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Sever B, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Ciftci H. A Review of FDA-Approved Anti-HIV-1 Drugs, Anti-Gag Compounds, and Potential Strategies for HIV-1 Eradication. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3659. [PMID: 38612471 PMCID: PMC11012182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an enormous global health threat stemming from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. Up to now, the tremendous advances in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) have shifted HIV-1 infection from a fatal illness into a manageable chronic disorder. However, the presence of latent reservoirs, the multifaceted nature of HIV-1, drug resistance, severe off-target effects, poor adherence, and high cost restrict the efficacy of current cART targeting the distinct stages of the virus life cycle. Therefore, there is an unmet need for the discovery of new therapeutics that not only bypass the limitations of the current therapy but also protect the body's health at the same time. The main goal for complete HIV-1 eradication is purging latently infected cells from patients' bodies. A potential strategy called "lock-in and apoptosis" targets the budding phase of the life cycle of the virus and leads to susceptibility to apoptosis of HIV-1 infected cells for the elimination of HIV-1 reservoirs and, ultimately, for complete eradication. The current work intends to present the main advantages and disadvantages of United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-HIV-1 drugs as well as plausible strategies for the design and development of more anti-HIV-1 compounds with better potency, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, and improved safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Sever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Türkiye;
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Halilibrahim Ciftci
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Türkiye
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2
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LaPlante SR, Coric P, Bouaziz S, França TCC. NMR spectroscopy can help accelerate antiviral drug discovery programs. Microbes Infect 2024:105297. [PMID: 38199267 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Small molecule drugs have an important role to play in combating viral infections, and biophysics support has been central for contributing to the discovery and design of direct acting antivirals. Perhaps one of the most successful biophysical tools for this purpose is NMR spectroscopy when utilized strategically and pragmatically within team workflows and timelines. This report describes some clear examples of how NMR applications contributed to the design of antivirals when combined with medicinal chemistry, biochemistry, X-ray crystallography and computational chemistry. Overall, these multidisciplinary approaches allowed teams to reveal and expose compound physical properties from which design ideas were spawned and tested to achieve the desired successes. Examples are discussed for the discovery of antivirals that target HCV, HIV and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R LaPlante
- Pasteur Network, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada; NMX Research and Solutions, Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest, Laval, Québec, H7V 5B7, Canada; Université Paris Cité, CNRS, CiTCoM, F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Pascale Coric
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, CiTCoM, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, CiTCoM, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Tanos C C França
- Pasteur Network, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
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3
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Zhang Y, Joshi S, Yazdani P, Zhan J, Wen B, Bainbridge V, Ballesteros-Perez A, Gartland M, Lataillade M. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of the maturation inhibitor GSK3640254 coadministered with darunavir/ritonavir and/or etravirine in healthy adults. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:274-285. [PMID: 37621050 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This phase I study investigated potential drug-drug interactions of the maturation inhibitor GSK3640254 (GSK'254) with darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/RTV) and/or etravirine (ETR). METHODS In this randomized, open-label, single-sequence, multiple-dose study, healthy participants received GSK'254 200 mg once daily alone or coadministered with DRV/RTV 600/100 mg twice daily (BID; n = 19), ETR 200 mg BID (n = 19) or DRV/RTV 600/100 mg + ETR 200 mg BID (n = 16) under fed conditions. Primary endpoints were steady-state area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to the end of the dosing interval (AUC0-τ ) and maximum observed concentration (Cmax ). Secondary endpoints included trough concentration (Cτ ), safety and tolerability. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using standard noncompartmental analysis, and geometric least-squares mean ratios were derived from linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS GSK'254 AUC0-τ (geometric least-squares mean ratio [90% confidence interval], 1.14 [1.00-1.29]), Cmax (1.07 [0.92-1.24]) and Cτ (1.17 [1.01-1.35]) were similar when administered alone and with DRV/RTV. Etravirine coadministration decreased GSK'254 AUC0-τ (0.53 [0.48-0.59]), Cmax (0.60 [0.53-0.68]) and Cτ (0.51 [0.39-0.66]). Similar reductions were not observed with GSK'254 + DRV/RTV + ETR (AUC0-τ , 0.94 [0.82-1.09]; Cmax , 0.89 [0.75-1.07]; Cτ , 1.02 [0.89-1.18]). GSK'254 had no meaningful effect on DRV/RTV or ETR concentrations. All reported adverse events (AEs) were grade 1; 3 led to withdrawal and resolved (rash, asymptomatic electrocardiogram T-wave inversion, periorbital oedema). Most common AEs were diarrhoea (n = 9) and headache (n = 7). No deaths or serious AEs occurred. CONCLUSION GSK'254 pharmacokinetics was not meaningfully affected by DRV/RTV or DRV/RTV + ETR, but were reduced with only ETR; no new tolerability concerns were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bo Wen
- GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Wimmerová M, Bildziukevich U, Wimmer Z. Selected Plant Triterpenoids and Their Derivatives as Antiviral Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:7718. [PMID: 38067449 PMCID: PMC10707653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of the most recent investigation of triterpenoid-based antiviral agents namely in the HIV-1 and HSV-1 treatment were reviewed and summarized. Several key historical achievements are included to stress consequences and continuity in this research. Most of the agents studied belong to a series of compounds derived from betulin or betulinic acid, and their synthetic derivative is called bevirimat. A termination of clinical trials of bevirimat in Phase IIb initiated a search for more successful compounds partly derived from bevirimat or designed independently of bevirimat structure. Surprisingly, a majority of bevirimat mimics are derivatives of betulinic acid, while other plant triterpenoids, such as ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, or other miscellaneous triterpenoids, are relatively rarely involved in a search for a novel antiviral agent. Therefore, this review article is divided into three parts based on the leading triterpenoid core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Wimmerová
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 16028 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Uladzimir Bildziukevich
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 16028 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
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5
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Sarkar S, Zadrozny KK, Zadorozhnyi R, Russell RW, Quinn CM, Kleinpeter A, Ablan S, Meshkin H, Perilla JR, Freed EO, Ganser-Pornillos BK, Pornillos O, Gronenborn AM, Polenova T. Structural basis of HIV-1 maturation inhibitor binding and activity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1237. [PMID: 36871077 PMCID: PMC9985623 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 maturation inhibitors (MIs), Bevirimat (BVM) and its analogs interfere with the catalytic cleavage of spacer peptide 1 (SP1) from the capsid protein C-terminal domain (CACTD), by binding to and stabilizing the CACTD-SP1 region. MIs are under development as alternative drugs to augment current antiretroviral therapies. Although promising, their mechanism of action and associated virus resistance pathways remain poorly understood at the molecular, biochemical, and structural levels. We report atomic-resolution magic-angle-spinning NMR structures of microcrystalline assemblies of CACTD-SP1 complexed with BVM and/or the assembly cofactor inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6). Our results reveal a mechanism by which BVM disrupts maturation, tightening the 6-helix bundle pore and quenching the motions of SP1 and the simultaneously bound IP6. In addition, BVM-resistant SP1-A1V and SP1-V7A variants exhibit distinct conformational and binding characteristics. Taken together, our study provides a structural explanation for BVM resistance as well as guidance for the design of new MIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Kaneil K Zadrozny
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Roman Zadorozhnyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Ryan W Russell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Alex Kleinpeter
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Sherimay Ablan
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Hamed Meshkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Juan R Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Eric O Freed
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Barbie K Ganser-Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Owen Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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6
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Smith RA, Raugi DN, Nixon RS, Song J, Seydi M, Gottlieb GS. Intrinsic resistance of HIV-2 and SIV to the maturation inhibitor GSK2838232. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280568. [PMID: 36652466 PMCID: PMC9847912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
GSK2838232 (GSK232) is a novel maturation inhibitor that blocks the proteolytic cleavage of HIV-1 Gag at the junction of capsid and spacer peptide 1 (CA/SP1), rendering newly-formed virions non-infectious. To our knowledge, GSK232 has not been tested against HIV-2, and there are limited data regarding the susceptibility of HIV-2 to other HIV-1 maturation inhibitors. To assess the potential utility of GSK232 as an option for HIV-2 treatment, we determined the activity of the compound against a panel of HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV isolates in culture. GSK232 was highly active against HIV-1 isolates from group M subtypes A, B, C, D, F, and group O, with IC50 values ranging from 0.25-0.92 nM in spreading (multi-cycle) assays and 1.5-2.8 nM in a single cycle of infection. In contrast, HIV-2 isolates from groups A, B, and CRF01_AB, and SIV isolates SIVmac239, SIVmac251, and SIVagm.sab-2, were highly resistant to GSK232. To determine the role of CA/SP1 in the observed phenotypes, we constructed a mutant of HIV-2ROD9 in which the sequence of CA/SP1 was modified to match the corresponding sequence found in HIV-1. The resulting variant was fully susceptible to GSK232 in the single-cycle assay (IC50 = 1.8 nM). Collectively, our data indicate that the HIV-2 and SIV isolates tested in our study are intrinsically resistant to GSK232, and that the determinants of resistance map to CA/SP1. The molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the differential susceptibility of HIV-1 and HIV-2/SIV to GSK232 require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Smith
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dana N. Raugi
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Nixon
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Song
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHNU de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Geoffrey S. Gottlieb
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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7
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Dicker I, Jeffrey JL, Protack T, Lin Z, Cockett M, Chen Y, Sit SY, Gartland M, Meanwell NA, Regueiro-Ren A, Drexler D, Cantone J, McAuliffe B, Krystal M. GSK3640254 Is a Novel HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitor with an Optimized Virology Profile. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0187621. [PMID: 34780263 PMCID: PMC8765437 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01876-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 maturation inhibitors (MIs) offer a novel mechanism of action and potential for use in HIV-1 treatment. Prior MIs displayed clinical efficacy but were associated with the emergence of resistance and some gastrointestinal tolerability events. Treatment with the potentially safer next-generation MI GSK3640254 (GSK'254) resulted in up to a 2-log10 viral load reduction in a phase IIa proof-of-concept study. In vitro experiments have defined the antiviral and resistance profiles for GSK'254. The compound displayed strong antiviral activity against a library of subtype B and C chimeric viruses containing Gag polymorphisms and site-directed mutants previously shown to affect potency of earlier-generation MIs, with a mean protein-binding adjusted 90% effective concentration (EC90) of 33 nM. Furthermore, GSK'254 exhibited robust antiviral activity against a panel of HIV-1 clinical isolates, with a mean EC50 of 9 nM. Mechanistic studies established that bound GSK'254 dissociated on average 7.1-fold more slowly from wild-type Gag virus-like particles (VLPs) than a previous-generation MI. In resistance studies, the previously identified A364V Gag region mutation was selected under MI pressure in cell culture and during the phase IIa clinical study. As expected, GSK'254 inhibited cleavage of p25 in a range of polymorphic HIV-1 Gag VLPs. Virus-like particles containing the A364V mutation exhibited a p25 cleavage rate 9.3 times higher than wild-type particles, providing a possible mechanism for MI resistance. The findings demonstrate that GSK'254 potently inhibits a broad range of HIV-1 strains expressing Gag polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Dicker
- ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Zeyu Lin
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Yan Chen
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Martin Gartland
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Chen X, Coric P, Bouaziz S. 1H, 13C and 15N backbone resonance assignment of HIV-1 Gag (276-432) encompassing the C-terminal domain of the capsid protein, the spacer peptide 1 and the nucleocapsid protein. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2021; 15:267-271. [PMID: 33754285 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-021-10016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the maturation of the HIV-1 particle, the Gag polyprotein is cleaved by the viral protease into several proteins: matrix (MA), capsid (CA), spacer peptide 1 (SP1), nucleocapsid (NC), spacer peptide 2 (SP2) and p6. After cleavage, these proteins rearrange to form infectious viral particles. The final cleavage by the protease occurs between CA and SP1 and is the limiting step for the maturation of the particle. The CA-SP1 junction is the target of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors. CA is responsible for the formation of the viral capsid which protects the viral RNA inside. The SP1 domain is essential for viral assembly and infectivity, it is flexible and in helix-coil equilibrium. The presence of NC allows the SP1 domain to be less dynamic. The perturbation of the natural coil-helix equilibrium to helix interferes with protease cleavage and leads to non-completion of viral maturation. In this work, two mutations, W316A and M317A, that abolish the oligomerization of CA were introduced into the protein. The HIV-1 CACTDW316A, M317A-SP1-NC which contains the C-terminal monomeric mutant of CA, SP1 and NC was produced to study the mechanism of action of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors. Here we report the backbone assignment of the protein CACTDW316A, M317A-SP1-NC. These results will be useful to study the interaction between HIV-1 Gag and HIV-1 maturation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- CiTCoM, CNRS, UMR 8038, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Coric
- CiTCoM, CNRS, UMR 8038, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- CiTCoM, CNRS, UMR 8038, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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9
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Kodr D, Stanková J, Rumlová M, Džubák P, Řehulka J, Zimmermann T, Křížová I, Gurská S, Hajdúch M, Drašar PB, Jurášek M. Betulinic Acid Decorated with Polar Groups and Blue Emitting BODIPY Dye: Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, Cell-Cycle Analysis and Anti-HIV Profiling. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091104. [PMID: 34572290 PMCID: PMC8472287 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) is a potent triterpene, which has shown promising potential in cancer and HIV-1 treatment. Here, we report a synthesis and biological evaluation of 17 new compounds, including BODIPY labelled analogues derived from BA. The analogues terminated by amino moiety showed increased cytotoxicity (e.g., BA had on CCRF-CEM IC50 > 50 μM, amine 3 IC50 0.21 and amine 14 IC50 0.29). The cell-cycle arrest was evaluated and did not show general features for all the tested compounds. A fluorescence microscopy study of six derivatives revealed that only 4 and 6 were detected in living cells. These compounds were colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, indicating possible targets in these organelles. The study of anti-HIV-1 activity showed that 8, 10, 16, 17 and 18 have had IC50i > 10 μM. Only completely processed p24 CA was identified in the viruses formed in the presence of compounds 4 and 12. In the cases of 2, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17 and 18, we identified not fully processed p24 CA and p25 CA-SP1 protein. This observation suggests a similar mechanism of inhibition as described for bevirimat.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kodr
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (T.Z.); (P.B.D.)
| | - Jarmila Stanková
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Jiří Řehulka
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Tomáš Zimmermann
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (T.Z.); (P.B.D.)
| | - Ivana Křížová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Soňa Gurská
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Pavel B. Drašar
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (T.Z.); (P.B.D.)
| | - Michal Jurášek
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (T.Z.); (P.B.D.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Zhao Y, Chen CH, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Design, synthesis, and structure activity relationship analysis of new betulinic acid derivatives as potent HIV inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113287. [PMID: 33639343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prior modification of betulinic acid (1), a natural product lead with promising anti-HIV activity, produced 3-O-(3',3'-dimethylsuccinyl)betulinic acid (bevirimat, 3), the first-in-class HIV maturation inhibitor. After 3-resistant variants were found during Phase I and IIa clinical trials, further modification of 3 produced 4 with improved activity against wild-type and 3-resistant HIV-1. In continued efforts to optimize 1, 63 final products have now been designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-HIV-1 replication activity against HIV-1NL4-3 infected MT-4 cell lines. Five known and 21 new derivatives were as or more potent than 3 (EC50 0.065 μM), while eight new derivatives were as or more potent than 4 (EC50 0.019 μM). These derivatives feature expanded structural diversity and chemical space that may improve the antiviral activity and address the growing resistance crisis. Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) correlations were thoroughly analyzed, and a 3D Quantitative SAR model with high predictability was constructed to facilitate further rational design and development of new potent derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7568, USA.
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 2926, Surgical Oncology Research Facility, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7568, USA
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7568, USA; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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11
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Chen X, Coric P, Larue V, Turcaud S, Wang X, Nonin-Lecomte S, Bouaziz S. The HIV-1 maturation inhibitor, EP39, interferes with the dynamic helix-coil equilibrium of the CA-SP1 junction of Gag. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 204:112634. [PMID: 32717487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During the maturation of HIV-1 particle, the Gag polyprotein is cleaved into several proteins by the HIV-1 protease. These proteins rearrange to form infectious virus particles. In this study, the solution structure and dynamics of a monomeric mutated domain encompassing the C-terminal of capsid, the spacer peptide SP1 and the nucleocapsid from Gag was characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in the presence of maturation inhibitor EP39, a more hydro-soluble derivative of BVM. We show that the binding of EP39 decreases the dynamics of CA-SP1 junction, especially the QVT motif in SP1, and perturbs the natural coil-helix equilibrium on both sides of the SP1 domain by stabilizing the transient alpha helical structure. Our results provide new insight into the structure and dynamics of the SP1 domain and how HIV-1 maturation inhibitors interfere with this domain. They offer additional clues for the development of new second generation inhibitors targeting HIV-1 maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- CiTCoM, CNRS, UMR 8038, Université de Paris, 4 Avenue de L'Observatoire, Paris, 75270, France
| | - Pascale Coric
- CiTCoM, CNRS, UMR 8038, Université de Paris, 4 Avenue de L'Observatoire, Paris, 75270, France
| | - Valery Larue
- CiTCoM, CNRS, UMR 8038, Université de Paris, 4 Avenue de L'Observatoire, Paris, 75270, France
| | - Serge Turcaud
- LCBPT, CNRS, UMR 8601, Université de Paris, Paris, 45 Rue des Saints Pères, 75270, France
| | - Xiao Wang
- CiTCoM, CNRS, UMR 8038, Université de Paris, 4 Avenue de L'Observatoire, Paris, 75270, France
| | - Sylvie Nonin-Lecomte
- CiTCoM, CNRS, UMR 8038, Université de Paris, 4 Avenue de L'Observatoire, Paris, 75270, France
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- CiTCoM, CNRS, UMR 8038, Université de Paris, 4 Avenue de L'Observatoire, Paris, 75270, France.
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12
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Kleinpeter AB, Freed EO. HIV-1 Maturation: Lessons Learned from Inhibitors. Viruses 2020; 12:E940. [PMID: 32858867 PMCID: PMC7552077 DOI: 10.3390/v12090940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of HIV and AIDS in the early 1980s, the development of safe and effective therapies has accompanied a massive increase in our understanding of the fundamental processes that drive HIV biology. As basic HIV research has informed the development of novel therapies, HIV inhibitors have been used as probes for investigating basic mechanisms of HIV-1 replication, transmission, and pathogenesis. This positive feedback cycle has led to the development of highly effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), which has helped stall the progression to AIDS, prolong lives, and reduce transmission of the virus. However, to combat the growing rates of virologic failure and toxicity associated with long-term therapy, it is important to diversify our repertoire of HIV-1 treatments by identifying compounds that block additional steps not targeted by current drugs. Most of the available therapeutics disrupt early events in the replication cycle, with the exception of the protease (PR) inhibitors, which act at the virus maturation step. HIV-1 maturation consists of a series of biochemical changes that facilitate the conversion of an immature, noninfectious particle to a mature infectious virion. These changes include proteolytic processing of the Gag polyprotein by the viral protease (PR), structural rearrangement of the capsid (CA) protein, and assembly of individual CA monomers into hexamers and pentamers that ultimately form the capsid. Here, we review the development and therapeutic potential of maturation inhibitors (MIs), an experimental class of anti-HIV-1 compounds with mechanisms of action distinct from those of the PR inhibitors. We emphasize the key insights into HIV-1 biology and structure that the study of MIs has provided. We will focus on three distinct groups of inhibitors that block HIV-1 maturation: (1) compounds that block the processing of the CA-spacer peptide 1 (SP1) cleavage intermediate, the original class of compounds to which the term MI was applied; (2) CA-binding inhibitors that disrupt capsid condensation; and (3) allosteric integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) that block the packaging of the viral RNA genome into the condensing capsid during maturation. Although these three classes of compounds have distinct structures and mechanisms of action, they share the ability to block the formation of the condensed conical capsid, thereby blocking particle infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric O. Freed
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
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13
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Wu HF, Morris-Natschke SL, Xu XD, Yang MH, Cheng YY, Yu SS, Lee KH. Recent advances in natural anti-HIV triterpenoids and analogs. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2339-2385. [PMID: 32666531 DOI: 10.1002/med.21708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic is one of the world's most serious health challenges. Although combination antiretroviral therapy provides effective viral suppression, current medicines used against HIV cannot completely eradicate the infectious disease and often have associated toxicities and severe side effects in addition to causing drug resistance. Therefore, the continued development of new antiviral agents with diverse structures and novel mechanisms of action remains a vital need for the management of HIV/AIDS. Natural products are an important source of drug discovery, and certain triterpenes and their analogs have demonstrated potential as pharmaceutical precursors for the treatment of HIV. Over the past decade, natural triterpenoids and analogs have been extensively studied to find new anti-HIV drugs. This review discusses the anti-HIV triterpenoids and analogs reported during the period of 2009-2019. The article includes not only a comprehensive review of the recent anti-HIV agent development from the perspective of medicinal chemistry, but also discusses structure-activity relationship analyses of the described triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Wu
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xu-Dong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Hua Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yung-Yi Cheng
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Chrobak E, Marciniec K, Dąbrowska A, Pęcak P, Bębenek E, Kadela-Tomanek M, Bak A, Jastrzębska M, Boryczka S. New Phosphorus Analogs of Bevirimat: Synthesis, Evaluation of Anti-HIV-1 Activity and Molecular Docking Study. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205209. [PMID: 31640137 PMCID: PMC6829466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, many groups of drugs characterized by diverse mechanisms of action have been developed, which can suppress HIV viremia. 3-O-(3′,3′-Dimethylsuccinyl) betulinic acid, known as bevirimat (BVM), was the first compound in the class of HIV maturation inhibitors. In the present work, phosphate and phosphonate derivatives of 3-carboxyacylbetulinic acid were synthesized and evaluated for anti-HIV-1 activity. In vitro studies showed that 30-diethylphosphonate analog of BVM (compound 14a) has comparable effects to BVM (half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) equal to 0.02 μM and 0.03 μM, respectively) and is also more selective (selectivity indices: 3450 and 967, respectively). To investigate the possible mechanism of antiviral effect of 14a, molecular docking was carried out on the C-terminal domain (CTD) of HIV-1 capsid (CA)–spacer peptide 1 (SP1) fragment of Gag protein, designated as CTD-SP1, which was described as a molecular target for maturation inhibitors. Compared with interactions between BVM and the protein, an increased number of strong interactions between ligand 14a and protein, generated by the phosphonate group, was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Chrobak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Marciniec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | | | - Paweł Pęcak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bębenek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Monika Kadela-Tomanek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Bak
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Maria Jastrzębska
- Department of Solid State Physics, Institute of Physics, Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Boryczka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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15
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Synthesis and evaluation of antiviral activities of triterpenic conjugates with 2-aminobutan-1-ol as potent microbicidal agents. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02401-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Insight into the mechanism of action of EP-39, a bevirimat derivative that inhibits HIV-1 maturation. Antiviral Res 2019; 164:162-175. [PMID: 30825471 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maturation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles is a key step for viral infectivity. This process can be blocked using maturation inhibitors (MIs) that affect the cleavage of the capsid-spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1) junction. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the activity of EP-39, a bevirimat (BVM) derivative with better hydrosolubility. To this aim, we selected in vitro EP-39- and BVM-resistant mutants. We found that EP-39-resistant viruses have four mutations within the CA domain (CA-A194T, CA-T200N, CA-V230I, and CA-V230A) and one in the first residue of SP1 (SP1-A1V). We also identified six mutations that confer BVM resistance (CA-A194T, CA-L231F, CA-L231M, SP1-A1V, SP1-S5N and SP1-V7A). To characterize the EP-39 and BVM-resistant mutants, we studied EP-39 effects on mutant virus replication and performed a biochemical analysis with both MIs. We observed common and distinct characteristics, suggesting that, although EP-39 and BVM share the same chemical skeleton, they could interact in a different way with the Gag polyprotein precursor (Pr55Gag). Using an in silico approach, we observed that EP-39 and BVM present different predicted positions on the hexameric crystal structure of the CACTD-SP1 Gag fragment. To clearly understand the relationship between assembly and maturation, we investigated the impact of all identified mutations on virus assembly by expressing Pr55Gag mutants. Finally, using NMR, we have shown that the interaction of EP-39 with a peptide carrying the SP1-A1V mutation (CA-SP1(A1V)-NC) is almost suppressed in comparison with the wild type peptide. These results suggest that EP-39 and BVM could interact differently with the Pr55Gag lattice and that the mutation of the first SP1 residue induces a loss of interaction between Pr55Gag and EP-39.
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17
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Sousa JLC, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Silva AMS. Recent Developments in the Functionalization of Betulinic Acid and Its Natural Analogues: A Route to New Bioactive Compounds. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020355. [PMID: 30669472 PMCID: PMC6359067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) and its natural analogues betulin (BN), betulonic (BoA), and 23-hydroxybetulinic (HBA) acids are lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenoids. They are present in many plants and display important biological activities. This review focuses on the chemical transformations used to functionalize BA/BN/BoA/HBA in order to obtain new derivatives with improved biological activity, covering the period since 2013 to 2018. It is divided by the main chemical transformations reported in the literature, including amination, esterification, alkylation, sulfonation, copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling, hydroxylation, and aldol condensation reactions. In addition, the synthesis of heterocycle-fused BA/HBA derivatives and polymer‒BA conjugates are also addressed. The new derivatives are mainly used as antitumor agents, but there are other biological applications such as antimalarial activity, drug delivery, bioimaging, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana L C Sousa
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carmen S R Freire
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | | | - Artur M S Silva
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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18
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Minassi A, Rogati F, Cruz C, Prados ME, Galera N, Jinénez C, Appendino G, Bellido ML, Calzado MA, Caprioglio D, Muñoz E. Triterpenoid Hydroxamates as HIF Prolyl Hydrolase Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:2235-2243. [PMID: 30350996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoid acids (PCTTAs) are pleiotropic agents that target many macromolecular end-points with low to moderate affinity. To explore the biological space associated with PCTTAs, we have investigated the carboxylate-to-hydroxamate transformation, discovering that it de-emphasizes affinity for the transcription factors targeted by the natural compounds (NF-κB, STAT3, Nrf2, TGR5) and selectively induces inhibitory activity on HIF prolyl hydrolases (PHDs). Activity was reversible, isoform-selective, dependent on the hydroxamate location, and negligible when this group was replaced by other chelating elements or O-alkylated. The hydroxamate of betulinic acid (5b) was selected for further studies, and evaluation of its effect on HIF-1α expression under normal and hypoxic conditions qualified it as a promising lead structure for the discovery of new candidates in the realm of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Via Bovio 6 , Novara 28100 , Italy
| | - Federica Rogati
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Via Bovio 6 , Novara 28100 , Italy
| | - Cristina Cruz
- VivaCell Biotechnology SL. Parque Científico Tecnológico , Rabanales 21. Edificio Centauro , 14014 Córdoba , Spain
| | - M Eugenia Prados
- VivaCell Biotechnology SL. Parque Científico Tecnológico , Rabanales 21. Edificio Centauro , 14014 Córdoba , Spain
| | - Nuria Galera
- VivaCell Biotechnology SL. Parque Científico Tecnológico , Rabanales 21. Edificio Centauro , 14014 Córdoba , Spain
| | - Carla Jinénez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba , Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n , 14004 Cordoba , Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology , University of Cordoba , Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n , 14004 Cordoba , Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía , Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n , 14004 Cordoba , Spain
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Via Bovio 6 , Novara 28100 , Italy
| | - M Luz Bellido
- VivaCell Biotechnology SL. Parque Científico Tecnológico , Rabanales 21. Edificio Centauro , 14014 Córdoba , Spain
| | - Marco A Calzado
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba , Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n , 14004 Cordoba , Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology , University of Cordoba , Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n , 14004 Cordoba , Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía , Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n , 14004 Cordoba , Spain
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Via Bovio 6 , Novara 28100 , Italy
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba , Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n , 14004 Cordoba , Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology , University of Cordoba , Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n , 14004 Cordoba , Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía , Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n , 14004 Cordoba , Spain
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19
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Structure and Anti-HIV Activity of Betulinic Acid Analogues. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:387-397. [PMID: 30074203 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Firstly discovered in 1980s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to affect more and more people. However, there is no effective drug available for the therapy of HIV infection. Betulinic acid existing in various medicinal herbs and fruits exhibits multiple biological effects, especially its outstanding anti-HIV activity, which has drawn the attentions of many pharmacists. Among the derivatives of betulinic acid, some compounds exhibited inhibitory activities at the nanomolar concentration, and have entered phase II clinical trials. This paper summarizes the current investigations on the anti-HIV activity of betulinic acid analogues, and provides valuable data for subsequent researches.
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20
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Bedoya LM, Beltrán M, García-Pérez J, Obregón-Calderón P, Callies O, Jímenez IA, Bazzocchi IL, Alcamí J. Promiscuous, Multi-Target Lupane-Type Triterpenoids Inhibits Wild Type and Drug Resistant HIV-1 Replication Through the Interference With Several Targets. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:358. [PMID: 29720939 PMCID: PMC5915803 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research on antiretroviral therapy is mainly focused in the development of new formulations or combinations of drugs belonging to already known targets. However, HIV-1 infection is not cured by current therapy and thus, new approaches are needed. Bevirimat was developed by chemical modification of betulinic acid, a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid (LPT), as a first-in-class HIV-1 maturation inhibitor. However, in clinical trials, bevirimat showed less activity than expected because of the presence of a natural mutation in Gag protein that conferred resistance to a high proportion of HIV-1 strains. In this work, three HIV-1 inhibitors selected from a set of previously screened LPTs were investigated for their targets in the HIV-1 replication cycle, including their maturation inhibitor effect. LPTs were found to inhibit HIV-1 infection acting as promiscuous compounds with several targets in the HIV-1 replication cycle. LPT12 inhibited HIV-1 infection mainly through reverse transcription, integration, viral transcription, viral proteins (Gag) production and maturation inhibition. LPT38 did it through integration, viral transcription or Gag production inhibition and finally, LPT42 inhibited reverse transcription, viral transcription or Gag production. The three LPTs inhibited HIV-1 infection of human primary lymphocytes and infections with protease inhibitors and bevirimat resistant HIV-1 variants with similar values of IC50. Therefore, we show that the LPTs tested inhibited HIV-1 infection through acting on different targets depending on their chemical structure and the activities of the different LPTs vary with slight structural alterations. For example, of the three LPTs under study, we found that only LPT12 inhibited infectivity of newly-formed viral particles, suggesting a direct action on the maturation process. Thus, the multi-target behavior gives a potential advantage to these compounds since HIV-1 resistance can be overcome by modulating more than one target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Bedoya
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Department of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela Beltrán
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Department of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier García-Pérez
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Department of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Obregón-Calderón
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Department of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver Callies
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ignacio A Jímenez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Isabel L Bazzocchi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Department of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Chen Y, Sit SY, Chen J, Swidorski JJ, Liu Z, Sin N, Venables BL, Parker DD, Nowicka-Sans B, Lin Z, Li Z, Terry BJ, Protack T, Rahematpura S, Hanumegowda U, Jenkins S, Krystal M, Dicker ID, Meanwell NA, Regueiro-Ren A. The design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships associated with C28 amine-based betulinic acid derivatives as inhibitors of HIV-1 maturation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1550-1557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Wang M, Quinn CM, Perilla JR, Zhang H, Shirra R, Hou G, Byeon IJ, Suiter CL, Ablan S, Urano E, Nitz TJ, Aiken C, Freed EO, Zhang P, Schulten K, Gronenborn AM, Polenova T. Quenching protein dynamics interferes with HIV capsid maturation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1779. [PMID: 29176596 PMCID: PMC5701193 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturation of HIV-1 particles encompasses a complex morphological transformation of Gag via an orchestrated series of proteolytic cleavage events. A longstanding question concerns the structure of the C-terminal region of CA and the peptide SP1 (CA–SP1), which represents an intermediate during maturation of the HIV-1 virus. By integrating NMR, cryo-EM, and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that in CA–SP1 tubes assembled in vitro, which represent the features of an intermediate assembly state during maturation, the SP1 peptide exists in a dynamic helix–coil equilibrium, and that the addition of the maturation inhibitors Bevirimat and DFH-055 causes stabilization of a helical form of SP1. Moreover, the maturation-arresting SP1 mutation T8I also induces helical structure in SP1 and further global dynamical and conformational changes in CA. Overall, our results show that dynamics of CA and SP1 are critical for orderly HIV-1 maturation and that small molecules can inhibit maturation by perturbing molecular motions. The process of HIV particle maturation involves complex molecular transitions. Here the authors combine NMR spectroscopy, cryo-EM, and molecular dynamics simulations to provide insight into the conformational equilibria in CA-SP1 assemblies relevant to HIV-1 maturation intermediates formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Juan R Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA. .,University of Illinois, Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Huilan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Randall Shirra
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Guangjin Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - In-Ja Byeon
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Christopher L Suiter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sherimay Ablan
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Emiko Urano
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | | | - Christopher Aiken
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Eric O Freed
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Klaus Schulten
- University of Illinois, Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA. .,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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23
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Tang J, Jones SA, Jeffrey JL, Miranda SR, Galardi CM, Irlbeck DM, Brown KW, McDanal CB, Johns BA. Discovery of a novel and potent class of anti-HIV-1 maturation inhibitors with improved virology profile against gag polymorphisms. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2689-2694. [PMID: 28454672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new class of betulin-derived α-keto amides was identified as HIV-1 maturation inhibitors. Through lead optimization, GSK8999 was identified with IC50 values of 17nM, 23nM, 25nM, and 8nM for wild type, Q369H, V370A, and T371A respectively. When tested in a panel of 62 HIV-1 isolates covering a diversity of CA-SP1 genotypes including A, AE, B, C, and G using a PBMC based assay, GSK8999 was potent against 57 of 62 isolates demonstrating an improvement over the first generation maturation inhibitor BVM. The data disclosed here also demonstrated that the new α-keto amide GSK8999 has a mechanism of action consistent with inhibition of the proteolytic cleavage of CA-SP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Stacey A Jones
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jerry L Jeffrey
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sonia R Miranda
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Cristin M Galardi
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David M Irlbeck
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kevin W Brown
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Charlene B McDanal
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Brian A Johns
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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24
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Design and synthesis of basic ionic liquids for the esterification of triterpenic acids. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Thenin-Houssier S, Valente ST. HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitors as Antiretroviral Agents. Curr HIV Res 2016; 14:270-82. [PMID: 26957201 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x14999160224103555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The infectious human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particle is characterized by a conical capsid that encloses the viral RNA genome. The capsid is essential for HIV-1 replication and plays crucial roles in both early and late stages of the viral life cycle. Early on, upon fusion of the viral and cellular membranes, the viral capsid is released into the host cell cytoplasm and dissociates in a process known as uncoating, tightly associated with the reverse transcription of the viral genome. During the late stages of viral replication, the Gag polyprotein, precursor of the capsid protein, assemble at the plasma membrane to form immature non-infectious viral particles. After a maturation step by the viral protease, the capsid assembles to form a fullerene-like conical shape characteristic of the mature infectious particle. Mutations affecting the uncoating process, or capsid assembly and maturation, have been shown to hamper viral infectivity. The key role of capsid in viral replication and the absence of approved drugs against this protein have promoted the development of antiretrovirals. Screening based on the inhibition of capsid assembly and virtual screening for molecules binding to the capsid have successfully identified a number of potential small molecule compounds. Unfortunately, none of these molecules is currently used in the clinic. CONCLUSION Here we review the discovery and the mechanism of action of the small molecules and peptides identified as capsid inhibitors, and discuss their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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26
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Zhao Y, Gu Q, Morris-Natschke SL, Chen CH, Lee KH. Incorporation of Privileged Structures into Bevirimat Can Improve Activity against Wild-Type and Bevirimat-Resistant HIV-1. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9262-9268. [PMID: 27676157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two "privileged fragments", caffeic acid and piperazine, were integrated into bevirimat producing new derivatives with improved activity against HIV-1/NL4-3 and NL4-3/V370A carrying the most prevalent bevirimat-resistant polymorphism. The activity of one of these, 18c, was increased by 3-fold against NL4-3 and 51-fold against NL4-3/V370A. Moreover, 18c is a maturation inhibitor with improved metabolic stability. Our study suggested that integration of privileged motifs into promising natural product skeletons is an effective strategy for discovering potent derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Qiong Gu
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States.,Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Oncology Research Facility, Duke University Medical Center , Box 2926, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital , 404 Taichung, Taiwan
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27
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Swidorski JJ, Liu Z, Sit SY, Chen J, Chen Y, Sin N, Venables BL, Parker DD, Nowicka-Sans B, Terry BJ, Protack T, Rahematpura S, Hanumegowda U, Jenkins S, Krystal M, Dicker IB, Meanwell NA, Regueiro-Ren A. Inhibitors of HIV-1 maturation: Development of structure-activity relationship for C-28 amides based on C-3 benzoic acid-modified triterpenoids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1925-30. [PMID: 26988305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported on the discovery of a C-3 benzoic acid (1) as a suitable replacement for the dimethyl succinate side chain of bevirimat (2), an HIV-1 maturation inhibitor that reached Phase II clinical trials before being discontinued. Recent SAR studies aimed at improving the antiviral properties of 2 have shown that the benzoic acid moiety conferred topographical constraint to the pharmacophore and was associated with a lower shift in potency in the presence of human serum albumin. In this manuscript, we describe efforts to improve the polymorphic coverage of the C-3 benzoic acid chemotype through modifications at the C-28 position of the triterpenoid core. The dimethylaminoethyl amides 17 and 23 delivered improved potency toward bevirimat-resistant viruses while increasing C24 in rat oral PK studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Swidorski
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sing-Yuen Sit
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ny Sin
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brian L Venables
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Dawn D Parker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Beata Nowicka-Sans
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brian J Terry
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Tricia Protack
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sandhya Rahematpura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Umesh Hanumegowda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Mark Krystal
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ira B Dicker
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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28
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Liu Z, Swidorski JJ, Nowicka-Sans B, Terry B, Protack T, Lin Z, Samanta H, Zhang S, Li Z, Parker DD, Rahematpura S, Jenkins S, Beno BR, Krystal M, Meanwell NA, Dicker IB, Regueiro-Ren A. C-3 benzoic acid derivatives of C-3 deoxybetulinic acid and deoxybetulin as HIV-1 maturation inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1757-70. [PMID: 26968652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of C-3 phenyl- and heterocycle-substituted derivatives of C-3 deoxybetulinic acid and C-3 deoxybetulin was designed and synthesized as HIV-1 maturation inhibitors (MIs) and evaluated for their antiviral activity and cytotoxicity in cell culture. A 4-subsituted benzoic acid moiety was identified as an advantageous replacement for the 3'3'-dimethylsuccinate moiety present in previously disclosed MIs that illuminates new aspects of the topography of the pharmacophore. The new analogs exhibit excellent in vitro antiviral activity against wild-type (wt) virus and a lower serum shift when compared with the prototypical HIV-1 MI bevirimat (1, BVM), the first MI to be evaluated in clinical studies. Compound 9a exhibits comparable cell culture potency toward wt virus as 1 (WT EC50=16 nM for 9a compared to 10nM for 1). However, the potency of 9a is less affected by the presence of human serum, while the compound displays a similar pharmacokinetic profile in rats to 1. Hence 9a, the 4-benzoic acid derivative of deoxybetulinic acid, represents a new starting point from which to explore the design of a 2nd generation MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | - Jacob J Swidorski
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Beata Nowicka-Sans
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brian Terry
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Tricia Protack
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Zeyu Lin
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Himadri Samanta
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Zhufang Li
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Dawn D Parker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sandhya Rahematpura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brett R Beno
- Department of Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Mark Krystal
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ira B Dicker
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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29
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Khan I, Guru SK, Rath SK, Chinthakindi PK, Singh B, Koul S, Bhushan S, Sangwan PL. A novel triazole derivative of betulinic acid induces extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 108:104-116. [PMID: 26629862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to arrive at more potent cytotoxic agent than the bioactive natural product betulinic acid, influence of small structural modifications of its 1, 2, 3 triazole derivatives tethered at C-28 and both C3, C-28 using click chemistry approach has been studied. The chemically characterized triazoles have been screened for in vitro cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines HL-60, MiaPaCa-2, PC-3 and A549 which has allowed to identify triazole derivative 28{1N (4-fluoro phenyl)-1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-4-yl} methyloxy betulinic ester having better potency profile than the parent compound with IC50 values in the range of 5-7 μM. It caused disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, rendered Bcl-2 cleavage, Bax translocation and decrease Bcl-2/Bax ratio. These events are accompanied by activation of caspases -9, -3, which cleave the PARP-1. It also induces caspase-8, which is involved in extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Therefore, it induces apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in human leukemia HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Santosh K Guru
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Santosh K Rath
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IIIM Campus, Jammu, India
| | - Praveen K Chinthakindi
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Buddh Singh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Surrinder Koul
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.
| | - Payare L Sangwan
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IIIM Campus, Jammu, India.
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30
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Alkyl Amine Bevirimat Derivatives Are Potent and Broadly Active HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:190-7. [PMID: 26482309 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02121-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant with the release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles from the infected cell, the viral protease cleaves the Gag polyprotein precursor at a number of sites to trigger virus maturation. We previously reported that a betulinic acid-derived compound, bevirimat (BVM), blocks HIV-1 maturation by disrupting a late step in protease-mediated Gag processing: the cleavage of the capsid-spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1) intermediate to mature CA. BVM was shown in multiple clinical trials to be safe and effective in reducing viral loads in HIV-1-infected patients. However, naturally occurring polymorphisms in the SP1 region of Gag (e.g., SP1-V7A) led to a variable response in some BVM-treated patients. The reduced susceptibility of SP1-polymorphic HIV-1 to BVM resulted in the discontinuation of its clinical development. To overcome the loss of BVM activity induced by polymorphisms in SP1, we carried out an extensive medicinal chemistry campaign to develop novel maturation inhibitors. In this study, we focused on alkyl amine derivatives modified at the C-28 position of the BVM scaffold. We identified a set of derivatives that are markedly more potent than BVM against an HIV-1 clade B clone (NL4-3) and show robust antiviral activity against a variant of NL4-3 containing the V7A polymorphism in SP1. One of the most potent of these compounds also strongly inhibited a multiclade panel of primary HIV-1 isolates. These data demonstrate that C-28 alkyl amine derivatives of BVM can, to a large extent, overcome the loss of susceptibility imposed by polymorphisms in SP1.
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31
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Ng TB, Cheung RCF, Wong JH, Chan WY. Proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, and nucleotides with inhibitory activity on human immunodeficiency virus and its enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10399-414. [PMID: 26411457 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6997-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, has claimed innumerable lives in the past. Many biomolecules which suppress HIV replication and also other biomolecules that inhibit enzymes essential to HIV replication have been reported. Proteins including a variety of milk proteins, ribosome-inactivating proteins, ribonucleases, antifungal proteins, and trypsin inhibitors; peptides comprising cathelicidins, defensins, synthetic peptides, and others; polysaccharides and polysaccharopeptides; nucleosides, nucleotides, and ribozymes, demonstrated anti-HIV activity. In many cases, the mechanism of anti-HIV action has been elucidated. Strategies have been devised to augment the anti-HIV potency of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, New Territories, China.
| | - Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, New Territories, China
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, New Territories, China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, New Territories, China.
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32
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Yang SJ, Liu MC, Zhao Q, Hu DY, Xue W, Yang S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of betulonic acid derivatives as antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 96:58-65. [PMID: 25874331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Structural modification was performed at the C-28 position of betulonic acid (BetA). Twenty-five BetA derivatives were synthesized, and evaluated for their antitumor activities against MGC-803, PC3, Bcap-37, A375, and MCF-7 human cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Among the derivatives, most of the derivatives had significant antiproliferative ability (IC50 < 19 μM). Compound 3k, the most active compound, showed IC50 values of 3.6, 5.6, 4.2, 7.8, and 5.2 μM on the five cancer cell lines respectively, and was selected to investigate cell apoptosis by subsequent florescence staining and flow cytometry analysis. The results revealed that compound 3k could induce apoptosis in MGC-803 cell lines, and the apoptosis ratios reached 28.33% after 36 h of treatment at 10 μM. In addition, the study of cancer cell apoptotic signaling pathway indicated that the apoptosis of MGC-803 cells induced by compound 3k could be through the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Research Institute, Sinphar Tian-Li Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 311100, PR China; Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Taizhou 225321, PR China
| | - Ming-Chuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Research Institute, Sinphar Tian-Li Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 311100, PR China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - De-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
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Tedbury PR, Freed EO. HIV-1 gag: an emerging target for antiretroviral therapy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 389:171-201. [PMID: 25731773 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The advances made in the treatment of HIV-1 infection represent a major success of modern biomedical research, prolonging healthy life and reducing virus transmission. There remain, however, many challenges relating primarily to side effects of long-term therapy and the ever-present danger of the emergence of drug-resistant strains. To counter these threats, there is a continuing need for new and better drugs, ideally targeting multiple independent steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle. The most successful current drugs target the viral enzymes: protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), and integrase (IN). In this review, we outline the advances made in targeting the Gag protein and its mature products, particularly capsid and nucleocapsid, and highlight possible targets for future pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Tedbury
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
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Zhang H, Zhu P, Liu J, Yang X, Xu S, Yao H, Jiang J, Ye W, Wu X, Xu J. Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel 3-oxo-23-hydroxybetulinic acid derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:159-67. [PMID: 25247772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel derivatives of 3-oxo-23-hydroxybetulinic acid was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against a panel of cancer cell lines (HL-60, BEL-7402, SF-763, HeLa, B16 and A375). The results indicated that majority of the derivatives exhibited more significant antitumor activity than the parent compound. In particular compound 10e showed the most potent activity with IC50 values of 5.85, 6.23 and 7.22 μM against B16, SF-763 and BEL-7402 cells, respectively. Furthermore, 10e inhibited tumor growth by 51.8% and 62.7% (w/w) in H22 and B16 xenograft mouse models, comparable to cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Peiqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hequan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Jieyun Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Wencai Ye
- College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Tang J, Jones SA, Jeffery JL, Miranda SR, Galardi CM, Irlbeck DM, Brown KW, McDanal CB, Han N, Gao D, Wu Y, Shen B, Liu C, Xi C, Yang H, Li R, Yu Y, Sun Y, Jin Z, Wang E, Johns BA. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Macrocyclized Betulin Derivatives as a Novel Class of Anti-HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitors. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2014; 8:23-7. [PMID: 25250097 PMCID: PMC4157350 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501408010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A macrocycle provides diverse functionality and stereochemical complexity in a conformationally preorganized ring structure, and it occupies a unique chemical space in drug discovery. However, the synthetic challenge to access this structural class is high and hinders the exploration of macrocycles. In this study, efficient synthetic routes to macrocyclized betulin derivatives have been established. The macrocycle containing compounds showed equal potency compared to bevirimat in multiple HIV-1 antiviral assays. The synthesis and biological evaluation of this novel series of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stacey A Jones
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jerry L Jeffery
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sonia R Miranda
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Cristin M Galardi
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David M Irlbeck
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kevin W Brown
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Charlene B McDanal
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nianhe Han
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Daxin Gao
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongyong Wu
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Shen
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Caiming Xi
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Heping Yang
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rui Li
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yajun Yu
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yufei Sun
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhimin Jin
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Erjuan Wang
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Brian A Johns
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Functionalization, cyclization and antiviral activity of A-secotriterpenoids. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:601-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dimonte S, Babakir-Mina M, Aquaro S. HIV-1 B-subtype capsid protein: a characterization of amino acid's conservation and its significant association with integrase signatures. Virus Genes 2014; 48:429-37. [PMID: 24474329 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 pre-integration phase and the subsequent integration of viral genome to the host of nuclear chromosomes are not well analyzed so far. Many studies are discussing the question of pre- and post-nuclear viral entry which is to support the assumption that HIV-1 integrase (IN) is maintained in the volume of intact conical structure's capsids through HIV entry. The aim of the current study is to identify the prevalence of capsid's (CA) signatures among drug-naïve and antiretroviral (ARV)-treated patients in a cohort of 827 HIV-1 B-subtype-infected individuals, and subsequently the relationship between IN and CA amino acid's changes was evaluated. These analyses suggest a conceivable co-evolution of IN-CA sequences, especially in relation to steps of nuclear viral entry. The frequency of mutations was calculated, and statistically has been compared between treatment-naïve and ARV-treated patients. The binomial correlation coefficient was used to assess covariation among CA and IN mutations; then, the average linkage hierarchical agglomerative clustering was performed. The results show a detailed conservation of HIV-1 CA protein both in drug-naïve and in ARV-treated patients. Moreover, the specific CA substitutions are significantly associated with different IN signatures at the amino acid level and the topology of the dendrogram has revealed the existence of two strong sub-clusters associated with hypothetical different mutational pathways. The in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to exclude the hypothetical statistical false positive results and in order to confirm that some CA amino acid signatures are going to establish specific and precise implication in the HIV life cycle.
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Baratto LC, Porsani MV, Pimentel IC, Pereira Netto AB, Paschke R, Oliveira BH. Preparation of betulinic acid derivatives by chemical and biotransformation methods and determination of cytotoxicity against selected cancer cell lines. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:121-31. [PMID: 23973824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Several novel 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone betulinic acid derivatives have been prepared by chemical and biotransformation methods using fungi and carrot cells. Some compounds showed significant cytotoxicity and selectivity against some tumor cell lines. The most active, 3-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono]lup-(20R)-29-oxolupan-28-oic acid, showed IC50 values between 1.76 and 2.51 μM against five human cancer cell lines. The most selective, 3-hydroxy-20-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono]-29-norlupan-28-oic acid, was five to seven times more selective for cancer cells when compared to fibroblasts. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis induction were studied for the most active derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo C Baratto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, 81531-970, CP 19081 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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