes to skeletal muscle and autonomic dysfunction in mice deficient in the sarcoglycan-δ (Sgcd) gene at a young age and that this early autonomic dysfunction contributes to the later development of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and increased mortality. We demonstrated that young Sgcd-/- mice exhibit histopathological features of skeletal muscle dystrophy, decreased locomotor activity and severe autonomic dysregulation, but normal LV function. Autonomic regulation continued to deteriorate in Sgcd-/- mice with age and was accompanied by LV dysfunction and dilated cardiomyopathy at older ages. Autonomic dysregulation at a young age predicted later development of LV dysfunction and higher mortality in Sgcd-/- mice. Treatment of Sgcd-/- mice with the angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker losartan for 8-9 weeks, beginning at 3 weeks of age, decreased fibrosis and oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, increased locomotor activity and prevented autonomic dysfunction. Chronic infusion of the counter-regulatory peptide angiotensin-(1-7) resulted in similar protection. We conclude that activation of the renin-angiotensin system, at a young age, contributes to skeletal muscle and autonomic dysfunction in muscular dystrophy. We speculate that the latter is mediated via abnormal sensory nerve and/or cytokine signalling from dystrophic skeletal muscle to the brain and contributes to age-related LV dysfunction, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias and premature death. Therefore, correcting the early autonomic dysregulation and renin-angiotensin system activation may provide a novel therapeutic approach in muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasna Sabharwal
- * 607 MRC, Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 501 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Qi J, Zhang DM, Suo YP, Song XA, Yu XJ, Elks C, Lin YX, Xu YY, Zang WJ, Zhu Z, Kang YM. Renin-angiotensin system modulates neurotransmitters in the paraventricular nucleus and contributes to angiotensin II-induced hypertensive response. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2013; 13:48-54. [PMID: 22971929 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-012-9184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress responses contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. In this study, we determined whether renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributes to the ANG II-induced hypertensive response via interaction with neurotransmitters in the PVN. Rats underwent subcutaneous infusion of ANG II or saline for 4 weeks. These rats were treated for 4 weeks through bilateral PVN infusion with either vehicle or losartan (LOS), an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) antagonist, via osmotic minipump. ANG II infusion resulted in higher levels of glutamate, norepinephrine (NE), AT1-R and pro-inflammatory cytokines (PIC), and lower level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the PVN. Rats receiving ANG II also had higher levels of mean arterial pressure, plasma PIC, NE and aldosterone than control animals. PVN treatment with LOS attenuated these ANG II-induced hypertensive responses. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the RAS activation in the PVN contributes to the ANG II-induced hypertensive response via interaction with PIC and neurotransmitters (glutamate, NE and GABA) in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
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Whitaker AM, Molina PE. Angiotensin (1-7) contributes to nitric oxide tonic inhibition of vasopressin release during hemorrhagic shock in acute ethanol intoxicated rodents. Life Sci 2013; 93:623-9. [PMID: 24002017 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Acute ethanol intoxication (AEI) attenuates the arginine vasopressin (AVP) response to hemorrhage leading to impaired hemodynamic counter-regulation and accentuated hemodynamic stability. Previously we identified that the ethanol-induced impairment of circulating AVP concentrations in response to hemorrhage was the result of augmented central nitric oxide (NO) inhibition. The aim of the current study was to examine the mechanisms underlying ethanol-induced up-regulation of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) NO concentration. Angiotensin (ANG) (1-7) is an important mediator of NO production through activation of the Mas receptor. We hypothesized that Mas receptor inhibition would decrease central NO concentration and thus restore the rise in circulating AVP levels during hemorrhagic shock in AEI rats. MAIN METHODS Conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-325 g) received a 15 h intra-gastric infusion of ethanol (2.5 g/kg+300 mg/kg/h) or dextrose prior to a fixed-pressure (~40 mm Hg) 60 min hemorrhage. The Mas receptor antagonist A-779 was injected through an intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannula 15 min prior to hemorrhage. KEY FINDINGS PVN NOS activity and NO were significantly higher in AEI compared to DEX-treated controls at the completion of hemorrhage. ICV A-779 administration decreased NOS activity and NO concentration, partially restoring the rise in circulating AVP level at completion of hemorrhage in AEI rats. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that Mas receptor activation contributes to the NO-mediated inhibitory tone of AVP release in the ethanol-intoxicated hemorrhaged host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie M Whitaker
- Louisiana State University Health Science Center Department of Physiology and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Jiang N, Shi P, Desland F, Kitchen-Pareja MC, Sumners C. Interleukin-10 inhibits angiotensin II-induced decrease in neuronal potassium current. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C801-7. [PMID: 23426971 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00398.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that viral-mediated increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus significantly reduces blood pressure in normal rats made hypertensive by infusion of angiotensin II. However, the exact cellular locus of this interleukin-10 action within the paraventricular nucleus is unknown. In the present study we tested whether interleukin-10 exerts direct effects at its receptors located on hypothalamic neurons to offset the neuronal excitatory actions of angiotensin II via its type 1 receptors. The results indicated the presence of immunoreactive interleukin-10 receptors on neurons in normal rat paraventricular nucleus and that receptors for this cytokine were also expressed in neurons cultured from the hypothalamus. Patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings from these cultures revealed that extracellular application of interleukin-10 alone did not exert any alterations in neuronal membrane delayed rectifier or transient potassium currents. However, angiotensin II elicited a significant decrease in delayed rectifier potassium current, an effect that was abolished by interleukin-10 application. Since decreases in delayed rectifier potassium current contribute to increased neuronal excitability, this result is consistent with a direct inhibitory action of interleukin-10 on angiotensin-induced excitation of hypothalamic neurons. As such, these data are the first indication of a neuronal locus of action of interleukin-10 to temper the actions of angiotensin II in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Using optogenetics to translate the "inflammatory dialogue" between heart and brain in the context of stress. Neurosci Bull 2012; 28:435-48. [PMID: 22833041 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes are an integral part of the stress response and are likely to result from a programmed adaptation that is vital to the organism's survival and well-being. The whole inflammatory response is mediated by largely overlapping circuits in the limbic forebrain, hypothalamus and brainstem, but is also under the control of the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems. Genetically predisposed individuals who fail to tune the respective contributions of the two systems in accordance with stressor modality and intensity after adverse experiences can be at risk for stress-related psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Altered glucocorticoid (GC) homeostasis due to GC resistance leads to the failure of neural and negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during chronic inflammation, and this might be the mechanism underlying the ensuing brain and heart diseases and the high prevalence of co-morbidity between the two systems. By the combined use of light and genetically-encoded light-sensitive proteins, optogenetics allows cell-type-specific, fast (millisecond-scale) control of precisely defined events in biological systems. This method is an important breakthrough to explore the causality between neural activity patterns and behavioral profiles relevant to anxiety, depression, autism and schizophrenia. Optogenetics also helps to understand the "inflammatory dialogue", the inflammatory processes in psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular diseases, shared by heart and brain in the context of stress.
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Mariappan N, Elks CM, Haque M, Francis J. Interaction of TNF with angiotensin II contributes to mitochondrial oxidative stress and cardiac damage in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46568. [PMID: 23056347 PMCID: PMC3467241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and angiotensin II (ANGII) induce oxidative stress contribute to cardiovascular disease progression. Here, we examined whether an interaction between TNF and ANGII contributes to altered cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP production to cause cardiac damage in rats. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of TNF (30 µg/kg), TNF + losartan (LOS, 1 mg/kg), or vehicle for 5 days. Left ventricular (LV) function was measured using echocardiography. Rats were sacrificed and LV tissues removed for gene expression, electron paramagnetic resonance and mitochondrial assays. TNF administration significantly increased expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit, gp91phox, and the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT-1R) and decreased eNOS in the LV of rats. Rats that received TNF only had increased production rates of superoxide, peroxynitrite and total reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cytosol and increased production rates of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in mitochondria. Decreased activities of mitochondrial complexes I, II, and III and mitochondrial genes were observed in rats given TNF. In addition, TNF administration also resulted in a decrease in fractional shortening and an increase in Tei index, suggesting diastolic dysfunction. TNF administration with concomitant LOS treatment attenuated mitochondrial damage, restored cardiac function, and decreased expression of AT1-R and NADPH oxidase subunits. Mitochondrial biogenesis and function is severely impaired by TNF as evidenced by downregulation of mitochondrial genes and increased free radical production, and may contribute to cardiac damage. These defects are independent of the downregulation of mitochondrial gene expression, suggesting novel mechanisms for mitochondrial dysfunction in rats given TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Mariappan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JF); (NM)
| | - Carrie M. Elks
- Nutritional Neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Masudul Haque
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Joseph Francis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JF); (NM)
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Zhao D, McCully BH, Brooks VL. Rosiglitazone improves insulin sensitivity and baroreflex gain in rats with diet-induced obesity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:206-13. [PMID: 22815534 PMCID: PMC3464031 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.194738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity decreases baroreflex gain (BRG); however, the mechanisms are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that impaired BRG is related to the concurrent insulin resistance, and, therefore, BRG would be improved after treatment with the insulin-sensitizing drug rosiglitazone. Male rats fed a high-fat diet diverged into obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) groups after 2 weeks. Then, OP and OR rats, as well as control (CON) rats fed a standard diet, were treated daily for 2 to 3 weeks with rosiglitazone (3 or 6 mg/kg) or its vehicle by gavage. Compared with OR and CON rats, conscious OP rats exhibited reductions in BRG (OP, 2.9 ± 0.1 bpm/mm Hg; OR, 4.0 ± 0.2 bpm/mm Hg; CON, 3.9 ± 0.2 bpm/mm Hg; P < 0.05) and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp; OP, 6.8 ± 0.9 mg/kg · min; OR, 22.2 ± 1.2 mg/kg · min; CON, 17.7 ± 0.8 mg/kg · min; P < 0.05), which were well correlated (r(2) = 0.49; P < 0.01). In OP rats, rosiglitazone dose-dependently improved (P < 0.05) insulin sensitivity (12.8 ± 0.6 mg/kg · min at 3 mg/kg; 16.0 ± 1.5 mg/kg · min at 6 mg/kg) and BRG (3.8 ± 0.4 bpm/mm Hg at 3 mg/kg; 5.3 ± 0.7 bpm/mm Hg at 6 mg/kg). However, 6 mg/kg rosiglitazone also increased BRG in OR rats without increasing insulin sensitivity, disrupted the correlation between BRG and insulin sensitivity (r(2) = 0.08), and, in OP and OR rats, elevated BRG relative to insulin sensitivity (analysis of covariance; P < 0.05). Moreover, in OP rats, stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve, to activate central baroreflex pathways, elicited markedly reduced decreases in heart rate and arterial pressure, but these responses were not improved by rosiglitazone. In conclusion, diet-induced obesity impairs BRG via a central mechanism that is related to the concurrent insulin resistance. Rosiglitazone normalizes BRG, but not by improving brain baroreflex processing or insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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