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Li Y, Zheng H, Yang J, Zhang B, Xing X, Zhang Z, Zhang Q. Association of genetic variants in Leptin, leptin receptor and adiponectin with hypertension risk and circulating Leptin/Adiponectin changes. Gene X 2023; 853:147080. [PMID: 36470480 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Hypertension is inheritable, and some candidate genes such as leptin and adiponectin have drawn special concerns. OBJECTIVES We performed a meta-analysis on the association of 7 genetic variants in genes encoding leptin, leptin receptor and adiponectin with hypertension risk and circulating leptin/adiponectin changes. METHODS Literature search, report selection and data extraction were performed by two authors independently. Effect sizes are expressed as odds ratio (OR) or standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Total 32 reports (7432 cases with hypertension and 9218 controls) were meta-analyzed. Overall analyses indicated that rs7799039 (dominant model: OR = 1.67; 95 % CI: 1.03 to 2.71; P = 0.038) and (TTTC)n (allelic model: OR = 1.53; 95 % CI: 1.05 to 2.23; P = 0.028) were significantly associated with hypertension risk. Subgroup analyses indicated that hypertension type, race, diabetes, genotyping method and quality score might be potential causes for between-study heterogeneity. Besides rs2241766, no evidence of publication bias existed for the other variants. Carriers of rs7799039-AG genotype had significantly higher leptin concentrations than carriers of rs7799039-GG genotype (SMD = 1.98; 95 % CI: 0.07 to 3.89; P = 0.042). In Mendelian randomization analyses, an increment of leptin concentrations by 1 ng/mL was causally associated with a 25 % significantly increased risk of hypertension (95 % CI: 1.02 to 10+; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that leptin gene rs7799039 and (TTTC)n were potential hypertension-candidacy loci, and importantly high circulating leptin concentrations causally precipitated the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Hospital of Tangshan, Tangshan, Hebei, China.
| | - Hongwei Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Boheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaowei Xing
- Department of Cardiology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Heart Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China.
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2
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Martínez-Montoro JI, Morales E, Cornejo-Pareja I, Tinahones FJ, Fernández-García JC. Obesity-related glomerulopathy: Current approaches and future perspectives. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13450. [PMID: 35362662 PMCID: PMC9286698 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) is a silent comorbidity which is increasing in incidence as the obesity epidemic escalates. ORG is associated with serious health consequences including chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and increased mortality. Although the pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of ORG are not fully understood, glomerular hemodynamic changes, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) overactivation, insulin-resistance, inflammation and ectopic lipid accumulation seem to play a major role. Despite albuminuria being commonly used for the non-invasive evaluation of ORG, promising biomarkers of early kidney injury that are emerging, as well as new approaches with proteomics and metabolomics, might permit an earlier diagnosis of this disease. In addition, the assessment of ectopic kidney fat by renal imaging could be a useful tool to detect and evaluate the progression of ORG. Weight loss interventions appear to be effective in ORG, although large-scale trials are needed. RAAS blockade has a renoprotective effect in patients with ORG, but even so, a significant proportion of patients with ORG will eventually progress to ESRD despite therapeutic efforts. It is noteworthy that certain antidiabetic agents such as sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) could be useful in the treatment of ORG through different pleiotropic effects. In this article, we review current approaches and future perspectives in the care and treatment of ORG.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Martínez-Montoro
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Morales
- Department of Nephrology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cornejo-Pareja
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Fernández-García
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Chaudhary PK, Kim S, Kim S. An Insight into Recent Advances on Platelet Function in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116022. [PMID: 35682700 PMCID: PMC9181192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a variety of roles in vascular biology and are best recognized as primary hemostasis and thrombosis mediators. Platelets have a large number of receptors and secretory molecules that are required for platelet functionality. Upon activation, platelets release multiple substances that have the ability to influence both physiological and pathophysiological processes including inflammation, tissue regeneration and repair, cancer progression, and spreading. The involvement of platelets in the progression and seriousness of a variety of disorders other than thrombosis is still being discovered, especially in the areas of inflammation and the immunological response. This review represents an integrated summary of recent advances on the function of platelets in pathophysiology that connects hemostasis, inflammation, and immunological response in health and disease and suggests that antiplatelet treatment might be used for more than only thrombosis.
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Perivascular Adipose Tissue Inflammation: The Anti-Inflammatory Role of Ghrelin in Atherosclerosis Progression. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and its adipokines engage in bidirectional crosstalk with the vascular wall. Atherosclerosis disrupts this interaction through inflammation, rupture-prone plaques, and subsequent thrombosis. The cardioprotective effects of ghrelin are in contradiction to its adipogenic properties. The concurrent research of anti-/pro-atherogenic mechanisms of ghrelin and PVAT-derived adipokines provides a better understanding of atherosclerosis progression in metabolic disorders. In-depth coverage of the characteristic features of PVAT concerning vascular dysfunction, with a survey of ghrelin-induced anti-inflammatory effects on adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and the inhibitory activity of ghrelin on the proinflammatory adipokine secretion, show that the impact of ghrelin on the endothelial function should be studied in relation to PVAT.
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Womble JT, McQuade VL, Ihrie MD, Ingram JL. Imbalanced Coagulation in the Airway of Type-2 High Asthma with Comorbid Obesity. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:967-980. [PMID: 34408442 PMCID: PMC8364356 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s318017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common, chronic airway inflammatory disease marked by airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and remodeling. Asthma incidence has increased rapidly in the past few decades and recent multicenter analyses have revealed several unique asthma endotypes. Of these, type-2 high asthma with comorbid obesity presents a unique clinical challenge marked by increased resistance to standard therapies and exacerbated disease development. The extrinsic coagulation pathway plays a significant role in both type-2 high asthma and obesity. The type-2 high asthma airway is marked by increased procoagulant potential, which is readily activated following damage to airway tissue. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role the extrinsic coagulation pathway plays in the airway of type-2 high asthma with comorbid obesity. We propose that asthma control is worsened in obesity as a result of a systemic and local airway shift towards a procoagulant and anti-fibrinolytic environment. Lastly, we hypothesize bariatric surgery as a treatment for improved asthma management in type-2 high asthma with comorbid obesity, facilitated by normalization of systemic procoagulant and pro-inflammatory mediators. A better understanding of attenuated coagulation parameters in the airway following bariatric surgery will advance our knowledge of biomolecular pathways driving asthma pathobiology in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Womble
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Victoria L McQuade
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Mark D Ihrie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ingram
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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6
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Baaten CC, Sternkopf M, Henning T, Marx N, Jankowski J, Noels H. Platelet Function in CKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1583-1598. [PMID: 33941607 PMCID: PMC8425648 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with CKD are at high risk for thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications. Abnormalities in platelet function are central to these complications, but reports on platelet function in relation to CKD are conflicting, and vary from decreased platelet reactivity to normal or increased platelet responsiveness. The direct effects of uremic toxins on platelet function have been described, with variable findings. METHODS To help clarify how CKD affects platelet function, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of platelet activity in CKD, with a focus on nondialysis-induced effects. We also performed an extensive literature search for the effects of individual uremic toxins on platelet function. RESULTS We included 73 studies in the systematic review to assess CKD's overall effect on platelet function in patients; 11 of them described CKD's effect on ex vivo platelet aggregation and were included in the meta-analysis. Although findings on platelet abnormalities in CKD are inconsistent, bleeding time was mostly prolonged and platelet adhesion mainly reduced. Also, the meta-analysis revealed maximal platelet aggregation was significantly reduced in patients with CKD upon collagen stimulation. We also found that relatively few uremic toxins have been examined for direct effects on platelets ex vivo; ex vivo analyses had varying methods and results, revealing both platelet-stimulatory and inhibitory effects. However, eight of the 12 uremic toxins tested in animal models mostly induced prothrombotic effects. CONCLUSIONS Overall, most studies report impaired function of platelets from patients with CKD. Still, a substantial number of studies find platelet function to be unchanged or even enhanced. Further investigation of platelet reactivity in CKD, especially during different CKD stages, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance C.F.M.J. Baaten
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Sternkopf
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Henning
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany,Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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7
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Blessberger H, Mueller P, Makimoto H, Hauffe F, Meissner A, Gemein C, Schmitt J, Hamm C, Deneke T, Schiedat F, Mügge A, Gabriel M, Steinwender C. Association of adipocytokines serum levels with left atrial thrombus formation in atrial fibrillation patients on oral anticoagulation (Alert) - A cross-sectional study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:860-868. [PMID: 33549449 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Oral anticoagulation is effective for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF). However, strokes may still occur in high-risk individuals. We conducted a prospective trial to assess the association between adipocytokine serum levels and surrogate parameters for thromboembolic events. METHODS AND RESULTS In this cross-sectional multicenter trial, we enrolled 189 patients with AF who were on oral anticoagulation. The primary endpoint was defined as either the presence of spontaneous echo contrast (SEC), a left atrial appendage (LAA), or a left atrial (LA) thrombus on transesophageal echocardiography. We investigated the association of adipocytokine serum levels with the combined endpoint using logistic regression analysis. Forty-eight individuals (25%) were assigned to group 1 (G1) due to the occurrence of at least one of the components of the combined endpoint (41 [21.7%] SEC, 3 [1.6%] LA thrombus, 13 [6.9%] LAA thrombus), whereas the remaining patients formed group 2 (G2). The BMI, logarithmized (loge) leptin (G1: 2.0 ± 1.3 μg/ml, G2: 2.0 ± 1.1 μg/ml, p = 0.746) and visfatin serum levels (G1: 3.4 ± 0.3 ng/ml, G2: 3.4 ± 0.5 ng/ml, p = 0.900) did not significantly differ between the groups. Conversely, logarithmized adiponectin (G1: 3.3 ± 0.6 ng/ml, G2: 3.1 ± 0.7 ng/ml, p = 0.036) and resistin levels (G1: 1.8 ± 0.5 ng/ml, G2: 1.6 ± 0.5 ng/ml, p = 0.009) were higher in patients with the primary endpoint. Multivariate logistic regression analysis using a score that combined the individual adiponectin and resistin values in each patient corroborated this association. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that adiponectin and resistin may act as potential biomarkers to identify individuals with AF who are at high thromboembolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Blessberger
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Medical Faculty, Linz, Austria; Department of Cardiology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria.
| | - Patrick Mueller
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Cardiology II - Electrophysiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany
| | - Hisaki Makimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Friederike Hauffe
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anita Meissner
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christopher Gemein
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Giessen, Germany; Clinic for Cardiology, Klinikum Frankfurt Hoechst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Joern Schmitt
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Hamm
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Deneke
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center (Herz- und Gefäßklinik GmbH), Bad Neustadt a.d. Saale, Germany
| | - Fabian Schiedat
- Department of Cardiology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Mügge
- Department of Cardiology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Gabriel
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Medical Faculty, Linz, Austria; Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Clemens Steinwender
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Medical Faculty, Linz, Austria; Department of Cardiology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
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8
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Effect of Sleeve Gastrectomy on the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, the Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet Counts, and Mean Platelet Volumes. Indian J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-020-02497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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9
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Justo AFO, de Oliveira MG, Calmasini FB, Alexandre EC, Bertollotto GM, Jacintho FF, Antunes E, Mónica FZ. Preserved activity of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) in iliac artery from middle-aged rats: Role of sGC modulators. Nitric Oxide 2021; 106:9-16. [PMID: 33122152 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular aging leads to structural and functional changes. Iliac arteries (IA) provide blood flow to lower urinary tract and pelvic ischemia has been reported as an important factor for bladder remodeling and overactivity. Dysfunction of the nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway (cGMP) is one factor involved in the development of lower urinary tract (LUT) disorders. Therefore, we hypothesized that ageing-associated LUT disorders is a consequence of lower cGMP productions due to an oxidation of soluble guanylate cylase (sGC) that results in local ischemia. In the present study IA from middle-aged and young rats were isolated and the levels of NO, reactive oxygen species (ROS), the gene expression of the enzymes involved in the NO-pathway and concentration-response curves to the soluble guanylate (sGC) stimulator (BAY 41-2272), sGC activator (BAY 58-2667), tadalafil, acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were determined. In IA from middle-aged rats the gene expression for endothelial nitric oxide synthase and the ROS were lower and higher, respectively than the young group. The relaxations induced by ACh and SNP were significantly lower in IA from middle-aged rats. In IA from middle-aged rats the mRNA expression of PDE5 was 55% higher, accompanied by lower relaxation induced by tadalafil. On the other hand, the gene expression for sGCα1 were similar in IA from both groups. Both BAY 41-2272 and BAY 58-2667 produced concentration-dependent relaxations in IA from both groups, however, the latter was 9-times more potent than BAY 41-2272 and produced similar relaxations in IA in both middle-aged and young groups. Yet, the sGC oxidant, ODQ increased the relaxation and the cGMP levels induced by BAY 58-2667. On the other hand, in tissues stimulated with SNP, tadalafil and BAY-2272, the intracellular levels of cGMP were lower in IA from middle-aged than young rats. In conclusion, our results clearly showed that the relaxations induced by the endothelium-dependent and -independent agents, by the PDE5 inhibitor and by sGC stimulator were impaired in IA from aged rats, while that induced by sGC activator was preserved. It suggests that sGC activator may be advantageous in treating ischemia-related functional changes in the lower urinary tract organs in situations where the NO levels are reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fernando O Justo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Mariana G de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Fabiano B Calmasini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Alexandre
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | | | | | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Fabíola Z Mónica
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.
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Khodadi E. Platelet Function in Cardiovascular Disease: Activation of Molecules and Activation by Molecules. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 20:1-10. [PMID: 31784932 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Globally, one of the major causes of death is the cardiovascular disease (CVD), and platelets play an important role in thrombosis and atherosclerosis that led to death. Platelet activation can be done by different molecules, genes, pathways, and chemokines. Lipids activate platelets by inflammatory factors, and platelets are activated by receptors of peptide hormones, signaling and secreted proteins, microRNAs (miRNAs), and oxidative stress which also affect the platelet activation in older age. In addition, surface molecules on platelets can interact with other cells and chemokines in activated platelets and cause inflammation thrombosis events and CVD. However, these molecules activating platelets or being activated by platelets can be suggested as the markers to predict the clinical outcome of CVD and can be targeted to reduce thrombosis and atherosclerosis. However, hindering these molecules by other factors such as genes and receptors can reduce platelet activation and aggregation and targeting these molecules can control platelet interactions, thrombosis, and CVD. In addition, dual therapy with the receptor blockers and novel drugs results in better management of CVD patients. Overall, our review will emphasize on the molecules involved in the activation of platelets and on the molecules that are activated by platelets in CVD and discuss the molecules that can be blocked or targeted to reduce the thrombosis events and control CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Khodadi
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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11
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Amadio P, Zarà M, Sandrini L, Ieraci A, Barbieri SS. Depression and Cardiovascular Disease: The Viewpoint of Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7560. [PMID: 33066277 PMCID: PMC7589256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a major cause of morbidity and low quality of life among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and it is now considered as an independent risk factor for major adverse cardiovascular events. Increasing evidence indicates not only that depression worsens the prognosis of cardiac events, but also that a cross-vulnerability between the two conditions occurs. Among the several mechanisms proposed to explain this interplay, platelet activation is the more attractive, seeing platelets as potential mirror of the brain function. In this review, we dissected the mechanisms linking depression and CVD highlighting the critical role of platelet behavior during depression as trigger of cardiovascular complication. In particular, we will discuss the relationship between depression and molecules involved in the CVD (e.g., catecholamines, adipokines, lipids, reactive oxygen species, and chemokines), emphasizing their impact on platelet activation and related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Amadio
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanism, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Marta Zarà
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanism, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Leonardo Sandrini
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanism, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Alessandro Ieraci
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Silvia Stella Barbieri
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanism, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.Z.); (L.S.)
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12
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Barale C, Russo I. Influence of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors on Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020623. [PMID: 31963572 PMCID: PMC7014042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are key players in the thrombotic processes. The alterations of platelet function due to the occurrence of metabolic disorders contribute to an increased trend to thrombus formation and arterial occlusion, thus playing a major role in the increased risk of atherothrombotic events in patients with cardiometabolic risk factors. Several lines of evidence strongly correlate metabolic disorders such as obesity, a classical condition of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose homeostasis with cardiovascular diseases. The presence of these clinical features together with hypertension and disturbed microhemorrheology are responsible for the prothrombotic tendency due, at least partially, to platelet hyperaggregability and hyperactivation. A number of clinical platelet markers are elevated in obese and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients, including the mean platelet volume, circulating levels of platelet microparticles, oxidation products, platelet-derived soluble P-selectin and CD40L, thus contributing to an intersection between obesity, inflammation, and thrombosis. In subjects with insulin resistance and T2DM some defects depend on a reduced sensitivity to mediators—such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin—playing a physiological role in the control of platelet aggregability. Furthermore, other alterations occur only in relation to hyperglycemia. In this review, the main cardiometabolic risk factors, all components of metabolic syndrome involved in the prothrombotic tendency, will be taken into account considering some of the mechanisms involved in the alterations of platelet function resulting in platelet hyperactivation.
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13
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Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: New targets in the metabolic syndrome? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107475. [PMID: 31926200 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases have a tremendous impact on human morbidity and mortality. Numerous targets regulating adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) have been identified for treating the metabolic syndrome (MetS), and many compounds are being used or developed to increase AMPK activity. In parallel, the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase families (PDEs) have emerged as new therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases, as well as in non-resolved pathologies. Since some PDE subfamilies inactivate cAMP into 5'-AMP, while the beneficial effects in MetS are related to 5'-AMP-dependent activation of AMPK, an analysis of the various controversial relationships between PDEs and AMPK in MetS appears interesting. The present review will describe the various PDE families, AMPK and molecular mechanisms in the MetS and discuss the PDEs/PDE modulators related to the tissues involved, thus supporting the discovery of original molecules and the design of new therapeutic approaches in MetS.
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Vilahur G, Ben-Aicha S, Badimon L. New insights into the role of adipose tissue in thrombosis. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1046-1054. [PMID: 28472252 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Central obesity is independently associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly thrombotic complications. Increasing data supports a link between excess body weight and the risk to suffer acute myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis after percutaneous interventions, ischemic stroke and vein thrombosis. Experimental and in vitro data have provided insights as to the mechanisms currently presumed to increase the thrombotic risk in obese subjects. Obesity is characterized by a chronic low grade inflammation and systemic oxidative stress that eventually damage the endothelium losing its antithrombotic properties. Obesity also stimulates the expression of leptin and attenuates adiponectin release, a protective adipokine. Although the contribution of adipokines to thrombosis has been questioned, recent work has suggested that they enhance platelet activation and, although to a lesser extent, induce the coagulation cascade through tissue factor (TF) expression. Increased body weight also impairs platelet sensitivity to insulin signaling and enhances the production of bioactive isoprostanes further promoting platelet reactivity. Finally, obese subjects have shown elevated circulating levels of von Willebrand factor, TF, factor VII and VIII, and fibrinogen, favoring a mild-to-moderate hypercoagulable state, and, on the other hand, increased secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) contributing to impair the fibrinolytic system. In the present review, we provide an overview of the impact of excess body weight on thrombosis. We will focus on the link between dysfunctional adipose tissue and endothelial damage, platelet reactivity, enhanced coagulation and impaired fibrinolysis; mechanisms currently recognized to increase arterial thrombotic risk in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soumaya Ben-Aicha
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Pedro-Botet J, Ascaso JF, Barrios V, De la Sierra A, Escalada J, Millán J, Mostaza JM, Pérez-Martínez P, Pintó X, Salas-Salvadó J, Valdivielso P. COSMIC project: consensus on the objectives of the metabolic syndrome in clinic. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018; 11:683-697. [PMID: 30464566 PMCID: PMC6217133 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s165740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a disorder with a high and growing prevalence, is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes. It is a constellation of clinical and metabolic risk factors that include abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and hypertension. Unfortunately, MetS is typically underrecognized, and there is great heterogeneity in its management, which can hamper clinical decision-making and be a barrier to achieving the therapeutic goals of CVD and diabetes prevention. Although no single treatment for MetS as a whole currently exists, management should be targeted at treating the conditions contributing to it and possibly reversing the risk factors. All this justifies the need to develop recommendations that adapt existing knowledge to clinical practice in our healthcare system. In this regard, professionals from different scientific societies who are involved in the management of the different MetS components reviewed the available scientific evidence focused basically on therapeutic aspects of MetS and developed a consensus document to establish recommendations on therapeutic goals that facilitate their homogenization in clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pedro-Botet
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Juan F Ascaso
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínico, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Research Institute, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Ciber (Networked Biomedical Research Centres - CIBERDEM), Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vivencio Barrios
- Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro De la Sierra
- Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Department of Medicine, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Escalada
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA
- CIBEROBN "Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition", Carlos III Health Institute, Spain
| | - Jesús Millán
- Lipid Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario General Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Mostaza
- Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Pérez-Martínez
- CIBEROBN "Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition", Carlos III Health Institute, Spain
- Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, IMIBIC/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- CIBEROBN "Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition", Carlos III Health Institute, Spain
- Lipids Unit, Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- CIBEROBN "Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition", Carlos III Health Institute, Spain
- Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili
| | - Pedro Valdivielso
- Internal Medicine Service, Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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16
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Morange PE, Alessi MC. Thrombosis in central obesity and metabolic syndrome: Mechanisms and epidemiology. Thromb Haemost 2017; 110:669-80. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-01-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
summaryCentral obesity is a key feature of the metabolic syndrome (metS), a multiplex risk factor for subsequent development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Many metabolic alterations closely related to this condition exert effects on platelets and vascular cells. A procoagulant and hypofibrinolytic state has been identified, mainly underlain by inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidaemia, and ectopic fat that accompany central obesity. In support of these data, central obesity independently predisposes not only to atherothrombosis but also to venous thrombosis.
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17
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Raoux L, Moszkowicz D, Vychnevskaia K, Poghosyan T, Beauchet A, Clauser S, Bretault M, Czernichow S, Carette C, Bouillot JL. Effect of Bariatric Surgery-Induced Weight Loss on Platelet Count and Mean Platelet Volume: a 12-Month Follow-Up Study. Obes Surg 2017; 27:387-393. [PMID: 27437985 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal obesity is strongly correlated with cardiovascular risk and associated with platelet hyperactivity. This hyperactivity is associated with an increase in mean platelet volume (MPV). Few data are available about changes in platelet counts and MPV in obese patients after bariatric surgery (BS). The purpose of this study was to describe quantitative and qualitative changes in the platelet lineage after BS. METHODS One hundred twenty-eight consecutive patients were included. The mean age was 43 ± 12 years, 77 % of patients were female, and the mean preoperative BMI was 44 ± 6 kg/m2. Ninety patients (71 %) had a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP), and 38 (29 %) had a sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Patients were evaluated preoperatively, and postoperative follow-up was performed at 3, 6, and 12 months. The postoperative evaluation included blood samples for full blood count (FBC), including measure of mean platelet volume (MPV). RESULTS At the 12-month follow-up, the reduction in preoperative weight was 29 ± 9 %. We showed a significant decrease in platelet count (245 ± 62 vs. 234 ± 54 G/L; p = 0.0015) found in parallel with a non-significant decrease in MPV (9.27 ± 1.1 vs. 9.22 ± 1.05; p = 0.34). With regard to the intervention type, SG caused a more significant decrease in platelet count than RYGBP (p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in MPV variations between the two groups (p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that BS has a positive impact on platelet metabolism, possibly mediated by weight loss. These data need to be confirmed to understand the multifactorial benefits of BS on cardiovascular risk in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Raoux
- Department of Digestive, Oncologic and Metabolic Surgery, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - David Moszkowicz
- Department of Digestive, Oncologic and Metabolic Surgery, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. .,Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Oncologique et Métabolique, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, 9 avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. .,Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France.
| | - Karina Vychnevskaia
- Department of Digestive, Oncologic and Metabolic Surgery, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Tigran Poghosyan
- Department of Digestive, Oncologic and Metabolic Surgery, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Alain Beauchet
- Department of Biostatistics, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Sylvain Clauser
- Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France.,Department of Hematology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Marion Bretault
- Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France.,Department of Nutrition, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Sébastien Czernichow
- Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France.,Department of Nutrition, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Claire Carette
- Department of Nutrition, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Jean-Luc Bouillot
- Department of Digestive, Oncologic and Metabolic Surgery, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
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Brede S, Serfling G, Klement J, Schmid SM, Lehnert H. Clinical Scenario of the Metabolic Syndrome. Visc Med 2016; 32:336-341. [PMID: 27921045 DOI: 10.1159/000449028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The term metabolic syndrome (MeS) refers to a cluster of associated symptoms composed of impaired fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. MeS is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and diabetes-associated morbidity and mortality. The increased amount of visceral fat together with a chronic inflammatory state predisposes to the development of arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidemia are associated with fatty liver disease. In addition, MeS is linked to non-cardiovascular diseases such as cancer as well as psychiatric or endocrine disorders. Here, we discuss the clinical impact of MeS in cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases to highlight the importance of prevention, early diagnosis, and multifactorial treatment of high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swantje Brede
- Department of Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Georg Serfling
- Department of Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johanna Klement
- Department of Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Department of Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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19
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Yu P, Ji L, Lee KJ, Yu M, He C, Ambati S, McKinney EC, Jackson C, Baile CA, Schmitz RJ, Meagher RB. Subsets of Visceral Adipose Tissue Nuclei with Distinct Levels of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154949. [PMID: 27171244 PMCID: PMC4865362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of cellular memory in specific cell types, and in visceral adipocytes in particular, appears to be a fundamental aspect of obesity and its related negative health outcomes. We explored the hypothesis that adipose tissue contains epigenetically distinct subpopulations of adipocytes that are differentially potentiated to record cellular memories of their environment. Adipocytes are large, fragile, and technically difficult to efficiently isolate and fractionate. We developed fluorescence nuclear cytometry (FNC) and fluorescence activated nuclear sorting (FANS) of cellular nuclei from visceral adipose tissue (VAT) using the levels of the pan-adipocyte protein, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-2 (PPARg2), to distinguish classes of PPARg2-Positive (PPARg2-Pos) adipocyte nuclei from PPARg2-Negative (PPARg2-Neg) leukocyte and endothelial cell nuclei. PPARg2-Pos nuclei were 10-fold enriched for most adipocyte marker transcripts relative to PPARg2-Neg nuclei. PPARg2-Pos nuclei showed 2- to 50-fold higher levels of transcripts encoding most of the chromatin-remodeling factors assayed, which regulate the methylation of histones and DNA cytosine (e.g., DNMT1, TET1, TET2, KDM4A, KMT2C, SETDB1, PAXIP1, ARID1A, JMJD6, CARM1, and PRMT5). PPARg2-Pos nuclei were large with decondensed chromatin. TAB-seq demonstrated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) levels were remarkably dynamic in gene bodies of various classes of VAT nuclei, dropping 3.8-fold from the highest quintile of expressed genes to the lowest. In short, VAT-derived adipocytes appear to be more actively remodeling their chromatin than non-adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 120 East Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Lexiang Ji
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 120 East Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Lee
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 120 East Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
- GRU-UGA Medical Partnership, University of Georgia Health Sciences Campus, Prince Avenue, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637 USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637 USA
| | - Suresh Ambati
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 120 East Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth C. McKinney
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 120 East Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Crystal Jackson
- Abeome Corporation, Athens, GA, 111 Riverbend Road, 30602, United States of America
| | - Clifton A. Baile
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Dr, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Schmitz
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 120 East Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Meagher
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 120 East Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Kaplon-Cieslicka A, Postula M, Rosiak M, Peller M, Kondracka A, Serafin A, Trzepla E, Opolski G, Filipiak KJ. Younger age, higher body mass index and lower adiponectin concentration predict higher serum thromboxane B2 level in aspirin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: an observational study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:112. [PMID: 25123549 PMCID: PMC4149275 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-014-0112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence from the literature suggests diminished acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) treatment efficacy in type 2 diabetes (DM2). High on-aspirin platelet reactivity (HAPR) in DM2 has been linked to poor glycemic and lipid control. However, there are no consistent data on the association between HAPR and insulin resistance or adipose tissue metabolic activity. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between laboratory response to ASA and metabolic control, insulin resistance and adipokines in DM2. Methods A total of 186 DM2 patients treated with oral antidiabetic drugs and receiving 75 mg ASA daily were included in the analysis. Response to ASA was assessed by measuring serum thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentration and expressed as quartiles of TXB2 level. The achievement of treatment targets in terms of glycemic and lipid control, insulin resistance parameters (including Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance, HOMA-IR, index), and serum concentrations of high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, leptin and resistin, were evaluated in all patients. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the predictive factors of serum TXB2 concentration above the upper quartile and above the median. Results Significant trends in age, body mass index (BMI), HOMA-IR, HMW adiponectin concentration, C-reactive protein concentration and the frequency of achieving target triglyceride levels were observed across increasing quartiles of TXB2. In a multivariate analysis, only younger age and higher BMI were independent predictors of TXB2 concentration above the upper quartile, while younger age and lower HMW adiponectin concentration were predictors of TXB2 concentration above the median. Conclusions These results suggest that in DM2, the most important predictor of HAPR is younger age. Younger DM2 patients may therefore require total daily ASA doses higher than 75 mg, preferably as a twice-daily regimen, to achieve full therapeutic effect. Higher BMI and lower HMW adiponectin concentration were also associated with less potent ASA effect. This is the first study to demonstrate an association of lower adiponectin concentration with higher serum TXB2 level in patients treated with ASA.
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21
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Kim KW, Won YL, Ko KS, Roh JW. Smoking Habits and Neuropeptides: Adiponectin, Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor, and Leptin Levels. Toxicol Res 2014; 30:91-7. [PMID: 25071918 PMCID: PMC4112070 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2014.30.2.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify changes in the level of neuropeptides among current smokers, former smokers, and individuals who had never smoked, and how smoking habits affect obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Neuropeptide levels, anthropometric parameters, and metabolic syndrome diagnostic indices were determined among male workers; 117 of these had never smoked, whereas 58 and 198 were former and current smokers, respectively. The total sample comprised 373 male workers. The results obtained from anthropometric measurements showed that current smokers attained significantly lower body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and abdominal fat thickness values than former smokers and those who had never smoked. Current smokers’ eating habits proved worse than those of non-smokers and individuals who had never smoked. The level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the neuropeptides in the case of former smokers was 23.6 ± 9.2 pg/ml, higher than that of current smokers (20.4 ± 6.1) and individuals who had never smoked (22.4 ± 5.8) (F = 6.520, p = 0.002). The level of adiponectin among former smokers was somewhat lower than that of current smokers, whereas leptin levels were higher among former smokers than current smokers; these results were not statistically significant. A relationship was found between adiponectin and triglyceride among non-smokers (odds ratio = 0.660, β value = −0.416, p < 0.01) and smokers (odds ratio = 0.827, β value = −0.190, p < 0.05). Further, waist circumference among non-smokers (odds ratio = 1.622, β value = 0.483, p < 0.001) and smokers (odds ratio = 1.895, β value = 0.639, p < 0.001) was associated with leptin. It was concluded that cigarette smoking leads to an imbalance of energy expenditure and appetite by changing the concentration of neuropeptides such as adiponectin, BDNF, leptin, and hsCRP, and influences food intake, body weight, the body mass index, blood pressure, and abdominal fat, which are risk factors for MetS and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Woong Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yong Lim Won
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyung Sun Ko
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ji Won Roh
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon, Korea
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22
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Rutkowski JM, Halberg N, Wang QA, Holland WL, Xia JY, Scherer PE. Differential transendothelial transport of adiponectin complexes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:47. [PMID: 24552349 PMCID: PMC3932731 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adiponectin’s effects on systemic physiology and cell-specific responses are well-defined, but little is known about how this insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory adipokine reaches its target cells. All molecules face active and passive transport limitations, but adiponectin is particularly noteworthy due to the diverse size range and high molecular weights of its oligomers. Additionally, its metabolic target organs possess a range of endothelial permeability. Methods Full-length recombinant murine adiponectin was produced and oligomer fractions isolated by gel filtration. Adiponectin complex sizes were measured by dynamic light scattering to determine Stokes radii. Transendothelial transport of purified oligomers was quantitatively assessed under a number of different conditions in vitro using murine endothelial cells and in vivo using several mouse models of altered endothelial function. Results Adiponectin oligomers exhibit large transport radii that limit transendothelial transport. Oligomerization is a significant determinant of flux across endothelial monolayers in vitro; low molecular weight adiponectin is preferentially transported. In vivo sampled sera from the heart, liver, and tail vein demonstrated significantly different complex distribution of lower molecular weight oligomers. Pharmacological interventions, such as PPARγ agonist treatment, differentially affect adiponectin plasma clearance and tissue uptake. Exercise induces enhanced adiponectin uptake to oxidative skeletal muscles, wherein adiponectin potently lowers ceramide levels. In total, endothelial barriers control adiponectin transport in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. Conclusions Adiponectin oligomer efficacy in a given tissue may therefore be endothelial transport mediated. Targeting endothelial dysfunction in the metabolic syndrome through exercise and pharmaceuticals may afford an effective approach to increasing adiponectin’s beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention is a revolutionary treatment for ischemic heart disease, but in-stent restenosis (ISR) remains a clinical challenge. Inflammation, smooth muscle proliferation, endothelial function impairment, and local thrombosis have been identified as the main mechanisms for ISR. Considering the multifactorial mechanisms of ISR, a novel therapeutic agent with multiple bioactivities is required. Ghrelin is a novel gut-brain peptide predominantly produced by the stomach, and has been shown to play a role in various cardiovascular activities, such as increasing myocardial contractility, improving cardiac output, and inhibiting ventricular remodeling, as well as attenuating cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recent studies have demonstrated that ghrelin effectively inhibits vascular inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, repairs endothelial cells, promotes vascular endothelial function, inhibits platelet aggregation, and exerts antithrombotic effects. These findings suggest that ghrelin may be an innovative therapeutic candidate for the prevention and treatment of ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z W Shu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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Abstract
Chronic and acute renal diseases, irrespective of the initiating cause, have inflammation and immune system activation as a common underlying mechanism. The purpose of this review is to provide a broad overview of immune cells and inflammatory proteins that contribute to the pathogenesis of renal disease, and to discuss some of the physiological changes that occur in the kidney as a result of immune system activation. An overview of common forms of acute and chronic renal disease is provided, followed by a discussion of common therapies that have anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive effects in the treatment of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Background: Obesity is associated with a prothrombotic state, which may contribute to the increased risk of thrombotic events. Objective: To assess the effects of (pre)adipocyte-derived adipokines on fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue factor (TF) production by hepatocytes. Methods: HepG2 hepatocytes were incubated with conditioned media (CM) derived from preadipocytes and adipocytes, which had been untreated or prestimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β or IL-6. After 24 h, supernatants and cell lysates were harvested for measurement of fibrinogen, PAI-1 and TF. Results: (Pre)adipocyte CM significantly enhanced the production of PAI-1 by HepG2 cells 2.5- to 4.4-fold. CM from cytokine-stimulated (pre)adipocytes significantly induced fibrinogen secretion 1.5- to 4.2-fold. TF production was not affected by the CM. After specific depletion of TNF-α, IL-1β or IL-6 from the CM, IL-6 was shown to be the most prominent stimulus of fibrinogen secretion and IL-1β of PAI-1 secretion. In addition, fibrinogen, PAI-1 and tissue factor production was evaluated by direct stimulation of HepG2 cells with TNF-α, IL-1β or IL-6. IL-6 enhanced fibrinogen synthesis 4.3-fold (P<0.01), whereas IL-1β induced PAI-1 production 5.0-fold (P<0.01). Gene expression analyses showed that TNF-α and IL-1β stimulate the adipocyte expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Cytokine stimulation of adipocytes may thus have induced an inflammatory response, which may have stimulated fibrinogen and PAI-1 production by HepG2 cells more potently. Conclusions: SGBS (pre)adipocytes release cytokines that increase the production of fibrinogen and PAI-1 by HepG2 cells. IL-6 and IL-1β produced by (pre)adipocytes were the strongest inducers of fibrinogen and PAI-1 secretion, respectively.
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27
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Northcott JM, Yeganeh A, Taylor CG, Zahradka P, Wigle JT. Adipokines and the cardiovascular system: mechanisms mediating health and disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1029-59. [DOI: 10.1139/y2012-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of adipokines in the maintenance of a healthy cardiovascular system, and the mechanisms by which these factors mediate the development of cardiovascular disease in obesity. Adipocytes are the major cell type comprising the adipose tissue. These cells secrete numerous factors, termed adipokines, into the blood, including adiponectin, leptin, resistin, chemerin, omentin, vaspin, and visfatin. Adipose tissue is a highly vascularised endocrine organ, and different adipose depots have distinct adipokine secretion profiles, which are altered with obesity. The ability of many adipokines to stimulate angiogenesis is crucial for adipose tissue expansion; however, excessive blood vessel growth is deleterious. As well, some adipokines induce inflammation, which promotes cardiovascular disease progression. We discuss how these 7 aforementioned adipokines act upon the various cardiovascular cell types (endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, cardiomyocytes, and cardiac fibroblasts), the direct effects of these actions, and their overall impact on the cardiovascular system. These were chosen, as these adipokines are secreted predominantly from adipocytes and have known effects on cardiovascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josette M. Northcott
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Azadeh Yeganeh
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Carla G. Taylor
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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Evaluation of serum adipokines in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:257808. [PMID: 22547903 PMCID: PMC3324910 DOI: 10.1155/2012/257808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim. Out study aimed to assess the serum levels of adipokines in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) caused by atherosclerosis. Methods. Serum samples were obtained from 221 patients. One hundred and forty patients, (26 females and 114 males) met the inclusion criteria and were assigned into the case group. Eighty one patients (17 females and 64 males), were included in the control group. Circulating plasma levels of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and TNF-α were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results. Significant lower levels of adiponectin were present (P = 0.0061) in PAOD patients (2380.23 ± 1634.42 pg/mL) compared to the control group (3065.06 ± 1901.2 pg/mL). The mean value of leptin (2844.42 ± 3301.08 pg/mL) and resistin (2047.81±3301.08 pg/mL) patients included in the PAOD group was higher, as compared to the control group. Statistically significant difference was found between the two groups for leptin (P = 0.0332) and for resistin (P = 0.0352). No statistically significant difference for TNF-α was found between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion. The markers of inflammation secreted by the adipose tissue (adiponectin, leptin, resistin) showed significant differences in patients from the case group (with PAOD) compared to the control group.
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Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome (MS) identifies substantial additional cardiovascular risk beyond the individual risk factors, and is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular events even regardless of body mass index, thus suggesting a common downstream pathway conferring increased cardiovascular risk. Platelet hyper-reactivity/activation plays a central role to accelerate atherothrombosis and is the result of the interaction among the features clustering in obesity and MS: insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction. Interestingly, the same pathogenic events largely account for the less-than-expected response to antiplatelet agents, namely low-dose aspirin. The proposed explanations for this phenomenon, besides underdosing of drug and/or reduced bioavailability, subsequent to excess of adipose tissue, include enhanced platelet turnover, leading to unacetylated COX-1 and COX-2 in newly formed platelets as a source of aspirin-escaping thromboxane formation; extraplatelet sources of thromboxane, driven by inflammatory triggers; and enhanced lipid peroxidation, activating platelets with a mechanism bypassing COX-1 acetylation or limiting COX-isozyme acetylation by aspirin. This review will address the complex interactions between platelets and the pathogenic events occurring in obesity and MS, trying to translate this body of mechanistic information into a clinically relevant read-out, in order to establish novel strategies in the prevention/treatment of atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Santilli
- Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Lugnier C. PDE inhibitors: a new approach to treat metabolic syndrome? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:698-706. [PMID: 22018840 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
About one third of people in the world suffer from metabolic syndrome (MetS), with symptoms such as hypertension and elevated blood cholesterol, and with increased risk of developing additional diseases such as diabetes mellitus and heart disease. The progression of this multifactorial pathology, which targets various tissues and organs, might necessitate a renewal in therapeutic approaches. Since cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), enzymes which hydrolyze cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, play a crucial role in regulating endocrine and cardiovascular functions, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell proliferation, all of which contribute to MetS, we wonder whether PDE inhibitors might represent new therapeutic approaches for preventing and treating MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lugnier
- CNRS UMR 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France.
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Ghrelin is an Osteoblast Mitogen and Increases Osteoclastic Bone Resorption In Vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2011; 2011:605193. [PMID: 21912562 PMCID: PMC3168896 DOI: 10.1155/2011/605193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is released in response to fasting, such that circulating levels are highest immediately prior to meals. Bone turnover is acutely responsive to the fed state, with increased bone resorption during fasting and suppression during feeding. The current study investigated the hypothesis that ghrelin regulates the activity of bone cells. Ghrelin increased the bone-resorbing activity of rat osteoclasts, but did not alter osteoclast differentiation in a murine bone marrow assay nor bone resorption in ex vivo calvarial cultures. Ghrelin showed mitogenic activity in osteoblasts, with a strong effect in human cells and a weaker effect in rat osteoblasts. The expression of the human ghrelin receptor, GHSR, varied among individuals and was detectable in 25–30% of bone marrow and osteoblast samples. However, the rodent Ghsr expression was undetectable in bone cells and cell lines from rat and mouse. These data suggest that elevated levels of ghrelin may contribute to the higher levels of bone turnover that occurs in the fasted state.
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32
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Xiang Y, Li Q, Li M, Wang W, Cui C, Zhang J. Ghrelin inhibits AGEs-induced apoptosis in human endothelial cells involving ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:149-55. [PMID: 21370247 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction caused by cell apoptosis is thought to be a major cause of diabetic vascular complications. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications by inducing apoptosis of endothelial cells. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of ghrelin on AGEs-induced apoptosis in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the potential mechanisms involved in this process. Exposure to AGEs (200 mg l(-1) ) for 48 h caused a significant increase in cell apoptosis, while pretreatment with ghrelin eliminated AGEs-induced apoptosis in HUVECs, as evaluated by MTT assays, flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining. The induction of caspase-3 activation was also prevented by ghrelin in cells incubated with AGEs. Exposure to ghrelin (10(-6) M) resulted in a rapid activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2 and Akt. The inhibitory effect of ghrelin on caspase-3 activity was attenuated by inhibitors of ERK1/2 (PD98059), PI3K/Akt (LY294002) and growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR)-1a (D-Lys(3) -growth hormone releasing peptide-6). The results of this study indicated that ghrelin could inhibit AGEs-mediated cell apoptosis via the ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways and GHSR-1a was also involved in the protective action of ghrelin in HUVECs. As such, ghrelin demonstrates significant potential for preventing diabetic cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Gotzamani-Psarrakou A, Yovos JG, Karamitsos D. Effect of various treatments on leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin and neuropeptide Y in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:401-20. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.553609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Yi J, Craft D, Gelfand CA. Minimizing preanalytical variation of plasma samples by proper blood collection and handling. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 728:137-49. [PMID: 21468945 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-068-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blood samples collected for proteome studies are subject to a variety of preanalytical instability, among which intrinsic proteolysis activities cause a broad spectrum of protein and peptide degradation. This chapter describes two MALDI MS-based methods for plasma peptidomic analyses; a direct MALDI-TOF MS and an LC MALDI-TOF MS. Using these methods, we compared peptides and their time-dependent changes in traditional serum, four plasma samples with different anticoagulants and additives: EDTA-based, citrate-based, or heparin-based, and EDTA-based with protease inhibitors. For minimizing plasma sample instability and preanalytical variation, we suggest using an optimized blood collection device, minimizing the dwell time during blood collection and handling, controlling centrifugation and handling at room temperature, and saving plasma samples for use at most one freeze/thaw cycle. We have optimized our protocol to achieve reproducibility in peptidomic analyses of plasma samples using MALDI-TOF MS by minimizing preanalytical and analytical variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizu Yi
- BD Diagnostics, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA.
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35
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Effects and mechanisms of ghrelin on cardiac microvascular endothelial cells in rats. Cell Biol Int 2010; 35:135-40. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Genome-wide mapping analyses are now commonplace in many species and several networks of interacting loci have been reported. However, relatively few details regarding epistatic interactions and their contribution to complex trait variation in multicellular organisms are available and the identification of positional candidate loci for epistatic QTL (epiQTL) is hampered, especially in mammals, by the limited genetic resolution inherent in most study designs. Here we further investigate the genetic architecture of reproductive fatpad weight in mice using the F(10) generation of the LG,SM advanced intercross (AI) line. We apply multiple mapping techniques including a single-locus model, locus-specific composite interval mapping (CIM), and tests for multiple QTL per chromosome to the 12 chromosomes known to harbor single-locus QTL (slQTL) affecting obesity in this cross. We also perform a genome-wide scan for pairwise epistasis. Using this combination of approaches we detect 199 peaks spread over all 19 autosomes, which potentially contribute to trait variation including all eight original F(2) loci (Adip1-8), novel slQTL peaks on chromosomes 7 and 9, and several novel epistatic loci. Extensive epistasis is confirmed involving both slQTL confidence intervals (C.I.) as well as regions that show no significant additive or dominance effects. These results provide important new insights into mapping complex genetic architectures and the role of epistasis in complex trait variation.
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37
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Adipocytokines in atherothrombosis: focus on platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:174341. [PMID: 20652043 PMCID: PMC2905911 DOI: 10.1155/2010/174341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral obesity is a relevant pathological condition closely associated with high risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease including myocardial infarction and stroke. The increased vascular risk is related also to peculiar dysfunction in the endocrine activity of adipose tissue responsible of vascular impairment (including endothelial dysfunction), prothrombotic tendency, and low-grade chronic inflammation. In particular, increased synthesis and release of different cytokines, including interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and adipokines—such as leptin—have been reported as associated with future cardiovascular events. Since vascular cell dysfunction plays a major role in the atherothrombotic complications in central obesity, this paper aims at focusing, in particular, on the relationship between platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells, and the impaired secretory pattern of adipose tissue.
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Restituto P, Colina I, Varo JJ, Varo N. Adiponectin diminishes platelet aggregation and sCD40L release. Potential role in the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E1072-7. [PMID: 20197504 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00728.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The proinflammatory and proatherogenic mediator, soluble CD40 ligand (CD40L), is increased in the metabolic syndrome (MS) and released from platelets. We hypothesized that adiponectin modulates platelet function, and we sought to evaluate the association of adiponectin and sCD40L levels with platelet aggregation in MS and the effects of adiponectin on platelet aggregation and activation. Platelet aggregation and circulating adiponectin, sCD40L and P-selectin were determined in 30 controls and 30 patients with MS. Also, in vitro studies were performed in platelet-rich plasma from nine healthy volunteers. Adiponectin receptors were demonstrated by Western blotting and flow cytometry. ADP and epinephrine platelet aggregation was measured after preincubation with adiponectin. sCD40L and P-selectin secretion was measured in the supernatants by ELISA. Patients with MS had higher sCD40L and P-selectin than controls (5.96 +/- 0.50 vs. 4.28 +/- 0.41 ng/ml, P < 0.05, and 151 +/- 8 vs. 122 +/- 9 ng/ml, P < 0.05). By contrast, adiponectin was lower in patients with MS than in controls (5.25 +/- 0.30 vs. 7.35 +/- 0.34 microg/ml, P < 0.001). Higher platelet aggregation was found in MS. Adiponectin inversely correlated with P-selectin (R = -0.35, P = 0.009), sCD40L (r = -0.24, P = 0.05) and epinephrine and collagen induced aggregation (r = -0.80, P = 0.005; r = -0.70, P = 0.011). Platelets express the receptors for adiponectin. Platelet aggregatory response to epinephrine and ADP significantly decreased following preincubation with adiponectin (96 +/- 4 vs. 23 +/- 3%, P < 0.001, and 102 +/- 9 vs. 85 +/- 9%, P = 0.004). Adiponectin prevented platelet sCD40L release (1.63 +/- 0.15 vs. 2.04 +/- 0.20 ng/ml, P < 0.001). Enhanced platelet aggregation and activation markers are found in MS associated with low adiponectin concentrations. Novel evidence is provided demonstrating that adiponectin has antithrombotic properties, since it inhibits platelet aggregation and platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Restituto
- Servicio de Bioquímica, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Avda Pío XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Andreeva AV, Han J, Kutuzov MA, Profirovic J, Tkachuk VA, Voyno-Yasenetskaya TA. T-cadherin modulates endothelial barrier function. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:94-102. [PMID: 20039275 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
T-cadherin is an atypical member of the cadherin family, which lacks the transmembrane and intracellular domains and is attached to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Unlike canonical cadherins, it is believed to function primarily as a signaling molecule. T-cadherin is highly expressed in endothelium. Using transendothelial electrical resistance measurements and siRNA-mediated depletion of T-cadherin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, we examined its involvement in regulation of endothelial barrier. We found that in resting confluent monolayers adjusted either to 1% or 10% serum, T-cadherin depletion modestly, but consistently reduced transendothelial resistance. This was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of Akt and LIM kinase, reduced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, but no difference in tubulin acetylation and in phosphorylation of an actin filament severing protein cofilin and myosin light chain kinase. Serum stimulation elicited a biphasic increase in resistance with peaks at 0.5 and 4-5 h, which was suppressed by a PI3 kinase/Akt inhibitor wortmannin and a p38 inhibitor SB 239063. T-cadherin depletion increased transendothelial resistance between the two peaks and reduced the amplitude of the second peak. T-cadherin depletion abrogated serum-induced Akt phosphorylation at Thr308 and reduced phosphorylation at Ser473, reduced phosphorylation of cofilin, and accelerated tubulin deacetylation. Adiponectin slightly improved transendothelial resistance irrespectively of T-cadherin depletion. T-cadherin depletion also resulted in a reduced sensitivity and delayed responses to thrombin. These data implicate T-cadherin in regulation of endothelial barrier function, and suggest a complex signaling network that links T-cadherin and regulation of barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Andreeva
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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40
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Antiatherosclerotic and anti-insulin resistance effects of adiponectin: basic and clinical studies. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 52:126-40. [PMID: 19732605 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is a protein secreted by adipose cells that may couple regulation of insulin sensitivity with energy metabolism and serve to link obesity with insulin resistance. Obesity-related disorders characterized by insulin resistance including the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and coronary artery disease are associated with both decreased adiponectin levels and endothelial dysfunction. Recent studies demonstrate that adiponectin has insulin-sensitizing effects as well as antiatherogenic properties. Lifestyle modifications and some drug therapies to treat atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease have important effects in increasing adiponectin levels, decreasing insulin resistance, and improving endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we discuss insights into the relationships between adiponectin levels, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction that are derived from various therapeutic interventions. The effects of lifestyle modifications and cardiovascular drugs on adiponectin levels and insulin resistance suggest plausible mechanisms that may be important for understanding and treating atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
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Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. The increased risk for cardiovascular diseases could partly be caused by a prothrombotic state that exists because of abdominal obesity. Adipose tissue induces thrombocyte activation by the production of adipose tissue-derived hormones, often called adipokines, of which some such as leptin and adiponectin have been shown to directly interfere with platelet function. Increased adipose tissue mass induces IR and systemic low-grade inflammation, also affecting platelet function. It has been demonstrated that adipose tissue directly impairs fibrinolysis by the production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and possibly thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. Adipose tissue may contribute to enhanced coagulation by direct tissue factor production, but hypercoagulability is likely to be primarily caused by affecting hepatic synthesis of the coagulation factors fibrinogen, factor VII, factor VIII and tissue factor, by releasing free fatty acids and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6) into the portal circulation and by inducing hepatic IR. Adipose tissue dysfunction could thus play a causal role in the prothrombotic state observed in obesity, by directly and indirectly affecting haemostasis, coagulation and fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Faber
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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42
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Anfossi G, Russo I, Trovati M. Platelet dysfunction in central obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19:440-449. [PMID: 19346117 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Central obesity is a relevant risk factor for major cardiovascular events due to the atherosclerotic involvement of coronary, cerebral and lower limb arterial vessels. A major role in the increased cardiovascular risk is played by platelets, which show an increased activation and a reduced sensitivity to the physiological and pharmacological antiaggregating agents. This review focuses on platelet dysfunction in central obesity. The mechanisms involved are related to: i) the reduced sensitivity to insulin and other substances acting via intracellular cyclic nucleotides, such as nitrates and prostacyclin; ii) the altered intracellular ionic milieu with elevated cytosolic Ca(2+); and iii) the increased oxidative stress, which elicits isoprostane production from arachidonic acid. Therapeutic guidelines recommend a multifactorial prevention of cardiovascular disease including antiplatelet drugs in high risk patients, even though, at present, the protective effect of antiplatelet therapy in obese, insulin resistant subjects has not been evaluated by specific trials. Some reports, however, suggest a decreased sensitivity to the antiaggregating effects of both acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and thienopyridines in human obesity. Platelet defects may play a pivotal role in the reduced efficacy of antiplatelet therapy in obese subjects in the setting of cardiovascular prevention and acute coronary syndrome treatment. Thus, a specifically tailored antiaggregating therapy is likely necessary in obese, insulin resistant subjects, especially in the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Anfossi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of the Turin University, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano I-10043, Turin, Italy
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43
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Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is important in attenuating the overall production of reactive oxygen species through its ability to degrade heme and to produce carbon monoxide, biliverdin/bilirubin, and release of free iron. Excess free heme catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen species, which leads to endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction as seen in numerous pathologic vascular conditions including systemic hypertension and diabetes, as well as in ischemia/reperfusion injury.The up-regulation of HO-1 can be achieved through the use of pharmaceutical agents such as metalloporphyrins and statins. In addition, atrial natriuretic peptide and nitric oxide donors are important modulators of the heme-HO system, either through induction of HO-1 or the increased biologic activity of its products. Gene therapy and gene transfer, including site- and organ-specific targeted gene transfer have become powerful tools for studying the potential role of the 2 isoforms of HO, HO-1/HO-2, in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, as well as diabetes. HO-1 induction by pharmacological agents or the in vitro gene transfer of human HO-1 into ECs increases cell cycle progression and attenuates angiotensin II, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and heme-mediated DNA damage; administration in vivo corrects blood pressure elevation after angiotensin II exposure. Delivery of human HO-1 to hyperglycemic rats significantly lowers superoxide levels and prevents EC damage and sloughing of vascular EC into the circulation. In addition, administration of human HO-1 to rats in advance of ischemia/reperfusion injury considerably reduces tissue damage.The ability to up-regulate HO-1 either through pharmacological means or through the use of gene therapy may offer therapeutic strategies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the future. This review discusses the implications of HO-1 delivery during the early stages of cardiovascular system injury or in early vascular pathology, and suggests that pharmacological agents that regulate HO activity or HO-1 gene delivery itself may become powerful tools for preventing the onset or progression of various cardiovascular diseases.
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Fett CA, Fett WCR, Padovan GJ, Marchini JS. Mudanças no estilo de vida e fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e sistema imune de mulheres sedentárias. REV NUTR 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732009000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Observar os efeitos de dois meses de um programa de reeducação de hábitos sobre variáveis do sistema imunológico e de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e as associações destas entre si e com a composição corporal. MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta mulheres sedentárias, com idade de 36 anos (DP=10), e índice de massa corporal de 31kg/m² (DP=12) participaram do estudo. Foram avaliados a composição corporal (antropometria e bioimpedância), o hemograma, o perfil lipídico, as concentrações plasmáticas das vitaminas A, C, betacaroteno, do zinco, do ácido úrico e da glicemia. O treinamento consistia de circuito de peso ou caminhada por 1h, três vezes por semana no primeiro mês e 1h, quatro vezes por semana no segundo mês, mais reeducação alimentar. RESULTADOS: A gordura corporal, as concentrações plasmáticas do ácido úrico, do colesterol total e da lipoproteína de alta densidade foram significativamente reduzidas. Os triglicérides, a lipoproteína de baixa densidade e as variáveis do sistema imunológico não foram alterados. O zinco não foi associado a qualquer variável. Os glóbulos brancos, os linfócitos, as plaquetas e a vitamina C foram positivamente associados à gordura corporal e negativamente, quando divididos pela massa corporal (kg). O colesterol total e a lipoproteína de baixa densidade divididos pela concentração de vitamina A e do betacaroteno foram negativamente correlacionados à gordura corporal. A vitamina C teve a maior correlação com outros fatores bioquímicos de risco. CONCLUSÃO: Houve redução dos fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, mas não nos marcadores do sistema imunológico. O aumento da gordura corporal foi associado negativamente aos marcadores do sistema imunológico e das vitaminas.
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Riba R, Hughes CE, Graham A, Watson SP, Naseem KM. Globular adiponectin induces platelet activation through the collagen receptor GPVI-Fc receptor gamma chain complex. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1012-20. [PMID: 18419742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.02982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adipocyte-derived cytokine, adiponectin (Ad), exerts potent vascular effects, although the direct effects of Ad on blood platelets are unclear. OBJECTIVE The influence of globular Ad (gAd) on blood platelet function was investigated. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured platelet aggregation and tyrosine phosphorylation signaling events in human and mouse platelets. The ability of gAd to activate Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) activity was determined with a NFAT luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS gAd, but not full length Ad, induced rapid aggregation and granule secretion of human and mouse platelets through a pathway that is ablated under conditions of Src kinase inhibition, indicating a tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism. Consistent with this, gAd stimulates rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in human and mouse platelets. The pattern of increase in tyrosine phosphorylation was similar to that induced by collagen, with the tyrosine kinase Syk and PLCgamma2 being identified among the list of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. As collagen activates platelet through the GPVI-Fc receptor gamma-chain (FcRgamma) complex, we used FcRgamma null platelets (which also lack GPVI) to explore the mechanism by which gAd stimulates platelets. Stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and platelet aggregation by gAd was abolished in FcRgamma null platelets and markedly reduced in the absence of PLCgamma2. Further, GPVI was confirmed as a collagen receptor for gAd by increased luciferase activity in Jurkat T-cells transfected with GPVI. CONCLUSIONS We identify gAd as a novel ligand for GPVI that stimulates tyrosine kinase-dependent platelet aggregation. Our data raise the possibility that gAd may promote unwanted platelet activation at sites of vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Riba
- Centre for Atherothrombosis Research, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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Xu SQ, Mahadev K, Wu X, Fuchsel L, Donnelly S, Scalia RG, Goldstein BJ. Adiponectin protects against angiotensin II or tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced endothelial cell monolayer hyperpermeability: role of cAMP/PKA signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:899-905. [PMID: 18292388 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.163634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiotensin II (Ang II) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels increase endothelial permeability, and we hypothesized that adiponectin suppressed these responses in a cAMP-dependent manner. METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of adiponectin on transendothelial electric resistance (TEER) and diffusion of albumin through human umbilical vein and bovine aortic endothelial cell monolayers induced by Ang II (100 nmol/L) or TNF-alpha (5 ng/mL) was measured. Treatment with the globular domain of adiponectin (3 mug/mL) for 16 hours abrogated the adverse TEER effect of TNF-alpha (-35 versus -12 Omega/cm(2) at 45 minutes, P<0.05) and Ang II (-25 versus -5 Omega/cm(2) at 45 minutes, P<0.01) and partially suppressed the increased diffusion of albumin with Ang II (40% versus 10% change, P<0.05) or TNF-alpha (40% versus 20% change, P<0.05). Full-length adiponectin also suppressed Ang II-induced monolayer hyperpermeability. Adiponectin treatment also suppressed Ang II-induced increased actin stress fiber development, intercellular gap formation, and beta-tubulin disassembly. Adiponectin increased cAMP levels, and its effects were abrogated by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase or cAMP-dependent protein kinase signaling. CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin protects the endothelial monolayer from Ang II or TNF-alpha-induced hyperpermeability by modulating microtubule and cytoskeleton stability via a cAMP/ PKA signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qiong Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa. 19107, USA
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Thuijl HV, Kola B, Korbonits M. Appetite and Metabolic Effects of Ghrelin and Cannabinoids: Involvement of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. GHRELIN 2007; 77:121-48. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)77006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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