FoxO1 signaling as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and obesity

Amelioration of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Rapeseed (Brassica napus)-Derived Peptides through Stimulating Calcium-Sensing Receptor: Effects on Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism

The potential of rapeseed-derived peptides (RDPs) in the amelioration of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been hypothesized. However, the mechanisms of the intestinal endocrine hormones activated by RDPs have not been fully understood. This study aimed to explore the amelioration of T2DM and associated hepatic lipid metabolism disorders using RDPs by affecting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Eight RDPs were prepared by different stepwise enzymatic hydrolysis, wherein RCPP-3 (sequential using alcalase/flavourzyme) and RNPP-1 (sequential using alcalase/trypsin) maintained the normal blood glucose level, significantly increased the body weight (27.17 ± 0.19%) in T2DM mice compared to the positive group (p < 0.05). Western blotting and immunofluorescence experiments indicated that RCPP-3 and RNPP-1 regulated the intestinal endocrine hormones GLP-1 secretion through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Additionally, the PI3K-Akt pathway was significantly activated by GLP-1, leading to marked improvements in hepatic lipid parameters (TC, TG, LDL-c, and HDL-c) and mitigated fat accumulation (p < 0.05). Notably, the stimulating effect of RCPP-3 on GLP-1 was 10.05% ± 0.71% higher than RNPP-1. G2-R3, a fraction separated from RCPP-3, which contained 14 peptides with the best capacity to stimulate GLP-1 secretion, was identified using HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. This study suggests the potential of RDPs as novel functional food supplements for ameliorating T2DM.

Quercetin supplementation in metabolic syndrome: nutrigenetic interactions with the Zbtb16 gene variant in rodent models

BACKGROUND

Quercetin is a promising phytochemical in treating abnormalities associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to explore the morphometric, metabolic, transcriptomic, and nutrigenetic responses to quercetin supplementation using two genetically distinct MetS models that only differ in the variant of the MetS-related Zbtb16 gene (Zinc Finger And BTB Domain Containing 16).

RESULTS

Quercetin supplementation led to a significant reduction in the relative weight of retroperitoneal adipose tissue in both investigated strains. A decrease in visceral (epididymal) fat mass, accompanied by an increase in brown fat mass after quercetin treatment, was observed exclusively in the SHR strain. While the levels of serum triglycerides decreased within both strains, the free fatty acids levels decreased in SHR-Zbtb16-Q rats only. The total serum cholesterol levels were not affected by quercetin in either of the two tested strains. While there were no significant changes in brown adipose tissue transcriptome, quercetin supplementation led to a pronounced gene expression shift in white retroperitoneal adipose tissue, particularly in SHR-Zbtb16-Q.

CONCLUSION

Quercetin administration ameliorates certain MetS-related features; however, the efficacy of the treatment exhibits subtle variations depending on the specific variant of the Zbtb16 gene.

FOXO1 induced fatty acid oxidation in hepatic cells by targeting ALDH1L2

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Lipid metabolism disorder is the primary feature of numerous refractory chronic diseases. Fatty acid oxidation, an essential aerobic biological process, is closely related to the progression of NAFLD. The forkhead transcription factor FOXO1 has been reported to play an important role in lipid metabolism. However, the molecular mechanism through which FOXO1 regulates fatty acid oxidation remains unclear.

METHODS

Transcriptomic analysis was performed to examine the cellular expression profile to determine the functional role of FOXO1 in HepG2 cells with palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipid accumulation. FOXO1-binding motifs at the promoter region of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L2 (ALDH1L2) were predicted via bioinformatic analysis and confirmed via luciferase reporter assay. Overexpression of ALDH1L2 was induced to recover the impaired fatty acid oxidation in FOXO1-knockout cells.

RESULTS

Knockout of FOXO1 aggravated lipid deposition in hepatic cells. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that knockout of FOXO1 increased the expression of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis but decreased the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase1a (CPT1α) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which contribute to fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, FOXO1 was identified as a transcription factor of ALDH1L2. Knockout of FOXO1 significantly decreased the protein expression of ALDH1L2 and CPT1α in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, overexpression of ALDH1L2 restored fatty acid oxidation in FOXO1-knockout cells.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study indicate that FOXO1 modulates fatty acid oxidation by targeting ALDH1L2.

Key Players in the Complex Pathophysiology of Obesity: A Cross-Talk Between the Obesogenic Genes and Unraveling the Metabolic Pathway of Action of Capsaicin and Orange Peel

Obesity is a widespread prevailing health concern with multifactorial causes. Among the various defined molecular targets associated with obesity, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin play crucial roles in fundamental processes including energy balance, adipose tissue biology, and metabolic health, making them particularly significant in the study of obesity.Capsaicin and orange peel exhibit promising anti-obesity properties through their thermogenic, metabolic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Potential pathways for therapeutic approaches in the management of obesity are provided by these targets. The lipid-lowering and anti-obesity benefits of specific plant species have been highlighted in Asian medicine. Due to the potential anti-obesity qualities, capsaicin, which is derived from chilli peppers, and orange peel extract has been focused in this review. Capsaicin causes apoptosis in preadipocytes and adipocytes and suppresses adipogenesis. Citrus fruits are a significant source of bioactive substances, primarily flavonoids. Due to their ability to reduce adipocyte development and cellular lipid content, citrus polyphenols are helpful in the control of obesity. This extensive analysis offers insights into new treatment approaches for the prevention and management of obesity and metabolic syndrome by examining the interactions of molecular variables in obesity as well as the possible anti-obesity advantages of capsaicin and orange peel extract.

Atf3-mediated metabolic reprogramming in hepatic macrophage orchestrates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is regulated by complex interplay between the macrophages and surrounding cells in the liver. Here, we show that Atf3 regulates glucose-fatty acid cycle in macrophages attenuates hepatocyte steatosis, and fibrogenesis in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Overexpression of Atf3 in macrophages protects against the development of MASH in Western diet-fed mice, whereas Atf3 ablation has the opposite effect. Mechanistically, Atf3 improves the reduction of fatty acid oxidation induced by glucose via forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) and Cd36. Atf3 inhibits FoxO1 activity via blocking Hdac1-mediated FoxO1 deacetylation at K242, K245, and K262 and increases Zdhhc4/5-mediated CD36 palmitoylation at C3, C7, C464, and C466; furthermore, macrophage Atf3 decreases hepatocytes lipogenesis and HSCs activation via retinol binding protein 4 (Rbp4). Anti-Rbp4 can prevent MASH progression that is induced by Atf3 deficiency in macrophages. This study identifies Atf3 as a regulator of glucose-fatty acid cycle. Targeting macrophage Atf3 or Rbp4 may be a plausible therapeutic strategy for MASH.

Oxidative Stress and FOXO-1 Relationship in Stage III Periodontitis

OBJECTIVES

8-Hydroxideoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a marker of oxidative stress, and Forkhead Box-O1 (FOXO1) is a transcription factor and signaling integrator in cell and tissue homeostasis. This study aims to determine FOXO1 and 8-OHdG levels in serum and saliva samples of periodontitis patients and to evaluate their relationship with clinical periodontal parameters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty healthy individuals, twenty generalized Stage III Grade B periodontitis patients, and nineteen generalized Stage III Grade C periodontitis patients were included in the study. Clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and clinical attachment level (CAL)) were recorded. Salivary and serum 8-OHdG and FOX-O1 levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

Clinical periodontal parameters showed a statistically significant increase in periodontitis groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). 8-OHdG salivary levels were significantly higher in both periodontitis groups compared to the control group. The salivary FOXO1 levels were significantly lower in both periodontitis groups compared to the control group. Salivary FOXO1 level had a low-grade negative correlation with BOP and salivary 8-OHdG level.

CONCLUSIONS

While reactive oxygen species increase in periodontal inflammation, low expression of FOXO1, an important transcription factor for antioxidant enzymes, supports that this molecule plays a vital role in tissue destruction, and FOXO1 can be seen as a potential immune modulator.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The role of FOXO1 in supporting antioxidant defense may suggest that FOXO1 is a candidate target for periodontitis treatment.

Downregulation of Sirt3 contributes to β-cell dedifferentiation via FoxO1 in type 2 diabetic mellitus

AIMS

FoxO1 is an important factor in the β-cell differentiation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sirt3 is found to be involved in FoxO1 function. This study investigated the role of Sirt3 in the β-cell dedifferentiation and its mechanism.

METHODS

Twelve-week-old db/db mice and INS1 cells transfected with Sirt3-specific short hairpin RNA (shSirt3) were used to evaluate the dedifferentiation of β-cell. Insulin levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The proteins of Sirt3, T-FoxO1, Ac-FoxO1 and differentiation indexes such as NGN3, OCT4, MAFA were determined by western blot or immunofluorescence staining. The combination of Sirt3 and FoxO1 was determined by the co-immunoprecipitation assay. The transcriptional activity of FoxO1 was detected by dual luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

Both the in vivo and in vitro results showed that Sirt3 was decreased along with β-cell dedifferentiation and decreased function of insulin secretion under high glucose conditions. When Sirt3 was knocked down in INS1 cells, increased β-cell dedifferentiation and lowered insulin secretion were observed. This effect was closely related to the amount loss and the decreased deacetylation of FoxO1, which resulted in a reduction in transcriptional activity.

CONCLUSION

Downregulation of Sirt3 contributes to β-cell dedifferentiation in high glucose via FoxO1. Intervention of Sirt3 may be an effective approach to prevent β-cell failure in T2DM.

Elucidation of the anti-β-cell dedifferentiation mechanism of a modified Da Chaihu Decoction by an integrative approach of network pharmacology and experimental verification

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Modified Da Chaihu decoction (MDCH) is a traditional Chinese herbal prescription that has been used in the clinic to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D). Previous studies have confirmed that MDCH improves glycemic and lipid metabolism, enhances pancreatic function, and alleviates insulin resistance in patients with T2D and diabetic rats. Evidence has demonstrated that MDCH protects pancreatic β cells via regulating the gene expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1). However, the detailed mechanism remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Dedifferentiation of pancreatic β cells mediated by FOXO1 has been recognized as the main pathogenesis of T2D. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of MDCH on T2D in vitro and in vivo to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To predict the key targets of MDCH in treating T2D, network pharmacology methods were used. A T2D model was induced in diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6 mice with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Glucose metabolism indicators (oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test), lipid metabolism indicators (total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), inflammatory factors (C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha), oxidative stress indicators (total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde), and hematoxylin and eosin staining were analyzed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of MDCH on T2D. Immunofluorescence staining and quantification of FOXO1, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1), NK6 homeobox 1 (NKX6.1), octamer-binding protein 4 (OCT4), neurogenin 3 (Ngn3), insulin, and SIRT1, and Western blot analysis of insulin, SIRT1, and FOXO1 were performed to investigate the mechanism by which MDCH inhibited pancreatic β-cell dedifferentiation.

RESULTS

The chemical ingredients identified in MDCH were predicted to be important for signaling pathways related to lipid metabolism and insulin resistance, including lipids in atherosclerosis, the advanced glycation end product receptor of the advanced glycation end product signaling pathway, and the FOXO signaling pathway. Experimental studies showed that MDCH improved glucose and lipid metabolism in T2D mice, alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress damage, and reduced pancreatic pathological damage. Furthermore, MDCH upregulated the expression levels of SIRT1, FOXO1, PDX1, and NKX6.1, while downregulating the expression levels of OCT4 and Ngn3, which indicated that MDCH inhibited pancreatic dedifferentiation of β cells.

CONCLUSIONS

MDCH has therapeutic effects on T2D, through regulating the SIRT1/FOXO1 signaling pathway to inhibit pancreatic β-cell dedifferentiation, which has not been reported previously.

1H NMR metabolomics insights into comparative diabesity in male and female zebrafish and the antidiabetic activity of DL-limonene

Zebrafish have been utilized for many years as a model animal for pharmacological studies on diabetes and obesity. High-fat diet (HFD), streptozotocin and alloxan injection, and glucose immersion have all been used to induce diabetes and obesity in zebrafish. Currently, studies commonly used both male and female zebrafish, which may influence the outcomes since male and female zebrafish are biologically different. This study was designed to investigate the difference between the metabolites of male and female diabetic zebrafish, using limonene - a natural product which has shown several promising results in vitro and in vivo in treating diabetes and obesity-and provide new insights into how endogenous metabolites change following limonene treatment. Using HFD-fed male and female zebrafish, we were able to develop an animal model of T2D and identify several endogenous metabolites that might be used as diagnostic biomarkers for diabetes. The endogenous metabolites in males and females were different, even though both genders had high blood glucose levels and a high BMI. Treatment with limonene prevented high blood glucose levels and improved in diabesity zebrafish by limonene, through reversal of the metabolic changes caused by HFD in both genders. In addition, limonene was able to reverse the elevated expression of AKT during HFD.

Comorbidity Genes of Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Associated with Memory and Cognitive Function

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are comorbidities that result from the sharing of common genes. The molecular background of comorbidities can provide clues for the development of treatment and management strategies. Here, the common genes involved in the development of the two diseases and in memory and cognitive function are reviewed. Network clustering based on protein-protein interaction network identified tightly connected gene clusters that have an impact on memory and cognition among the comorbidity genes of AD and T2DM. Genes with functional implications were intensively reviewed and relevant evidence summarized. Gene information will be useful in the discovery of biomarkers and the identification of tentative therapeutic targets for AD and T2DM.

Cellular atlases of ovarian microenvironment alterations by diet and genetically-induced obesity

Obesity, which can arise from genetic or environmental factors, has been shown to cause serious damages to the reproductive system. The ovary, as one of the primary regulators of female fertility, is a complex organ comprised of heterogeneous cell types that work together to maintain a normal ovarian microenvironment (OME). Despite its importance, the effect of obesity on the entire ovary remains poorly documented. In this study, we performed ovary single-cell and nanoscale spatial RNA sequencing to investigate how the OME changed under different kinds of obesity, including high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity and Leptin ablation induced obesity (OB). Our results demonstrate that OB, but not HFD, dramatically altered the proportion of ovarian granulosa cells, theca-interstitial cells, luteal cells, and endothelial cells. Furthermore, based on the spatial dynamics of follicular development, we defined four subpopulations of granulosa cell and found that obesity drastically disrupted the differentiation of mural granulosa cells from small to large antral follicles. Functionally, HFD enhanced follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) sensitivity and hormone conversion, while OB caused decreased sensitivity, inadequate steroid hormone conversion, and impaired follicular development. These differences can be explained by the differential expression pattern of the transcription factor Foxo1. Overall, our study provides a powerful and high-resolution resource for profiling obesity-induced OME and offers insights into the diverse effects of obesity on female reproductive disorders.

Elucidating the pharmacodynamic mechanisms of Yuquan pill in T2DM rats through comprehensive multi-omics analyses

Background: Yuquan Pill (YQW) is a modern concentrated pill preparation of six herbs, namely, Ge Gen (Pueraria lobata Ohwi), Di huang (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.), Tian Huafen (Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.), Mai Dong (Ophiopogon japonicus (L. f.) Ker Gawl.), Wu Weizi (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.) and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.). It is extensively used to treat type 2 diabetes-related glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. But what's the pharmacodynamic substance and how it works in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are still unclear. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the likely pharmacological components and molecular mechanism of YQW's intervention on T2DM by combining serum pharmacochemistry, network analysis and transcriptomics. Methods: The efficacy and prototypical components of blood entry were determined after oral administration of YQW aqueous solution to T2DM rats induced by high-fat feed and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ), and the key targets and pathways for these compounds to intervene in T2DM rats were predicted and integrated using network analysis and transcriptomics techniques. Results: In diabetic rats, YQW can lower TG, CHO, NO, and MDA levels (p < 0.05) while increasing HDL-C levels (p < 0.01), and protecting the liver and kidney. 22 prototype components (including puerarin, daidzein, 3'-methoxypuerarin, and liquiritigenin, among others) were found in the serum of rats after oral administration of YQW for 90 min, which might be used as a possible important ingredient for YQW to intervene in T2DM rats. 538 YQW pharmacodynamic components-related targets and 1,667 disease-related targets were projected through the PharmMapper database, with 217 common targets between the two, all of which were engaged in regulating PI3K-Akt, MAPK, Ras and FoxO signal pathway. Finally, the mRNA expression profiles of liver tissues from rats in the control, model, and YQW groups were investigated using high-throughput mRNA sequencing technology. YQW can regulate the abnormal expression of 89 differential genes in a disease state, including 28 genes with abnormally high expression and 61 genes with abnormally low expression. Five common genes (Kit, Ppard, Ppara, Fabp4, and Tymp) and two extensively used regulatory pathways (PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways) were revealed by the integrated transcriptomics and network analysis study. Conclusion: The mechanism of YQW's intervention in T2DM rats could be linked to 22 important components like puerarin, daidzein, and glycyrrhetinic acid further activating PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways by regulating key targets Kit, Ppard, Ppara, Fabp4, and Tymp, and thus improving lipid metabolism disorder, oxidative stress, and inflammation levels in T2DM rats. On the topic, more research into the pharmacological ingredient foundation and mechanism of YQW intervention in T2DM rats can be done.

New insights into anti-diabetes effects and molecular mechanisms of dietary saponins

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic disorder that manifests as chronic hyperglycemia and impaired insulin, bringing a heavy load on the global health care system. Considering the inevitable side effects of conventional anti-diabetic drugs, saponins-rich natural products exert promising therapeutic properties to serve as safer and more cost-effective alternatives for DM management. Herein, this review systematically summarized the research progress on the anti-diabetic properties of dietary saponins and their underlying molecular mechanisms in the past 20 years. Dietary saponins possessed the multidirectional anti-diabetic capabilities by concurrent regulation of various signaling pathways, such as IRS-1/PI3K/Akt, AMPK, Nrf2/ARE, NF-κB-NLRP3, SREBP-1c, and PPARγ, in liver, pancreas, gut, and skeletal muscle. However, the industrialization and commercialization of dietary saponin-based drugs are confronted with a significant challenge due to the low bioavailability and lack of the standardization. Hence, in-depth evaluations in pharmacological profile, function-structure interaction, drug-signal pathway interrelation are essential for developing dietary saponins-based anti-diabetic treatments in the future.

FOXO1 promotes endothelial cell elongation and angiogenesis by up-regulating the phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2

The forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) is an important transcription factor related to proliferation, metabolism, and homeostasis, while the major phenotype of FOXO1-null mice is abnormal vascular morphology, such as vessel enlargement and dilation. In in vitro mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC)-differentiation system, Foxo1-/- vascular endothelial cells (ECs) fail to elongate, and mimic the abnormalities of FOXO1-deficiency in vivo. Here, we identified the PPP1R14C gene as the FOXO1 target genes responsible for elongating using transcriptome analyses in ESC-derived ECs (ESC-ECs), and found that the FOXO1-PPP1R14C-myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) axis is required for EC elongation during angiogenesis. MLC2 is phosphorylated by MLC kinase (MLCK) and dephosphorylated by MLC phosphatase (MLCP). PPP1R14C is an inhibitor of PP1, the catalytic subunit of MLCP. The abnormal morphology of Foxo1-/- ESC-ECs was associated with low level of PPP1R14C and loss of MLC2 phosphorylation, which were reversed by PPP1R14C-introduction. Knockdown of either FOXO1 or PPP1R14C suppressed vascular cord formation and reduced MLC2 phosphorylation in human ECs (HUVECs). The mouse and human PPP1R14C locus possesses an enhancer element containing conserved FOXO1-binding motifs. In vivo chemical inhibition of MLC2 phosphorylation caused dilated vascular structures in mouse embryos. Furthermore, foxo1 or ppp1r14c-knockdown zebrafish exhibited vascular malformations, which were also restored by PPP1R14C-introduction. Mechanistically, FOXO1 suppressed MLCP activity by up-regulating PPP1R14C expression, thereby promoting MLC2 phosphorylation and EC elongation, which are necessary for vascular development. Given the importance of MLC2 phosphorylation in cell morphogenesis, this study may provide novel insights into the role of FOXO1 in control of angiogenesis.

FoxO1 as a tissue-specific therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes

Forkhead box O (FoxO) proteins are transcription factors that mediate many aspects of physiology and thus have been targeted as therapeutics for several diseases including metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The role of FoxO1 in metabolism has been well studied, but recently FoxO1's potential for diabetes prevention and therapy has been debated. For example, studies have shown that increased FoxO1 activity in certain tissue types contributes to T2D pathology, symptoms, and comorbidities, yet in other tissue types elevated FoxO1 has been reported to alleviate symptoms associated with diabetes. Furthermore, studies have reported opposite effects of active FoxO1 in the same tissue type. For example, in the liver, FoxO1 contributes to T2D by increasing hepatic glucose production. However, FoxO1 has been shown to either increase or decrease hepatic lipogenesis as well as adipogenesis in white adipose tissue. In skeletal muscle, FoxO1 reduces glucose uptake and oxidation, promotes lipid uptake and oxidation, and increases muscle atrophy. While many studies show that FoxO1 lowers pancreatic insulin production and secretion, others show the opposite, especially in response to oxidative stress and inflammation. Elevated FoxO1 in the hypothalamus increases the risk of developing T2D. However, increased FoxO1 may mitigate Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative disease strongly associated with T2D. Conversely, accumulating evidence implicates increased FoxO1 with Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Here we review FoxO1's actions in T2D conditions in metabolic tissues that abundantly express FoxO1 and highlight some of the current studies targeting FoxO1 for T2D treatment.

Vaccine adjuvant-elicited CD8+ T cell immunity is co-dependent on T-bet and FOXO1

T-bet and FOXO1 are transcription factors canonically associated with effector and memory T cell fates, respectively. During an infectious response, these factors direct the development of CD8+ T cell fates, where T-bet deficiency leads to ablation of only short-lived effector cells, while FOXO1 deficiency results in selective loss of memory. In contrast, following adjuvanted subunit vaccination in mice, both effector- and memory-fated T cells are compromised in the absence of either T-bet or FOXO1. Thus, unlike responses to challenge with Listeria monocytogenes, productive CD8+ T cell responses to adjuvanted vaccination require coordinated regulation of FOXO1 and T-bet transcriptional programs. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis confirms simultaneous T-bet, FOXO1, and TCF1 transcriptional activity in vaccine-elicited, but not infection-elicited, T cells undergoing clonal expansion. Collectively, our data show that subunit vaccine adjuvants elicit T cell responses dependent on transcription factors associated with effector and memory cell fates.

Therapeutic Potentials of Microalgae and Their Bioactive Compounds on Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation play crucial roles in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. There has been a growing interest in applying natural products to improve metabolic derangements without the side effects of anti-diabetic drugs. Microalgae biomass or extract and their bioactive compounds have been applied as nutraceuticals or additives in food products and health supplements. Several studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of microalgae and their bioactive compounds in improving insulin sensitivity attributed to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pancreatic β-cell protective properties. However, a review summarizing the progression in this topic is lacking despite the increasing number of studies reporting their anti-diabetic potential. In this review, we gathered the findings from in vitro, in vivo, and human studies to discuss the effects of microalgae and their bioactive compounds on diabetes mellitus and the mechanisms involved. Additionally, we discuss the limitations and future perspectives of developing microalgae-based compounds as a health supplement for diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, microalgae-based supplementation has the potential to improve diabetes mellitus and be applied in more clinical studies in the future.

HMC Ameliorates Hyperglycemia via Acting PI3K/AKT Pathway and Improving FOXO1 Pathway in ob/ob Mice

Type 2 diabetes is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia and is a growing health problem worldwide. Since many known diabetes drugs are side effects, it is necessary to develop natural substances with guaranteed safety. HM-chromanone isolated from Portulaca oleracea L. is a homoisoflavonoid compound. We investigated the effects of HM-chromanone on hyperglycemia and its mechanism in C57BL/6J ob/ob mice. C57BL/6J-Jms Slc mice were used as the control group, and C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice were divided into three groups: ob/ob (control), metformin (Met; positive control), and HM-chromanone (HMC). Fasting blood glucose was lower in the HMC group than those in the ob/ob group. Insulin resistance was improved by reducing HbA1c, plasma insulin, and HOMA-IR levels in the HMC group. HMC administration decreased the phosphorylation of IRS-1ser307 and increased the phosphorylation of IRS-1tyr612, PI3K, phosphorylation of AKTser⁴⁷³, and PM-GLUT4 in the skeletal muscles of ob/ob mice, indicating improved insulin signaling. HMC administration also increased the phosphorylation of FOXO1 in the liver of ob/ob mice. This inhibited PEPCK and G6pase involved in gluconeogenesis and regulated phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β and glycogen synthase involved in glycogen synthesis. In conclusion, HM-chromanone ameliorates hyperglycemia by PI3K/AKT and improves the FOXO1 in ob/ob mice.

The Association between the Differential Expression of lncRNA and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in People with Hypertriglyceridemia

Compared with diabetic patients with normal blood lipid, diabetic patients with dyslipidemia such as high triglycerides have a higher risk of clinical complications, and the disease is also more serious. For the subjects with hypertriglyceridemia, the lncRNAs affecting type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the specific mechanisms remain unclear. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on peripheral blood samples of new-onset T2DM (six subjects) and normal blood control (six subjects) in hypertriglyceridemia patients using gene chip technology, and differentially expressed lncRNA profiles were constructed. Validated by the GEO database and RT-qPCR, lncRNA ENST00000462455.1 was selected. Subsequently, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to observe the effect of ENST00000462455.1 on MIN6. When silencing the ENST00000462455.1 for MIN6 in high glucose and high fat, the relative cell survival rate and insulin secretion decreased, the apoptosis rate increased, and the expression of the transcription factors Ins1, Pdx-1, Glut2, FoxO1, and ETS1 that maintained the function and activity of pancreatic β cells decreased (p < 0.05). In addition, we found that ENST00000462455.1/miR-204-3p/CACNA1C could be the core regulatory axis by using bioinformatics methods. Therefore, ENST00000462455.1 was a potential biomarker for hypertriglyceridemia patients with T2DM.

Xanthosine, a purine glycoside mediates hepatic glucose homeostasis through inhibition of gluconeogenesis and activation of glycogenesis via regulating the AMPK/ FoxO1/AKT/GSK3β signaling cascade

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by hepatic insulin resistance, which results in increased glucose production and reduced glycogen storage in the liver. There is no previous study in the literature that has explored the role of Xanthosine in hepatic insulin resistance. Moreover, mechanistic explanation for the beneficial effects of Xanthosine in lowering glucose production in diabetes is yet to be determined. This study for the first time investigated the beneficial effects of Tribulus terrestris (TT) and its active constituent, Xanthosine on gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis in Free Fatty Acid (FFA)-induced CC1 hepatocytes and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Wistar rats. Xanthosine enhanced glucose uptake and decreased glucose production through phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and forkhead box transcription factor O1 (FoxO1), and downregulation of two rate limiting enzymes of gluconeogenesis, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression in FFA-induced CC1 cells. Xanthosine also prevented FFA-induced decreases in the phosphorylation of AKT/Protein kinase B, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), and increased glycogen synthase (GS) phosphorylation to increase the glycogen content in the hepatocytes. Moreover, in STZ-induced diabetic rats, oral administration of TT n-butanol fraction (TTBF) enriched with compound Xanthosine (10, 50 & 100 mg/kg body weight) improved insulin sensitivity, reduced fasting blood glucose levels, improved glucose homeostasis by reducing gluconeogenesis via AMPK/FoxO1-mediated PEPCK and G6Pase down-regulation and increasing glycogenesis via AKT/GSK3β-mediated GS activation. Overall, Xanthosine may be developed further for treating insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in T2DM.

A Review of Fibraurea tinctoria and Its Component, Berberine, as an Antidiabetic and Antioxidant

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia caused by resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon production. Numerous studies have linked diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress. People with diabetes usually exhibit high oxidative stress due to persistent and chronic hyperglycemia, which impairs the activity of the antioxidant defense system and promotes the formation of free radicals. Recently, several studies have focused on exploring natural antioxidants to improve diabetes mellitus. Fibraurea tinctoria has long been known as the native Borneo used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. Taxonomically, this plant is part of the Menispermaceae family, widely known for producing various alkaloids. Among them are protoberberine alkaloids such as berberine. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with many pharmacological activities. Berberine is receiving considerable interest because of its antidiabetic and antioxidant activities, which are based on many biochemical pathways. Therefore, this review explores the pharmacological effects of Fibraurea tinctoria and its active constituent, berberine, against oxidative stress and diabetes, emphasizing its mechanistic aspects. This review also summarizes the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of berberine and in silico studies of berberine in several diseases and its protein targets.

Compound dark tea ameliorates obesity and hepatic steatosis and modulates the gut microbiota in mice

Dark tea is a fermented tea that plays a role in regulating the homeostasis of intestinal microorganisms. Previous studies have found that dark tea can improve obesity and has a lipid-lowering effect. In this study, green tea, Ilex latifolia Thunb (kuding tea) and Momordica grosvenori (Luo Han Guo) were added to a new compound dark tea (CDT), to improve the taste and health of this beverage. High-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice were treated with low- (6 mg/mL) or high- (12 mg/mL) concentrations of CDT for 18 weeks to assess their effect on lipid metabolism. Our results suggest that low- and high-concentrations of CDT could reduce body weight by 15 and 16% and by 44 and 38% of body fat, respectively, by attenuating body weight gain and fat accumulation, improving glucose tolerance, alleviating metabolic endotoxemia, and regulating the mRNA expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes. In addition, low concentrations of CDT were able to reduce the abundance of Desulfovibrio, which is positively associated with obesity, and increase the abundance of Ruminococcus, which are negatively associated with obesity. This study demonstrates the effect of CDT on ameliorating lipid metabolism and provides new insights into the research and development of functional tea beverages.

Pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes: An update and future directions

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a widely prevalent disease with substantial economic and social impact for which multiple conventional and novel pharmacotherapies are currently available; however, the landscape of T2D treatment is constantly changing as new therapies emerge and the understanding of currently available agents deepens. This review aims to provide an updated summary of the pharmacotherapeutic approach to T2D. Each class of agents is presented by mechanism of action, details of administration, side effect profile, cost, and use in certain populations including heart failure, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, chronic kidney disease, and older individuals. We also review targets of novel therapeutic T2D agent development. Finally, we outline an up-to-date treatment approach that starts with identification of an individualized goal for glycemic control then selection, initiation, and further intensification of a personalized therapeutic plan for T2D.

Interaction of FOXO1 and SUMOylated PPARγ1 induced by hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia favors vascular endothelial insulin resistance and dysfunction

PPARγ1 and FOXO1 are the key transcription factors that regulate insulin sensitivity. We previously found that a small ubiquitin-related modifier of PPARγ1 at K77 (SUMOylation) favored endothelial insulin resistance (IR) induced by high fat/high glucose (HF/HG) administration. However, whether and how the crosstalk between SUMOylated PPARγ1 and FOXO1 would mediate the development of the endothelial IR and dysfunction remains unclear. Here, we emphasize how PPARγ1-K77 SUMOylation would interact with FOXO1 and participate in the development of the endothelial IR and dysfunction. Our results show that the combination of HF/HG and PPARγ1-K77 SUMOylation exhibits a synergistic deteriorative effect on the endothelial IR and dysfunction, presenting decreased NO levels and elevated ET-1 levels, weakened PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation function. The further researches reveal that PPARγ1-K77 SUMOylation readily interacts with FOXO1, and FOXO1 occupies the PPAR response element (PPRE) which is supposed to be occupied by PPARγ, thus resulting in the decrease of PPARγ1 transcription activity and the mitigation of the PI3K/Akt signaling. Moreover, the mitigation of the PI3K/Akt signaling promotes in turn the accumulation of FOXO1 in the nucleus where FOXO1 interacts with the SUMOylated PPARγ1, thus exerting a positive feedback effect on IR pathogenesis. The findings uncover a novel association between PPARγ1-K77 SUMOylation and FOXO1, which contributes to our understanding of the pathogenesis of endothelial IR and dysfunction and provides novel pharmacological targets for diabetic angiopathy.

Shared signaling pathways and targeted therapy by natural bioactive compounds for obesity and type 2 diabetes

Epidemiological evidence showed that patients suffering from obesity and T2DM are significantly at higher risk for chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) and intestinal flora imbalance. Increasing evidence of pathological characteristics illustrates that some common signaling pathways participate in the occurrence, progression, treatment, and prevention of obesity and T2DM. These signaling pathways contain the pivotal players in glucose and lipid metabolism, e.g., AMPK, PI3K/AKT, FGF21, Hedgehog, Notch, and WNT; the inflammation response, for instance, Nrf2, MAPK, NF- kB, and JAK/STAT. Bioactive compounds from plants have emerged as key food components related to healthy status and disease prevention. They can act as signaling molecules to initiate or mediate signaling transduction that regulates cell function and homeostasis to repair and re-functionalize the damaged tissues and organs. Therefore, it is crucial to continuously investigate bioactive compounds as sources of new pharmaceuticals for obesity and T2DM. This review provides comprehensive information of the commonly shared signaling pathways between obesity and T2DM, and we also summarize the therapeutic bioactive compounds that may serve as anti-obesity and/or anti-diabetes therapeutics by regulating these associated pathways, which contribute to improving glucose and lipid metabolism, attenuating inflammation.

Exploring therapeutic mechanisms of San-Huang-Tang in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through network pharmacology and experimental validation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

San-Huang-Tang (SHT), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been clinically used to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently it has proved that SHT have a good effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

AIM OF THE STUDY

Our study was designed to investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of the SHT against NAFLD. The data of SHT were obtained through network pharmacology platform and validated experimentally in vivo and in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The candidate targets of SHT were predicted by network pharmacological analysis and crucial targets were chosen by the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and Genomes (KEGG) were applied to analyze the NAFLD-related signaling pathways affected by SHT, and then the analysis results were verified with molecular biological experiments in vivo and in vitro.

RESULTS

Molecules were screened with network pharmacological analysis, and then the improvement of insulin resistance of NAFLD mice was measured by IPITTs and IPGTTs. Through series of molecular experiments, it is revealed that SHT could increase the transcription of insulin receptor (INSR) and insulin receptor substrate (IRS1), and enhance the phosphorylation of both threonine protein kinase (AKT) and forkhead box O1 (FoxO1).

CONCLUSIONS

Screened by bioinformatics and verified by experiments in vivo and in vitro, SHT could contribute to NAFLD by affecting insulin resistance via activating INSR/IRS1/AKT/FoxO1 pathway. Our research findings provide not only an experimental basis for the therapeutic effect of SHT but also a new target against NAFLD.

Decreased Sirt3 contributes to cyclic production of reactive oxygen species and islet β-cell apoptosis in high glucose conditions

BACKGROUND

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a vital role in the apoptosis of islet β-cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sirt3 (Sirtuin 3, a deacetylase) and FoxO1 (a transcription factor) might be involved in ROS production. This study was to investigate mechanism of ROS production and β-cell apoptosis in T2DM.

METHODS

Oxidative stress and apoptosis in islets of db/db mice and high glucose cultured β-cells were observed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and western blotting. Then, H₂O₂ was used to ascertain the effect of ROS on the expression of Sirt3. Meanwhile, FoxO1, antioxidant enzymes - catalase (CAT) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and β-cell apoptosis were also determined by western blotting. Finally, Sirt3 was knocked down to evaluate the effect on oxidative stress and apoptosis of β-cells.

RESULTS

Under high glucose environment, enhanced ROS made a decrease of Sirt3 expression, which increased acetylation of FoxO1, thus reduced the expression of its target proteins -MnSOD and CAT, and further significantly increased ROS levels. Increased ROS finally led to the apoptosis of β-cells.

CONCLUSION

Down-regulation of Sirt3 plays an important role in the cyclic production of ROS and β-cell apoptosis. Targeting Sirt3 may be favorable for the treatment of T2DM.

Metabolomics and biochemical insights on the regulation of aging-related diabetes by a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide from green microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa

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C. pyrenoidosa polysaccharide (CPP) have hypoglycemic activity and oxidation resistance.

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CPP prevents oxidative stress and stimulates insulin via affecting phenylpyruvic acid.

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CPP can regulate the GLP-1R/IL-6R and ZO-1/MMP-2 pathways.

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CPP activated BCL-6 to promote cell survival in brain.

Globally, aging and diabetes are considered prevalent threats to human health. Chlorella pyrenoidosa polysaccharide (CPP) is a natural active ingredient with multiple health benefits including antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities. In this study, the aging-related diabetic (AD) mice model was established to investigate the underlying hypoglycemic and antioxidant mechanisms of CPP. It improved superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), and malondialdehyde activities in liver and insulin secretion. CAT and GSH-px activity in the brain increased after CPP administration. In addition, through histopathological examinations, it was evident that injuries in the liver, brain, jejunum, and pancreas were restored by CPP. This restoration was likely mediated via the activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor/FOXO-1 (forkhead box O1) pathway concurrent with the inhibition of interleukin-6 receptor/FOXO-1 pathway. Furthermore, metabolomics and correlation analysis revealed that CPP possibly relived AD through changes in insulin levels and declined oxidative stress as regulated by phenylpyruvic acid. These findings suggested that CPP exerted antioxidant and hypoglycemic roles in an AD mice model, thereby providing a sound scientific foundation for further development and utilization of CPP.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Organ-Specific Adaptive Responses to Hypoxia Provides Insights to Human Diseases

The common carp is a hypoxia-tolerant fish, and the understanding of its ability to live in low-oxygen environments has been applied to human health issues such as cancer and neuron degeneration. Here, we investigated differential gene expression changes during hypoxia in five common carp organs including the brain, the gill, the head kidney, the liver, and the intestine. Based on RNA sequencing, gene expression changes under hypoxic conditions were detected in over 1800 genes in common carp. The analysis of these genes further revealed that all five organs had high expression-specific properties. According to the results of the GO and KEGG, the pathways involved in the adaptation to hypoxia provided information on responses specific to each organ in low oxygen, such as glucose metabolism and energy usage, cholesterol synthesis, cell cycle, circadian rhythm, and dopamine activation. DisGeNET analysis showed that some human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, epilepsy, metabolism diseases, and social ability disorders were related to hypoxia-regulated genes. Our results suggested that common carp undergo various gene regulations in different organs under hypoxic conditions, and integrative bioinformatics may provide some potential targets for advancing disease research.

Metabolomics based biomarker identification of anti-diabetes and anti-obesity properties of Malaysian herbs

BACKGROUND

Today, obesity affects over one-third of the global population and is hugely considered the Industrial Revolution's side effect. This multi-factorial disease is continuously spreading across developing countries, including the Middle East and Southeast Asia region, where Malaysia and Darussalam Brunei are the most affected. The sedentary lifestyle and availability of surplus foods have dramatically increased the number of individuals with type 2 diabetes in these countries. Thus, an adequate medical strategy must be developed urgently to address and remedy these diseases. Natural sources have been attracting attention, especially in Malaysia, where most land areas are under plant cover. Metabolomics, as a prophylactic technique, has been used extensively in Malaysia to investigate the potential use and benefits of herbs to combat obesity and diabetes.

AIM OF REVIEW

This review aims to explain the application of the metabolomics approach in the study of anti-diabetes and anti-obesity activity of Malaysian herbs to identify the stand-up point for future advancement in using these herbs as a primary source for drug exploration.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

This review provides an overview of using metabolomics technique in studying the anti-diabetes and anti-obesity activity of Malaysian herbs. Specific emphasis is given to the changed metabolites in both in vivo and in vitro treatment of Malaysia herbs that might be future drugs for treating diabetes and obesity.

Recent insights into the molecular regulators and mechanisms of taurine to modulate lipid metabolism: a review

Lipid metabolism disorders such as hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis that are grave public health issues. Taurine, a sulfur-containing non-essential amino acid exerts a wide range of physiological effects that regulate lipid metabolic disorders. Although the effects of taurine on lipid-lowering have been reported in animals and humans, mechanisms elucidating the lipid-lowering action of taurine remain unclear. A series of molecular regulators associated with lipid metabolism have been identified in the past few decades. These include nuclear receptors, transcription factors, and enzymes that undergo important changes during taurine treatment. In this review, we focus on the role of taurine in lipid metabolism and discuss taurine-related interventions in combating lipid disorders.

Integrated network pharmacology and cellular assay for the investigation of an anti-obesity effect of 6-shogaol

This study explored the anti-obesity effect of 6-shogaol and the underlying mechanisms by using Network pharmacology for the prediction and verification of molecular targets and pathways of 6-shogaol against obesity. Furthermore, the results were verified by molecular docking and cell experiments. A total of 86 core targets of 6-shogaol towards obesity were identified. Among them, AKT1 and PIK3CA were confirmed by using the molecular docking. In 3T3-L1 preadipocyte model, 6-shogaol significantly inhibited proliferation and differentiation, reducing the accumulation of lipid droplets. Compared with the control group, the inhibition rates of 6-shogaol on TG and TC were 90.8% and 40.0%, respectively. Additionally, 6-shogaol down-regulated the expression of PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α, while it decreased the phosphorylation of IRS-1, PI3K and AKT. This study, for the first time, confirmed the effect of 6-shogaol on improving obesity through PI3K/AKT pathway. An anti-obesity bioactivity study was further recommended for the development of novel anti-obesity products.

The molecular mechanism of vgf in appetite, lipids, and insulin regulation

Obesity is an indication of an imbalance between energy expenditure and food intake. It is a complicated disease of epidemic proportions as it involves many factors and organs. Sedentary lifestyles and overeating have caused a substantial rise in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Thus, the discovery of successful and sustainable therapies for these chronic illnesses is critical. However, the mechanisms of obesity and diabetes and the crosstalk between these diseases are still ambiguous. Numerous studies are being done to study these mechanisms, with updates made frequently. VGF peptide and its derivatives are anticipated to have a role in the development of obesity and diabetes. However, contradictory studies have produced conflicting findings on the function of VGF. Therefore, in this review, we attempt to clarify and explain the role of VGF peptides in the brain, pancreas, and adipose tissue in the development of obesity.

Non-toxic nature of chebulinic acid on biochemical, hematological and histopathological analysis in normal Sprague Dawley rats

Chebulinic acid (CA) is an ellagitannins isolated from the dried fruits of Terminalia chebula with diverse pharmacological activities. The present study focused on the acute toxicity of CA in normal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. CA was administered via oral gavage to different groups in 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight and vehicle respectively. All the animals were monitored carefully for any physiological or behavioral changes for 14 days. On day 15th animals were euthanized and blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. Different tissues were collected for histopathological study using four different staining techniques (hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, periodic acid Schiff and picro sirius red) to observe any pathological alterations. The results highlighted no morbidity and mortality after oral ingestion of CA (300 and 2000 mg/kg). Food and water consumption, body weight, relative organ weight, hematological and biochemical parameters were normal without any gross pathological lesions in harvested tissues. The outcome of the current study supported safety of CA even at high dose. However, further detailed study is required on experimentally disease model to unfold its therapeutic potential in laboratory animals.