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Matsuda K, Tanaka Y, Ozaki K, Iida O, Shibano M. Seasonal variation in the total saponin content of platycodon roots cultivated in Japan. J Nat Med 2023; 77:64-72. [PMID: 35972637 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Roots of Platycodon grandiflorus A. De Candolle (Campanulaceae), with the bark removed, have been used as food and frequently employed as herbal medicines for inflammatory diseases such as tonsillitis, dermatitis, and cough. Platycodins are the bioactive saponin components of these crude medicines. Recently, P. grandiflorus have been cultivated in Japan and are harvested from October to December according to conventional practices. Seasonal fluctuations in the total saponin content of these roots were determined using LC/MS methods to recommend harvesting times when the saponin content is high. Platycodins A and C are monoacetylated forms of platycodin D; however, the acetyl form is unstable and deacetylates easily. Here, the contents of platycodin D, platycodin D2, and platyconic acid A were measured as the total saponin content using alkaline hydrolysis for monoacetylated platycodins D, D2, and platyconic acid A. The results demonstrated that the saponin content in the roots decreased in summer, increased in autumn, but decreased again in late autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Matsuda
- Department of Clinical Kampo Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yuka Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Kampo Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ozaki
- Department of Clinical Kampo Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Osamu Iida
- Tokyo Crude Drugs Association, 1-11-4, Higashi-kanda, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-0031, Japan
| | - Makio Shibano
- Department of Clinical Kampo Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan.
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Deng B, Sun M. Platycodin D inhibits the malignant progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma by NF-κB and enhances the therapeutic efficacy of pembrolizumab. Drug Dev Res 2021; 83:708-720. [PMID: 34859901 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common pathological type of thyroid cancer. Studies have shown that platycodin D has several pharmacological effects like anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-tumor effects, while the effect and mechanism of platycodin D on PTC are still unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effects of platycodin D on PTC by a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results revealed that platycodin D inhibits PTC cell viability and clonal levels and affects PTC cell cycle. Platycodin D promotes apoptosis in PTC cells. Furthermore, it inhibits the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway and affects cell growth. Platycodin D inhibits PD-L1 expression and enhances the effect of pembrolizumab on PTC cells. In conclusion, platycodin D can effectively block the progression of PTC through the NF-κB signaling pathway, accompanied by cell cycle arrest and enhanced cell apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo, platycodin D was shown to enhance pembrolizumab's sensitivity to PTC. Platycodin D is a promising monomer for therapy of PTC, providing references for future research on PTC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Deng
- Hepatobiliary Pancreas, Breast and Thyroid Surgery Ward, The People's Hospital of Kaizhou District, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyu Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Stomatology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
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Shen J, Zhu Y, Zhou B, Kong L, Jin Y, Zhang D, Cao Z, Ji J, Li J. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a water-in-oil microemulsion of platycodin D. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2000497. [PMID: 33844326 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is the active metabolite of Platycodon grandiflorum. The main purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion formulation of PD (PD-ME). The PD-ME was successfully prepared by the water titration method at K m = 2, to draw the pseudoternary phase diagrams. Physical characterization including the particle size, pH, refractive index, average viscosity, and polydispersity index (PDI) was performed. The in vivo characteristics were evaluated by intestinal permeability and pharmacokinetic studies. The optimized microemulsion formulation consisted of 100 mg/ml PD aqueous solution, soybean phospholipids, ethanol, and oleic acid (27:39:19:15, w/w). The average viscosity, pH, droplet size, PDI, and zeta potential of the PD-ME were 78.65 ± 0.13 cPa•s, 5.70 ± 0.05, 30.46 ± 0.20 nm, 0.33 ± 0.00, and -3.13 mV, respectively. The drug concentration of the PD-ME was 26.3 ± 0.6 mg/ml. The PD-ME showed significantly higher apparent permeability coefficients than PD (p < .01). The pharmacokinetic studies showed that the PD-ME had significantly higher values of T 1/2 (2.26-fold), AUC0-24h (area under the curve; 1.65-fold), and MRT0-24h (1.58-fold) than PD (p < .01). It can be seen that W/O ME presents a strategy with great promise for enhancing the intestinal permeability and better oral absorption of drugs with high polarity and poor permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuexia Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingxue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Yangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiling Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
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Abstract
Terpenoids are the largest class of natural products, most of which are derived from plants. Amongst their numerous biological properties, their anti-tumor effects are of interest for they are extremely diverse which include anti-proliferative, apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-metastatic activities. Recently, several in vitro and in vivo studies have been dedicated to understanding the 'terpenoid induced autophagy' phenomenon in cancer cells. Light has already been shed on the intricacy of apoptosis and autophagy relationship. This latter crosstalk is driven by the delicate balance between activating or silencing of certain proteins whereby the outcome is expressed via interrelated signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on nine of the most studied terpenoids and on their cell death and autophagic activity. These terpenoids are grouped in three classes: sesquiterpenoid (artemisinin, parthenolide), diterpenoids (oridonin, triptolide), and triterpenoids (alisol, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, platycodin D, and ursolic acid). We have selected these nine terpenoids among others as they belong to the different major classes of terpenoids and our extensive search of the literature indicated that they were the most studied in terms of autophagy in cancer. These terpenoids alone demonstrate the complexity by which these secondary metabolites induce autophagy via complex signaling pathways such as MAPK/ERK/JNK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMPK, NF-kB, and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, induction of autophagy can be either destructive or protective in tumor cells. Nevertheless, should this phenomenon be well understood, we ought to be able to exploit it to create novel therapies and design more effective regimens in the management and treatment of cancer.
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Shekhawat RS, Mandal CC. Anti-obesity Medications in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Insight. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:476-494. [PMID: 34225630 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210322122829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between cancer and obesity is multifactorial and complex with the increased risk of cancer development in obese individuals posing a significant threat. Obesity leads to the upregulation or hyperactivation of several oncogenic pathways in cancer cells, which drives them towards a deleterious phenotype. The cross-talk between cancer and obesity is considered a large contributing factor in the development of chemotherapeutic drug resistance and the resistance to radiotherapy. The link between obesity and the development of cancer is so strong that a medication that demonstrates effectiveness against both conditions would serve as an essential step. In this context, anti-obesity medications provide a worthy list of candidates based on their chemo-preventive potential and chemotherapeutic properties. The current study focuses on exploring the potential of anti-obesity medicines as dual anticancer drugs. These medications target several key signaling pathways (e.g., AMPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK, NF-κB, JNK/ERK), which prove to be crucial for both cancer growth and metastases. Some of these drugs also play an important role in attenuating the signaling and cellular events which incite cancer-obesity cross-talk and demonstrate efficient counteraction of neoplastic transformation. Thus, this review highlights a comprehensive view of the potential use of anti-obesity medicines to treat both cancer and obesity for patients exhibiting both comorbities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, India
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Cha SB, Li Y, Bae JS, Song SW, Lee IC, Kim JC. Evaluation of 13-week subchronic toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. root extract in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113621. [PMID: 33246125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodi radix is widely used in traditional herbal medicine for bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. However, data on safety of Platycodi radix are insufficient. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to evaluate the potential subchronic toxicity of Platycodi radix water extract through a 13-week repeated oral dose experiment in Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty male and 40 female rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: three treatment groups receiving 300, 1000, and 3000 mg/kg/day of Platycodi radix water extract and a vehicle control group receiving sterile distilled water for 13 weeks. RESULTS Repeated oral administration of the Platycodi radix water extract to rats resulted in an increased incidence of centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy in the liver, diffuse follicular cell hypertrophy in the thyroid gland, and squamous hyperplasia of the limiting ridge in the stomach at dose levels of ≥500 mg/kg/day of both genders. However, these findings are considered be adaptive non-adverse changes because these findings were observed without organ weight change or clinical pathology alterations. No treatment-related effects on clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, and organ weights were observed at any dose tested. CONCLUSION Under the present experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the Platycodi radix water extract was considered to be ≥ 3000 mg/kg/day in rats, and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Beom Cha
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yinghua Li
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Sook Bae
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Chul Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Hsu WC, Ramesh S, Shibu MA, Chen MC, Wang TF, Day CH, Chen RJ, Padma VV, Li CC, Tseng YC, Huang CY. Platycodin D reverses histone deacetylase inhibitor resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by repressing ERK1/2-mediated cofilin-1 phosphorylation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 82:153442. [PMID: 33412494 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoresistance remains the main obstacle in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. Despite significant advances in HCC therapy, HCC still has a poor prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify a treatment target to reverse HCC chemotherapy resistance. Platycodon grandiflorus (PG) is a perennial herb that has been used as food and traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years in Northeast Asia. Platycodin D (PD), a main active triterpenoid saponin found in the root of PG, has been reported to possess anticancer properties in several cancer cell lines, including HCC; however, the reversal effect of this molecule on HCC chemoresistance remains largely unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the role and the mechanism of PD-mediated reversal of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) resistance in HCC cells. METHODS Human HCC cells (HA22T) and HDACi-resistant (HDACi-R) cells were used. Cell viability was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Combination index was used to calculate the synergism potential. Expression of ERK1/2 (total/phospho), cofilin-1 (total/phospho) and apoptosis-related protein was determined using western blotting. Mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed using the JC-1 (5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine iodide) probe. Apoptosis was detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation was measured using the MitoSOX Red fluorescent probe. RESULTS We found that PD treatment inhibited cell viability both in HA22T HCC and HDACi-R cells. Inhibition of ERK1/2 by PD98059 could reverse drug resistance in HDACi-R cells treated with PD98059 and PD. Nevertheless, pre-treatment with U46619, an ERK1/2 activator, rescued PD-induced apoptosis by decreasing levels of apoptosis-related proteins in HCC cells. The combined treatment of PD with apicidin a powerful HDACi, dramatically enhanced the apoptotic effect in HDACi-R cells. CONCLUSION For the first time, we showed that PD reversed HDACi resistance in HCC by repressing ERK1/2-mediated cofilin-1 phosphorylation. Thus, PD can potentially be a treatment target to reverse HCC chemotherapy resistance in future therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chung Hsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung-Kang Branch, Cheng-Ching General Hospital, Taichung 40764, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Samiraj Ramesh
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology, PRIST Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 614 904, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marthandam Asokan Shibu
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Fu Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, 701, Section 3, Chung-Yang Road, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | | | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - V Vijaya Padma
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chi-Cheng Li
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, 701, Section 3, Chung-Yang Road, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; Center of Stem Cell & Precision Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Tseng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Center of Stem Cell & Precision Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Enzymatic Biotransformation of Balloon Flower Root Saponins into Bioactive Platycodin D by Deglucosylation with Caldicellulosiruptor bescii β-Glucosidase. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163854. [PMID: 31394870 PMCID: PMC6721153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD), a major saponin (platycoside) in Platycodi radix (balloon flower root), has higher pharmacological activity than the other major platycosides; however, its content in the plant root is only approximately 10% (w/w) and the productivities of PD by several enzymes are still too low for industrial applications. To rapidly increase the total PD content, the β-glucosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii was used for the deglucosylation of the PD precursors platycoside E (PE) and platycodin D3 (PD3) in the root extract into PD. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the enzyme completely converted the PD precursors into PD with the highest productivity reported so far, increasing the total PD content to 48% (w/w). In the biotransformation process, the platycosides in Platycodi radix were hydrolyzed by four pathways: deapiosylated (deapi)-PE → deapi-PD3 → deapi-PD, PE → PD3 → PD, polygalacin D3 → polygalacin D, and 3″-O-acetyl polygalacin D3 → 3″-O-acetyl polygalacin D.
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Park M, Park SY, Lee HJ, Kim CE. A Systems-Level Analysis of Mechanisms of Platycodon grandiflorum Based on A Network Pharmacological Approach. Molecules 2018; 23:E2841. [PMID: 30388815 PMCID: PMC6278259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is widely used in Asia for its various beneficial effects. Although many studies were conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of PG, it is still unclear how the combinations of multiple ingredients work together to exert its therapeutic effects. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive review of the systems-level mechanisms of PG by adopting network pharmacological analysis. We constructed a compound⁻target⁻disease network for PG using experimentally validated and machine-leaning-based prediction results. Each target of the network was analyzed based on previously known pharmacological activities of PG. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the majority of targets were related to cellular and metabolic processes, responses to stimuli, and biological regulation. In pathway enrichment analyses of targets, the terms related to cancer showed the most significant enrichment and formed distinct clusters. Degree matrix analysis for target⁻disease associations of PG suggested the therapeutic potential of PG in various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, small-cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. We expect that network pharmacological approaches will provide an understanding of the systems-level mechanisms of medicinal herbs and further develop their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musun Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Sa-Yoon Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
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Zeng CC, Zhang C, Yao JH, Lai SH, Han BJ, Li W, Tang B, Wan D, Liu YJ. Platycodin D induced apoptosis and autophagy in PC-12 cells through mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 168:199-205. [PMID: 27294548 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the in vitro cytotoxicity of platycodin D was evaluated in human PC-12, SGC-7901, BEL-7402, HeLa and A549 cancer cell lines. PC-12 cells were sensitive to platycodin D treatment, with an IC50 value of 13.5±1.2μM. Morphological and comet assays showed that platycodin D effectively induced apoptosis in PC-12 cells. Platycodin D increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Platycodin D induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in the PC-12 cell line. Platycodin D can induce autophagy. In addition, platycodin D can down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x, and up-regulate the levels of Bid protein in the PC-12 cells. The results demonstrated that platycodin D induced PC-12 cell apoptosis through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chuan Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jun-Hua Yao
- Instrumentation Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shang-Hai Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bing-Jie Han
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bing Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dan Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yun-Jun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Triterpenes in cancer: significance and their influence. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:881-96. [PMID: 27344437 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are enriched with numerous compounds with a broad spectrum of therapeutics indication suggesting the role of functional moieties as a core pharmacophore. This review highlights the role of triterpene in targeting signaling pathways in cancer. Advancement in cellular, biochemical, experimental, and computational approaches provides new insights into various pathways in cancer. In signaling network, triterpenes primarily target membrane receptors which control and modulates expression level of the biological responses. Triterpenes are immunomodulatory targeting nuclear factor kappa B, toll-like receptors, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Triterpenes isolated from plants and fungus mainly focus on the process of apoptosis while other signaling areas in the cancer are still shrouded. Some of the triterpenes have already passed the clinical trial, whereas many more have been proven to yield effective results. This review would help the researchers to study the role of triterpenes in cancer, thus, helping them to discover and design efficacious therapeutics agents.
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Khan M, Maryam A, Zhang H, Mehmood T, Ma T. Killing cancer with platycodin D through multiple mechanisms. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:389-402. [PMID: 26648178 PMCID: PMC4759477 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multi-faceted disease comprised of a combination of genetic, epigenetic, metabolic and signalling aberrations which severely disrupt the normal homoeostasis of cell growth and death. Rational developments of highly selective drugs which specifically block only one of the signalling pathways have been associated with limited therapeutic success. Multi-targeted prevention of cancer has emerged as a new paradigm for effective anti-cancer treatment. Platycodin D, a triterpenoid saponin, is one the major active components of the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum and possesses multiple biological and pharmacological properties including, anti-nociceptive, anti-atherosclerosis, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, immunoregulatory, hepatoprotective and anti-tumour activities. Recently, the anti-cancer activity of platycodin D has been extensively studied. The purpose of this review was to give our perspectives on the current status of platycodin D and discuss its anti-cancer activity and molecular mechanisms which may help the further design and conduct of pre-clinical and clinical trials to develop it successfully into a potential lead drug for oncological therapy. Platycodin D has been shown to fight cancer by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy and inhibiting angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis by targeting multiple signalling pathways which are frequently deregulated in cancers suggesting that this multi-target activity rather than a single effect may play an important role in developing platycodin D into potential anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Amara Maryam
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tahir Mehmood
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Li T, Xu XH, Tang ZH, Wang YF, Leung CH, Ma DL, Chen XP, Wang YT, Chen Y, Lu JJ. Platycodin D induces apoptosis and triggers ERK- and JNK-mediated autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma BEL-7402 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:1503-13. [PMID: 26592509 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Platycodin D, the main saponin isolated from Chinese herb Platycodonis Radix, exhibits anticancer activities against various cancer cell lines. Here we evaluated its anticancer action against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo, and elucidated the relationship between platycodin D-induced apoptosis and autophagy. METHODS The viability of human hepatocellular carcinoma BEL-7402 cells was evaluated with MTT assay, and the apoptosis was examined using Annexin V/PI and Hoechst 33342 staining assays. Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining was used to label autophagic vacuoles. The proteins were detected using Western blot analysis. For studying its anticancer action in vivo, platycodin D (5 and 10 mg· kg(-1)·d(-1)) was intraperitoneally injected to BEL-7402-bearing mice for 21 days. RESULTS Platycodin D (5-40 μmol/L) inhibited the cell proliferation in vitro with IC50 values of 37.70±3.99, 24.30±2.30 and 19.70±2.36 μmol/L at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Platycodin D (5-20 μmol/L) dose-dependently increased BEL-7402 cell apoptosis, increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the levels of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3, and decreased the level of Bcl-2. Furthermore, platycodin D (5-20 μmol/L) induced autophagy in BEL-7402 cells, as evidenced by formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles, increased amounts of LC3-II, and increased numbers of MDC-positive cells. Pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (5 μmol/L) or BAF (50 nmol/L) significantly enhanced platycodin D-induced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis. Moreover, platycodin D (20 μmol/L) activated the ERK and JNK pathways in BEL-7402 cells, and simultaneous blockage of the two pathways effectively suppressed platycodin D-induced autophagy and enhanced platycodin D-induced apoptosis. In BEL-7402-bearing mice, platycodin D (10 mg·kg(-1)•d(-1)) significantly reduced relative tumor volume with decreased body weight. CONCLUSION Platycodin D not only inhibits the proliferation of BEL-7402 cells but also suppresses BEL-7402 xenograft tumor growth. Platycodin D-induced cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis are amplified by co-treatment with autophagy inhibitors.
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Yang D, Zhang C, Zhang N, Li M, Liu Y. Platycodon grandiflorus - an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:147-61. [PMID: 25666431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., the sole species in genus Platycodon A. DC. (Campanulaceae) has a long history of use as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatments of cough, phlegm, sore throat, lung abscess, chest pain, dysuria, and dysentery. As a legal medicine and dietary supplement, it is also frequently used as an ingredient in health foods and vegetable dishes. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the botanical characterization and distribution, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus based on literature published in recent years. It will build a foundation for further study of the mechanism of action and the development of better therapeutic agents and healthy products from Platycodon grandiflorus. MATERIAL AND METHODS All of the available information on Platycodon grandiflorus was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, CNKI, TPL (www.theplantlist.org), Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science). RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of the literature obtained through the above-mentioned sources confirmed that ethno-medical uses of Platycodon grandiflorus have been recorded in China, Japan, Mongolia, and Korea for thousands of years. A phytochemical investigation revealed that this product contains steroidal saponins, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, sterols, phenolics, and other bioactive compounds. Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from Platycodon grandiflorus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory effects. They also showed valuable bioactive effects, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular system effects, among others. CONCLUSIONS In light of its long traditional use and the modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies summarized here, Platycodon grandiflorus has been demonstrated to show a strong potential for therapeutic and health-maintaining uses. Both the extracts and chemical components isolated from the plant showed a wide range of biological activities. Thus, more studies on the pharmacological mechanisms of its main active compounds (e.g., platycodin D, D2) need to be conducted. In addition, as one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines, clinical studies of the main therapeutic aspects, toxicity and adverse effects of Platycodon grandiflorus will also undoubtedly be the focus of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China.
| | - Yanze Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100193, China.
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Li T, Tang ZH, Xu WS, Wu GS, Wang YF, Chang LL, Zhu H, Chen XP, Wang YT, Chen Y, Lu JJ. Platycodin D triggers autophagy through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 749:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Nyakudya E, Jeong JH, Lee NK, Jeong YS. Platycosides from the Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum and Their Health Benefits. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 19:59-68. [PMID: 25054103 PMCID: PMC4103729 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.2.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracts and pure saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) are reported to have a wide range of health benefits. Platycosides (saponins) from the roots of PG are characterized by a structure containing a triterpenoid aglycone and two sugar chains. Saponins are of commercial significance, and their applications are increasing with increasing evidence of their health benefits. The biological effects of saponins include cytotoxic effects against cancer cells, neuroprotective activity, antiviral activity, and cholesterol lowering effects. Saponins with commercial value range from crude plant extracts, which can be used for their foaming properties, to high purity saponins such as platycodin D, which can be used for its health applications (e.g., as a vaccine adjuvant). This review reveals that platycosides have many health benefits and have the potential to be used as a remedy against many of the major health hazards (e.g., cancer, obesity, alzheimer's) faced by populations around the world. Methods of platycoside purification and analysis are also covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Nyakudya
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea ; Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Jeong
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Nam Keun Lee
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Yong-Seob Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
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Ryu J, Lee HJ, Park SH, Kim J, Lee D, Lee SK, Kim YS, Hong JH, Seok JH, Lee CJ. Effects of the root of Platycodon grandiflorum on airway mucin hypersecretion in vivo and platycodin D(3) and deapi-platycodin on production and secretion of airway mucin in vitro. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:529-533. [PMID: 24290472 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether aqueous extract of the root of Platycodon grandiflorum A. de Candolle (APG), platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin significantly affect the production and secretion of airway mucin using in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Effect of APG was checked on hypersecretion of pulmonary mucin in sulfur dioxide-induced bronchitis in rats. Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with platycodinD(3) or deapi-platycodin for 30min and then stimulated with PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) for 24h. The MUC5AC mucin production and secretion were measured by ELISA. The results were as follows: (1) APG stimulated the secretion of airway mucin in sulfur dioxide-induced bronchitis rat model; (2) platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin inhibited the production of MUC5AC mucin induced by PMA from NCI-H292 cells, respectively; (3) however, platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin did not inhibit but stimulated the secretion of MUC5AC mucin induced by PMA from NCI-H292 cells, respectively. This result suggests that aqueous extract of P. grandiflorum A. de Candolle and the two natural products derived from it, platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin, can regulate the production and secretion of airway mucin and, at least in part, explains the traditional use of aqueous extract of P. grandiflorum A. de Candolle as expectorants in diverse inflammatory pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoong Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Seok
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea.
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Platycodin D, a triterpenoid saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum, induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells by modulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1267-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Li WY, Chan RYK, Yu PHF, Chan SW. Emodin induces cytotoxic effect in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell through modulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1175-1181. [PMID: 23763280 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.782322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The poor prognostic outcome of breast cancer is largely due to its resistance to cancer therapies. Development of therapeutic agents that can inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells can help solve the problem. Emodin is an active anthraquinone that has been reported to have diverse biological effects. OBJECTIVE In this study, the anticancer effects of emodin on growth inhibition, apoptosis induction and the expression of apoptosis-related genes in MCF-7 cells were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Growth inhibition induced by emodin was investigated by the MTS assay and the colony formation assay; while emodin-induced apoptosis was determined by the COMET assay and DNA fragmentation detection. Emodin (35 μM)-induced alterations in the expression of apoptotic-related genes were detected by using real-time PCR. RESULTS Emodin had significant growth inhibitory effects on MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ = 7.22 µg/ml (∼30 μM). It also exerted a concentration-dependant inhibitory effect on the colony-forming ability of MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ = 7.60 µg/ml (∼30 µM). Hallmarks of apoptosis, such as single-strand DNA breakage and DNA fragmentation, were observed in emodin-treated MCF-7 cells. The gene expression of Fas ligand (FASL) was up-regulated (p < 0.01) but those of MCL1, CCND1 and C-MYC were down-regulated (p < 0.05) in emodin-treated MCF-7 cells. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study indicated that emodin could induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through the modulation of the expression of apoptosis-related genes. The growth inhibitory effects of emodin might involve both the intrinsic and the extrinsic apoptotic pathways and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yan Li
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Li WY, Ng YF, Zhang H, Guo ZD, Guo DJ, Kwan YW, Leung GPH, Lee SMY, Yu PHF, Chan SW. Emodin elicits cytotoxicity in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells through inducing apoptosis. Inflammopharmacology 2013; 22:127-34. [PMID: 23975033 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-013-0186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanism of the cytotoxic effect of emodin, an active anthraquinone, on human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. In vitro growth inhibition and suppression on colony forming were used to evaluate the effects of emodin on A549 cells. Emodin's ability in changing the expressions of apoptosis-related genes was studied by real-time RT-PCR. Emodin could significantly inhibit the growth of A549 cells with IC50 = 16.85 μg/ml (~60 μM). It also concentration dependently inhibited the colony-forming ability of A549 cells with IC50 = 7.60 μg/ml (~30 μM). Hallmarks of apoptosis, such as single-strand DNA breakage and DNA fragmentation, were observed in A549 cells treated with emodin. Emodin (72 h) treatment could up-regulate the gene expression of FASL (p < 0.05) and down-regulate the gene expression of C-MYC (p < 0.01), but induce no significant changes in the gene expressions of MCL1, GAPDH, BAX and CCND1. These results suggest that emodin could induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in A549 cells through modifying the extrinsic apoptotic pathways and the induction of cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yan Li
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Ye Y, Han X, Guo B, Sun Z, Liu S. Combination treatment with platycodin D and osthole inhibits cell proliferation and invasion in mammary carcinoma cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:115-124. [PMID: 23603464 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two invasive mammary carcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231 and 4T1) were utilized to evaluate the inhibitory activities of platycodin D, osthole, and the two in combination. The anti-proliferative effect was tested using the MTT and BrdU assay, and the combination of 15μM osthole and 75μM platycodin D was used for subsequent analyses. The anti-invasive effect was evaluated by the transwell assay. The results showed that the combination treatment reduced both cell proliferation and invasion. Western blot and real-time PCR revealed that the platycodin D-osthole combination significantly decreased TβRII, Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 gene or protein expressions, as well as effectively blocked TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. Thus, this study demonstrates that the anti-cancer effects of the platycodin D-osthole combination in breast cancer cells involve proliferation inhibition and invasion blockade, both of which may be mediated by perturbations in the TGF-β/Smads pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Ye
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, 725 Wanpingnan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Dong L, Luo Y, Cheng B, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Hou Y, Jiang M, Luo G, Bai G. Bioactivity-integrated ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of nuclear factor-κB inhibitors and β2 adrenergic receptor agonists in Chinese medicinal preparation Chuanbeipipa dropping pills. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:960-7. [PMID: 23483566 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A simple and dual-target method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with dual-bioactive [nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and β2 -adrenergic receptor] luciferase reporter assay systems was developed to rapidly characterize the chemical structure of various bioactive compounds of TCM preparations. Chuanbeipipa dropping pills, a traditional Chinese medicine preparation used for the clinical therapy of chronic obstructive lung disease and cough caused by bronchial catarrh, was analyzed with this method. Potential anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic constituents were screened using NF-κB and β2 -adrenergic receptor activity luciferase reporter assay systems and simultaneously identified according to the time-of-flight mass spectrometry data. One β2-adrenergic receptor agonist (ephedrine) and two structural types of NF-κB inhibitors (platycosides derivatives and ursolic acid derivatives) were characterized. Platycodin D3 and E were considered new NF-κB inhibitors. Further cytokine and chemokine detection confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of the potential NF-κB inhibitors. Compared with conventional fingerprints, activity-integrated fingerprints that contain both chemical and bioactive details offer a more comprehensive understanding of the chemical makeup of plant materials. This strategy clearly demonstrated that multiple bioactivity-integrated fingerprinting is a powerful tool for the improved screening and identification of potential multi-target lead compounds in complex herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Chun J, Joo EJ, Kang M, Kim YS. Platycodin D induces anoikis and caspase-mediated apoptosis via p38 MAPK in AGS human gastric cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 114:456-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Yu JS, Kim AK. Platycodin D Induces Reactive Oxygen Species–Mediated Apoptosis Signal–Regulating Kinase 1 Activation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Human Breast Cancer Cells. J Med Food 2012; 15:691-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Yu
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - An Keun Kim
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Long-Term Consumption of Platycodi Radix Ameliorates Obesity and Insulin Resistance via the Activation of AMPK Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:759143. [PMID: 22829857 PMCID: PMC3398669 DOI: 10.1155/2012/759143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects and mechanism of Platycodi radix, having white balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum for. albiflorum (Honda) H. Hara) on obesity and insulin resistance. The extracts of Platycodi radix with white balloon flower were tested in cultured cells and administered into mice on a high-fat diet. The Platycodi radix activated the AMPK/ACC phosphorylation in C2C12 myotubes and also suppressed adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. In experimental animal, it suppressed the weight gain of obese mice and ameliorated obesity-induced insulin resistance. It also reduced the elevated circulating mediators, including triglyceride (TG), T-CHO, leptin, resistin, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in obesity. As shown in C2C12 myotubes, the administration of Platycodi radix extracts also recovered the AMPK/ACC phosphorylation in the muscle of obese mice. These results suggest that Platycodi radix with white balloon flower ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance in obese mice via the activation of AMPK/ACC pathways and reductions of adipocyte differentiation.
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Joh EH, Gu W, Kim DH. Echinocystic acid ameliorates lung inflammation in mice and alveolar macrophages by inhibiting the binding of LPS to TLR4 in NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:331-40. [PMID: 22564908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Orally administered lancemaside A, which is isolated from Codonopsis lanceolata (family Campanulaceae), showed anti-colitic effect in mice. However, its metabolite echinocystic acid was absorbed into the blood. Therefore, its anti-inflammatory effects were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated alveolar macrophages in vitro and acute lung injury in vivo. Alveolar macrophages from mice were stimulated with LPS and were treated with echinocystic acid. Acute lung injury was induced by intratracheal administration of LPS in mice. Mice were treated with echinocystic acid or dexamethasone. Echinocystic acid potently suppressed the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as of the activations of NF-κB and MAPKS, in LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages. Echinocystic acid also down-regulated the production of inflammatory markers, which included inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, as well as the inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2), in LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages. Echinocystic acid also inhibited the activation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinases, and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, echinocystic acid potently inhibited the interaction between LPS and TLR4 in alveolar macrophages transfected with or without MyD88 siRNA, although it did not inhibit the binding in the macrophages transfected with TLR4 siRNA. Echinocystic acid suppressed LPS-induced acute lung inflammation in mice, as well as the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, and their transcription factor, NF-κB. On the basis of these findings, echinocystic acid, a metabolite of lancemaside A, may express anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the binding of LPS to TLR4 on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Joh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Li W, Zhao LC, Wang Z, Zheng YN, Liang J, Wang H. Response surface methodology to optimize enzymatic preparation of Deapio-Platycodin D and Platycodin D from Radix Platycodi. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4089-4100. [PMID: 22605967 PMCID: PMC3344203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we reported the enzymatic preparation of deapio-platycodin D (dPD) and platycodin D (PD) optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) from Radix Platycodi. During investigation of the hydrolysis of crude platycosides by various glycoside hydrolases, snailase showed a strong ability to transform deapio-platycoside E (dPE) and platycoside E (PE) into dPD and PD with 100% conversion. RSM was used to optimize the effects of the reaction temperature (35-45 °C), enzyme load (5-20%), and reaction time (4-24 h) on the conversion process. Validation of the RSM model was verified by the good agreement between the experimental and the predicted values of dPD and PD conversion yield. The optimum preparation conditions were as follows: temperature, 43 °C; enzyme load, 15%; reaction time, 22 h. The biotransformation pathways were dPE→dPD3→dPD and PE→PD3→PD, respectively. The determined method may be highly applicable for the enzymatic preparation of dPD and PD for medicinal purposes and also for commercial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.-N.Z.)
| | - Li-Chun Zhao
- The Affiliated Ruikang Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical College, Nanning 530011, China; E-Mail:
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.-N.Z.)
| | - Yi-Nan Zheng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.-N.Z.)
| | - Jian Liang
- The Affiliated Ruikang Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical College, Nanning 530011, China; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.L.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-771-2188589 (J.L.); +86-0431-85619922 (H.W.)
| | - Hui Wang
- China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.L.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-771-2188589 (J.L.); +86-0431-85619922 (H.W.)
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Wu J, Yang G, Zhu W, Wen W, Zhang F, Yuan J, An L. Anti-atherosclerotic Activity of Platycodin D Derived from Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum in Human Endothelial Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:1216-21. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b-y110129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Jinan
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Wenxing Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Wujun Wen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Fumiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Jinduo Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
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29
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Kim TW, Joh EH, Kim B, Kim DH. Ginsenoside Rg5 ameliorates lung inflammation in mice by inhibiting the binding of LPS to toll-like receptor-4 on macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 12:110-6. [PMID: 22107725 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Heating and steaming processes have been applied to various natural medicines for either enhancing or altering their pharmacological activities, and the chemical compositions of the active components. While ginsenoside Rb1, which is the major constituent of raw ginseng, has been studied extensively for its anti-inflammatory effect, the biological activity of ginsenoside Rg5, a major constituent of steamed ginseng, remains to be explored. Here, we isolated Rg5 and examined anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and on LPS-induced lung inflammation. Rg5 inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, as well as inflammatory enzymes, COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages. Rg5 also reduced LPS-induced phosphorylation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAK)-1 and IKK-β, as well as the degradation of IRAK-1 and IRAK-4. Rg5 inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB as well as the translocation of p65 into the nucleus. When macrophages were treated with Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated LPS in the presence of Rg5, the fluorescence intensity of LPS observed outside the cell membrane was lower than that in LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages alone. Rg5, inhibited the levels of protein and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of LPS-stimulated mice, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β. Rg5 also inhibited iNOS and COX expressions, and NF-κB activation in LPS-stimulated lung inflammation of mice. The inhibitory effect of Rg5 (10 mg/kg) was comparable to that of dexamethasone (5 mg/kg). Based on these findings, Rg5 can ameliorate lung inflammation possibly by inhibiting the binding of LPS to toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Wan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4495, USA
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30
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Jung E, Hwang W, Kim S, Kim YS, Kim YS, Lee J, Park D. Depigmenting action of platycodin D depends on the cAMP/Rho-dependent signalling pathway. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:986-91. [PMID: 21995379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The overproduction and accumulation of melanin in the skin could lead to a pigmentary disorders, such as melasma, freckle, postinflammatory melanoderma and solar lentigo. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of platycodin D (PD) on melanogenesis and its action mechanisms. In this study, we found that PD significantly inhibited melanin synthesis at low concentrations. These effects were further demonstrated by the PD-induced inhibition of cAMP production, phosphorylation of the cAMP-response element-binding protein and expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and its downstream genes, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related proteins-1 and Dct/tyrosinase-related proteins-2, suggesting that PD inhibits melanogenesis through the downregulation of cAMP signalling. Furthermore, PD induced significant morphological changes in melanocytes, namely, the retraction of dendrites. A small GTPase assays revealed that PD stimulated an increase in GTP-bound Rho content, one of downstream molecules of cAMP, but not in Rac or CDC42 content. Moreover, a Rho inhibitor (C3 exoenzyme) and a Rho kinase inhibitor (Y27632) attenuated the dendrite retraction induced by PD. Taken together, these findings indicate that PD inhibits melanogenesis by inhibiting the cAMP-protein kinase A pathway and also suppresses melanocyte dendricity through activation of the Rho signal that is mediated by PD-induced reduction in cAMP production. Therefore, these results suggest that PD exerts its inhibitory effects on melanogenesis and melanocyte dendricity via suppression of cAMP signalling and may be introduced as an inhibitor of hyperpigmentation caused by UV irradiation or pigmented skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsun Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Seongnam City, Gyunggi Do, Korea Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Simultaneous RP-HPLC Determination of Six Platycosides: Application to an Enzymatic Preparation Study. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Joh EH, Kim DH. Lancemaside A inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by targeting LPS/TLR4 complex. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:865-71. [PMID: 20665542 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, lancemaside A isolated from Codonopsis lanceolata (family Campanulaceae) ameliorated colitis in mice. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of lancemaside A was investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mice and their peritoneal macrophage cells. Lancemaside A suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, in vitro and in vivo. Lancemaside A also down-regulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as well as the inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO), and PGE(2). Lancemaside A also inhibited the expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4), the phosphorylation of IKK-β and IκB-α, the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, lancemaisde A inhibited the interaction between LPS and TLR4, as well as IRAK-4 expression in peritoneal macrophages. Based on these findings, lancemaside A expressed anti-inflammatory effects by regulating both the binding of LPS to TLR4 on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Joh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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33
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Targeting inflammatory pathways by triterpenoids for prevention and treatment of cancer. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2428-66. [PMID: 22069560 PMCID: PMC3153165 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine and diet has served mankind through the ages for prevention and treatment of most chronic diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that chronic inflammation mediates most chronic diseases, including cancer. More than other transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and STAT3 have emerged as major regulators of inflammation, cellular transformation, and tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, agents that can inhibit NF-κB and STAT3 activation pathways have the potential to both prevent and treat cancer. In this review, we examine the potential of one group of compounds called triterpenes, derived from traditional medicine and diet for their ability to suppress inflammatory pathways linked to tumorigenesis. These triterpenes include avicins, betulinic acid, boswellic acid, celastrol, diosgenin, madecassic acid, maslinic acid, momordin, saikosaponins, platycodon, pristimerin, ursolic acid, and withanolide. This review thus supports the famous adage of Hippocrates, “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”.
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Yu JS, Kim AK. Platycodin D induces apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J Med Food 2010; 13:298-305. [PMID: 20412017 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD), a major constituent isolated from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, has been suggested to possess anticancer activities, as indicated by its capabilities to induce mitotic arrest and apoptosis in several cancer cells. However, little is known of the underlying action mechanism. This study is the first to investigate the anticancer effect of PD in the human breast cancer cell, MCF-7. Our data showed that PD exhibited marked cell growth inhibition by inducing apoptosis. This induction was associated with activation of caspase-8 and -9 activities and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. PD triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, as indicated by up-regulation of levels of cellular Bax and down-regulation of levels of Bcl-2 and caspase-9 activation. We found that PD induced proteolytic activation of Bid, a member of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family, implicating PD-induced apoptosis as possibly being functionally linked to a death receptor-mediated pathway. The PD treatment also was accompanied by an increase in cellular generation of reactive oxygen species, indicating that PD-induced apoptosis is likely to be mediated through mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, we revealed that the mitogen-activated protein kinases, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1/2, and p38, which play important roles in apoptosis, were activated by treatment with PD. These results provide a basic mechanism for the anticancer properties of PD and suggest that PD is a promising candidate for chemotherapy and chemoprevention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ha IJ, Ha YW, Kang M, Lee J, Park D, Kim YS. Enzymatic transformation of platycosides and one-step separation of platycodin D by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1916-22. [PMID: 20533341 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Platycosides, the saponins found in the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (Platycodi Radix), are typically composed of oleanane triterpenes with two side chains. In platycosides, platycodin D, a glucose unit at C-3, is a major component, which has several pharmacological activities. Because of the high demand for this compound, we attempted to enzymatically convert platycodin D(3) and platycoside E, having two and three glucose units at C-3, respectively, into platycodin D. In this study, we tested the ability of several glycosidases to transform platycosides, or more specifically, the ability to transform platycoside E and platycodin D(3) into platycodin D. To obtain pure platycodin D on a preparative scale, high-speed countercurrent chromatography with a solvent system of ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water (1.2:1:2, v/v/v) was used for the separation of the enzymatically transformed product. Approximately 39.4 mg of platycodin D (99.8% purity) was obtained from 200 mg of the product in a one-step separation. The results strongly support the advantage of enzymatic transformation of the platycosides for the efficient enrichment of platycodin D in the complicated extract of the medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jin Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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36
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Lee HJ, Lee SY, Jeon BK, Lee JW, Kim YS, Lee MN, Lee CJ. Effect of Platycodin D on Airway MUC5AC Mucin Production and Gene Expression Induced by Growth Factor and Proinflammatory Factor. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2010. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.3.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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37
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Hu Q, Pan R, Wang L, Peng B, Tang J, Liu X. Platycodon grandiflorum induces apoptosis in SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cells through mitochondrial-dependent pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2010; 38:373-86. [PMID: 20387232 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x10007919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., a Chinese food and medicine, has been used as expectorant traditionally. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Platycodon grandiflorum extract (PGE) on SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to monitor cell numbers, Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) staining, RT-PCR and Western blot were used to examine cell apoptosis, caspases activation. Bcl-2 and Bax expressions and mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Our result showed that PGE-induced apoptosis was associated with activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9, down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax and release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to cytosol. The data indicate that PGE may have anti-tumor effect mainly via caspase-3 and caspase-9 dependent apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Huang CH, Guh JH, Chen GS, Lu PH, Chern JW. Anticancer activity of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, CX9051, in human prostate cancer cells: the roles of NF-kappaB and crosstalk between the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 382:159-69. [PMID: 20532752 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-010-0528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive studies support the notion that selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) display anticancer activities in numerous types of cancer cells, including prostate cancers. Our previous study showed that the benzodithiazolium-based compound CX9051 selectively inhibited COX-2 activity. We now show that CX9051 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in numerous human cancer cell types. Biochemical analyses, including flow cytometry, showed that CX9051 induced apoptosis in the absence of cell cycle checkpoint arrest and down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), and Mcl-1, but up-regulated tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression, leading to proteolytic activation of caspase-8, -9, -7, and -3. These data suggest that CX9051 functions in both mitochondria-mediated intrinsic and death receptor-induced extrinsic apoptosis pathways. Moreover, confocal microscopy demonstrated that CX9051 induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) at initial stage and then caused a marked decrease of total cellular NF-kappaB at later stage in both PC-3 and DU145 cells. Taken together, our data suggest that CX9051 induces TRAIL up-regulation and activation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling, which in turn activates mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic signaling, leading to cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hua Huang
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Cho SH, Chung KS, Choi JH, Kim DH, Lee KT. Compound K, a metabolite of ginseng saponin, induces apoptosis via caspase-8-dependent pathway in HL-60 human leukemia cells. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:449. [PMID: 20017956 PMCID: PMC2806409 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compound K [20-O-beta-(D-glucopyranosyl)-20(S)-protopanaxadiol], a metabolite of the protopanaxadiol-type saponins of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, has been reported to possess anti-tumor properties to inhibit angiogenesis and to induce tumor apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Compound K on apoptosis and explored the underlying mechanisms involved in HL-60 human leukemia cells. METHODS We examined the effect of Compound K on the viabilities of various cancer cell lines using MTT assays. DAPI assay, Annexin V and PI double staining, Western blot assay and immunoprecipitation were used to determine the effect of Compound K on the induction of apoptosis. RESULTS Compound K was found to inhibit the viability of HL-60 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner with an IC50 of 14 muM. Moreover, this cell death had typical features of apoptosis, that is, DNA fragmentation, DNA ladder formation, and the externalization of Annexin V targeted phosphatidylserine residues in HL-60 cells. In addition, compound-K induced a series of intracellular events associated with both the mitochondrial- and death receptor-dependent apoptotic pathways, namely, (1) the activation of caspases-3, -8, and -9; (2) the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential; (3) the release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO to the cytosol; (4) the translocation of Bid and Bax to mitochondria; and (5) the downregulations of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Furthermore, a caspase-8 inhibitor completely abolished caspase-3 activation, Bid cleavage, and subsequent DNA fragmentation by Compound K. Interestingly, the activation of caspase-3 and -8 and DNA fragmentation were significantly prevented in the presence of cycloheximide, suggesting that Compound K-induced apoptosis is dependent on de novo protein synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that caspase-8 plays a key role in Compound K-stimulated apoptosis via the activation of caspase-3 directly or indirectly through Bid cleavage, cytochrome c release, and caspase-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
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Kim JY, Moon KD, Seo KI, Park KW, Choi MS, Do GM, Jeong YK, Cho YS, Lee MK. Supplementation of SK1 from Platycodi radix ameliorates obesity and glucose intolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Med Food 2009; 12:629-36. [PMID: 19627213 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the beneficial effects of SK1 on obesity and insulin resistance in C57BL/6 mice, which were fed a high-fat diet (37% calories from fat). SK1 is an edible saponin-rich compound from Platycodi radix. The mice were supplemented with two doses of SK1 (0.5% and 1.0%, wt/wt) for 9 weeks. The body weight, visceral fat mass, and adipocyte area were significantly decreased in the SK1 supplemented-groups in a dose-dependent manner compared to the high-fat group. The SK1 supplement significantly lowered plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, and free fatty acid levels, whereas it significantly elevated the fecal excretion of lipids in the diet-induced obese mice. Supplementation of SK1 decreased the triglyceride and cholesterol levels and the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver compared to the high-fat control group. High-fat diet induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance with the elevation of blood glucose levels compared to the normal group; however, the SK1 supplement significantly improved postprandial glucose levels and insulin resistance index. After 9 weeks of being fed a high-fat diet, the mice presented with significantly increased activities of hepatic fatty acid synthase, fatty acid beta-oxidation, and glucokinase; however, both 0.5% and 1.0% SK1 supplementation normalized these activities. Notably, SK1 supplementation effectively diminished the ratio of fatty acid biosynthesis to fatty acid oxidation compared to the high-fat group. These results indicate that SK1 exhibits a potential anti-obesity effect and may prevent glucose intolerance by reducing body weight and fat accumulation, increasing fecal lipid excretions, and regulating hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism in high-fat fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Shin DY, Kim GY, Li W, Choi BT, Kim ND, Kang HS, Choi YH. Implication of intracellular ROS formation, caspase-3 activation and Egr-1 induction in platycodon D-induced apoptosis of U937 human leukemia cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2009; 63:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Induction of apoptosis in HT-29 colon cancer cells by crude saponin from Platycodi Radix. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3753-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Xie Y, Pan H, Sun H, Li D. A promising balanced Th1 and Th2 directing immunological adjuvant, saponins from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. Vaccine 2008; 26:3937-45. [PMID: 18547688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The haemolytic activities and adjuvant potentials of Platycodon grandiflorum saponin (PGS) and its fractions on the cellular and humoral immune responses of ICR mice against ovalbumin (OVA) were evaluated. PGS was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford four fractions, and two fractions PGSC and PGSD selected for testing for activities because of containing dominant saponin peaks. PGS, PGSC, and PGSD showed a slight haemolytic effect, with their HD50 value being 37.91+/-2.24, 21.30+/-1.22, 37.58+/-1.86 microg/ml against 0.5% rabbit red blood cell, respectively. ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with OVA 100 microg alone or with OVA 100 microg dissolved in saline containing Alum (200 microg), Quil A (10 microg), PGS (50, 100 or 200 microg), PGSC, or PGSD (25, 50 or 100 microg) on days 1 and 15. Two weeks later (day 28), concanavalin A (Con A)-, pokeweed (PWM)-, and OVA-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and OVA-specific antibodies in serum were measured. PGS and PGSC significantly enhanced the Con A-, PWM-, and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation in OVA-immunized mice at three doses (P<0.01 or P<0.001). However, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed among the OVA group, OVA/Alum group and OVA/PGSD group. OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody levels in serum were significantly enhanced by PGS, PGSC, and PGSD compared with OVA control group (P<0.05, P<0.01, or P<0.001). Moreover, the adjuvant effects of PGSC (50 or 100 microg) on the OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody responses to OVA in mice were more significant than those of Alum. In conclusion, PGS seem to be a promising balanced Th1 and Th2 directing immunological adjuvants which can enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xie
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310029, People's Republic of China
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Kim MO, Moon DO, Choi YH, Shin DY, Kang HS, Choi BT, Lee JD, Li W, Kim GY. Platycodin D induces apoptosis and decreases telomerase activity in human leukemia cells. Cancer Lett 2008; 261:98-107. [PMID: 18093727 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is a major constituent of triterpene saponins found in the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. Recent studies have demonstrated that PD is a potentially interesting candidate for use in cancer chemotherapy. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for PD-induced telomerase inhibition remain to be poorly known. In this study, we examined the effects of PD treatment on telomerase activity in different human leukemia cell lines. At concentrations between 10 and 20 microM, PD exerted a dose-dependent direct cytotoxic effect and inhibition of telomerase activity via downregulation of hTERT expression. Because c-Myc and Sp1 are known to directly regulate transcription of hTERT, we also evaluated the expression and DNA binding activity of these proteins. PD treatment reduced c-Myc and Sp1 protein levels and DNA binding activities in a dose-dependent manner. We also observed that PD treatment downregulates the activation of Akt, thereby reducing the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of hTERT. We conclude that PD has direct cytotoxic effect on human leukemia cells and suppresses telomerase activity through transcriptional and posttranslational suppression of hTERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun-Ock Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Chung JW, Noh EJ, Zhao HL, Sim JS, Ha YW, Shin EM, Lee EB, Cheong CS, Kim YS. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Prosapogenin Methyl Ester of Platycodin D via Nuclear Factor-kappaB Pathway Inhibition. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:2114-20. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Chung
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | - Eun Jung Noh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | - Hai Lin Zhao
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | - Joon-Soo Sim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology
| | - Young Wan Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | - Eun Myoung Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | - Eun Bang Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | | | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
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Kim MO, Moon DO, Choi YH, Lee JD, Kim ND, Kim GY. Platycodin D induces mitotic arrestin vitro, leading to endoreduplication, inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis in leukemia cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2674-81. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Wang Y, Che CM, Chiu JF, He QY. Dioscin (Saponin)-Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species through Mitochondria Dysfunction: A Proteomic-Based Study. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:4703-10. [DOI: 10.1021/pr070399r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Peopleʼs Republic of China, and Institutes of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Peopleʼs Republic of China, and Institutes of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Jen-Fu Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Peopleʼs Republic of China, and Institutes of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yu He
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Peopleʼs Republic of China, and Institutes of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Peopleʼs Republic of China
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Son IH, Park YH, Lee SI, Yang HD, Moon HI. Neuroprotective activity of triterpenoid saponins from Platycodi radix against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells. Molecules 2007; 12:1147-52. [PMID: 17873848 PMCID: PMC6149477 DOI: 10.3390/12051147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During our investigation of the neuroprotective activity of Platycodi radix we found that an aqueous extract of this folk medicine exhibited significant protection against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells. In order to clarify the neuroprotective mechanism(s) of this observed effect, activity-guided isolation was performed to seek and identify active fractions and components. By such fractionation, four known triterpene saponin compounds--platycodins A, C and D and deapioplatycodin D--were isolated from the n-butanol fraction. Among these four compounds, platycodin A exhibited significant neuroprotective activities against glutamate-induced toxicity, exhibiting cell viability of about 50%, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 microM to 10 microM. Therefore, the neuroprotective effect of Platycodi radix might be due to the inhibition of glutamate-induced toxicity by the saponin compounds it contains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hyung-In Moon
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Fax. (+82)-313902414
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Zhang L, Liu ZH, Tian JK. Cytotoxic triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. Molecules 2007; 12:832-41. [PMID: 17851435 PMCID: PMC6149337 DOI: 10.3390/12040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioguided fractionation of the ethanol extracts obtained from Platycodon grandiflorum roots led to isolation of two new triterpenoid saponins, characterized as 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2beta,12alpha,16alpha,23,24-pentahydroxyoleanane-28(13)-lactone (1) and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2beta,12alpha,16alpha,23alpha-tetrahydroxyoleanane-28(13)-lactone (2) by 1D- and 2D-NMR and MS techniques, as well as chemical means. Both compounds showed cytotoxic activity against human ECA-109 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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50
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Landis M, Yi Q, Hyatt AM, Travers AR, Lewis DA, Travers JB. Involvement of P38 MAP kinase in the augmentation of UVB-mediated apoptosis via the epidermal platelet-activating factor receptor. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299:263-6. [PMID: 17437119 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a group of phosphocholines with various biological effects, which are mediated by the PAF receptor (PAF-R). Our previous studies have demonstrated that ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) is a potent stimulus for PAF production, and that the presence of the PAF-R on epithelial cells results in an augmentation of UVB-induced apoptosis. Inasmuch as PAF-R activation results in numerous signal transduction pathways, the present study was designed to characterize the signal transduction pathway responsible for PAF-R-mediated enhanced UVB-induced cytotoxicity. Using a model system of PAF-R-negative and -positive epithelioid KB cells, we demonstrate that inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase block the augmentation of UVB-mediated apoptosis seen in PAF-R-positive KB cells. In contrast, pharmacological and/or molecular inhibition of other pathways linked to PAF-R activation including ERK MAP kinase and NFkappaB do not affect PAF-R-mediated cytotoxicity. This study demonstrates the important role that p38 MAP kinase plays in PAF-R-mediated augmentation of UVB cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Landis
- Department of Dermatology, H. B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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