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Zhu X, Zhang D, Wang Y, Wang C, Liu X, Niu Y. Study on the signaling pathways involved in the anti-hyperglycemic effect of raspberry ketone on zebrafish using integrative transcriptome and metabolome analyses. Food Funct 2024. [PMID: 39189875 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01675k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia leads to increased oxidative stress in mitochondria, an abnormal activation of intracellular inflammatory signals, and mediate multiple dysfunctions. Raspberry ketone (RK) is an aromatic phenolic compound found in many plants and could contribute to weight loss, restore impaired glucose tolerance, and has antioxidant properties. In our investigation, RK could greatly prevent islet, brain and other tissue damage caused by hyperglycemia in a zebrafish model with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia. Body weight, insulin level, and food intake indexes were also restored by RK. Using transcriptome profiling, we found that RK administration could significantly attenuate STZ-induced insulin synthesis and pancreatic secretion as well as alter protein and carbohydrate metabolism. Metabolomics analysis results showed that RK could also prevent STZ-induced metabolic disorders, such as adenosine and sphingolipid metabolism. Integrative analysis of metabolome and transcriptome data and qRT-PCR validation of key metabolic regulatory genes (glut1, glut2, ctrb1, ccka, gck, pklr) confirmed that the purine pathway was the most enriched metabolic pathway, in which both metabolite accumulation and gene expression levels showed consistent change patterns upon RK treatment. Our study provides a new perspective for understanding the hypoglycemic mechanism of RK and may be helpful for investigating the modes of action of hypoglycemic drugs using the zebrafish hyperglycemia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Zhu
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China.
- Department of Scientific Research, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Dengcai Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Pathology Center, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Chuangxin Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Food and Drug Control, Lanzhou 740050, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yicong Niu
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
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2
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Abdelwahab AH, Negm AM, Mahmoud ES, Salama RM, Schaalan MF, El-Sheikh AAK, Ramadan BK. The cardioprotective effects of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (flaxseed lignan) against cafeteria diet-induced cardiac fibrosis and vascular injury in rats: an insight into apelin/AMPK/FOXO3a signaling pathways. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1199294. [PMID: 37497114 PMCID: PMC10367100 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1199294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Fast food is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Apelin, the endogenous adipokine, can protect against cardiovascular disease via activating its receptor, APJ. Concurrently, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), a flaxseed lignan extract (FLE), showed a therapeutic impact on atherosclerosis. The current study aimed to examine the effect of SDG on cafeteria diet (CAFD)-induced vascular injury and cardiac fibrosis via tracking the involvement of the apelin/APJ pathway. Methods: Thirty male rats were allocated into control, FLE-, CAFD-, CAFD/FLE-, and CAFD/FLE/F13A-treated rats, where F13A is an APJ blocker. All treatments lasted for 12 weeks. Results and discussion: The CAFD-induced cardiovascular injury was evidenced by histological distortions, dyslipidemia, elevated atherogenic indices, cardiac troponin I, collagen percentage, glycogen content, and apoptotic markers. CAFD increased both the gene and protein expression levels of cardiac APJ, apelin, and FOXO3a, in addition to increasing endothelin-1, VCAM1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 serum levels and upregulating cardiac MMP-9 gene expression. Moreover, CAFD reduced serum paraoxonase 1 and nitric oxide levels, cardiac AMPK, and nuclear Nrf2 expression. FLE attenuated CAFD-induced cardiovascular injury. Such effect was reduced in rats receiving the APJ blocker, implicating the involvement of apelin/APJ in FLE protective mechanisms. Conclusion: FLE supplementation abrogated CAFD-induced cardiac injury and endothelial dysfunction in an apelin/APJ-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza H. Abdelwahab
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira M. Negm
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman S. Mahmoud
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M. Salama
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona F. Schaalan
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Clinical and Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza A. K. El-Sheikh
- Basic Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma K. Ramadan
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Uramaru N, Kawashima A, Osabe M, Higuchi T. Rhododendrol, a reductive metabolite of raspberry ketone, suppresses the differentiation of 3T3‑L1 cells into adipocytes. Mol Med Rep 2023; 27:51. [PMID: 36633126 PMCID: PMC9879071 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a serious medical condition worldwide, and a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cancer and cardiovascular disease. In addition to changes in dietary habits and physical activity, consuming supplements to maintain good health and prevent obesity is important in modern society. Raspberry ketone (RK) is a natural phenolic ketone found in the European red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and is hypothesized to prevent obesity when administered orally. The present study found that RK was reduced to rhododendrol (ROH) in human liver microsomes and cytosol. The present study investigated whether the metabolite ROH had anti‑adipogenic effects using mouse 3T3‑L1 cells. The effects of ROH or RK on lipid accumulation during differentiation of 3T3‑L1 pre‑adipocyte into adipocyte were determined using Oil Red O staining. CCAAT enhancer‑binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ (PPARγ) mRNA and protein expression were examined using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting analysis, respectively. The present study revealed that ROH suppressed lipid accumulation in the cells, similar to RK. In addition, ROH suppressed the mRNA expression levels of C/EBPα and PPARγ in 3T3‑L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, ROH suppressed PPARγ protein expression in 3T3‑L1 adipocytes. These findings suggested that ROH is an active metabolite with an anti‑adipogenic effect, which may contribute to the anti‑obesity effect of orally administered RK. The present study indicated that it is important to understand the biological activity of the metabolites of orally administered compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Uramaru
- Division of Pharmaceutical Health Biosciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Azusa Kawashima
- Division of Pharmaceutical Health Biosciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Makoto Osabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Health Biosciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Higuchi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Health Biosciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama 362-0806, Japan,Correspondence to: Professor Toshiyuki Higuchi, Division of Pharmaceutical Health Biosciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan, E-mail:
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4
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da Silva IV, Soveral G. Aquaporins in Obesity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:289-302. [PMID: 36717502 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most important metabolic disorders of this century and is associated with a cluster of the most dangerous cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as insulin resistance and diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, collectively named Metabolic Syndrome. The role of aquaporins (AQP) in glycerol metabolism facilitating glycerol release from the adipose tissue and distribution to various tissues and organs unveils these membrane channels as important players in lipid balance and energy homeostasis and points to their involvement in a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms including insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes. This review summarizes the physiologic role of aquaglyceroporins in glycerol metabolism and lipid homeostasis, describing their specific tissue distribution, involvement in glycerol balance, and implication in obesity and fat-related metabolic complications. The development of specify pharmacologic modulators able to regulate aquaglyceroporins expression and function, in particular AQP7 in adipose tissue, might constitute a novel approach for controlling obesity and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês V da Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Graça Soveral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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5
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Plaza A, Merino B, Ruiz-Gayo M. Cholecystokinin promotes functional expression of the aquaglycerol channel aquaporin 7 in adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4092-4106. [PMID: 35366004 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cholecystokinin (CCK) promotes triglyceride storage and adiponectin production in white adipose tissue (WAT), suggesting that CCK modulates WAT homeostasis. Our goal was to investigate the role of CCK in regulating the expression and function of the aquaglycerol channel aquaporin 7 (AQP7), a protein that is pivotal for maintaining adipocyte homeostasis and preserving insulin responsiveness. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of the bioactive fragment of CCK, CCK-8, in regulating adipose AQP7 expression and glycerol efflux was assessed in rats as well as in pre-adipocytes. Moreover, the involvement of insulin receptors in the effects of CCK-8 was characterized in pre-adipocytes lacking insulin receptors. KEY RESULTS CCK-8 induced AQP7 gene expression in rat WAT, concomitantly increasing plasma glycerol concentration. In isolated pre-adipocytes, CCK-8 also enhanced both AQP7 expression and glycerol leakage. The effect of CCK-8 was independent of the lipolysis rate, as CCK-8 failed to promote fatty acid release by adipocytes. In addition, CCK-8 did not enhance hormone sensitive lipase phosphorylation, which is the rate-limiting step of lipolysis. Moreover, the effects of CCK-8 were dependent on the activation of protein kinase B and PPARγ. Silencing insulin receptor (IR) expression inhibited CCK-8-induced Aqp7 expression in pre-adipocytes. Furthermore, insulin enhanceded the effect of CCK-8. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CCK regulates AQP7 expression and function, and this effect is dependent on insulin. Accordingly, CCK receptor agonists could be suitable for preserving and improving insulin responsiveness in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Plaza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU - San Pablo. CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Bioactive Products and Metabolic Syndrome, IMDEA Food Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Merino
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU - San Pablo. CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Ruiz-Gayo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU - San Pablo. CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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Abdel-Mottaleb Y, Ali HS, El-Kherbetawy MK, Elkazzaz AY, ElSayed MH, Elshormilisy A, Eltrawy AH, Abed SY, Alshahrani AM, Hashish AA, Alamri ES, Zaitone SA. Saponin-rich extract of Tribulus terrestris alleviates systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in dietary obese female rats: Impact on adipokine/hormonal disturbances. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Pimpão C, Wragg D, da Silva IV, Casini A, Soveral G. Aquaglyceroporin Modulators as Emergent Pharmacological Molecules for Human Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:845237. [PMID: 35187089 PMCID: PMC8850838 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.845237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaglyceroporins, a sub-class of aquaporins that facilitate the diffusion of water, glycerol and other small uncharged solutes across cell membranes, have been recognized for their important role in human physiology and their involvement in multiple disorders, mostly related to disturbed energy homeostasis. Aquaglyceroporins dysfunction in a variety of pathological conditions highlighted their targeting as novel therapeutic strategies, boosting the search for potent and selective modulators with pharmacological properties. The identification of selective inhibitors with potential clinical applications has been challenging, relying on accurate assays to measure membrane glycerol permeability and validate effective functional blockers. Additionally, biologicals such as hormones and natural compounds have been revealed as alternative strategies to modulate aquaglyceroporins via their gene and protein expression. This review summarizes the current knowledge of aquaglyceroporins’ involvement in several pathologies and the experimental approaches used to evaluate glycerol permeability and aquaglyceroporin modulation. In addition, we provide an update on aquaglyceroporins modulators reported to impact disease, unveiling aquaglyceroporin pharmacological targeting as a promising approach for innovative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Pimpão
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Darren Wragg
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Inês V. da Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Angela Casini
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Angela Casini, ; Graça Soveral,
| | - Graça Soveral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Angela Casini, ; Graça Soveral,
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8
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Yang XD, Ge XC, Jiang SY, Yang YY. Potential lipolytic regulators derived from natural products as effective approaches to treat obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1000739. [PMID: 36176469 PMCID: PMC9513423 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemic obesity is contributing to increases in the prevalence of obesity-related metabolic diseases and has, therefore, become an important public health problem. Adipose tissue is a vital energy storage organ that regulates whole-body energy metabolism. Triglyceride degradation in adipocytes is called lipolysis. It is closely tied to obesity and the metabolic disorders associated with it. Various natural products such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids regulate lipolysis and can promote weight loss or improve obesity-related metabolic conditions. It is important to identify the specific secondary metabolites that are most effective at reducing weight and the health risks associated with obesity and lipolysis regulation. The aims of this review were to identify, categorize, and clarify the modes of action of a wide diversity of plant secondary metabolites that have demonstrated prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against obesity by regulating lipolysis. The present review explores the regulatory mechanisms of lipolysis and summarizes the effects and modes of action of various natural products on this process. We propose that the discovery and development of natural product-based lipolysis regulators could diminish the risks associated with obesity and certain metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ding Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing-Cheng Ge
- Xiangxing College, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Si-Yi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Yueyang Vocational Technical College, YueYang, China
| | - Yong-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Central of Translational Medical and Innovative Drug, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-Yu Yang,
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9
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Mogharnasi M, Sabzevari F, Golestani F. Effect of 6 weeks Pilates training along with dill supplementation on serum concentrations of nesfatin-1, lipocalin-2, and insulin resistance in females with overweight and obesity: A randomized controlled trial. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 27:59. [PMID: 36353338 PMCID: PMC9639718 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_612_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of 6 weeks’ pilates training along with dill supplementation on serum concentrations of nesfatin-1, lipocaline-2, and insulin resistance in females with overweight and obesity. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled trial study, 45 overweight and obese females are randomly assigned to four groups: Pilates training + dill group (PDG) (n = 12), pilates training + placebo group (PPG) (n = 11), dill supplementation group (DG) (n = 11), and placebo group (PG) (n = 11). Participants of PDG and PPG performed pilates training for 6 weeks (60 min, 3 sessions per week). PDG and DG received dill tablet (three times a day, 6 weeks). Anthropometric measurements, glycemic markers, and blood samples were assessed before (pretest) and after (posttest) 6 weeks of intervention. Results: Results showed a significant increase in serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 in PDG compared to pretest (P = 0.001). Differences in the serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 in PDG were greater than PPG, DG, and PG (P = 0.01). Furthermore, results found in significant reduction in serum concentrations of lipocalin-2, body mass index (BMI), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) in PDG, PPG, and DG as compared to pretest (P > 0.05). Fasting glucose plasma (FGP) was significantly decreased in all three intervention groups PDG (P < 0.001), PPG (P < 0.001), and DG (P < 0.001) as compared to pretest. Differences in FGP were significantly higher in PDG than PPG, DG, and PG (P = 0.001). A significant reduction was found for insulin only in PDG after 6 weeks of intervention as compared to pretest (P = 0.03). Insulin resistance significantly decreased in PDG (P = 0.03) and PPG (P = 0.04) as compared to pretest. Body fat percent (BFP) was significantly decreased in PDG (P = 0.003), PPG (P = 0.006), and DG (P = 0.01). However, there were no significant inter-group differences in insulin resistance, insulin, serum concentrations of lipocalin-2, BMI, BFP, and WHR after 6 weeks of Pilates training along with dill supplementation (P > 0.05). Conclusion: We concluded that 6 weeks of Pilates training along with dill may be beneficial for improvements in serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 and FGP.
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10
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Piña-Contreras N, Martínez-Moreno AG, Ramírez-Anaya JDP, Espinoza-Gallardo AC, Valdés EHM. Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), a Promising Alternative in the Treatment of Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemias. J Med Food 2021; 25:121-129. [PMID: 34941428 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Raspberry production and consumption have increased in recent years due to its polyphenol content such as anthocyanins and ketones, bioactive compounds that have been studied to reduce blood glucose levels and stabilize the blood lipid profile. The objective of this study was to systematically recover and review scientific evidence regarding the consumption of raspberry or its bioactive compounds and the action mechanisms involved in the hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects they present. Original articles from in vitro and in vivo enzyme inhibition studies, animal models, and human clinical studies were compiled in PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases. Studies showed satisfactory results regarding blood glucose level reduction after consumption of frozen or lyophilized raspberry, infusion of raspberry leaves, seed oil, as well as compounds, extracted from the fruit by inhibiting enzymes such as α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and other mechanisms that increase insulin production and insulin sensitivity. However, regarding the lipid-lowering effect, the results were heterogeneous, mainly in terms of stabilization in triglyceride levels. However, a reduction in cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels is reported, as well as an increase in high-density lipoproteins. According to the results, raspberry can be included in the nonpharmacological treatment of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemias; however, further research is considered necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Piña-Contreras
- Behavioral Feeding and Nutrition Research Institute (IICAN), South University Center, University of Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alma Gabriela Martínez-Moreno
- Behavioral Feeding and Nutrition Research Institute (IICAN), South University Center, University of Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jessica Del Pilar Ramírez-Anaya
- Department of Computational Sciences and Technological Innovation, South University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana Cristina Espinoza-Gallardo
- Behavioral Feeding and Nutrition Research Institute (IICAN), South University Center, University of Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Elia Herminia Miramontes Valdés
- Behavioral Feeding and Nutrition Research Institute (IICAN), South University Center, University of Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, Mexico
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11
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Li X, Wei T, Wu M, Chen F, Zhang P, Deng ZY, Luo T. Potential metabolic activities of raspberry ketone. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e14018. [PMID: 34913499 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Novel food and food compounds interventions have attracted a lot of attention nowadays for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. Raspberry ketone (RK) is aromatic compound found within red fruits and berries, has been used as an over-the-counter product for weight loss. However, actually, the effect of RK on weight loss is still controversial, and the mechanism is largely unknown. Besides, in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of RK on the development of other metabolic diseases. In this review, we comprehensively highlighted the synthesis, bioavailability, and metabolism of RK, and summarized the progress made in our understanding of the potential biological activities of RK, including antiobesity, antidiabetes, cardioprotection, and hepatoprotection, as well as their underlying mechanisms. This paper provides a critical overview about the current findings and proposes the future studies in the area of RK on human health. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Raspberry ketone (RK) has been used for weight control for years, but this effect is controversial considering food intake. Additionally, RK is beneficial for T2DM, liver and heart injury. The underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of RK including accelerating fatty acid oxidation, balancing serum glucose level, anti-inflammation, antioxidant process, and so on. In this context, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the benefits of RK against many metabolic diseases and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms. We hope our work will be helpful for further researches on RK and improve its public recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Teng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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12
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Hao L, Bello NT. Reduced Body Fat and Epididymal Adipose Apelin Expression Associated With Raspberry Ketone [4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone] Weight Gain Prevention in High-Fat-Diet Fed Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:771816. [PMID: 34887778 PMCID: PMC8650585 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Raspberry ketone [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone] is a natural aromatic compound found in raspberries and other fruits. Raspberry ketone (RK) is synthetically produced for use as a commercial flavoring agent. In the United States and other markets, it is sold as a dietary supplement for weight control. The potential of RK to reduce or prevent excessive weight gain is unclear and could be a convergence of several different actions. This study sought to determine whether acute RK can immediately delay carbohydrate hyperglycemia and reduce gastrointestinal emptying. In addition, we explored the metabolic signature of chronic RK to prevent or remedy the metabolic effects of diet-induced weight gain. In high-fat diet (HFD; 45% fat)-fed male mice, acute oral gavage of RK (200 mg/kg) reduced hyperglycemia from oral sucrose load (4 g/kg) at 15 min. In HFD-fed female mice, acute oral RK resulted in an increase in blood glucose at 30 min. Chronic daily oral gavage of RK (200 mg/kg) commencing with HFD access (HFD_RK) for 11 weeks resulted in less body weight gain and reduced fat mass compared with vehicle treated (HFD_Veh) and chronic RK starting 4 weeks after HFD access (HFD_RKw4) groups. Compared with a control group fed a low-fat diet (LFD; 10% fat) and dosed with vehicle (LFD_Veh), glucose AUC of an oral glucose tolerance test was increased with HFD_Veh, but not in HFD_RK or HFD_RKw4. Apelin (Apln) gene expression in epididymal white adipose tissue was increased in HFD_Veh, but reduced to LFD_Veh levels in the HFD_RK group. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (Ppara) gene expression was increased in the hepatic tissue of HFD_RK and HFD_RKw4 groups. Overall, our findings suggest that long term daily use of RK prevents diet-induced weight gain, normalizes high-fat diet-induced adipose Apln, and increases hepatic Ppara expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Hao
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Nicholas T Bello
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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13
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Effects of Dietary Red Raspberry Consumption on Pre-Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Parameters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179364. [PMID: 34501954 PMCID: PMC8431376 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by glucose clearance abnormalities and insufficient insulin response. Left uncontrolled, T2DM can result in serious complications and death. With no cure available currently and the prevalence of major risk factors such as pre-diabetes and the metabolic syndrome continuously increasing, there is an urgent need for effective treatments with limited or no side effects. Red raspberries (RR) contain various phytonutrients with potential for modulating insulin function, glucose, and lipid metabolism. The objective of this literature review was to investigate the potential metabolic benefits of dietary RR in individuals with T2DM and pre-diabetes. A search of major scientific databases was employed to identify peer-reviewed, in vivo, or human studies that utilized whole RR or its functional constituents as treatment. The studies examined provide evidence that RR may offer clinically beneficial effects for the prevention and management of chronic diseases through improvements in glucose handling and insulin sensitivity, adiposity, lipid profiles, ectopic lipid accumulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiac health. More human trials and in vivo studies are needed to confirm the benefits of dietary RR in T2DM and pre-diabetes and to explore the dose-dependent relationships, optimal duration, and treatment modality.
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Galli M, Hameed A, Żbikowski A, Zabielski P. Aquaporins in insulin resistance and diabetes: More than channels! Redox Biol 2021; 44:102027. [PMID: 34090243 PMCID: PMC8182305 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are part of the family of the integral membrane proteins. Their function is dedicated to the transport of water, glycerol, ammonia, urea, H2O2, and other small molecules across the biological membranes. Although for many years they were scarcely considered, AQPs have a relevant role in the development of many diseases. Recent discoveries suggest, that AQPs may play an important role in the process of fat accumulation and regulation of oxidative stress, two crucial aspects of insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes (T2D). Insulin resistance (IR) and T2D are multi-faceted systemic diseases with multiple connections to obesity and other comorbidities such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. Both IR and T2D transcends different tissues and organs, creating the maze of mutual relationships between adipose fat depots, skeletal muscle, liver and other insulin-sensitive organs. AQPs with their heterogenous properties, distinctive tissue distribution and documented involvement in both the lipid metabolism and regulation of the oxidative stress appear to be feasible candidates in the search for the explanation to this third-millennium plague. A lot of research has been assigned to adipose tissue AQP7 and liver tissue AQP9, clarifying their relationship and coordinated work in the induction of hepatic insulin resistance. Novel research points also to other aquaporins, such as AQP11 which may be associated with the induction of insulin resistance and T2D through its involvement in hydrogen peroxide transport. In this review we collected recent discoveries in the field of AQP's involvement in the insulin resistance and T2D. Novel paths which connect AQPs with metabolic disorders can give new fuel to the research on obesity, insulin resistance and T2D - one of the most worrying problems of the modern society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Galli
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ahsan Hameed
- Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Żbikowski
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Zabielski
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland.
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15
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Pharmacological Exploration of Phenolic Compound: Raspberry Ketone-Update 2020. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10071323. [PMID: 34209554 PMCID: PMC8309185 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Raspberry ketone (RK) is an aromatic phenolic compound naturally occurring in red raspberries, kiwifruit, peaches, and apples and reported for its potential therapeutic and nutraceutical properties. Studies in cells and rodents have suggested an important role for RK in hepatic/cardio/gastric protection and as an anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-obesity, depigmentation, and sexual maturation agent. Raspberry ketone-mediated activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) stands out as one of its main modes of action. Although rodent studies have demonstrated the efficacious effects of RK, its mechanism remains largely unknown. In spite of a lack of reliable human research, RK is marketed as a health supplement, at very high doses. In this review, we provide a compilation of scientific research that has been conducted so far, assessing the therapeutic properties of RK in several disease conditions as well as inspiring future research before RK can be considered safe and efficacious with limited side effects as an alternative to modern medicines in the treatment of major lifestyle-based diseases.
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16
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Lim SH, Choi CI. Potentials of Raspberry Ketone as a Natural Antioxidant. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030482. [PMID: 33803859 PMCID: PMC8003299 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is closely linked to various diseases, and many studies have been conducted to determine how to reduce this stress. In particular, efforts are being made to find potential antioxidants from natural products. Studies have shown that raspberry ketone (RK; 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone) has various pharmacological activities. This review summarizes the antioxidant activities of RK and their underlying mechanisms. In several experimental models, it was proven that RK exhibits antioxidant properties through increasing total antioxidant capacity (TAC); upregulating antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT); and improving lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, research about RK’s antioxidant activities is directly or indirectly related to its other various physiological activities. Further studies at the clinical level will be able to verify the value of RK as an effective antioxidant, functional health food, and therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Lim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea;
| | - Chang-Ik Choi
- Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-961-5230
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17
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Calamita G, Delporte C. Involvement of aquaglyceroporins in energy metabolism in health and disease. Biochimie 2021; 188:20-34. [PMID: 33689852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aquaglyceroporins are a group of the aquaporin (AQP) family of transmembrane water channels. While AQPs facilitate the passage of water, small solutes, and gases across biological membranes, aquaglyceroporins allow passage of water, glycerol, urea and some other solutes. Thanks to their glycerol permeability, aquaglyceroporins are involved in energy homeostasis. This review provides an overview of what is currently known concerning the functional implication and control of aquaglyceroporins in tissues involved in energy metabolism, i.e. liver, adipose tissue and endocrine pancreas. The expression, role and (dys)regulation of aquaglyceroporins in disorders affecting energy metabolism, and the potential relevance of aquaglyceroporins as drug targets to treat the alterations of the energy balance is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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18
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Zhao M, Chen S, Ji X, Shen X, You J, Liang X, Yin H, Zhao L. Current innovations in nutraceuticals and functional foods for intervention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105517. [PMID: 33636349 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As innovations in global agricultural production and food trading systems lead to major dietary shifts, high morbidity rates from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), accompanied by elevated risk of lipid metabolism-related complications, has emerged as a growing problem worldwide. Treatment and prevention of NAFLD and chronic liver disease depends on the availability of safe, effective, and diverse therapeutic agents, the development of which is urgently needed. Supported by a growing body of evidence, considerable attention is now focused on interventional approaches that combines nutraceuticals and functional foods. In this review, we summarize the pathological progression of NAFLD and discuss the beneficial effects of nutraceuticals and the active ingredients in functional foods. We also describe the underlying mechanisms of these compounds in the intervention of NAFLD, including their effects on regulation of lipid homeostasis, activation of signaling pathways, and their role in gut microbial community dynamics and the gut-liver axis. In order to identify novel targets for treatment of lipid metabolism-related diseases, this work broadly explores the molecular mechanism linking nutraceuticals and functional foods, host physiology, and gut microbiota. Additionally, the limitations in existing knowledge and promising research areas for development of active interventions and treatments against NAFLD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shumin Chen
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoguo Ji
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin Shen
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiangshan You
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinyi Liang
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Organ Transplant Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Liming Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China.
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19
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Hao L, Kshatriya D, Li X, Badrinath A, Szmacinski Z, Goedken MJ, Polunas M, Bello NT. Acute feeding suppression and toxicity of raspberry ketone [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone] in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111512. [PMID: 32565406 PMCID: PMC7483346 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Raspberry ketone (RK; [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone]) is used by the food and cosmetic industry as a flavoring agent. RK is also marketed as a dietary supplement for weight maintenance and appetite control. The purpose of the study was to characterize the acute feeding suppression with RK (64-640 mg/kg) by oral gavage in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Cumulative 24 h food intake was reduced at 200 mg/kg (24% feeding suppression) in males and reliably reduced at 640 mg/kg (49-77% feeding suppression). Feeding suppression was not associated with pica behavior over the range of doses or conditioned taste aversion. In a separate experiment, a single oral gavage of RK (640 mg/kg) resulted in approximate 43% mortality rate (6 out 14 male mice) within 2 days. Atrophy of white adipose tissue, splenic abnormalities, and thymus involution were noted after 2-4 days after oral gavage RK. Total white blood cell count, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils were significantly lower, while mean red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were significantly higher with RK treatment. Our findings indicated a dose-dependent feeding suppression with acute RK, but doses that reliable suppress food intake are associated with pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Hao
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Dushyant Kshatriya
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Aditi Badrinath
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Graduate Program, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Zuzanna Szmacinski
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Michael J Goedken
- Research Pathology Services, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Marianne Polunas
- Research Pathology Services, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Nicholas T Bello
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Graduate Program, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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20
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Moss FJ, Mahinthichaichan P, Lodowski DT, Kowatz T, Tajkhorshid E, Engel A, Boron WF, Vahedi-Faridi A. Aquaporin-7: A Dynamic Aquaglyceroporin With Greater Water and Glycerol Permeability Than Its Bacterial Homolog GlpF. Front Physiol 2020; 11:728. [PMID: 32695023 PMCID: PMC7339978 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenopus oocytes expressing human aquaporin-7 (AQP7) exhibit greater osmotic water permeability and 3H-glycerol uptake vs. those expressing the bacterial glycerol facilitator GlpF. AQP7-expressing oocytes exposed to increasing extracellular [glycerol] under isosmolal conditions exhibit increasing swelling rates, whereas GlpF-expressing oocytes do not swell at all. To provide a structural basis for these observed physiological differences, we performed X-ray crystallographic structure determination of AQP7 and molecular-dynamics simulations on AQP7 and GlpF. The structure reveals AQP7 tetramers containing two monomers with 3 glycerols, and two monomers with 2 glycerols in the pore. In contrast to GlpF, no glycerol is bound at the AQP7 selectivity filter (SF), comprising residues F74, G222, Y223, and R229. The AQP7 SF is resolved in its closed state because F74 blocks the passage of small solutes. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that F74 undergoes large and rapid conformational changes, allowing glycerol molecules to permeate without orientational restriction. The more rigid GlpF imposes orientational constraints on glycerol molecules passing through the SF. Moreover, GlpF-W48 (analogous to AQP7-F74) undergoes rare but long-lasting conformational changes that block the pore to H2O and glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser J. Moss
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Paween Mahinthichaichan
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - David T. Lodowski
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Thomas Kowatz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Andreas Engel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Walter F. Boron
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ardeschir Vahedi-Faridi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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21
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Hamdy SM, El-Khayat Z, Farrag AR, Sayed ON, El-Sayed MM, Massoud D. Hepatoprotective effect of Raspberry ketone and white tea against acrylamide-induced toxicity in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:722-730. [PMID: 32482111 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1772279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation was accomplished to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of White tea and Raspberry Ketone against toxicity induced by acrylamide in rats. Sixty adult male rats were divided randomly into group (I) control; group (II) rats received RK with dose (6 mg/kg/day); Group III: rats received 5 ml of WT extract/kg/day; Group IV rats received AA (5 mg/kg/day); Group V: rats administrated with both AA (5 mg/kg/day) and RK (6 mg/kg/day) and Group VI: rats administrated AA (5 mg/kg/day) and 5 ml of WT extract/kg/day. The biochemical assays exhibited a significant increase in serum levels of Adiponectin, AST, ALT, ALP of the group treated with acrylamide if compared to the control group and an improvement in their levels of groups V and VI. The histopathological and immunohistochemical findings confirm the biochemical observations. In conclusion, the present investigation proved that the supplementation of WT and RK enhanced the liver histology, immunohistochemistry and biochemistry against the oxidative stress induced by acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha M Hamdy
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Zakaria El-Khayat
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdel Razik Farrag
- Pathology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola N Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mervat M El-Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Diaa Massoud
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Faiyum, Egypt
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22
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The Role of Support Hydrophobicity in the Selective Hydrogenation of Enones and Unsaturated Sulfones over Cu/SiO2 Catalysts. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The substitution of complex hydrides and Ni- and noble metal-based catalysts in the synthesis of pharma and fragrance products is a relevant topic in the green chemistry scenario. Here, we report that non-toxic, non-noble metal-based Cu/SiO2 catalysts are effective and very selective in the hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated ketones, esters and sulfones under very mild conditions. Vanillyl acetone can be obtained in quantitative yield in 1 h at 90 °C and 1 bar of H2. High dispersion of the metallic phase and support wettability play a significant role in determining catalytic performance.
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23
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Fan C, Liang W, Wei M, Gou X, Han S, Bai J. Effects of D-Chiro-Inositol on Glucose Metabolism in db/db Mice and the Associated Underlying Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:354. [PMID: 32273844 PMCID: PMC7113635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we observed the effect of D-chiro-inositol (DCI) on glucose consumption in type 2 diabetic db/db mice, and investigated the relevant mechanism. We discovered that the stability of 24-h blood glucose under the nonfasting condition and decreased glucose tolerance were both alleviated after treatment with DCI. Moreover, the content of glycosylated protein and advanced glycation end products in the serum was reduced, the damage in the liver tissue was alleviated, and the synthesis of liver glycogen was significantly promoted. In addition, DCI increased the expression of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), glucose transporters 4 (GLUT4), and phospho-AKT (S473) protein. In contrast, DCI decreased the expression level of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) protein in liver tissue to various degrees, as shown by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Furthermore, DCI increased the mRNA expression of IRS2, PI3K, AKT, and GLUT4, and reduced that of GSK3β in liver tissue, as demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction. Finally, DCI promoted glucose consumption in high glucose-stimulating HepG2 cells and increased the expression of IRS2 protein in HepG2 cells, as revealed by fluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Our results indicate that DCI can significantly improve glucose metabolism in diabetic mice and HepG2 cells. This effect may be associated with the upregulation of IRS2, PI3K, AKT, and GLUT4 and downregulation of GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Fan
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Weishi Liang
- Clinical Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Min Wei
- Clinical Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xiangbo Gou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Shuying Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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Mir TM, Ma G, Ali Z, Khan IA, Ashfaq MK. Effect of Raspberry Ketone on Normal, Obese and Health-Compromised Obese Mice: A Preliminary Study. J Diet Suppl 2019; 18:1-16. [PMID: 31603036 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2019.1674996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Raspberry ketone (RK)-an aromatic compound found mostly in red raspberries (Rubus idaeus) is widely used as an over the counter product for weight loss. The present study was conducted to determine adverse effects associated with RK in obese and health-compromised obese mice. Two sets of experiments were conducted on normal obese and health-compromised obese mice treated with RK for a duration of 10 days. Obese conditions were induced by feeding mice a high fat diet for 10 weeks, while the health compromised obese mouse model was developed by a single intraperitoneal injection of a nontoxic dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (6 mg/kg) to obese mice. Results showed that RK (165, 330, and 500 mg/kg) under obese as well as health-compromised condition retarded the gain in body weights as compared to the control groups. RK at doses 330 and 500 mg/kg resulted in 67.6 and 50% mortality, respectively in normal obese mice and 70% mortality was observed in health-compromised obese mice treated with RK at 500 mg/kg. At higher doses deaths were observed earlier than those given lower doses of RK. Significant elevations in blood alanine transaminase (ALT) were also observed with RK treatment in obese mice. Blood glucose levels were significantly elevated in all groups of mice treated with RK. This study suggests that higher doses of RK may cause adverse effects in health compromised conditions. Under these conditions, prolonged use of RK, especially in high doses, may pose a health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Maqbool Mir
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Guoyi Ma
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Mohammad K Ashfaq
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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25
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Fouad D, Badr A, Attia HA. Hepatoprotective activity of raspberry ketone is mediated via inhibition of the NF-κB/TNF-α/caspase axis and mitochondrial apoptosis in chemically induced acute liver injury. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:663-676. [PMID: 31588343 PMCID: PMC6762009 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00068b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Raspberry Ketone (RK) is a natural phenolic compound which is marketed nowadays as a popular weight-reducing remedy, with reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its biological activity is not fully elucidated. Hepatotoxicity is the leading cause of acute liver failure in Europe and North America, and its management is still challenging. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the therapeutic detoxification activity of RK against liver injury in vivo and to explore the underlying mechanisms using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity as a model. First, a dose-response study using 4 different doses, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1 day-1, of RK was conducted. RK was administered for 5 days as a pretreatment, followed by a single dose of CCl4 (1 ml kg-1, 1 : 1 v/v CCl4 : olive oil). The RK dose of 200 mg kg-1 showed the greatest protective effect and was selected for further investigations. CCl4 hepatotoxicity was confirmed by elevation of liver enzymes, and histopathological examination. CCl4-induced oxidative stress was evident from increased lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) along with depleted superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Increased oxidative stress was associated with increased cytochrome c expression with subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, in addition to DNA fragmentation reflecting apoptosis. CCl4 also induced the expression of inflammatory cytokines (NF-κB and TNF-α). Interestingly, RK hepatoprotective activity was evident from the reduction of liver enzymes, and maintenance of hepatocyte integrity and microstructures as evaluated by histopathological examination using H and E, and transmission electron microscopy. The antioxidant activity of RK was demonstrated by the increase of TAC, SOD, and GSH, with a concomitant decrease of the TBARS level. Moreover, RK pretreatment inhibited CCl4-induced upregulation of inflammatory mediators. RK antiapoptotic activity was indicated by the reduction of the expression of cytoplasmic cytochrome-C, a decrease of caspases, and inhibition of DNA fragmentation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that RK is a promising hepatoprotective agent. The underlying mechanisms include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. This is the first study reporting RK hepatoprotective activity in acute hepatic injury and approves its antiapoptotic effect in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Fouad
- Department of Zoology , College of Science , King Saud University , P.O. Box 22452 , Riyadh 11459 , Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology , Faculty of Science , Helwan University , Ein Helwan , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Amira Badr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , P.O. Box 22452 , Riyadh 11459 , Saudi Arabia . ; Tel: +96659575917
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Pharmacy , Ain Shams University , Heliopolis , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hala A Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , P.O. Box 22452 , Riyadh 11459 , Saudi Arabia . ; Tel: +96659575917
- Department of Biochemistry , College of Pharmacy , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
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26
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The implication of the crosstalk of Nrf2 with NOXs, and HMGB1 in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer: Potential protective effect is afforded by Raspberry Ketone. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220548. [PMID: 31404064 PMCID: PMC6690542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol consumption is one of the common causative agents implicated in gastric ulcer development. Oxidative stress plays a major role in the induction and development of gastric ulceration. NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) are key players in ethanol-induced ulcers. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a ubiquitous nuclear protein, mediates various inflammation functions. However, the role of HMGB1 in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer is not yet elucidated. Raspberry Ketone (RK) is a natural phenolic compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, absolute ethanol (7.5 ml/kg) was used to induce gastric ulceration in rats. Raspberry Ketone (RK) (50 mg/kg) was given orally one hour before the administration of absolute ethanol. Interestingly, ethanol-induced gastric ulcer was associated with Nrf2 downregulation, which was correlated with NOX-1, 2 NOX-4, and HMGB1 upregulation, and was significantly reversed by RK pre-treatment. RK pre-treatment provided 80% gastroprotection. Gastroprotective properties of RK were mediated via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory (suppression of NF-kB and tumor necrosis factor-α), and antiapoptotic activities (reduction of Bax/Bcl2 ratio). Gastroprotective properties of RK were confirmed by histopathological examination. In conclusion, this study is the first to provide evidence to the role of HMGB1 in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer, and the crosstalk of Nrf2, NOXs and HMGB1. It also demonstrates that RK represents a promising gastroprotective activity comparable to omeprazole.
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27
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Kshatriya D, Li X, Giunta GM, Yuan B, Zhao D, Simon JE, Wu Q, Bello NT. Phenolic-enriched raspberry fruit extract (Rubus idaeus) resulted in lower weight gain, increased ambulatory activity, and elevated hepatic lipoprotein lipase and heme oxygenase-1 expression in male mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 2019; 68:19-33. [PMID: 31252376 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Red raspberries (Rubus idaeus) contain numerous phenolic compounds with purported health benefits. Raspberry ketone (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone) is a primary raspberry flavor phenolic found in raspberries and is designated as a synthetic flavoring agent by the Food and Drug Administration. Synthetic raspberry ketone has been demonstrated to result in weight loss in rodents. We tested whether phenolic-enriched raspberry extracts, compared with raspberry ketone, would be more resilient to the metabolic alterations caused by an obesogenic diet. Male C57BL/6J mice (8 weeks old) received a daily oral dose of vehicle (VEH; 50% propylene glycol, 40% water, and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide), raspberry extract low (REL; 0.2 g/kg), raspberry extract high (REH; 2 g/kg), or raspberry ketone (RK; 0.2 g/kg). Coincident with daily dosing, mice were placed on a high-fat diet (45% fat). After 4 weeks, REH and RK reduced body weight gain (approximately 5%-9%) and white adipose mass (approximately 20%) compared with VEH. Hepatic gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 and lipoprotein lipase was upregulated in REH compared with VEH. Indirect calorimetry indicated that respiratory exchange ratio (CO2 production to O2 consumption) was lower, suggesting increased fat oxidation with all treatments. REH treatment increased total ambulatory behavior. Energy expenditure/lean mass was higher in REH compared with REL treatment. There were no treatment differences in cumulative intake, meal patterns, or hypothalamic feed-related gene expression. Our results suggest that raspberry ketone and a phenolic-enriched raspberry extract both have the capacity to prevent weight gain but differ in the preventative mechanisms for excess fat accumulation following high-fat diet exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant Kshatriya
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Gina M Giunta
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Bo Yuan
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Danyue Zhao
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - James E Simon
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Qingli Wu
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Nicholas T Bello
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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28
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Combined vildagliptin and memantine treatment downregulates expression of amyloid precursor protein, and total and phosphorylated tau in a rat model of combined Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:685-695. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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29
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Atteia HH, Alzahrani S, El-Sherbeeny NA, Youssef AM, Farag NE, Mehanna ET, Elhawary R, Ibrahim GA, Elmistekawy A, Zaitone SA. Evening Primrose Oil Ameliorates Hyperleptinemia and Reproductive Hormone Disturbances in Obese Female Rats: Impact on Estrus Cyclicity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:942. [PMID: 32082253 PMCID: PMC7002433 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a public health burden disturbing all body functions and reproductive hormones. As obesity increases among females, there will be a rising challenge to physicians in care from fertility problems. Evening primrose oil (EPR oil) contains essential fatty acids including omega-6 linoleic acid with strong anti-inflammatory activity. Since EPR oil has utility in alleviating dysmenorrhea, this study aimed to ascertain its modulatory effect on systemic inflammation, reproductive hormones and estrus cycle irregularity in female obese rats. Thirty-two female rats were distributed to 4 groups: (i) normal, (ii) dietary obese-control female rats, and (iii and iv) dietary obese female rats treated with EPR oil (5 or 10 g/kg). Rats were examined for estrus regularity by taking vaginal smears daily during the last 2 weeks of the experiment. Serum level of insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and inflammatory cytokines was measured. In addition, serum lipid profile, and liver enzyme activities were estimated. Adipose tissues were taken for histopathologic examination as well as determination of gene expression for leptin, leptin receptors, adiponectin, and visfatin. Obese rats exhibited significant weight gain (90.69 ± 8.9), irregular prolonged estrus cycles (83.33%), increased serum levels of insulin, leptin, prolactin and testosterone and decreased gonadotropin levels. EPR oil exhibited a curative effect on obesity-related irregularity in estrus cycle and ovarian pathology. The underlying molecular mechanism may be related to reduction of systemic inflammation, alleviating insulin resistance and modulation of adipokine expression. EPR oil may be considered as a promising therapeutic intervention against obesity-related female hormonal disturbances and estrus irregularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebatallah H. Atteia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sharifa Alzahrani
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagla A. El-Sherbeeny
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amal M. Youssef
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Noha E. Farag
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Eman T. Mehanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Reda Elhawary
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gehan A. Ibrahim
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amr Elmistekawy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sawsan A. Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Sawsan A. Zaitone ;
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