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Cortes-Justo E, Garfias-Ramírez SH, Vilches-Flores A. The function of the endocannabinoid system in the pancreatic islet and its implications on metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Islets 2023; 15:1-11. [PMID: 36598083 PMCID: PMC9815253 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2022.2163826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The following review focuses on the scientific studies related to the role of endocannabinoid system (ECS) in pancreatic islet physiology and dysfunction. Different natural or synthetic agonists and antagonists have been suggested as an alternative treatment for diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Therapeutic use of Cannabis led to the discovery and characterization of the ECS, a signaling complex involved in regulation of various physiological processes, including food intake and metabolism. After the development of different agonists and antagonists, evidence have demonstrated the presence and activity of cannabinoid receptors in several organs and tissues, including pancreatic islets. Insulin and glucagon expression, stimulated secretion, and the development of diabetes and other metabolic disorders have been associated with the activity and modulation of ECS in pancreatic islets. However, according to the animal model and experimental design, either endogenous or pharmacological ligands of cannabinoid receptors have guided to contradictory and paradoxical results that suggest a complex physiological interaction. In consensus, ECS activity modulates insulin and glucagon secretions according to glucose in media; over-stimulation of cannabinoid receptors affects islets negatively, leading to glucose intolerance, meanwhile the treatment with antagonists in diabetic models and humans suggests an improvement in islets function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo Cortes-Justo
- Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico CityMexico
| | - Sergio H Garfias-Ramírez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | - Alonso Vilches-Flores
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
- CONTACT Alonso Vilches-Flores Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala. Edif.A4 Lab 4, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla54090, Mexico
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Garcia-Luna GM, Bermudes-Contreras JD, Hernández-Correa S, Suarez-Ortiz JO, Diaz-Urbina D, Garfias-Ramirez SH, Vega AV, Villalobos-Molina R, Vilches-Flores A. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Treatment Modifies Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic Islets from Prediabetic Mice Under Hypercaloric Diet. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 37267277 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The endocannabinoid system over-activation is associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus onset, involving physiological, metabolic, and genetic alterations in pancreatic islets. The use of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as treatment is still controversial since its effects and mechanisms on insulin secretion are unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of THC treatment in pancreatic islets from prediabetic mice. Methods: Prediabetes was induced in mice by hypercaloric diet, and then treated with THC for 3 weeks. Blood glucose and body weight were determined, after behavior tests. Histological changes were evaluated in whole pancreas; in isolated islets we analyzed the effect of THC exposure in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), gene expression, intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and cytosolic calcium changes. Results: THC treatment in prediabetic mice enhanced anxiety and antidepressive behavior without changes in food ingestion, decreased oral-glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin and weight, with small alterations on pancreatic histology. In isolated islets from healthy mice THC increased GSIS, cAMP, and CB1 receptor (CB1r) expression, meanwhile calcium release was diminished. Small changes were observed in islets from prediabetic mice. Conclusions: THC treatment improves some clinical parameters in prediabetic mice, however, in isolated islets, modifies GSIS, intracellular calcium and gene expression, suggesting specific effects related to diabetes evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe M Garcia-Luna
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - J David Bermudes-Contreras
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Samantha Hernández-Correa
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Josue O Suarez-Ortiz
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Daniel Diaz-Urbina
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Sergio H Garfias-Ramirez
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Ana V Vega
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Rafael Villalobos-Molina
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Alonso Vilches-Flores
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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Hirsch S, Hinden L, Naim MBD, Baraghithy S, Permyakova A, Azar S, Nasser T, Portnoy E, Agbaria M, Nemirovski A, Golomb G, Tam J. Hepatic targeting of the centrally active cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB 1R) blocker rimonabant via PLGA nanoparticles for treating fatty liver disease and diabetes. J Control Release 2023; 353:254-269. [PMID: 36442615 PMCID: PMC9900386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Over-activation of the endocannabinoid/CB1R system is a hallmark feature of obesity and its related comorbidities, most notably type 2 diabetes (T2D), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although the use of drugs that widely block the CB1R was found to be highly effective in treating all metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity, they are no longer considered a valid therapeutic option due to their adverse neuropsychiatric side effects. Here, we describe a novel nanotechnology-based drug delivery system for repurposing the abandoned first-in-class global CB1R antagonist, rimonabant, by encapsulating it in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for effective hepatic targeting of CB1Rs, enabling effective treatment of NAFLD and T2D. Rimonabant-encapsulated NPs (Rimo-NPs) were mainly distributed in the liver, spleen, and kidney, and only negligible marginal levels of rimonabant were found in the brain of mice treated by iv/ip administration. In contrast to freely administered rimonabant treatment, no CNS-mediated behavioral activities were detected in animals treated with Rimo-NPs. Chronic treatment of diet-induced obese mice with Rimo-NPs resulted in reduced hepatic steatosis and liver injury as well as enhanced insulin sensitivity, which were associated with enhanced cellular uptake of the formulation into hepatocytes. Collectively, we successfully developed a method of encapsulating the centrally acting CB1R blocker in NPs with desired physicochemical properties. This novel drug delivery system allows hepatic targeting of rimonabant to restore the metabolic advantages of blocking CB1R in peripheral tissues, especially in the liver, without the negative CB1R-mediated neuropsychiatric side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Hirsch
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Liad Hinden
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Meital Ben-David Naim
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Saja Baraghithy
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Anna Permyakova
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Shahar Azar
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Taher Nasser
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Emma Portnoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Israel
| | - Majd Agbaria
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alina Nemirovski
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gershon Golomb
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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Ruz-Maldonado I, Liu B, Atanes P, Pingitore A, Huang GC, Choudhary P, Persaud SJ. The cannabinoid ligands SR141716A and AM251 enhance human and mouse islet function via GPR55-independent signalling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4709-4723. [PMID: 31925452 PMCID: PMC7599183 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Endocannabinoids are lipid mediators involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. They interact with the canonical cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, and it is now apparent that some cannabinoid receptor ligands are also agonists at GPR55. Thus, CB1 antagonists such as SR141716A, also known as rimonabant, and AM251 act as GPR55 agonists in some cell types. The complex pharmacological properties of cannabinoids make it difficult to fully identify the relative importance of CB1 and GPR55 in the functional effects of SR141716A, and AM251. Here, we determine whether SR141716A and AM251 regulation of mouse and human islet function is through their action as GPR55 agonists. METHODS Islets isolated from Gpr55+/+ and Gpr55-/- mice and human donors were incubated in the absence or presence of 10 µM SR141716A or AM251, concentrations that are known to activate GPR55. Insulin secretion, cAMP, IP1, apoptosis and β-cell proliferation were quantified by standard techniques. RESULTS Our results provide the first evidence that SR141716A and AM251 are not GPR55 agonists in islets, as their effects are maintained in islets isolated from Gpr55-/- mice. Their signalling through Gq-coupled cascades to induce insulin secretion and human β-cell proliferation, and protect against apoptosis in vitro, indicate that they have direct beneficial effects on islet function. CONCLUSION These observations may be useful in directing development of peripherally restricted novel therapeutics that are structurally related to SR141716A and AM251, and which potentiate glucose-induced insulin secretion and stimulate β-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Ruz-Maldonado
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Patricio Atanes
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Attilio Pingitore
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Guo Cai Huang
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Pratik Choudhary
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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Nava-Molina L, Uchida-Fuentes T, Ramos-Tovar H, Fregoso-Padilla M, Rodríguez-Monroy MA, Vega AV, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Andrade-Jorge E, Villalobos-Molina R, Ortiz-Ortega R, Vilches-Flores A. Novel CB1 receptor antagonist BAR-1 modifies pancreatic islet function and clinical parameters in prediabetic and diabetic mice. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:7. [PMID: 32132523 PMCID: PMC7055595 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-0110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUDS Cannabinoid receptor antagonists have been suggested as a novel treatment for obesity and diabetes. We have developed a synthetic cannabinoid receptor antagonist denominated BAR-1. As the function and integrity of a β-cell cellular structure are important keys for diabetes onset, we evaluated the effects of pharmacological administration of BAR-1 on prediabetic and diabetic rodents. METHODS CD-1 mice fed a hypercaloric diet or treated with streptozotocin were treated with 10 mg/kg BAR-1 for 2, 4 or 8 weeks. Body weight, oral glucose tolerance test, HbA1c, triglycerides and insulin in serum were measured. In isolated islets, we evaluated stimulated secretion and mRNA expression, and relative area of islets in fixed pancreases. Docking analysis of BAR-1 was complemented. RESULTS BAR-1 treatment slowed down weight gain in prediabetic mice. Fasting glucose-insulin relation also decreased in BAR-1-treated mice and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was increased in isolated islets, without effects in oral test. Diabetic mice treated with BAR-1 showed a reduced glucose and a partial recovery of islet integrity. Gene expression of insulin and glucagon showed biphasic behaviour, increasing after 4 weeks of BAR-1 administration; however, after 8 weeks, mRNA abundance decreased significantly. Administration of BAR-1 also prevents changes in endocannabinoid element expression observed in prediabetic mice. No changes were detected in other parameters studied, including the histological structure. A preliminary in-silico study suggests a close interaction with CB1 receptor. CONCLUSIONS BAR-1 induces improvement of islet function, isolated from both prediabetic and diabetic mice. Effects of BAR-1 suggest a possible interaction with other cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly Nava-Molina
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P., 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Toyokazu Uchida-Fuentes
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P., 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Héctor Ramos-Tovar
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P., 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Martha Fregoso-Padilla
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P., 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Marco Aurelio Rodríguez-Monroy
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P., 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Ana V Vega
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P., 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, C.P., 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Erik Andrade-Jorge
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P., 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Rafael Villalobos-Molina
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P., 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Ortiz-Ortega
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P., 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Alonso Vilches-Flores
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P., 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico.
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Veilleux A, Di Marzo V, Silvestri C. The Expanded Endocannabinoid System/Endocannabinoidome as a Potential Target for Treating Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2019; 19:117. [PMID: 31686231 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, i.e. the receptors that respond to the psychoactive component of cannabis, their endogenous ligands and the ligand metabolic enzymes, is part of a larger family of lipid signals termed the endocannabinoidome (eCBome). We summarize recent discoveries of the roles that the eCBome plays within peripheral tissues in diabetes, and how it is being targeted, in an effort to develop novel therapeutics for the treatment of this increasingly prevalent disease. RECENT FINDINGS As with the eCB system, many eCBome members regulate several physiological processes, including energy intake and storage, glucose and lipid metabolism and pancreatic health, which contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Preclinical studies increasingly support the notion that targeting the eCBome may beneficially affect T2D. The eCBome is implicated in T2D at several levels and in a variety of tissues, making this complex lipid signaling system a potential source of many potential therapeutics for the treatments for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Veilleux
- École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Canadian Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Canadian Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Québec, Canada
- Institut de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Canadian Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Québec, Canada.
- Institut de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Department de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Brito LF, Gontijo DC, Toledo RCL, Barcelos RM, de Oliveira AB, Brandão GC, de Sousa LP, Ribeiro SMR, Leite JPV, Fietto LG, de Queiroz JH. Mangifera indica leaves extract and mangiferin modulate CB1 and PPARγ receptors and others markers associated with obesity. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Jourdan T, Godlewski G, Kunos G. Endocannabinoid regulation of β-cell functions: implications for glycaemic control and diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:549-57. [PMID: 26880114 PMCID: PMC5045244 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Visceral obesity is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance which can progress to overt type 2 diabetes (T2D) with loss of β-cell function and, ultimately, loss of β-cells. Insulin secretion by β-cells of the pancreatic islets is tightly coupled to blood glucose concentration and modulated by a large number of blood-borne or locally released mediators, including endocannabinoids. Obesity and its complications, including T2D, are associated with increased activity of the endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor (CB1 R) system, as indicated by the therapeutic effects of CB1 R antagonists. Similar beneficial effects of CB1 R antagonists with limited brain penetrance indicate the important role of CB1 R in peripheral tissues, including the endocrine pancreas. Pancreatic β-cells express all of the components of the endocannabinoid system, and endocannabinoids modulate their function via both autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, which influence basal and glucose-induced insulin secretion and also affect β-cell proliferation and survival. The present brief review will survey available information on the modulation of these processes by endocannabinoids and their receptors, with an attempt to assess the contribution of such effects to glycaemic control in T2D and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jourdan
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G Godlewski
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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9
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Vilches-Flores A, Franklin Z, Hauge-Evans AC, Liu B, Huang GC, Choudhary P, Jones PM, Persaud SJ. Prolonged activation of human islet cannabinoid receptors in vitro induces adaptation but not dysfunction. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 5:143-50. [PMID: 27114924 PMCID: PMC4832123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although in vivo studies have implicated endocannabinoids in metabolic dysfunction, little is known about direct, chronic activation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in human islets. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of prolonged exposure to cannabinoid agonists on human islet gene expression and function. METHODS Human islets were maintained for 2 and 5 days in the absence or presence of CB1r (ACEA) or CB2r (JWH015) agonists. Gene expression was quantified by RT-PCR, hormone levels by radioimmunoassay and apoptosis by caspase activities. RESULTS Human islets express an ECS, with mRNAs encoding the biosynthetic and degrading enzymes NAPE-PLD, FAAH and MAGL being considerably more abundant than DAGLα, an enzyme involved in 2-AG synthesis, or CB1 and CB2 receptor mRNAs. Prolonged activation of CB1r and CB2r altered expression of mRNAs encoding ECS components, but did not have major effects on islet hormone secretion. JWH015 enhanced insulin and glucagon content at 2 days, but had no effect after 5 days. Treatment with ACEA or JWH015 for up to 5 days did not have marked effects on islet viability, as assessed by morphology and caspase activities. CONCLUSIONS Maintenance of human islets for up to 5 days in the presence of CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists causes modifications in ECS element gene expression, but does not have any major impact on islet function or viability. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that the metabolic dysfunction associated with over-activation of the ECS in obesity and diabetes in humans is unlikely to be secondary to impaired islet function.
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Key Words
- 2-AG, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol
- ACEA, N-(2-Chloroethyl)-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eiscosatetraenamide
- AEA, anandamide
- Apoptosis
- CB1r, cannabinoid receptor type 1
- CB2r, cannabinoid receptor type 2
- DAGL, diacylglycerol lipase
- ECS, endocannabinoid system
- Endocannabinoid system
- FAAH, fatty acid amide hydrolase
- Gene expression
- Glucagon
- Human islets
- Insulin
- JWH015, (2-methyl-1propyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-napthalenylmethanone
- MAGL, monoacylglycerol lipase
- NAPE-PLD, N-acyl-phosphatidyl ethanolamide-hydrolysing phospholipase D
- PPG, preproglucagon
- PPI, preproinsulin
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Vilches-Flores
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, UK
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, FES Iztacala, Mexico
| | - Zara Franklin
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Astrid C. Hauge-Evans
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Bo Liu
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Guo C. Huang
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Pratik Choudhary
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Peter M. Jones
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Shanta J. Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, UK
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10
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González-Mariscal I, Krzysik-Walker SM, Kim W, Rouse M, Egan JM. Blockade of cannabinoid 1 receptor improves GLP-1R mediated insulin secretion in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 423:1-10. [PMID: 26724516 PMCID: PMC4752920 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) is an important regulator of energy metabolism. Reports of in vivo and in vitro studies give conflicting results regarding its role in insulin secretion, possibly due to circulatory factors, such as incretins. We hypothesized that this receptor may be a regulator of the entero-insular axis. We found that despite lower food consumption and lower body weight postprandial GLP-1 plasma concentrations were increased in CB1(-/-) mice compared to CB1(+/+) mice administered a standard diet or high fat/sugar diet. Upon exogenous GLP-1 treatment, CB1(-/-) mice had increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In mouse insulinoma cells, cannabinoids reduced GLP-1R-mediated intracellular cAMP accumulation and subsequent insulin secretion. Importantly, such effects were also evident in human islets, and were prevented by pharmacologic blockade of CB1. Collectively, these findings suggest a novel mechanism in which endocannabinoids are negative modulators of incretin-mediated insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wook Kim
- National Institute on Aging/NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwan 443-749, South Korea.
| | - Michael Rouse
- National Institute on Aging/NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- National Institute on Aging/NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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11
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Lu D, Dopart R, Kendall DA. Controlled downregulation of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor provides a promising approach for the treatment of obesity and obesity-derived type 2 diabetes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:1-7. [PMID: 26498013 PMCID: PMC4679742 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased activity of the endocannabinoid system has emerged as a pathogenic factor in visceral obesity, which is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The endocannabinoid system is composed of at least two Gprotein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), and the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2). Downregulation of CB1 activity in rodents and humans has proven efficacious to reduce food intake, abdominal adiposity, fasting glucose levels, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Unfortunately, downregulation of CB1 activity by universally active CB1 inverse agonists has been found to elicit psychiatric side effects, which led to the termination of using globally active CB1 inverse agonists to treat diet-induced obesity. Interestingly, preclinical studies have shown that downregulation of CB1 activity by CB1 neutral antagonists or peripherally restricted CB1 inverse agonists provided similar anorectic effects and metabolic benefits without psychiatric side effects seen in globally active CB1 inverse agonists. Furthermore, downregulation of CB1 activity may ease endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress which are contributors to obesity-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This suggests new approaches for cannabinoid-based therapy in the management of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Lu
- Rangel College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Rachel Dopart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3092, USA
| | - Debra A Kendall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3092, USA.
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12
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Bermudez-Silva FJ, Romero-Zerbo SY, Haissaguerre M, Ruz-Maldonado I, Lhamyani S, El Bekay R, Tabarin A, Marsicano G, Cota D. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor and mTORC1 signalling pathways interact to modulate glucose homeostasis in mice. Dis Model Mech 2015; 9:51-61. [PMID: 26563389 PMCID: PMC4728331 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an intercellular signalling mechanism that is present in the islets of Langerhans and plays a role in the modulation of insulin secretion and expansion of the β-cell mass. The downstream signalling pathways mediating these effects are poorly understood. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling is a key intracellular pathway involved in energy homeostasis and is known to importantly affect the physiology of pancreatic islets. We investigated the possible relationship between cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor signalling and the mTORC1 pathway in the endocrine pancreas of mice by using pharmacological analysis as well as mice genetically lacking the CB1 receptor or the downstream target of mTORC1, the kinase p70S6K1. In vitro static secretion experiments on islets, western blotting, and in vivo glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. The CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at 0.1 µM while increasing phosphorylation of p70S6K1 and ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) within the islets. Specific pharmacological blockade of mTORC1 by 3 nM rapamycin, as well as genetic deletion of p70S6K1, impaired the CB1-antagonist-mediated decrease in GSIS. In vivo experiments showed that 3 mg/kg body weight rimonabant decreased insulin levels and induced glucose intolerance in lean mice without altering peripheral insulin sensitivity; this effect was prevented by peripheral administration of low doses of rapamycin (0.1 mg/kg body weight), which increased insulin sensitivity. These findings suggest a functional interaction between the ECS and the mTORC1 pathway within the endocrine pancreas and at the whole-organism level, which could have implications for the development of new therapeutic approaches for pancreatic β-cell diseases. Summary: Evidence supporting a functional interaction between the endocannabinoid system and the mTORC1 pathway within the endocrine pancreas, which could have implications for the development of new therapeutic approaches for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Bermudez-Silva
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29009, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga 29009, Spain INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux F-33000, France Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Silvana Y Romero-Zerbo
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29009, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga 29009, Spain
| | - Magalie Haissaguerre
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux F-33000, France Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Inmaculada Ruz-Maldonado
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29009, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga 29009, Spain
| | - Said Lhamyani
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29009, Spain
| | - Rajaa El Bekay
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29009, Spain
| | - Antoine Tabarin
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux F-33000, France Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux F-33000, France Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie, maladies métaboliques et nutrition, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac F-33604, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux F-33000, France Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux F-33000, France Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux F-33000, France
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13
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Cristino L, Becker T, Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoids and energy homeostasis: an update. Biofactors 2014; 40:389-97. [PMID: 24752980 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a widespread intercellular signaling system that plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, meant as the precise matching of caloric intake with energy expenditure which normally keeps body weight stable over time. Complex interactions between environmental and neurohormonal systems directly contribute to the balance of energy homeostasis. This review highlights established and more recent data on the brain circuits in which the ECS plays an important regulatory role, with focus on the hypothalamus, a region where numerous interacting systems regulating feeding, satiety, stress, and other motivational states coexist. Although not meant as an exhaustive review of the field, this article will discuss how endocannabinoid tone, in addition to reinforcing reward circuitries and modulating food intake and the salience of food, controls lipid and glucose metabolism in several peripheral organs, particularly the liver and adipose tissue. Direct actions in the skeletal muscle and pancreas are also emerging and are briefly discussed. This review provides new perspectives into endocannabinoid control of the neurochemical causes and consequences of energy homeostasis imbalance, a knowledge that might lead to new potential treatments for obesity and related morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy
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14
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Romero-Zerbo SY, Bermúdez-Silva FJ. Cannabinoids, eating behaviour, and energy homeostasis. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:52-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Y. Romero-Zerbo
- Laboratorio de Investigación; Hospital Regional de Málaga-IBIMA, Plaza del Hospital Civil s/n; 29009 Málaga Spain
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Civil, Pabellón 1, sótano; 29009 Málaga Spain
| | - Francisco J. Bermúdez-Silva
- Laboratorio de Investigación; Hospital Regional de Málaga-IBIMA, Plaza del Hospital Civil s/n; 29009 Málaga Spain
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Civil, Pabellón 1, sótano; 29009 Málaga Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); Málaga Spain
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15
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Jin SM, Oh BJ, Lee S, Choi JM, Yang SJ, Park SW, Kim KW, Kim JH, Park CY. Reduced food intake is the major contributor to the protective effect of rimonabant on islet in established obesity-associated type 2 diabetes. Yonsei Med J 2013; 54:1127-36. [PMID: 23918561 PMCID: PMC3743202 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2013.54.5.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the presence of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor in islets has been reported, the major contributor to the protective effect of rimonabant on islet morphology is unknown. We determined whether the protective effect of rimonabant on pancreatic islet morphology is valid in established diabetes and also whether any effect was independent of decreased food intake. MATERIALS AND METHODS After diabetes was confirmed, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats, aged 32 weeks, were treated with rimonabant (30 mg/kg/d, rimonabant group) for 6 weeks. Metabolic profiles and islet morphology of rats treated with rimonabant were compared with those of controls without treatment (control group), a pair-fed control group, and rats treated with rosiglitazone (4 mg/kg/d, rosiglitazone group). RESULTS Compared to the control group, rats treated with rimonabant exhibited reduced glycated albumin levels (p<0.001), islet fibrosis (p<0.01), and improved glucose tolerance (p< 0.05), with no differences from the pair-fed control group. The retroperitoneal adipose tissue mass was lower in the rimonabant group than those of the pair-fed control and rosiglitazone groups (p<0.05). Rimonabant, pair-fed control, and rosiglitazone groups showed decreased insulin resistance and increased adiponectin, with no differences between the rimonabant and pair-fed control groups. CONCLUSION Rimonabant had a protective effect on islet morphology in vivo even in established diabetes. However, the protective effect was also reproduced by pair-feeding. Thus, the results of this study did not support the significance of islet CB1 receptors in islet protection with rimonabant in established obesity-associated type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Man Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bae Jun Oh
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suel Lee
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Mook Choi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Young Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Chronic activation of cannabinoid receptors in vitro does not compromise mouse islet function. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 124:467-78. [PMID: 23078523 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that mouse and human islets express ECS (endocannabinoid system) elements, and that short-term activation of islet cannabinoid CB1r and CB2r (cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors respectively) stimulates insulin secretion in vitro. There is evidence that the ECS is overactive in Type 2 diabetes, impairing glucose homoeostasis, but little is known about whether it is implicated in islet dysfunction. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of chronic exposure of isolated mouse islets to cannabinoid receptor agonists on islet gene expression and function. Quantitative RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR) indicated that mRNAs encoding synthesis [NAPE-PLD (N-acyl-phosphatidyl ethanolamide-hydrolysing phospholipase D)] and degradation [FAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase)] of the endocannabinoid AEA (anandamide) were the most abundant ECS elements in mouse islets, with much lower levels of CB1r, CB2r, DAGL (diacylglycerol lipase) and MAGL (monoacylglycerol lipase) mRNAs. Maintenance of islets for up to 7 days in the presence of the CB1r agonist ACEA [N-(2-chloroethyl)-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eiscosatetraenamide] or the CB2r agonist JWH015 [(2-methyl-1propyl-1H-indol3-yl)-1-napthalenylmethanone] did not compromise islet viability, as assessed by islet morphology and caspase activities, but there were some changes in mRNAs encoding ECS components. Neither glucose-stimulated insulin secretion nor acute insulin secretory responses to ACEA or JWH015 at 16 mM glucose were substantially modified by a 48 h or 7 day pre-exposure to these cannabinoid receptor agonists, but the stimulation of secretion at 3 mM glucose by 100 nM ACEA was significantly reduced after prolonged treatment with ACEA. Despite JWH015-induced reductions in islet glucagon content at 48 h and 7 days, there were no reductions in arginine-induced glucagon secretion from islets pre-exposed to JWH015 or ACEA. These data indicate that treatment of islets with agonists of CB1r and CB2r for up to 7 days does not have any major impact on islet function, suggesting that the impairments in glucose homoeostasis observed following overactivation of the ECS should be sought in relation to insulin resistance rather than β-cell dysfunction.
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17
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Rohrbach K, Thomas MA, Glick S, Fung EN, Wang V, Watson L, Gregory P, Antel J, Pelleymounter MA. Ibipinabant attenuates β-cell loss in male Zucker diabetic fatty rats independently of its effects on body weight. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14:555-64. [PMID: 22268426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM To test the antidiabetic efficacy of ibipinabant, this new cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist was compared with food-restriction-induced weight loss, rosiglitazone (4 mg/kg) and rimonabant (3 and 10 mg/kg), using parameters of glycaemic control in male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. METHODS Body weight, food and water intake, fasted and non-fasted glucose and insulin, glucose tolerance and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were all assessed over the course of the 9-week study. Pancreatic insulin content and islet area were also evaluated. RESULTS At the end of the study, vehicle-treated ZDF rats were severely hyperglycaemic and showed signs of β-cell decline, including dramatic reductions in unfasted insulin levels. Ibipinanbant (10 mg/kg) reduced the following relative to vehicle controls: fasting glucose (-61%), glucose excursion area under the curve (AUC) in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT, -44%) and HbA1c (-50%). Furthermore, non-fasting insulin, islet area and islet insulin content were all increased (71, 40 and 76%, respectively) relative to vehicle controls by the end of the study. All of these effects were similar to those of rimonabant and rosiglitazone, where ibipinabant was slightly more effective than rimonabant at the lowest dose and somewhat less effective than rosiglitazone at all doses. These antidiabetic effects appear independent of weight loss because none of the parameters above were consistently improved by the comparable weight loss induced by food restriction. CONCLUSIONS Ibipinabant may have weight loss-independent antidiabetic effects and may have the potential to attenuate β-cell loss in a model of progressive β-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rohrbach
- Department of Metabolic Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Hopewell, NJ, USA
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18
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Lynch CJ, Zhou Q, Shyng SL, Heal DJ, Cheetham SC, Dickinson K, Gregory P, Firnges M, Nordheim U, Goshorn S, Reiche D, Turski L, Antel J. Some cannabinoid receptor ligands and their distomers are direct-acting openers of SUR1 K(ATP) channels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E540-51. [PMID: 22167524 PMCID: PMC3311290 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00250.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Here, we examined the chronic effects of two cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1) inverse agonists, rimonabant and ibipinabant, in hyperinsulinemic Zucker rats to determine their chronic effects on insulinemia. Rimonabant and ibipinabant (10 mg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹) elicited body weight-independent improvements in insulinemia and glycemia during 10 wk of chronic treatment. To elucidate the mechanism of insulin lowering, acute in vivo and in vitro studies were then performed. Surprisingly, chronic treatment was not required for insulin lowering. In acute in vivo and in vitro studies, the CB1 inverse agonists exhibited acute K channel opener (KCO; e.g., diazoxide and NN414)-like effects on glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) with approximately fivefold better potency than diazoxide. Followup studies implied that these effects were inconsistent with a CB1-mediated mechanism. Thus effects of several CB1 agonists, inverse agonists, and distomers during GTTs or GSIS studies using perifused rat islets were unpredictable from their known CB1 activities. In vivo rimonabant and ibipinabant caused glucose intolerance in CB1 but not SUR1-KO mice. Electrophysiological studies indicated that, compared with diazoxide, 3 μM rimonabant and ibipinabant are partial agonists for K channel opening. Partial agonism was consistent with data from radioligand binding assays designed to detect SUR1 K(ATP) KCOs where rimonabant and ibipinabant allosterically regulated ³H-glibenclamide-specific binding in the presence of MgATP, as did diazoxide and NN414. Our findings indicate that some CB1 ligands may directly bind and allosterically regulate Kir6.2/SUR1 K(ATP) channels like other KCOs. This mechanism appears to be compatible with and may contribute to their acute and chronic effects on GSIS and insulinemia.
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MESH Headings
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/agonists
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Allosteric Regulation
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/adverse effects
- Anti-Obesity Agents/chemistry
- Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cricetinae
- Glucose Intolerance/chemically induced
- Glucose Intolerance/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Islets of Langerhans/drug effects
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Ligands
- Male
- Membrane Transport Modulators/adverse effects
- Membrane Transport Modulators/chemistry
- Membrane Transport Modulators/pharmacology
- Membrane Transport Modulators/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Obese
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/agonists
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/genetics
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Zucker
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptors, Drug/agonists
- Receptors, Drug/genetics
- Receptors, Drug/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/agonists
- Recombinant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Stereoisomerism
- Sulfonylurea Receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lynch
- Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Li C, Jones PM, Persaud SJ. Role of the endocannabinoid system in food intake, energy homeostasis and regulation of the endocrine pancreas. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 129:307-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Lindborg KA, Jacob S, Henriksen EJ. Effects of Chronic Antagonism of Endocannabinoid-1 Receptors on Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Action in Skeletal Muscles of Lean and Obese Zucker Rats. Cardiorenal Med 2011; 1:31-44. [PMID: 22258464 DOI: 10.1159/000322826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Antagonism of the endocannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1R) directly improves whole-body metabolic parameters of insulin resistance. The present investigation determined the effects of chronic CB1R antagonism on whole-body and skeletal-muscle insulin action in insulin-sensitive lean and insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats. METHODS Animals were either fed ad libitum or in pairs, or treated with SR141716 (10 mg/kg i.p. for 14 days). RESULTS Food intake was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) after initial SR141716 treatment and remained decreased in both lean and obese animals until day 13. Fasting plasma glucose decreased (24%) and insulin increased (43%) in lean SR141716-treated (24%) rats compared to lean ad libitum-fed controls, but not in the corresponding obese groups. Fasting plasma free fatty acids were reduced by CB1R antagonism in lean (21%) and obese (42%) animals. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was increased (36%) in obese SR141716-treated rats compared to obese ad libitum-fed controls, which was associated with reduced insulin secretion during an oral glucose tolerance test. Insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity in the soleus was greatest in the respective SR141716-treated lean and obese groups compared to the corresponding ad libitum- and pair-fed controls. Chronic SR141716 treatment did not induce alterations in signaling factors associated with the regulation of glucose transport [protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase-3β, 5'-AMP-dependent protein kinase, or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase] in the soleus. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that, while the chronic treatment with CB1R antagonism markedly diminished food intake in lean and obese Zucker rats, there are also significant metabolic improvements in whole-body and skeletal-muscle insulin action mediated by CB1R antagonism through mechanisms independent of reduced caloric intake.
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Vilches-Flores A, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Villalobos-Molina R. CB1 cannabinoid receptor expression is regulated by glucose and feeding in rat pancreatic islets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 163:81-7. [PMID: 20451564 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system is involved in food intake and energy balance. Beside the hypothalamus, pancreatic islet also expresses CB1 cannabinoid receptor, however little is known about its physiological role and regulation. Since gene expression of many specific proteins of the islet depends on the concentration of glucose, we studied CB1 receptor expression in response to fasting and feeding. Whole pancreas or islets were isolated from food-deprived adult Wistar rats, with or without a previous 1.5 g/kg glucose oral-intake. CB1, insulin and glucagon expressions were analyzed by confocal immunofluorescence and PCR. In vitro, rat islets were cultured at different glucose concentrations, in the presence of anandamide, or with Rimonabant analog BAR-1. CB1, insulin, glucagon, glucokinase, and PDX-1 expression were determined by real-time RT-PCR, and insulin secretion and islet content by ELISA. CB1 expression in pancreatic islets is upregulated during food restriction, and decreases in response to glucose intake or feeding. In cultured islets, 16 mmol/l glucose, BAR-1, and anandamide at low glucose reduced CB1 mRNA. Insulin, glucagon, glucokinase and PDX-1 expression increased in islets treated with anandamide at low glucose, while BAR-1 modified PDX-1 and glucagon mRNA at high glucose. Basal insulin secretion and insulin content in islets increased with anandamide, but not the glucose-stimulated response. Our results suggest that the endocannabinoid system has an important role in gene expression on islets and its close relationship with glucose response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Vilches-Flores
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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Jourdan T, Djaouti L, Demizieux L, Gresti J, Vergès B, Degrace P. CB1 antagonism exerts specific molecular effects on visceral and subcutaneous fat and reverses liver steatosis in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetes 2010; 59:926-34. [PMID: 20110567 PMCID: PMC2844840 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The beneficial effects of the inactivation of endocannabinoid system (ECS) by administration of antagonists of the cannabinoid receptor (CB) 1 on several pathological features associated with obesity is well demonstrated, but the relative contribution of central versus peripheral mechanisms is unclear. We examined the impact of CB1 antagonism on liver and adipose tissue lipid metabolism in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Mice were fed either with a standard diet or a high-sucrose high-fat (HSHF) diet for 19 weeks and then treated with the CB1-specific antagonist SR141716 (10 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) for 6 weeks. RESULTS Treatment with SR141716 reduced fat mass, insulin levels, and liver triglycerides primarily increased by HSHF feeding. Serum adiponectin levels were restored after being reduced in HSHF mice. Gene expression of scavenger receptor class B type I and hepatic lipase was induced by CB1 blockade and associated with an increase in HDL-cholesteryl ether uptake. Concomitantly, the expression of CB1, which was strongly increased in the liver and adipose tissue of HSHF mice, was totally normalized by the treatment. Interestingly, in visceral but not subcutaneous fat, genes involved in transport, synthesis, oxidation, and release of fatty acids were upregulated by HSHF feeding, while this effect was counteracted by CB1 antagonism. CONCLUSIONS A reduction in the CB1-mediated ECS activity in visceral fat is associated with a normalization of adipocyte metabolism, which may be a determining factor in the reversion of liver steatosis induced by treatment with SR141716.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Jourdan
- From the Unité Mixte de Recherche 866 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale–Université de Bourgogne, Team Physiopathology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Louiza Djaouti
- From the Unité Mixte de Recherche 866 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale–Université de Bourgogne, Team Physiopathology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Demizieux
- From the Unité Mixte de Recherche 866 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale–Université de Bourgogne, Team Physiopathology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Joseph Gresti
- From the Unité Mixte de Recherche 866 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale–Université de Bourgogne, Team Physiopathology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Vergès
- From the Unité Mixte de Recherche 866 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale–Université de Bourgogne, Team Physiopathology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Pascal Degrace
- From the Unité Mixte de Recherche 866 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale–Université de Bourgogne, Team Physiopathology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
- Corresponding author: Pascal Degrace,
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