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Banasaz S, Ferraro V. Keratin from Animal By-Products: Structure, Characterization, Extraction and Application-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1999. [PMID: 39065316 PMCID: PMC11280741 DOI: 10.3390/polym16141999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Keratin is a structural fibrous protein and the core constituent of animal by-products from livestock such as wool, feathers, hooves, horns, and pig bristles. This natural polymer is also the main component of human hair and is present at an important percentage in human and animal skin. Significant amounts of keratin-rich animal tissues are discarded worldwide each year, ca. 12 M tons, and the share used for keratin extraction and added-value applications is still very low. An important stream of new potential raw materials, represented by animal by-products and human hair, is thus being lost, while a large-scale valorization could contribute to a circular bioeconomy and to the reduction in the environmental fingerprint of those tissues. Fortunately, scientific research has made much important progress in the last 10-15 years in the better understanding of the complex keratin architecture and its variability among different animal tissues, in the development of tailored extraction processes, and in the screening of new potential applications. Hence, this review aims at a discussion of the recent findings in the characterization of keratin and keratin-rich animal by-product structures, as well as in keratin recovery by conventional and emerging techniques and advances in valorization in several fields.
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2
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Li XF, Lu P, Jia HR, Li G, Zhu B, Wang X, Wu FG. Emerging materials for hemostasis. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Dobler D, Gerber M, Schmidts TM, Runkel F, Schlupp P. Comparative Ungual Drug Uptake Studies: Equine Hoof Membrane vs. Human Nail Plate. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122552. [PMID: 36559046 PMCID: PMC9781965 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human nail diseases, mostly caused by fungal infections, are common and difficult to treat. The development and testing of new drugs and drug delivery systems for the treatment of nail diseases is often limited by the lack of human nail material for permeation studies. Animal material is frequently used, but there are only few comparative data on the human nail plate, and there is neither a standardized test design nor a nail bed analogue to study drug uptake into the nail. In this study, a new permeation device was developed for permeation studies, and the permeation behavior of three model substances on the human nail plate and a model membrane from the horse hoof was investigated. A linear correlation was found between drug uptake by the human nail plate and the uptake by the equine hoof. The developed and established permeation device is suitable for investigations of ungual drug transport and enables the use of different membrane diameters and the use of a gel-based nail bed analog. The hydrogel-based acceptor medium used ensures adequate stabilization and hydration of the nail membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Dobler
- Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Mona Gerber
- Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Schmidts
- Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Runkel
- Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Ludwigstraße 23, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Peggy Schlupp
- Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (P.S.)
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4
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Preparation Methods and Functional Characteristics of Regenerated Keratin-Based Biofilms. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214723. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The recycling, development, and application of keratin-containing waste (e.g., hair, wool, feather, and so on) provide an important means to address related environmental pollution and energy shortage issues. The extraction of keratin and the development of keratin-based functional materials are key to solving keratin-containing waste pollution. Keratin-based biofilms are gaining substantial interest due to their excellent characteristics, such as good biocompatibility, high biodegradability, appropriate adsorption, and rich renewable sources, among others. At present, keratin-based biofilms are a good option for various applications, and the development of keratin-based biofilms from keratin-containing waste is considered crucial for sustainable development. In this paper, in order to achieve clean production while maintaining the functional characteristics of natural keratin as much as possible, four important keratin extraction methods—thermal hydrolysis, ultrasonic technology, eco-friendly solvent system, and microbial decomposition—are described, and the characteristics of these four extraction methods are analysed. Next, methods for the preparation of keratin-based biofilms are introduced, including solvent casting, electrospinning, template self-assembly, freeze-drying, and soft lithography methods. Then, the functional properties and application prospects of keratin-based biofilms are discussed. Finally, future research directions related to keratin-based biofilms are proposed. Overall, it can be concluded that the high-value conversion of keratin-containing waste into regenerated keratin-based biofilms has great importance for sustainable development and is highly suggested due to their great potential for use in biomedical materials, optoelectronic devices, and metal ion detection applications. It is hoped that this paper can provide some basic information for the development and application of keratin-based biofilms.
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5
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Bellmann T, Luber R, Kischio L, Karl B, Pötzinger Y, Beekmann U, Kralisch D, Wiegand C, Fischer D. Bacterial nanocellulose patches as a carrier for hydrating formulations to improve the topical treatment of nail diseases. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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6
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Wang R. Performance and Structure Evaluation of Gln-Lys Isopeptide Bond Crosslinked USYK-SPI Bioplastic Film Derived from Discarded Yak Hair. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122471. [PMID: 35746046 PMCID: PMC9229832 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce the waste from yak hair and introduce resource recycling into the yak-related industry, an eco-friendly yak keratin-based bioplastic film was developed. We employed yak keratin (USYK) from yak hair, soy protein isolate (SPI) from soybean meal as a film-forming agent, transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13, TGase) as a catalytic crosslinker, and glycerol as a plasticizer for USYK-SPI bioplastic film production. The structures of the USYK-SPI bioplastic film were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties, the thermal behavior, light transmittance performance, and water vapor permeability (WVP) were measured. The results revealed that the added SPI possibly acted as a reinforcement. The formation of Gln-Lys isopeptide bonds and hydrophobic interactions led to a stable crosslinking structure of USYK-SPI bioplastic film. The thermal and the mechanical behaviors of the USYK-SPI bioplastic film were improved. The enhanced dispersion and formation of co-continuous protein matrices possibly produced denser networks that limited the diffusion of water vapor and volatile compounds in the USYK-SPI bioplastic films. Moreover, the introduction of SPI prompted the relocation of hydrophobic groups on USYK molecules, which gave the USYK-SPI bioplastic film stronger surface hydrophobicity. The SPI and USYK molecules possess aromatic amino residuals (tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan), which can absorb ultraviolet radiation. Thus, the USYK-SPI bioplastic films were shown to have an excellent UV barrier. The synergy effect between USYK and SPI is not only able to improve rigidity and the application performance of keratin-based composite film but can also reduce the cost of the keratin-based composite film through the low-cost of the SPI alternative which partially replaces the high-cost of keratin. The data obtained from this research can provide basic information for further research and practical applications of USYK-SPI bioplastic films. There is an increasing demand for the novel USYK-SPI bioplastic film in exploit packaging material, biomedical materials, eco-friendly wearable electronics, and humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, 38 Wusi West Road, Xining 810008, China
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7
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Timorshina S, Popova E, Osmolovskiy A. Sustainable Applications of Animal Waste Proteins. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081601. [PMID: 35458349 PMCID: PMC9027211 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the growth of the global population leads to an increase in demand for agricultural products. Expanding the obtaining and consumption of food products results in a scale up in the amount of by-products formed, the development of processing methods for which is becoming an urgent task of modern science. Collagen and keratin make up a significant part of the animal origin protein waste, and the potential for their biotechnological application is almost inexhaustible. The specific fibrillar structure allows collagen and keratin to be in demand in bioengineering in various forms and formats, as a basis for obtaining hydrogels, nanoparticles and scaffolds for regenerative medicine and targeted drug delivery, films for the development of biodegradable packaging materials, etc. This review describes the variety of sustainable sources of collagen and keratin and the beneficial application multiformity of these proteins.
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Chilakamarry CR, Mahmood S, Saffe SNBM, Arifin MAB, Gupta A, Sikkandar MY, Begum SS, Narasaiah B. Extraction and application of keratin from natural resources: a review. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:220. [PMID: 33968565 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, keratin has gained great popularity due to its exceptional biocompatible and biodegradable nature. It has shown promising results in various industries like poultry, textile, agriculture, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical. Keratin is a multipurpose biopolymer that has been used in the production of fibrous composites, and with necessary modifications, it can be developed into gels, films, nanoparticles, and microparticles. Its stability against enzymatic degradation and unique biocompatibility has found their way into biomedical applications and regenerative medicine. This review discusses the structure of keratin, its classification and its properties. It also covers various methods by which keratin is extracted like chemical hydrolysis, enzymatic and microbial treatment, dissolution in ionic liquids, microwave irradiation, steam explosion technique, and thermal hydrolysis or superheated process. Special emphasis is placed on its utilisation in the form of hydrogels, films, fibres, sponges, and scaffolds in various biotechnological and industrial sectors. The present review can be noteworthy for the researchers working on natural protein and related usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Reddy Chilakamarry
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nadiah Binti Mohd Saffe
- Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmir Bin Arifin
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Arun Gupta
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Yacin Sikkandar
- Department of Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, 11952 Saudi Arabia
| | - S Sabarunisha Begum
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology, Kariapatti, 626115 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Boya Narasaiah
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Tirupati, 517506 Andhra Pradesh India
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9
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Lee MS, Lee JW, Kim SJ, Pham-Nguyen OV, Park J, Park JH, Jung YM, Lee JB, Yoo HS. Comparison Study of the Effects of Cationic Liposomes on Delivery across 3D Skin Tissue and Whitening Effects in Pigmented 3D Skin. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000413. [PMID: 33713560 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Charged phospholipids are employed to formulate liposomes with different surface charges to enhance the permeation of active ingredients through epidermal layers. Although 3D skin tissue is widely employed as an alternative to permeation studies using animal skin, only a small number of studies have compared the difference between these skin models. Liposomal delivery strategies are investigated herein, through 3D skin tissue based on their surface charges. Cationic, anionic, and neutral liposomes are formulated and their size, zeta-potential, and morphology are characterized using dynamic light scattering and cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). A Franz diffusion cell is employed to determine the delivery efficiency of various liposomes, where all liposomes do not exhibit any recognizable difference of permeation through the synthetic membrane. When the fluorescence liposomes are applied to 3D skin, considerable fluorescence intensity is observed at the stratum cornea and epithelium layers. Compared to other liposomes, cationic liposomes exhibit the highest fluorescence intensity, suggesting the enhanced permeation of liposomes through the 3D skin layers. Finally, the ability of niacinamide (NA)-incorporated liposomes to suppress melanin transfer in pigmented 3D skin is examined, where cationic liposomes exhibit the highest degree of whitening effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi So Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Won Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ji Kim
- Innovation Lab., Cosmax R&I Center, Seongnam-si, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Oanh-Vu Pham-Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mee Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Bae Lee
- Innovation Lab., Cosmax R&I Center, Seongnam-si, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Sang Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
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10
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Valkov A, Zinigrad M, Nisnevitch M. Photodynamic Eradication of Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030263. [PMID: 33668866 PMCID: PMC7996248 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional methods of onychomycosis treatment are ineffective in some cases because the cure of onychomycosis very often depends on the patient’s individual response to the treatment; therefore, there is a crucial need to research and develop new methods of onychomycosis therapy. One of the most innovative treatments is photodynamic therapy (PDT) using photosensitizers (PSs). However, effective treatment depends on the correct choice of photosensitizer and substances that improve the characteristics of the final formulation. The aim of our work was to find an effective formulation for the treatment of onychomycosis. To achieve this goal, we tested the effect of three types of PSs, rose Bengal (RB), malachite green oxalate (MGO), and methylene blue (MB), on Candida albicans. The most effective PS was RB, and so the study was continued with Trichophyton rubrum. Additional comparative studies were carried out on substances included in the formulation (urea and thiourea), focusing on their antifungal activity, which can improve penetration through the nail plate. The composition of the formulation that achieved 100% eradication of Trichophyton rubrum under our conditions consisted of 150 μM RB, 5% urea, and 0.5% thiourea in glycerol/water (70/30%, w/w) solution. A white luminescent lamp was used as a light source (1.9 ± 0.1 mW cm−2). Stability of the formulation was checked. The selected formulation shows potential for future simplification and acceleration of PDT treatment of onychomycosis.
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11
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Bonetti M, Bracchi M, Musitelli G, Perugini P. Production and characterization of bovine hoof membranes as standardized in vitro model for nail studies. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120409. [PMID: 33639225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies can be found using bovine hoof membranes as a nail in vitro model. Most of them are actually permeability studies, while it is very hard to find reference in literature related to the use of those membranes to evaluate safety and efficacy of products. In facts, some effects, both desirable or not, are not strongly related to the penetration of the products thru all of the nail plate keratin layers. There are morphological characteristics and properties such as mechanical ones which could be affected even by a product acting on the surface of the nail. Moreover, hoof membranes production is not a standardized procedure, as well as membranes characterization which is a critical step to deal with when we are looking for a specific in vitro model. In this work, hoof membranes production is described in detail, along with the characterization techniques and parameters chosen for studying the model, such as contact angle measurement and mechanical properties assessment. The production method developed in this work has shown to be effective, making it possible to obtain membranes with desirable thickness, homogenous morphology and suitable mechanical properties. Mechanical properties were the most challenging to be assessed, also for the poor coverage of the topic by scientific literature. In particular the mechanical assessment has never been used before with this specific aim thus this research could be considered as a feasibility protocol in order to obtain a suitable nail model for further studies concerning drug permeability or safety and efficacy of final products .
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bonetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Bracchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Musitelli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Perugini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Etichub s.rl., academic spin-off, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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12
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Nguyen HX, Kim Y, Kekatpure TD, Lesica E, Banga AK. A novel technique to evaluate nail softening effects of different urea formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:403-411. [PMID: 33527865 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1881113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Urea has been incorporated into several topical ungual formulations to hydrate and soften the nail plate. In this study, we employed various characterization techniques (visual observation, scanning electron microscopy, measurement of thickness, transonychial water loss, nail electrical resistance, and mechanical study) to investigate the effect of urea concentration on the hydration of bovine hoof membranes - an in vitro model of infected human nails. We obtained inconsistent results in the thickness, transonychial water loss, nail electrical resistance, and scanning electron microscopy studies. In the mechanical study using a modified Texture Analyzer method, we reported an inverse and linear correlation between urea concentrations in the formulations and the force required to puncture the treated membrane (R2 = 0.9582, n ≥ 8). As the urea concentration decreased from 4x to 2x, 1x, and 0x % w/w, the puncture force increased significantly from 0.47 ± 0.07 to 0.77 ± 0.07, 0.91 ± 0.09, and 1.33 ± 0.26 N, respectively (p < 0.05). Thus, urea provided a positive softening effect on the membranes and the puncture force could indicate the urea level in topical formulations. In this study, we provided a novel, efficient, and reliable tool to evaluate the hydration level and physical properties of bovine hoof membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep X Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Ajay K Banga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Chen K, Puri V, Michniak-Kohn B. Iontophoresis to Overcome the Challenge of Nail Permeation: Considerations and Optimizations for Successful Ungual Drug Delivery. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:25. [PMID: 33439400 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iontophoresis is a widely used drug delivery technique that has been used clinically to improve permeation through the skin for drugs and other actives in topical formulations. It is however not commonly used for the treatment of nail diseases despite its potential to improve transungual nail delivery. Instead, treatments for nail diseases are limited to relatively ineffective topical passive permeation techniques, which often result in relapses of nail diseases due to the thickness and hardness of the nail barrier resulting in lower permeation of the actives. Oral systemic antifungal agents that are also used are often associated with various undesirable side effects resulting in low patient compliance. This review article discusses what is currently known about the field of transungual iontophoresis, providing evidence of its efficacy and practicality in delivering drug to the entire surface of the nail for extended treatment periods. It also includes relevant details about the nail structure, the mechanisms of iontophoresis, and the associated in vitro and in vivo studies which have been used to investigate the optimal characteristics for a transungual iontophoretic drug delivery system. Iontophoresis is undoubtedly a promising option to treat nail diseases, and the use of this technique for clinical use will likely improve patient outcomes.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chen
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vinam Puri
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bozena Michniak-Kohn
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. .,Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. .,Life Sciences Building, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145, Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.
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14
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Formulation of Tioconazole and Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil Pickering Emulsions for Onychomycosis Topical Treatment. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235544. [PMID: 33256033 PMCID: PMC7730074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a disease that affects many adults, whose treatment includes both oral and topical therapies with low cure rates. The topical therapy is less effective but causes fewer side effects. This is why the development of an effective, easy to apply formulation for topical treatment is of high importance. We have used a nanotechnological approach to formulate Pickering emulsions (PEs) with well-defined properties to achieve site-specific delivery for antifungal drug combination of tioconazole and Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil. Silica nanoparticles with tailored size and partially hydrophobic surface have been synthesized and used for the stabilization of PEs. In vitro diffusion studies have been performed to evaluate the drug delivery properties of PEs. Ethanolic solution (ES) and conventional emulsions (CE) have been used as reference drug formulations. The examination of the antifungal effect of PEs has been performed on Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum as main pathogens. In vitro microbiological experimental results suggest that PEs are better candidates for onychomycosis topical treatment than CE or ES of the examined drugs. The used drugs have shown a significant synergistic effect, and the combination with an effective drug delivery system can result in a promising drug form for the topical treatment of onychomycosis.
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15
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Nowogrodski C, Simon I, Magdassi S, Shoseyov O. Fabrication of Second Skin from Keratin and Melanin. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112568. [PMID: 33147696 PMCID: PMC7692603 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Second skin is a topically applied, skin-conforming material that mimics human skin properties and bears potential cosmetic and e-skin applications. To successfully integrate with natural skin, characteristics such as color and skin features must be matched. In this work, we prepared bio-based skin-like films from cross-linked keratin/melanin films (KMFs), using a simple fabrication method and non-toxic materials. The films retained their stability in aqueous solutions, showed skin-like mechanical properties, and were homogenous and handleable, with non-granular surfaces and a notable cross-linked structure as determined by attenuated total reflection (ATR). In addition, the combination of keratin and melanin allowed for adjustable tones similar to those of natural human skin. Furthermore, KMFs showed light transmittance and UV-blocking (up to 99%) as a function of melanin content. Finally, keratin/melanin ink (KMI) was used to inkjet-print high-resolution images with natural skin pigmented features. The KMFs and KMI may offer advanced solutions as e-skin or cosmetics platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Nowogrodski
- Plant Molecular Biology and Nano Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (I.S.); (O.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+972-8-9489761
| | - Ido Simon
- Plant Molecular Biology and Nano Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (I.S.); (O.S.)
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel;
| | - Oded Shoseyov
- Plant Molecular Biology and Nano Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (I.S.); (O.S.)
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16
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Gough CR, Rivera-Galletti A, Cowan DA, Salas-de la Cruz D, Hu X. Protein and Polysaccharide-Based Fiber Materials Generated from Ionic Liquids: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E3362. [PMID: 32722182 PMCID: PMC7435976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural biomacromolecules such as structural proteins and polysaccharides are composed of the basic building blocks of life: amino acids and carbohydrates. Understanding their molecular structure, self-assembly and interaction in solvents such as ionic liquids (ILs) is critical for unleashing a flora of new materials, revolutionizing the way we fabricate multi-structural and multi-functional systems with tunable physicochemical properties. Ionic liquids are superior to organic solvents because they do not produce unwanted by-products and are considered green substitutes because of their reusability. In addition, they will significantly improve the miscibility of biopolymers with other materials while maintaining the mechanical properties of the biopolymer in the final product. Understanding and controlling the physicochemical properties of biopolymers in ionic liquids matrices will be crucial for progress leading to the ability to fabricate robust multi-level structural 1D fiber materials. It will also help to predict the relationship between fiber conformation and protein secondary structures or carbohydrate crystallinity, thus creating potential applications for cell growth signaling, ionic conductivity, liquid diffusion and thermal conductivity, and several applications in biomedicine and environmental science. This will also enable the regeneration of biopolymer composite fiber materials with useful functionalities and customizable options critical for additive manufacturing. The specific capabilities of these fiber materials have been shown to vary based on their fabrication methods including electrospinning and post-treatments. This review serves to provide basic knowledge of these commonly utilized protein and polysaccharide biopolymers and their fiber fabrication methods from various ionic liquids, as well as the effect of post-treatments on these fiber materials and their applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical research, wound healing, environmental filters and sustainable and green chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Gough
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (C.R.G.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Ashley Rivera-Galletti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (C.R.G.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Darrel A. Cowan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (C.R.G.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - David Salas-de la Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Camden, NJ 08102, USA;
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (C.R.G.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
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17
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Chen S, Hori N, Kajiyama M, Takemura A. Thermal responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted chicken feather keratin prepared via surface initiated aqueous Cu(0)-mediated RDRP: Synthesis and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:364-372. [PMID: 32109472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Poultry chicken feather keratin was extracted and then modified for the fabrication of keratin-graft-PNIPAM copolymers. The keratin was well extracted from feather fiber and powdered. Subsequently, it underwent the surficial functionalization process with initiator groups. After the study conducted full disproportionation of Cu(I)Br/Me6Tren into Cu(0) and Cu(II)Br2 in the solvent, surface initiated aqueous Cu(0)-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) was performed in a methanol/water mixture solvent. The reaction was performed rapidly and efficiently, during which over 100% graft rate was achieved at 60 min. After 6 h reaction, 200% graft rate could be achieved. High graft rate (up to 287%) was achieved, and graft rate could be regulated by controlling the reaction time and the addition of monomer. The fabricated keratin-g-PNIPAM exhibited a rough surface. As revealed from the results of thermal analysis, the thermal stability of keratin-g-PNIPAM was enhanced noticeably compared with the original keratin. Besides, grafted PNIPAM chains exhibited a higher glass transition temperature. The grafted keratin particles displayed enhanced hydrophilicity. Keratin-g-PNIPAMs exhibit a lower LCST comparing to homopolymer and the flocculation in hot water behavior could be controlled by regulating graft rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikai Chen
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naruhito Hori
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mikio Kajiyama
- Graduate School of life and environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Akio Takemura
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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18
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Kracht T, Müller-Goymann CC. Antifungal efficacy of liquid poloxamer 407-based emulsions loaded with sertaconazole nitrate. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119400. [PMID: 32512222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery into the human nail plate for the treatment of onychomycosis is difficult due to limited permeability of the nail plate. Semisolid poloxamer 407-based formulations have recently shown promising results for drug delivery into and through the nail plate. In this study, liquid poloxamer 407-based emulsions loaded with sertaconazole nitrate have been developed and the permeation behavior was determined in vitro using modified Franz diffusion cells. The antifungal efficacy was evaluated in an infected nail plate model, where the growth inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum was observed. Bovine hoof plates and keratin films made from human hair were used as models for the human nail plate. In both cases, formulations with low viscosity and high water content showed best results despite a lower solubility of sertaconazole nitrate, suggesting that the composition of the vehicle plays a major role in permeation through the membrane. In addition, an API content close to saturation solubility had a positive effect on permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kracht
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Christel C Müller-Goymann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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19
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Valkov A, Zinigrad M, Sobolev A, Nisnevitch M. Keratin Biomembranes as a Model for Studying Onychomycosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3512. [PMID: 32429167 PMCID: PMC7278978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Difficulties in obtaining human nails that are large enough for examining the penetration of drug formulations led us to produce keratin films regenerated from human hair. We assume that these films can simulate human nail plates in drug penetration and permeation tests and can serve as a biological model for studying onychomycosis. The films were formed from keratin extracted from human hair using dithiothreitol, urea and thiourea. The obtained keratin extract was dispensed into Teflon rings and dried at 40 °C and then cured at 110 °C. The structure, surface morphology, chemical characterization and thermal stability of the films were characterized and were compared to those of human nail, hair and bovine hoof samples using SDS-electrophoresis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The structure of the obtained films was found to be closer to human nails than to hair or bovine hooves. The keratin films were infected with Trichophyton rubrum and were proven to be appropriate for serving as a model for studying onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marina Nisnevitch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Kyriat-ha-Mada, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (A.V.); (M.Z.); (A.S.)
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20
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Ohmic heating as an innovative approach for the production of keratin films. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:671-680. [PMID: 32061691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ohmic heating is a thermal processing method based on the application of electric fields directly into a semi-conductive medium. In this study, we explored for the first time the use of ohmic heating to obtain keratin films. The properties of the films prepared by ohmic heating and conventional heating were evaluated and compared under similar thermal profiles. A lower increase in free thiols' concentration was obtained for the keratin solutions and keratin films submitted to ohmic heating (16% increase for the keratin solution extracted from virgin hair, pH 9, submitted to ohmic heating and 23% when submitted to conventional heating). Significant differences in the swelling results were observed for the films prepared with keratin extracted from virgin hair, with a swelling decrease in about 55% for the films prepared by ohmic heating. Generally, the keratin films obtained by ohmic heating showed distinct properties comparatively to the films produced by conventional methods. The application of a fusion protein on the keratin films demonstrated their capacity to be used as substitutes to hair fibers when evaluating the potential of new cosmetic products. This work suggests that ohmic heating show potential to tailor keratin films properties depending on an intended application or functionality.
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21
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Fernández-d'Arlas B. Tough and Functional Cross-linked Bioplastics from Sheep Wool Keratin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14810. [PMID: 31616010 PMCID: PMC6794297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel bioplastic films derived from wool keratins were prepared by protein solution in an alkaline mild oxidative method that splits disulphide (-S-S-) bonds. The native structure of the keratin macromolecules was partially modified upon extraction as revealed by the decrease of the β-sheet to α-helices/coils ratio but high molecular weight fractions (31, 22 and 13 KDa) was retained permitting film formation and plastic behaviour of films. Keratin films were plasticised with glycerol and sodium dodecyl sulphonic acid (SDS), which provided different hydrophobic character to bioplastics. Water content in the films depend on the relative humidity (RH), being able to absorb up to 35 wt% H2O at an ambient of 80% RH. Films were mechanically, thermally and optically analysed. The spectroscopic analyses revelled that these bioplastic films absorb UV light, what is interesting for packaging applications. Thermogravimetric and thermomechanical analysis revealed high stability of keratin macromolecules up to 200 °C with no inherent thermal transitions. Tough bioplastics (19 ± 4 MJ∙ m-3) were obtained after thermal cross-linking with glycerol and formaldehyde outperforming mechanical properties previously reported for protein films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Fernández-d'Arlas
- Institute for Advanced Materials (INAMAT), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Centro Jerónimo de Ayanz, Pamplona, España, Spain.
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22
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Gelker M, Mrotzek J, Ichter A, Müller-Goymann CC, Viöl W. Influence of pulse characteristics and power density on stratum corneum permeabilization by dielectric barrier discharge. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1513-1523. [PMID: 31129087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the medical use of cold atmospheric plasma has received much attention. Plasma sources can be suited for widely different indications depending on their physical and chemical characteristics. Being interested in the enhancement of drug transport across the skin by plasma treatment, we evaluated three dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) as to their potential use in permeabilizing human isolated stratum corneum (SC). METHODS Imaging techniques (electrochemical and redox-chemical imaging, fluorescence microscopy), transepithelial electrical resistance measurements and permeation studies were employed to study the permeabilizing effect of different DBD-treatments on SC. RESULTS Filamentous μs-pulsed DBDs induced robust pore formation in SC. Increasing the power of the μs-pulsed DBD lead to more pronounced pore formation but might increase the risk of undesired side-effects. Plasma permeabilization was much smaller for the ns-pulsed DBD, which left SC samples largely intact. CONCLUSIONS The comparison of different DBDs provided insight into the mechanism of DBD-induced SC permeabilization. It also illustrated the need to tailor electrical characteristics of a DBD to optimize it for a particular treatment modality. For future applications in drug delivery it would be beneficial to monitor the permeabilization during a plasma treatment. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide mechanistic insight into the potential of an emerging interdisciplinary technology - plasma medicine - as a prospective tool or treatment option. While it might become a safe and pain-free method to enhance skin permeation of drug substances, this is also a mechanism to keep in mind when tailoring plasma sources for other uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gelker
- Department of Sciences and Technology, HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Von-Ossietzky-Str. 99, 37085 Göttingen, Germany; PVZ - Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Julia Mrotzek
- Department of Sciences and Technology, HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Von-Ossietzky-Str. 99, 37085 Göttingen, Germany; Fraunhofer IST, Application Center for Plasma and Photonics, Von-Ossietzky-Str. 100, 37085 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Astrid Ichter
- Department of Sciences and Technology, HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Von-Ossietzky-Str. 99, 37085 Göttingen, Germany; Fraunhofer IST, Application Center for Plasma and Photonics, Von-Ossietzky-Str. 100, 37085 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christel C Müller-Goymann
- PVZ - Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Institut Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Viöl
- Department of Sciences and Technology, HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Von-Ossietzky-Str. 99, 37085 Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Laubé F, Poupon A, Zinck P, Müller-Goymann C, Reichl S, Nardello-Rataj V. Physicochemical investigations of native nails and synthetic models for a better understanding of surface adhesion of nail lacquers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 131:208-217. [PMID: 30771473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human nail, like any biological material, is not readily available in large amounts and shows some variability from one individual to another. Replacing it by synthetic models is of great interest to perform reproducible and reliable tests in order to assess drug diffusion or nail lacquer adhesion for example. Keratin films, produced at the lab scale from natural hair, and the commercially available Vitro-nail® sheets have been proposed as models of human nails. In this study, we have investigated in detail these two materials. Surface aspect, composition, surface energy and water permeation were determined by SEM-EDS, ATR-FTIR, XPS, DVS and tensiometry and were compared to those of nails clippings. The development of a probe tack test using a rotational rheometer allowed us to measure the adhesion of three different nail lacquers on each substrate and the results were correlated with the surface state. It is shown that except roughness, keratin films exhibit similar composition, water sorption and surface energy as human nails. Vitro-nail® presents a more hydrophilic and permeable behavior than natural nail due to probable higher proportions of amide functions and absence of disulfide bridges. With the aim to improve nail lacquer residence, the importance of adsorption, electrostatic and mechanical adhesions as well as water sorption behavior is highlighted and allowed to show the importance of roughness, a low surface energy, a moderate hydrophobicity and an ability to form hydrogen and electrostatic bonds in order to optimize adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Laubé
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Andy Poupon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Zinck
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christel Müller-Goymann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Reichl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Véronique Nardello-Rataj
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France.
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24
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Lin CW, Chen YK, Lu M, Lou KL, Yu J. Photo-Crosslinked Keratin/Chitosan Membranes as Potential Wound Dressing Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E987. [PMID: 30960912 PMCID: PMC6403811 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we combined two kinds of natural polymers, chitosan and keratin, to develop a portable composite membrane via UV irradiation. UV-crosslinking without an additional chemical agent makes the fabrication more ideal by reducing reactants and avoiding residual toxic chemicals. This novel composite could perform synergistic functions benefitting from chitosan and keratin; including a strong mechanical strength, biodegradability, biocompatibility, better cell adhesion, and proliferation characteristics. Furthermore, compared with our previous research, this keratin-chitosan composite membrane was improved in that it was made to be portable, enabling it to be versatile and have various applications in vitro and in vivo. Based on these facts, this innovative composite membrane has high potential for serving as an outstanding candidate for wound healing or other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Kai Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Long Lou
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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25
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Fernández-d'Arlas B. Improved aqueous solubility and stability of wool and feather proteins by reactive-extraction with H2O2 as bisulfide ( S S ) splitting agent. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Kiani MT, Higgins CA, Almquist BD. The Hair Follicle: An Underutilized Source of Cells and Materials for Regenerative Medicine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:1193-1207. [PMID: 29682604 PMCID: PMC5905671 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle is one of only two structures within the adult body that selectively degenerates and regenerates, making it an intriguing organ to study and use for regenerative medicine. Hair follicles have been shown to influence wound healing, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and harbor distinct populations of stem cells; this has led to cells from the follicle being used in clinical trials for tendinosis and chronic ulcers. In addition, keratin produced by the follicle in the form of a hair fiber provides an abundant source of biomaterials for regenerative medicine. In this review, we provide an overview of the structure of a hair follicle, explain the role of the follicle in regulating the microenvironment of skin and the impact on wound healing, explore individual cell types of interest for regenerative medicine, and cover several applications of keratin-based biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad T Kiani
- Department of Bioengineering, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Materials Science, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Claire A Higgins
- Department of Bioengineering, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Benjamin D Almquist
- Department of Bioengineering, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
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27
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Shavandi A, Silva TH, Bekhit AA, Bekhit AEDA. Keratin: dissolution, extraction and biomedical application. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:1699-1735. [PMID: 28686242 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00411g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Keratinous materials such as wool, feathers and hooves are tough unique biological co-products that usually have high sulfur and protein contents. A high cystine content (7-13%) differentiates keratins from other structural proteins, such as collagen and elastin. Dissolution and extraction of keratin is a difficult process compared to other natural polymers, such as chitosan, starch, collagen, and a large-scale use of keratin depends on employing a relatively fast, cost-effective and time efficient extraction method. Keratin has some inherent ability to facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and regeneration of the tissue, therefore keratin biomaterials can provide a biocompatible matrix for regrowth and regeneration of the defective tissue. Additionally, due to its amino acid constituents, keratin can be tailored and finely tuned to meet the exact requirement of degradation, drug release or incorporation of different hydrophobic or hydrophilic tails. This review discusses the various methods available for the dissolution and extraction of keratin with emphasis on their advantages and limitations. The impacts of various methods and chemicals used on the structure and the properties of keratin are discussed with the aim of highlighting options available toward commercial keratin production. This review also reports the properties of various keratin-based biomaterials and critically examines how these materials are influenced by the keratin extraction procedure, discussing the features that make them effective as biomedical applications, as well as some of the mechanisms of action and physiological roles of keratin. Particular attention is given to the practical application of keratin biomaterials, namely addressing the advantages and limitations on the use of keratin films, 3D composite scaffolds and keratin hydrogels for tissue engineering, wound healing, hemostatic and controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shavandi
- Center for Materials Science and Technology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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28
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Permeabilization of human stratum corneum and full-thickness skin samples by a direct dielectric barrier discharge. CLINICAL PLASMA MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpme.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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In Vitro Human Onychopharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analyses of ME1111, a New Topical Agent for Onychomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 62:AAC.00779-17. [PMID: 29084749 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00779-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ME1111 is a novel antifungal agent currently under clinical development as a topical onychomycosis treatment. A major challenge in the application of topical onychomycotics is penetration and dissemination of antifungal agent into the infected nail plate and bed. In this study, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters of ME1111 that potentially correlate with clinical efficacy were compared with those of marketed topical onychomycosis antifungal agents: efinaconazole, tavaborole, ciclopirox, and amorolfine. An ME1111 solution and other launched topical formulations were applied to an in vitro dose model for 14 days based on their clinical dose and administration. Drug concentrations in the deep layer of the nail and within the cotton pads beneath the nails were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of ME1111 in the nail and cotton pads were much higher than those of efinaconazole, ciclopirox, and amorolfine. Free drug concentrations of ME1111 in deep nail layers and cotton pads were orders of magnitude higher than the MIC90 value against Trichophyton rubrum (n = 30). Unlike other drugs, the in vitro antifungal activity of ME1111 was not affected by 5% human keratin and under a mild acidic condition (pH 5.0). The in vitro antidermatophytic efficacy coefficients (ratio of free drug concentration to MIC90s against T. rubrum) of ME1111, as measured in deep nail layers, were significantly higher than those of efinaconazole, tavaborole, ciclopirox, and amorolfine (P < 0.05). This suggests that ME1111 has excellent permeation of human nails and, consequently, the potential to be an effective topical onychomycosis treatment.
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30
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Nguyen HX, Banga AK. Effect of ablative laser on in vitro transungual delivery. Int J Pharm 2017; 544:402-414. [PMID: 28951347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Topical therapy of nail psoriasis using methotrexate has not been realized due to the high molecular weight and low permeability of the compound. In this study, we used a 2940nm fractional ablative laser to disrupt the nail barrier to enhance the in vitro transungual delivery of methotrexate. Bovine hoof membrane-an in vitro model of the human nail-was treated by the laser at different energy levels and pore densities. A successful microporation was characterized by mechanical properties, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, dye binding, histology, pore uniformity, confocal laser microscopy, nail integrity measurement, and permeation studies. No significant difference in the pore dimension was found in different treatment groups (p>0.05). Increases in pore depth corresponded with increases in the laser energy. Laser ablation was found to affect the mechanical properties of the hoof membrane. In in vitro permeation studies, laser ablation resulted in a significant increase in the drug cumulative delivery, flux, and permeability coefficient as compared to the untreated group (n=3, p<0.05). A change in the laser energy and pore density was found to alter the drug permeability. Thus, transungual methotrexate delivery was enhanced by the fractional laser ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep X Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta GA, 30341,USA
| | - Ajay K Banga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta GA, 30341,USA.
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Fabrication of human hair keratin/jellyfish collagen/eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite osteoinductive biocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: From waste to regenerative medicine products. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 154:160-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Wang J, Hao S, Luo T, Zhou T, Yang X, Wang B. Keratose/poly (vinyl alcohol) blended nanofibers: Fabrication and biocompatibility assessment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 72:212-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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33
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Thapa RK, Choi JY, Go TG, Kang MH, Han SD, Jun JH, Son MW, Yong CS, Kim JO. Development of ciclopirox nail lacquer with enhanced permeation and retention. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:953-9. [PMID: 27306785 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a prevailing disease caused by fungal infection of nails that mostly affects athletes and the elderly. Ciclopirox is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the topical treatment of onychomycosis. However, the desired penetration of ciclopirox into the nail bed has not been achieved via topical application for efficient treatment. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to enhance ciclopirox permeation and retention in nail by the development of a new nail lacquer formulation. We screened the effects of different solvents, alkalizing agents, and permeation enhancers on the permeation of bovine hooves by ciclopirox and its retention in human nail clippings. The results suggest that isopropyl alcohol, potassium hydroxide, and urea as the solvent, alkalizing agent, and permeation enhancer, respectively, improved the permeation of the ciclopirox nail lacquer formulation the most with high flux rates. Comparison of the final formulation and marketed product revealed enhanced retention of ciclopirox from our developed formulation in human nail clippings. Therefore, our newly developed nail lacquer may be a potentially effective formulation for the treatment of onychomycosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Thapa
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea
| | - Toe Gyung Go
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea
| | - Min Hyung Kang
- Dong-A ST Research Institute, Pharmaceutical Product Research Laboratories, Yongin, 449-905, South Korea
| | - Sang Duk Han
- Dong-A ST Research Institute, Pharmaceutical Product Research Laboratories, Yongin, 449-905, South Korea
| | - Joon-Ho Jun
- Dong-A ST Research Institute, Pharmaceutical Product Research Laboratories, Yongin, 449-905, South Korea
| | - Mi Won Son
- Dong-A ST Research Institute, Pharmaceutical Product Research Laboratories, Yongin, 449-905, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
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Development and assessment of kerateine nanoparticles for use as a hemostatic agent. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 63:352-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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35
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Täuber A, Müller-Goymann CC. In vitro evaluation of the antifungal efficacy of poloxamer 407-based formulations in an infected nail plate model. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:20-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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36
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Xing Y, Liu H, Yu W. Preparation and characterization of keratin and chicken egg white-templated luminescent Au cluster composite film. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Abstract
Nail disorders are beyond cosmetic concern; besides discomfort in the performance of daily chores, they disturb patients psychologically and affect their quality of life. Fungal nail infection (onychomycosis) is the most prevalent nail-related disorder affecting a major population worldwide. Overcoming the impenetrable nail barrier is the toughest challenge for the development of efficacious topical ungual formulation. Sophisticated techniques such as iontophoresis and photodynamic therapy have been proven to improve transungual permeation. This article provides an updated and concise discussion regarding the conventional approach and upcoming novel approaches focused to alter the nail barrier. A comprehensive description regarding preformulation screening techniques for the identification of potential ungual enhancers is also described in this review while highlighting the current pitfalls for the development of ungual delivery.
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38
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de Guzman RC, Tsuda SM, Ton MTN, Zhang X, Esker AR, Van Dyke ME. Binding Interactions of Keratin-Based Hair Fiber Extract to Gold, Keratin, and BMP-2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137233. [PMID: 26317522 PMCID: PMC4552821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair-derived keratin biomaterials composed mostly of reduced keratin proteins (kerateines) have demonstrated their utility as carriers of biologics and drugs for tissue engineering. Electrostatic forces between negatively-charged keratins and biologic macromolecules allow for effective drug retention; attraction to positively-charged growth factors like bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) has been used as a strategy for osteoinduction. In this study, the intermolecular surface and bulk interaction properties of kerateines were investigated. Thiol-rich kerateines were chemisorbed onto gold substrates to form an irreversible 2-nm rigid layer for surface plasmon resonance analysis. Kerateine-to-kerateine cohesion was observed in pH-neutral water with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 1.8 × 10(-4) M, indicating that non-coulombic attractive forces (i.e. hydrophobic and van der Waals) were at work. The association of BMP-2 to kerateine was found to be greater (KD = 1.1 × 10(-7) M), within the range of specific binding. Addition of salts (phosphate-buffered saline; PBS) shortened the Debye length or the electrostatic field influence which weakened the kerateine-BMP-2 binding (KD = 3.2 × 10(-5) M). BMP-2 in bulk kerateine gels provided a limited release in PBS (~ 10% dissociation in 4 weeks), suggesting that electrostatic intermolecular attraction was significant to retain BMP-2 within the keratin matrix. Complete dissociation between kerateine and BMP-2 occurred when the PBS pH was lowered (to 4.5), below the keratin isoelectric point of 5.3. This phenomenon can be attributed to the protonation of keratin at a lower pH, leading to positive-positive repulsion. Therefore, the dynamics of kerateine-BMP-2 binding is highly dependent on pH and salt concentration, as well as on BMP-2 solubility at different pH and molarity. The study findings may contribute to our understanding of the release kinetics of drugs from keratin biomaterials and allow for the development of better, more clinically relevant BMP-2-conjugated systems for bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roche C. de Guzman
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shanel M. Tsuda
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Minh-Thi N. Ton
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alan R. Esker
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Van Dyke
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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39
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Täuber A, Müller-Goymann CC. In vitro permeation and penetration of ciclopirox olamine from poloxamer 407-based formulations – comparison of isolated human stratum corneum, bovine hoof plates and keratin films. Int J Pharm 2015; 489:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Thatai P, Tiwary AK, Sapra B. Progressive development in experimental models of transungual drug delivery of anti-fungal agents. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 38:1-12. [PMID: 25919363 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pre-clinical development comprises of different procedures that relate drug discovery in the laboratory for commencement of human clinical trials. Pre-clinical studies can be designed to recognize a lead candidate from a list to develop the procedure for scale-up, to choose the unsurpassed formulation, to determine the frequency, and duration of exposure; and eventually make the foundation of the anticipated clinical trial design. The foremost aim in the pharmaceutical research and industry is the claim of drug product quality throughout a drug's life cycle. The particulars of the pre-clinical development process for different candidates may vary; however, all have some common features. Typically in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo studies are elements of pre-clinical studies. Human pharmacokinetic in vivo studies are often supposed to serve as the 'gold standard' to assess product performance. On the other hand, when this general assumption is revisited, it appears that in vitro studies are occasionally better than in vivo studies in assessing dosage forms. The present review is compendious of different such models or approaches that can be used for designing and evaluation of formulations for nail delivery with special reference to anti-fungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thatai
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - A K Tiwary
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - B Sapra
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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41
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42
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Elsayed MMA. Development of topical therapeutics for management of onychomycosis and other nail disorders: a pharmaceutical perspective. J Control Release 2014; 199:132-44. [PMID: 25481439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human nail plate is a formidable barrier to drug permeation. Development of therapeutics for management of nail diseases thus remains a challenge. This article reviews the current knowledge and recent advances in the field of transungual drug delivery and provides guidance on development of topical/ungual therapeutics for management of nail diseases, with special emphasis on management of onychomycosis, the most common nail disease. Selection of drug candidates, drug delivery approaches, and evaluation of formulations are among the topics discussed. A comprehensive mathematical description for transungual permeation is also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M A Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum Square, El-Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
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43
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Thatai P, Sapra B. Transungual delivery: deliberations and creeds. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:398-411. [PMID: 24888698 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although considered as trifling illness, nail diseases have a reasonably high occurrence and a noteworthy impact on the patients' quality of life. Furthermore, there is a need to improve the topical treatment for nail diseases to avoid drug interactions and to reduce side effects associated with oral therapy. Topical drug delivery to the nails has established amplified consideration lately. Strategies (such as chemical enhancers, formulation strategies, physical and mechanical methods) are being investigated in order to improve drug permeability across the nail plate. The rationale of this review is to present contemporary information on the structure of human nail along with its comparison with animal hooves. Precincts of nail permeability have been briefly discussed with respect to factors like permeant's molecular size, hydrophilicity, charge and the nature of the vehicle. These factors affect drug uptake and permeation through the nail. Formulations like nail lacquers which mimic cosmetic varnish and colloidal carriers along with nail substitutes that can be utilized for transungual delivery have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thatai
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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45
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Täuber A, Müller-Goymann CC. Comparison of the Antifungal Efficacy of Terbinafine Hydrochloride and Ciclopirox Olamine Containing Formulations against the Dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum in an Infected Nail Plate Model. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1991-6. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400711q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Täuber
- Institut für Pharmazeutische
Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße
1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christel C. Müller-Goymann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische
Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße
1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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46
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47
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Influence of penetration enhancers and molecular weight in antifungals permeation through bovine hoof membranes and prediction of efficacy in human nails. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 51:20-5. [PMID: 23999034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the effect of different substances on the permeation of geraniol through bovine hoof membranes. Different penetration enhancers were able to increase the permeability up to 25 times compared to control. It was demonstrated that acetilcysteine in association with ascorbic acid increased the permeation, even in acid formulations. In addition, some antifungal drugs were incorporated into a gel formulation of HPMC containing acetylcysteine 5% and ascorbic acid 0.2% and then the permeation coefficient through bovine hoof membranes was evaluated. The relationship between permeability and molecular weight was established for fluconazole, miconazole, terbinafine, butenafine, geraniol and nerol. Geraniol and nerol, the antifungals with lower molecular weight, had the better permeability results. Permeability coefficients for nail plates were estimated and geraniol demonstrated similar or even better efficacy index values against T. rubrum, T. menthagrophytes and M. canis compared with terbinafine and miconazole.
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48
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Lusiana, Reichl S, Müller-Goymann CC. Infected nail plate model made of human hair keratin for evaluating the efficacy of different topical antifungal formulations against Trichophyton rubrum in vitro. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 84:599-605. [PMID: 23419812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel model of infected nail plate for testing the efficacy of topical antifungal formulations has been developed. This model utilized keratin film made of human hair keratin as a nail plate model. Subsequent to infection by Trichophyton rubrum, the common causative agent of onychomycosis, keratin films as infected nail plate models were treated with selected topical formulations, that is cream, gel, and nail lacquer. Bovine hoof was compared to keratin film. In contrast to the common antifungal susceptibility test, the antifungal drugs tested were applied as ready-to-use formulations because the vehicle may modify and control the drug action both in vitro and in vivo. Extrapolating the potency of an antifungal drug from an in vitro susceptibility test only would not be representative of the in vivo situation since these drugs are applied as ready-to-use formulations, for example as a nail lacquer. Although terbinafine has been acknowledged to be the most effective antifungal agent against T. rubrum, its antifungal efficacy was improved by its incorporation into an optimal formulation. Different gels proved superior to cream. Therefore, this study is able to discriminate between efficacies of different topical antifungal formulations based on their activities against T. rubrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusiana
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Windbergs M, Hansen S, Schroeter A, Schaefer U, Lehr CM, Bouwstra J. From the Structure of the Skin Barrier and Dermal Formulations to in vitro Transport Models for Skin Absorption: Skin Research in the Netherlands and in Germany. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:317-30. [DOI: 10.1159/000351936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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