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Russ JB, Ostrem BEL. Acquired Brain Injuries Across the Perinatal Spectrum: Pathophysiology and Emerging Therapies. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 148:206-214. [PMID: 37625929 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of the central nervous system can be directly disrupted by a variety of acquired factors, including infectious, inflammatory, hypoxic-ischemic, and toxic insults. Influences external to the fetus also impact neurodevelopment, including placental health, maternal comorbidities, adverse experiences, environmental exposures, and social determinants of health. Acquired perinatal brain insults tend to affect the developing brain in a stage-specific manner that reflects the susceptible cell types, developmental processes, and risk factors present at the time of the insult. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology, neurodevelopmental outcomes, and management of common acquired perinatal brain conditions. In the fetal brain, we divide insults based on trimester, and in the postnatal brain, we focus on common pathologies that have a presentation dependent on gestational age at birth: white matter injury and germinal matrix hemorrhage/intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in term infants. Although specific treatments for fetal and newborn brain disorders are currently limited, we emphasize therapies in preclinical or early clinical phases of the development pipeline. The growing number of novel cell type- and stage-specific emerging therapies suggests that in the near future we may have a dramatically improved ability to treat acquired perinatal brain disorders and to mitigate the associated neurodevelopmental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Russ
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bridget E L Ostrem
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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2
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Zocchi R, Compagnucci C, Bertini E, Sferra A. Deciphering the Tubulin Language: Molecular Determinants and Readout Mechanisms of the Tubulin Code in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032781. [PMID: 36769099 PMCID: PMC9917122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic components of the cell cytoskeleton involved in several cellular functions, such as structural support, migration and intracellular trafficking. Despite their high similarity, MTs have functional heterogeneity that is generated by the incorporation into the MT lattice of different tubulin gene products and by their post-translational modifications (PTMs). Such regulations, besides modulating the tubulin composition of MTs, create on their surface a "biochemical code" that is translated, through the action of protein effectors, into specific MT-based functions. This code, known as "tubulin code", plays an important role in neuronal cells, whose highly specialized morphologies and activities depend on the correct functioning of the MT cytoskeleton and on its interplay with a myriad of MT-interacting proteins. In recent years, a growing number of mutations in genes encoding for tubulins, MT-interacting proteins and enzymes that post-translationally modify MTs, which are the main players of the tubulin code, have been linked to neurodegenerative processes or abnormalities in neural migration, differentiation and connectivity. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms through which the cell writes and, downstream, MT-interacting proteins decipher the tubulin code are still largely uncharted. The purpose of this review is to describe the molecular determinants and the readout mechanisms of the tubulin code, and briefly elucidate how they coordinate MT behavior during critical neuronal events, such as neuron migration, maturation and axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zocchi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
| | - Antonella Sferra
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
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3
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Samara A, Spildrejorde M, Sharma A, Falck M, Leithaug M, Modafferi S, Bjørnstad PM, Acharya G, Gervin K, Lyle R, Eskeland R. A multi-omics approach to visualize early neuronal differentiation from hESCs in 4D. iScience 2022; 25:105279. [PMID: 36304110 PMCID: PMC9593815 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is an established method to study physiology, disease, and medication safety. However, the sequence of events in human neuronal differentiation and the ability of in vitro models to recapitulate early brain development are poorly understood. We developed a protocol optimized for the study of early human brain development and neuropharmacological applications. We comprehensively characterized gene expression and epigenetic profiles at four timepoints, because the cells differentiate from embryonic stem cells towards a heterogeneous population of progenitors, immature and mature neurons bearing telencephalic signatures. A multi-omics roadmap of neuronal differentiation, combined with searchable interactive gene analysis tools, allows for extensive exploration of early neuronal development and the effect of medications. Multi-omics charting a new neuronal differentiation protocol for human ES cells Single-cell analyses reveal marker genes during neuronal differentiation Identified transcriptional waves similar to early human brain development Searchable tools to visualize single-cell gene expression and chromatin state
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Samara
- Division of Clinical Paediatrics, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden,Astrid Lindgren Children′s Hospital Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Corresponding author
| | - Mari Spildrejorde
- PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ankush Sharma
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Falck
- PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Leithaug
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefania Modafferi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Marius Bjørnstad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ganesh Acharya
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, SE-14152 Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Fetal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Gervin
- PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert Lyle
- PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway,Corresponding author
| | - Ragnhild Eskeland
- PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Corresponding author
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4
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Hsu YF, Lo YT. Depression and violent automatism in lissencephaly with epilepsy: A case report. TAIWANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/tpsy.tpsy_19_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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5
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Zulfiqar S, Tariq M, Ramzan S, Khan A, Sher M, Ali Z, Dahl N, Abdullah U, Mahmood Baig S. Identification of a novel variant in GPR56/ADGRG1 gene through whole exome sequencing in a consanguineous Pakistani family. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 94:8-12. [PMID: 34863467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
GPR56 gene is best known for its pivotal role in cerebral cortical development. Mutations inGPR56give rise to cobblestone-like brain malformation, white matter changes and cerebellar dysplasia. This study aimed to identify causative variant in a consanguineous family having five individuals affected with developmental delay, mild to severe intellectual disability, speech impairment, strabismus and seizures. Whole exome sequencing was performed to identify mutation in affected individuals. Variants were filtered and further validated by Sanger sequencing and segregation analysis. A novel frameshift variant c.1601dupT leading to p.Ala535GlyfsTer17) was identified in GPR56 gene by whole exome sequencing and subsequent filtering. All five affected individuals were homozygous for the mutant allele while four asymptomatic individuals carried the variant in heterozygous state. Radiological findings of a representative patient presented features of GPR56-associated cobblestone like brain malformation. MRI findings suggested paucity of sulci, dilated ventricular system and brainstem atrophy. The microgyria were observed in a simplified gyral pattern (cobblestone). This single bp insertion, and the consequent frameshift, results in the truncation of GPR56 protein. This could result in a malformed cortex giving the brain a cobblestone like shape. Our study identified a 7th novel frameshift variant from Pakistani population in GPR56 gene, thus broadening mutation spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Zulfiqar
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore.
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Shafaq Ramzan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ayaz Khan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Sher
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Zafar Ali
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan.
| | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and Science for Life Laboratory, Box 815, 75108 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Uzma Abdullah
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi 46301, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan; Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF), 1- Constitution Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
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6
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Unilateral Open Lip Schizencephaly. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2021.102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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7
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WWOX and Its Binding Proteins in Neurodegeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071781. [PMID: 34359949 PMCID: PMC8304785 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is known as one of the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease. WWOX binds Tau via its C-terminal SDR domain and interacts with Tau phosphorylating enzymes ERK, JNK, and GSK-3β, and thereby limits AD progression. Loss of WWOX in newborns leads to severe neural diseases and early death. Gradual loss of WWOX protein in the hippocampus and cortex starting from middle age may slowly induce aggregation of a protein cascade that ultimately causes accumulation of extracellular amyloid beta plaques and intracellular tau tangles, along with reduction in inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, in AD patients over 70 years old. Age-related increases in pS14-WWOX accumulation in the brain promotes neuronal degeneration. Suppression of Ser14 phosphorylation by a small peptide Zfra leads to enhanced protein degradation, reduction in NF-κB-mediated inflammation, and restoration of memory loss in triple transgenic mice for AD. Intriguingly, tumor suppressors p53 and WWOX may counteract each other in vivo, which leads to upregulation of AD-related protein aggregation in the brain and lung. WWOX has numerous binding proteins. We reported that the stronger the binding between WWOX and its partners, the better the suppression of cancer growth and reduction in inflammation. In this regard, the stronger complex formation between WWOX and partners may provide a better blockade of AD progression. In this review, we describe whether and how WWOX and partner proteins control inflammatory response and protein aggregation and thereby limit AD progression.
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Nakanishi K, Niida H, Tabata H, Ito T, Hori Y, Hattori M, Johmura Y, Yamada C, Ueda T, Takeuchi K, Yamada K, Nagata KI, Wakamatsu N, Kishi M, Pan YA, Ugawa S, Shimada S, Sanes JR, Higashi Y, Nakanishi M. Isozyme-Specific Role of SAD-A in Neuronal Migration During Development of Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3738-3751. [PMID: 30307479 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SAD kinases regulate presynaptic vesicle clustering and neuronal polarization. A previous report demonstrated that Sada-/- and Sadb-/- double-mutant mice showed perinatal lethality with a severe defect in axon/dendrite differentiation, but their single mutants did not. These results indicated that they were functionally redundant. Surprisingly, we show that on a C57BL/6N background, SAD-A is essential for cortical development whereas SAD-B is dispensable. Sada-/- mice died within a few days after birth. Their cortical lamination pattern was disorganized and radial migration of cortical neurons was perturbed. Birth date analyses with BrdU and in utero electroporation using pCAG-EGFP vector showed a delayed migration of cortical neurons to the pial surface in Sada-/- mice. Time-lapse imaging of these mice confirmed slow migration velocity in the cortical plate. While the neurites of hippocampal neurons in Sada-/- mice could ultimately differentiate in culture to form axons and dendrites, the average length of their axons was shorter than that of the wild type. Thus, analysis on a different genetic background than that used initially revealed a nonredundant role for SAD-A in neuronal migration and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nakanishi
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Niida
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tabata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Hori
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Madoka Hattori
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Johmura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisato Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Biology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Yamada
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Wakamatsu
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Masashi Kishi
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Research Institute, Nozaki Tokushukai Hospital, Daito, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Albert Pan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Developmental and Translational Neurobiology Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Shinya Ugawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shoichi Shimada
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yujiro Higashi
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Mu H, Mu P, Zhu W, Huang B, Li H, Yuan L, Deng Y. Low doses of deoxynivalenol inhibit the cell migration mediated by H3K27me3-targeted downregulation of TEM8 expression. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113897. [PMID: 32135158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by multipleFusariumspecies that often contaminates cereals and threatens human and animal health. A wide range of cytotoxic effects, such as the induction of DNA damage, an increase in mitochondrial permeability and the inhibition of macromolecule synthesis, have been reported. However, the effects of DON on cell migration-a fundamental process in living cells critical for normal development, immune responses, and disease processes-and the mechanism underlying these effects are still unclear. Here, we showed that DONsignificantly inhibited the migration of MRC-5, CCD-18Co, HCT116 and WM793 cells at 50 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml, 400 ng/ml and 250 ng/ml, respectively, which maintained cell viability at 90%. Further analysis showed that DON inhibited the expression of tumour endothelial marker 8 (TEM8), a key gene in cell migration. Furthermore, we showed that DON inhibited the expression of TEM8 through increasing the level of H3K27me3 in the TEM8 promoter. Finally, overexpression of TEM8 or treating by H3K27me3-specific inhibitor GSK126 attenuated the inhibitory effect of DON on cell migration. In summary, low doses of DON at approximately dietary exposure significantly inhibited cell migration by downregulating the expression of TEM8 in a manner mediated by H3K27me3, which may generate increasing concerns for the risk of DON exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Mu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Peiqiang Mu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Wenya Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Boyan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Liping Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
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10
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Wu C, Zhang X, Chen P, Ruan X, Liu W, Li Y, Sun C, Hou L, Yin B, Qiang B, Shu P, Peng X. MicroRNA-129 modulates neuronal migration by targeting Fmr1 in the developing mouse cortex. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:287. [PMID: 30911036 PMCID: PMC6433925 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During cortical development, neuronal migration is one of the most important steps for normal cortical formation and function, and defects in this process cause many brain diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that miR-129-5p and miR-129-3p were expressed in both neural progenitor cells and cortical neurons in the developing murine cortex. Moreover, abnormal miR-129 expression could block radial migration of both the deeper layer and upper layer neurons, and impair the multipolar to bipolar transition. However, antagomir-mediated inhibition resulted in overmigration of neurons. In addition, we showed that Fragile X Mental Retardation gene 1 (Fmr1), which is mutated in the autism spectrum disorder fragile X syndrome, is an important regulatory target for miR-129-5p. Furthermore, Fmr1 loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments showed opposite effects on miR-129 regulation of neuronal migration, and restoring Fmr1 expression could counteract the deleterious effect of miR-129 on neuronal migration. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-129-5p could modulate the expression of fragile X mental retardation 1 protein (FMRP) to ensure normal neuron positioning in the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangbin Ruan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchao Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Changjie Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Boqin Qiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Shu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 650118, Kunming, China.
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11
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Dasgupta K, Jeong J. Developmental biology of the meninges. Genesis 2019; 57:e23288. [PMID: 30801905 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The meninges are membranous layers surrounding the central nervous system. In the head, the meninges lie between the brain and the skull, and interact closely with both during development. The cranial meninges originate from a mesenchymal sheath on the surface of the developing brain, called primary meninx, and undergo differentiation into three layers with distinct histological characteristics: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. While genetic regulation of meningeal development is still poorly understood, mouse mutants and other models with meningeal defects have demonstrated the importance of the meninges to normal development of the calvaria and the brain. For the calvaria, the interactions with the meninges are necessary for the progression of calvarial osteogenesis during early development. In later stages, the meninges control the patterning of the skull and the fate of the sutures. For the brain, the meninges regulate diverse processes including cell survival, cell migration, generation of neurons from progenitors, and vascularization. Also, the meninges serve as a stem cell niche for the brain in the postnatal life. Given these important roles of the meninges, further investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying meningeal development can provide novel insights into the coordinated development of the head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakali Dasgupta
- New York University College of Dentistry, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York, New York
| | - Juhee Jeong
- New York University College of Dentistry, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York, New York
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12
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Juric-Sekhar G, Hevner RF. Malformations of Cerebral Cortex Development: Molecules and Mechanisms. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 14:293-318. [PMID: 30677308 PMCID: PMC6938687 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development encompass heterogeneous groups of structural brain anomalies associated with complex neurodevelopmental disorders and diverse genetic and nongenetic etiologies. Recent progress in understanding the genetic basis of brain malformations has been driven by extraordinary advances in DNA sequencing technologies. For example, somatic mosaic mutations that activate mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in cortical progenitor cells during development are now recognized as the cause of hemimegalencephaly and some types of focal cortical dysplasia. In addition, research on brain development has begun to reveal the cellular and molecular bases of cortical gyrification and axon pathway formation, providing better understanding of disorders involving these processes. New neuroimaging techniques with improved resolution have enhanced our ability to characterize subtle malformations, such as those associated with intellectual disability and autism. In this review, we broadly discuss cortical malformations and focus on several for which genetic etiologies have elucidated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Juric-Sekhar
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; ,
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; ,
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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13
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Schizencephaly in children: A single medical center retrospective study. Pediatr Neonatol 2018; 59:573-580. [PMID: 29371079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, and neuroimaging features, outcomes, and other associated systemic disorders in children with schizencephaly at a single medical center in Taiwan. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and magnetic resonance images (MRI) of children with schizencephaly between January 2000 and December 2014. The MRI findings of schizencephaly were recorded along with the presence of associated cerebral disorders. Clinical, electroencephalographic and additional systemic disorders were also recorded. RESULTS A total of 21 patients (13 males and 8 females) were included in the study. According to the location of schizencephaly, the patients were classified into two groups: unilateral (n = 16) and bilateral (n = 5). The majority of the patients with neurological deficits were detected before 1 year of age, especially in bilateral clefts. The most common initial presentation was hemiparesis in unilateral schizencephaly, and seizures in bilateral schizencephalies. Ventriculomegaly was the most common associated cerebral disorder, and the most common additional systemic disorders included congenital heart disease, hydronephrosis, and strabismus. Seventeen patients suffered from epileptic seizures with generalized tonic-clonic seizures being the most common. Eight patients developed refractory epilepsy. The majority of the patients had motor deficits, intellectual disabilities, and language deficits, especially in bilateral clefts. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the clinical features of schizencephaly vary widely, with their severity closely related to the cleft. Determining the type, size, and extent of schizencephaly is useful to plan management and predict the prognosis.
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14
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Gueneau L, Fish RJ, Shamseldin HE, Voisin N, Tran Mau-Them F, Preiksaitiene E, Monroe GR, Lai A, Putoux A, Allias F, Ambusaidi Q, Ambrozaityte L, Cimbalistienė L, Delafontaine J, Guex N, Hashem M, Kurdi W, Jamuar SS, Ying LJ, Bonnard C, Pippucci T, Pradervand S, Roechert B, van Hasselt PM, Wiederkehr M, Wright CF, Xenarios I, van Haaften G, Shaw-Smith C, Schindewolf EM, Neerman-Arbez M, Sanlaville D, Lesca G, Guibaud L, Reversade B, Chelly J, Kučinskas V, Alkuraya FS, Reymond A, Reymond A. KIAA1109 Variants Are Associated with a Severe Disorder of Brain Development and Arthrogryposis. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:116-132. [PMID: 29290337 PMCID: PMC5777449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-exome and targeted sequencing of 13 individuals from 10 unrelated families with overlapping clinical manifestations identified loss-of-function and missense variants in KIAA1109 allowing delineation of an autosomal-recessive multi-system syndrome, which we suggest to name Alkuraya-Kučinskas syndrome (MIM 617822). Shared phenotypic features representing the cardinal characteristics of this syndrome combine brain atrophy with clubfoot and arthrogryposis. Affected individuals present with cerebral parenchymal underdevelopment, ranging from major cerebral parenchymal thinning with lissencephalic aspect to moderate parenchymal rarefaction, severe to mild ventriculomegaly, cerebellar hypoplasia with brainstem dysgenesis, and cardiac and ophthalmologic anomalies, such as microphthalmia and cataract. Severe loss-of-function cases were incompatible with life, whereas those individuals with milder missense variants presented with severe global developmental delay, syndactyly of 2nd and 3rd toes, and severe muscle hypotonia resulting in incapacity to stand without support. Consistent with a causative role for KIAA1109 loss-of-function/hypomorphic variants in this syndrome, knockdowns of the zebrafish orthologous gene resulted in embryos with hydrocephaly and abnormally curved notochords and overall body shape, whereas published knockouts of the fruit fly and mouse orthologous genes resulted in lethality or severe neurological defects reminiscent of the probands’ features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Nguyen VT, Chong S, Tieng QM, Mardon K, Galloway GJ, Kurniawan ND. Radiological studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in humans and animal models: An updated comprehensive review. Magn Reson Imaging 2017. [PMID: 28645698 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders encompass a wide range of birth defects in children born to mothers who consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Typical mental impairments in FASD include difficulties in life adaptation and learning and memory, deficits in attention, visuospatial skills, language and speech disabilities, mood disorders and motor disabilities. Multimodal imaging methods have enabled in vivo studies of the teratogenic effects of alcohol on the central nervous system, giving more insight into the FASD phenotype. This paper offers an up-to-date comprehensive review of radiological findings in the central nervous system in studies of prenatal alcohol exposure in both humans and translational animal models, including Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computed Tomography, Positron Emission Tomography, Single Photon Emission Tomography and Ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van T Nguyen
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Suyinn Chong
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Quang M Tieng
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karine Mardon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham J Galloway
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nyoman D Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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van den Berg DLC, Azzarelli R, Oishi K, Martynoga B, Urbán N, Dekkers DHW, Demmers JA, Guillemot F. Nipbl Interacts with Zfp609 and the Integrator Complex to Regulate Cortical Neuron Migration. Neuron 2017; 93:348-361. [PMID: 28041881 PMCID: PMC5263256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in NIPBL are the most frequent cause of Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), a developmental disorder encompassing several neurological defects, including intellectual disability and seizures. How NIPBL mutations affect brain development is not understood. Here we identify Nipbl as a functional interaction partner of the neural transcription factor Zfp609 in brain development. Depletion of Zfp609 or Nipbl from cortical neural progenitors in vivo is detrimental to neuronal migration. Zfp609 and Nipbl overlap at genomic binding sites independently of cohesin and regulate genes that control cortical neuron migration. We find that Zfp609 and Nipbl interact with the Integrator complex, which functions in RNA polymerase 2 pause release. Indeed, Zfp609 and Nipbl co-localize at gene promoters containing paused RNA polymerase 2, and Integrator similarly regulates neuronal migration. Our data provide a rationale and mechanistic insights for the role of Nipbl in the neurological defects associated with CdLS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Azzarelli
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Koji Oishi
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Ben Martynoga
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Noelia Urbán
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Dick H W Dekkers
- Center for Proteomics, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A Demmers
- Center for Proteomics, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - François Guillemot
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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Williams AJ, Zhou C, Sun QQ. Enhanced Burst-Suppression and Disruption of Local Field Potential Synchrony in a Mouse Model of Focal Cortical Dysplasia Exhibiting Spike-Wave Seizures. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:93. [PMID: 27891080 PMCID: PMC5102891 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are a common cause of brain seizures and are often associated with intractable epilepsy. Here we evaluated aberrant brain neurophysiology in an in vivo mouse model of FCD induced by neonatal freeze lesions (FLs) to the right cortical hemisphere (near S1). Linear multi-electrode arrays were used to record extracellular potentials from cortical and subcortical brain regions near the FL in anesthetized mice (5–13 months old) followed by 24 h cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Results indicated that FL animals exhibit a high prevalence of spontaneous spike-wave discharges (SWDs), predominately during sleep (EEG), and an increase in the incidence of hyper-excitable burst/suppression activity under general anesthesia (extracellular recordings, 0.5%–3.0% isoflurane). Brief periods of burst activity in the local field potential (LFP) typically presented as an arrhythmic pattern of increased theta-alpha spectral peaks (4–12 Hz) on a background of low-amplitude delta activity (1–4 Hz), were associated with an increase in spontaneous spiking of cortical neurons, and were highly synchronized in control animals across recording sites in both cortical and subcortical layers (average cross-correlation values ranging from +0.73 to +1.0) with minimal phase shift between electrodes. However, in FL animals, cortical vs. subcortical burst activity was strongly out of phase with significantly lower cross-correlation values compared to controls (average values of −0.1 to +0.5, P < 0.05 between groups). In particular, a marked reduction in the level of synchronous burst activity was observed, the closer the recording electrodes were to the malformation (Pearson’s Correlation = 0.525, P < 0.05). In a subset of FL animals (3/9), burst activity also included a spike or spike-wave pattern similar to the SWDs observed in unanesthetized animals. In summary, neonatal FLs increased the hyperexcitable pattern of burst activity induced by anesthesia and disrupted field potential synchrony between cortical and subcortical brain regions near the site of the cortical malformation. Monitoring the altered electrophysiology of burst activity under general anesthesia with multi-dimensional micro-electrode arrays may serve to define distinct neurophysiological biomarkers of epileptogenesis in human brain and improve techniques for surgical resection of epileptogenic malformed brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Williams
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Qian-Quan Sun
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming Laramie, WY, USA
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18
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Hung PC, Wang HS, Chou ML, Lin KL, Hsieh MY, Wong AMC. Clinical and neuroimaging findings in children with gray matter heterotopias: A single institution experience of 36 patients. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2016; 20:732-7. [PMID: 27262615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical spectrum and neuroimaging features of childhood gray matter heterotopias in a single tertiary hospital in Taiwan. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and magnetic resonance images (MRI) of 36 patients with gray matter heterotopias, 19 females and 17 males, between July 1999 and June 2014. The MRI morphologic findings of gray matter heterotopias were recorded along with the presence of associated cerebral malformations. The clinical, electrophysiological and associated systemic malformation data were also recorded. RESULTS A total of 36 patients were included in the study. Their ages ranged from 1 month to 18 years with a mean age of 3 years 6 months. According to the location of gray matter heterotopias, patients were classified into two groups: periventricular (26) and band (10). The phenotypic spectrum in our population differed from that described previously. In the periventricular group, additional cerebral malformations were found in 18/26 (69%) and systemic malformations in 14/26 (54%). In the band group, additional cerebral malformations were found in 5/10 (50%) and systemic malformations in 2/10 (20%). The majority of patients had developmental delay and intellectual deficit. Twenty-two patients suffered from epileptic seizures with 12 developing refractory epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS In periventricular heterotopias, the most common associated cerebral malformation was ventriculomegaly, followed by agenesis of corpus callosum. Congenital heart disease was the most common additional systemic malformation. However, the most common associated cerebral malformation was pachygyria in band form. The majority of patients had developmental delay, intellectual deficit, especially in band heterotopias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Cheng Hung
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 5, Fu-Hsing St., Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Huei-Shyong Wang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 5, Fu-Hsing St., Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Liang Chou
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 5, Fu-Hsing St., Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuang-Lin Lin
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 5, Fu-Hsing St., Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Ying Hsieh
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 5, Fu-Hsing St., Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Alex M-C Wong
- Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Chang Gung Children Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 5, Fu-Hsing St., Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
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19
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Moffat JJ, Ka M, Jung EM, Kim WY. Genes and brain malformations associated with abnormal neuron positioning. Mol Brain 2015; 8:72. [PMID: 26541977 PMCID: PMC4635534 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal positioning is a fundamental process during brain development. Abnormalities in this process cause several types of brain malformations and are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, intellectual disability, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. Little is known about the pathogenesis of developmental brain malformations associated with abnormal neuron positioning, which has hindered research into potential treatments. However, recent advances in neurogenetics provide clues to the pathogenesis of aberrant neuronal positioning by identifying causative genes. This may help us form a foundation upon which therapeutic tools can be developed. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of neural development and migration, as they relate to defects in neuronal positioning. We then discuss recent progress in identifying genes and brain malformations associated with aberrant neuronal positioning during human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Moffat
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5960, USA.
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5960, USA.
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5960, USA.
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5960, USA.
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20
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Moon UY, Park JY, Park R, Cho JY, Hughes LJ, McKenna J, Goetzl L, Cho SH, Crino PB, Gambello MJ, Kim S. Impaired Reelin-Dab1 Signaling Contributes to Neuronal Migration Deficits of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Cell Rep 2015; 12:965-78. [PMID: 26235615 PMCID: PMC4536164 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including defects in neuronal migration. However, the alterations in cell signaling mechanisms critical for migration and final positioning of neurons in TSC remain unclear. Our detailed cellular analyses reveal that reduced Tsc2 in newborn neurons causes abnormalities in leading processes of migrating neurons, accompanied by significantly delayed migration. Importantly, we demonstrate that Reelin-Dab1 signaling is aberrantly regulated in TSC mouse models and in cortical tubers from TSC patients owing to enhanced expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cul5, a known mediator of pDab1 ubiquitination. Likewise, mTORC1 activation by Rheb overexpression generates similar neuronal and Reelin-Dab1 signaling defects, and directly upregulates Cul5 expression. Inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin treatment or by reducing Cul5 largely restores normal leading processes and positioning of migrating neurons. Thus, disrupted Reelin-Dab1 signaling is critically involved in the neuronal migration defects of TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uk Yeol Moon
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jun Young Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Raehee Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Lucinda J Hughes
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - James McKenna
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Laura Goetzl
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Peter B Crino
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael J Gambello
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Abstract
This review presents principles of glycosylation, describes the relevant glycosylation pathways and their related disorders, and highlights some of the neurological aspects and issues that continue to challenge researchers. More than 100 rare human genetic disorders that result from deficiencies in the different glycosylation pathways are known today. Most of these disorders impact the central and/or peripheral nervous systems. Patients typically have developmental delays/intellectual disabilities, hypotonia, seizures, neuropathy, and metabolic abnormalities in multiple organ systems. Among these disorders there is great clinical diversity because all cell types differentially glycosylate proteins and lipids. The patients have hundreds of misglycosylated products, which afflict a myriad of processes, including cell signaling, cell-cell interaction, and cell migration. This vast complexity in glycan composition and function, along with the limited availability of analytic tools, has impeded the identification of key glycosylated molecules that cause pathologies. To date, few critical target proteins have been pinpointed.
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Absent cavum septum pellucidum: a review with emphasis on associated commissural abnormalities. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45:950-64. [PMID: 26123886 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-015-3318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) is an important fetal midline forebrain landmark, and its absence often signifies additional underlying malformations. Frequently detected by prenatal sonography, absence of the CSP requires further imaging with pre- or postnatal MRI to characterize the accompanying abnormalities. This article reviews the developmental anatomy of the CSP and the pivotal role of commissurization in normal development. An understanding of the patterns of commissural abnormalities associated with absence of the CSP can lead to improved characterization of the underlying spectrum of pathology.
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Miclea D, Peca L, Cuzmici Z, Pop IV. Genetic testing in patients with global developmental delay / intellectual disabilities. A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 88:288-92. [PMID: 26609258 PMCID: PMC4632884 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors are responsible for up to 40% developmental disability cases, such as global developmental delay/intellectual disability (GDD/DI). The American and more recently the European guidelines on this group of diseases state that genetic testing is essential and should become a standardized diagnostic practice. The main arguments for the necessity of implementing such a practice are: (1) the high prevalence of developmental disabilities (3% of the population); (2) the high genetic contribution to this type of pathology; (3) insufficient referral for genetic consultation. In an attempt to address these issues, the purpose of this paper is to present the genetic etiology of global developmental delay / intellectual disability with emphasis on the need to implement a genetic testing protocol for the patients with GDD/DI, as indicated by the current guidelines. Chromosomal abnormalities and fragile X syndrome are the most frequent causes of developmental disabilities and the techniques employed to detect such genetic disorders should be used as first line investigations of GDD/DI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Miclea
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Loredana Peca
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zina Cuzmici
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Victor Pop
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Kim C, Yeom KW, Iv M. Congenital brain malformations in the neonatal and early infancy period. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2015; 36:97-119. [PMID: 26001941 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital brain malformations are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients who are younger than 2 years. Optimization of patient care requires accurate diagnosis, which can be challenging as congenital brain malformations include an extensive variety of anomalies. Radiologic imaging helps to identify the malformations and to guide management. Understanding radiologic findings necessitates knowledge of central nervous system embryogenesis. This review discusses the imaging of congenital brain malformations encountered in patients who are younger than 2 years in the context of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kim
- Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children׳s Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
| | - Kristen W Yeom
- Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children׳s Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael Iv
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA
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Autosomal recessive lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia is associated with a loss-of-function mutation in CDK5. Hum Genet 2015; 134:305-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Gilbert ME, Ramos RL, McCloskey DP, Goodman JH. Subcortical band heterotopia in rat offspring following maternal hypothyroxinaemia: structural and functional characteristics. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:528-41. [PMID: 24889016 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) play crucial roles in brain maturation and are important for neuronal migration and neocortical lamination. Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) represent a class of neuronal migration errors in humans that are often associated with childhood epilepsy. We have previously reported the presence of SBH in a rodent model of low level hypothyroidism induced by maternal exposure to the goitrogen, propylthiouracil (PTU). In the present study, we report the dose-response characteristics of this developmental malformation and the connectivity of heterotopic neurones with other brain regions, as well as their functionality. Pregnant rats were exposed to varying concentrations of PTU through the drinking water (0-10 p.p.m.) beginning on gestational day 6 to produce graded levels of TH insufficiency. Dose-dependent increases in the volume of the SBH present in the corpus callosum were documented in the adult offspring, with a clear presence at concentrations of PTU that resulted in minor (< 15%) reductions in maternal serum thyroxine as measured when pups were weaned. SBH contain neurones, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia. Monoaminergic and cholinergic processes were prevalent and many of the axons were myelinated. Anatomical connectivity of SBH neurones to cortical neurones and the synaptic functionality of these anatomical connections was verified by ex vivo field potential recordings. SBH persisted in adult offspring despite a return to euthyroid status on termination of exposure and these offspring displayed an increased sensitivity to seizures. Features of this model are attractive with respect to the investigation of the molecular mechanisms of cortical development, the effectiveness of therapeutic intervention in hypothyroxinaemia during pregnancy and the impact of the very modest TH imbalance that accompanies exposure to environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Gilbert
- Toxicity Assessment Division, Neurotoxicology Branch, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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27
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Antenatal diagnosis of alobar holoprosencephaly. Case Rep Radiol 2014; 2014:724671. [PMID: 25126440 PMCID: PMC4122072 DOI: 10.1155/2014/724671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A twenty-year-old second gravida presented to the department of radiodiagnosis for routine obstetric ultrasound examination. Ultrasonography revealed a live fetus of 17 weeks with absent falx, fused thalami, monoventricle, proboscis, and cyclopia. Fetal MRI was performed and the findings were confirmed. Even though ultrasonography is diagnostic in the detection of fetal anomalies, MRI plays a vital role due to its multiplanar capability and excellent soft tissue resolution. The importance of presenting this classical case of alobar holoprosencephaly is to sensitize the clinicians and radiologists to the imaging manifestations of holoprosencephaly and to stress the importance of early diagnosis. If diagnosed in utero at an early stage of pregnancy, termination can be performed and maternal psychological trauma of bearing a deformed fetus can be avoided.
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Verrotti A, Spartà MV, Monacelli D, Porto R, Castagnino M, Russo Raucci A, Compagno F, Viglio S, Foiadelli T, Nicita F, Grosso S, Spalice A, Chiarelli F, Marseglia G, Savasta S. Long-term prognosis of patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014; 55:1213-9. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rossella Porto
- Department of Pediatrics; IRCCS San Matteo; Pavia University; Pavia Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Compagno
- Department of Pediatrics; IRCCS San Matteo; Pavia University; Pavia Italy
| | - Simona Viglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Pavia University; Pavia Italy
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Department of Pediatrics; IRCCS San Matteo; Pavia University; Pavia Italy
| | | | | | - Alberto Spalice
- Department of Pediatrics; La Sapienza University; Rome Italy
| | | | | | - Salvatore Savasta
- Department of Pediatrics; IRCCS San Matteo; Pavia University; Pavia Italy
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miR-139-5p modulates cortical neuronal migration by targeting Lis1 in a rat model of focal cortical dysplasia. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1407-14. [PMID: 24647639 PMCID: PMC4055601 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play important roles in the developing rat brain. In this study, we investigated the role of miRNAs in the brains of immature (20–80 days) rats with liquid nitrogen lesion-induced focal cortical dysplasia. miRNA microarray demonstrated that the expression of miR-139-5p was associated with cortical development. Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase assays revealed that the Lis1 gene is a likely target of miR-139-5p. It is known that Lis1 plays a role in cell proliferation and migration and can lead to cortical dysplasia when mutated. Our data demonstrated an inhibitory effect of miR-139-5p on the expression of Lis1 in PC12 cells 24 h following transfection with pre-miR-139-5p. However, when the PC12 cells were transfected with anti-miR-139-5p, an increase was observed in the expression of Lis1. Cell migration assay revealed that miR-139-5p significantly inhibited the migration of PC12 and HCN-2 cells treated with or without Lis1 protein. In addition, a rat model of focal cortical dysplasia was established, wherein miR-139-5p was administered and Lis1 expression was found to be markedly reduced. Moreover, the injured cortex showed a certain degree of recovery following the administration of miR-139-5p, demonstrating that the reduction in miR-139-5p was at least partially responsible for the upregulation of Lis1 in the rat brains. Our data suggest that miR-139-5p modulates cortical neuronal migration by targeting Lis1.
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Gamage TH, Misceo D, Fannemel M, Frengen E. A balanced de novo inv(7)(p14.3q22.3) disrupting PDE1C and ATXN7L1 in a 14-year old developmentally delayed boy. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:361-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Akakin D, Martinez-Diaz H, Chen HX, Roper SN. Reduced densities of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing interneurons in experimental cortical dysplasia and heterotopia in early postnatal development. Epilepsy Res 2013; 104:226-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jang MA, Woo HI, Kim JW, Lee J, Ki CS. Identification of DCX gene mutation in lissencephaly spectrum with subcortical band heterotopia using whole exome sequencing. Pediatr Neurol 2013; 48:411-4. [PMID: 23583063 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development include a wide range of brain developmental anomalies that commonly lead to developmental delay and epilepsy. Lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia are major malformations of cortical development due to abnormal neuronal migration and several genes have been identified including ARX, DCX, LIS1, RELN, TUBA1A, and VLDLR. Traditionally, genetic testing for lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia has been done in the order of the probability of detection of mutation according to the radiologic features, but the success rate could be variable with this time-consuming approach. In this study we used whole-exome sequencing to identify mutations in a 5-year-old girl with lissencephaly spectrum with subcortical band heterotopia. After excluding lissencephaly-related genes, one deleterious mutation (NM_178153.2:c.665C > T, p.Thr222Ile) in the DCX gene was identified. Further Sanger sequencing validated the variant in the patient but not in both parents indicating a de novo mutation. The present report demonstrates that whole-exome sequencing may be a useful tool for the identification of mutations in patients with lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopias as well as malformations of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ae Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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33
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Barsi-Rhyne BJ, Miller KM, Vargas CT, Thomas AB, Park J, Bremer M, Jarecki JL, VanHoven MK. Kinesin-1 acts with netrin and DCC to maintain sensory neuron position in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2013; 194:175-87. [PMID: 23475988 PMCID: PMC3632465 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.149310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of neurons and the maintenance of that arrangement are critical to brain function. Failure of these processes in humans can lead to severe birth defects, mental retardation, and epilepsy. Several kinesins have been shown to play important roles in cell migration in vertebrate systems, but few upstream and downstream pathway members have been identified. Here, we utilize the genetic model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to elucidate the pathway by which the C. elegans Kinesin-1 Heavy Chain (KHC)/KIF5 ortholog UNC-116 functions to maintain neuronal cell body position in the PHB sensory neurons. We find that UNC-116/KHC acts in part with the cell and axon migration molecules UNC-6/Netrin and UNC-40/DCC in this process, but in parallel to SAX-3/Robo. We have also identified several potential adaptor, cargo, and regulatory proteins that may provide insight into the mechanism of UNC-116/KHC's function in this process. These include the cargo receptor UNC-33/CRMP2, the cargo adaptor protein UNC-76/FEZ and its regulator UNC-51/ULK, the cargo molecule UNC-69/SCOCO, and the actin regulators UNC-44/Ankyrin and UNC-34/Enabled. These genes also act in cell migration and axon outgrowth; however, many proteins that function in these processes do not affect PHB position. Our findings suggest an active posterior cell migration mediated by UNC-116/KHC occurs throughout development to maintain proper PHB cell body position and define a new pathway that mediates maintenance of neuronal cell body position.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristine M. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, California 95192
| | - Christopher T. Vargas
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, California 95192
| | - Anthony B. Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, California 95192
| | - Joori Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, California 95192
| | - Martina Bremer
- Department of Mathematics, San José State University, San José, California 95192
| | - Jessica L. Jarecki
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, California 95192
| | - Miri K. VanHoven
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, California 95192
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Ohtaka-Maruyama C, Hirai S, Miwa A, Heng JIT, Shitara H, Ishii R, Taya C, Kawano H, Kasai M, Nakajima K, Okado H. RP58 regulates the multipolar-bipolar transition of newborn neurons in the developing cerebral cortex. Cell Rep 2013; 3:458-71. [PMID: 23395638 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that many brain diseases are associated with defects in neuronal migration, suggesting that this step of neurogenesis is critical for brain organization. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal migration remain largely unknown. Here, we identified the zinc-finger transcriptional repressor RP58 as a key regulator of neuronal migration via multipolar-to-bipolar transition. RP58(-/-) neurons exhibited severe defects in the formation of leading processes and never shifted to the locomotion mode. Cre-mediated deletion of RP58 using in utero electroporation in RP58(flox/flox) mice revealed that RP58 functions in cell-autonomous multipolar-to-bipolar transition, independent of cell-cycle exit. Finally, we found that RP58 represses Ngn2 transcription to regulate the Ngn2-Rnd2 pathway; Ngn2 knockdown rescued migration defects of the RP58(-/-) neurons. Our findings highlight the critical role of RP58 in multipolar-to-bipolar transition via suppression of the Ngn2-Rnd2 pathway in the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Neural Development Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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35
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Ding Y, Zhang R, Zhang K, Lv X, Chen Y, Li A, Wang L, Zhang X, Xia Q. Nischarin is differentially expressed in rat brain and regulates neuronal migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54563. [PMID: 23342172 PMCID: PMC3546990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nischarin is a protein known to inhibit breast cancer cell motility by regulating the signaling of the Rho GTPase family. However, little is known about its location and function in the nervous system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the regional and cellular expression and functions of Nischarin in the adult rodent brain. As assessed by real-time PCR, Western blot analysis and immunostaining, we found that Nischarin was widely distributed throughout the brain, with a higher expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Double-labeling showed that Nischarin was expressed in neurons and was mainly located in the perinuclear region and F-actin-rich protrusions. The expression pattern of Nischarin in the brain was thought to be closely associated with its function. This was verified by our findings from cell migration assays that Nischarin regulated neuronal migration. These results provide a preliminary survey of the distribution of Nischarin in different regions and cell types in the rat brain. This might help to elucidate its physiological roles, and to evaluate its potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemin Ding
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kena Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyou Lv
- Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aiqing Li
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Brain malformations, particularly related to early brain development, are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of fetal neurological disorders. Fetal cerebral malformation, predominantly of impaired prosencephalic development namely agenesis of the corpus callosum and septo-optic dysplasia, is the main pathological feature in fetus, and causes prominent neurodevelopmental retardation, and associated with congenital facial anomalies and visual disorders. Differential diagnosis of brain malformations can be extremely difficult even through magnetic resonance imaging. Advances in genomic and molecular genetics technologies have led to the identification of the sonic hedgehog pathways and genes critical to the normal brain development. Molecular cytogenetic and genetic studies have identified numeric and structural chromosomal abnormalities as well as mutations in genes important for the etiology of fetal neurological disorders. In this review, we update the molecular genetics findings of three common fetal neurological abnormalities, holoprosencephaly, lissencephaly and agenesis of the corpus callosum, in an attempt to assist in perinatal and prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
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Wang ZZ, Zhang Y, Yuan YH, Chen NH. Developmental expression of chemokine-like factor 1, a novel member of chemokines family, in postnatal rat cerebral cortex. Neurosci Lett 2012; 519:51-5. [PMID: 22587964 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1) has been implicated to induce the migration of neuroblastoma cells and is abundant in fetal brain but scarce in adult brain. Given the importance of neural cell migration in brain development, it is possible that the chemotaxis of CKLF1 is required during brain development. Therefore, it is essential to know the detailed expression profiles of CKLF1 during brain development first. However, the developmental expression patterns of CKLF1 still remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the temporal and spatial expressions of CKLF1 during cerebral cortex postnatal development in rats. By reverse-transcription PCR/immunoblotting at multiple time points, the mRNA/protein expressions of CKLF1 were in abundance at birth, then decreased progressively within the next two weeks and almost disappeared in adulthood. By immunohistochemistry staining, an obvious expression of CKLF1 was observed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, some specific nuclei and commissural fibers. Concluding, the temporal expression pattern of CKLF1 was coincident with the postnatal developmental stages and the spatial locations of CKLF1 were some destinations of neural cell migration or regions where myelination normally occurs during cerebrum postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Rosen GD, Azoulay NG, Griffin EG, Newbury A, Koganti L, Fujisaki N, Takahashi E, Grant PE, Truong DT, Fitch RH, Lu L, Williams RW. Bilateral subcortical heterotopia with partial callosal agenesis in a mouse mutant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:859-72. [PMID: 22455839 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cognition and behavior depend on the precise placement and interconnection of complex ensembles of neurons in cerebral cortex. Mutations that disrupt migration of immature neurons from the ventricular zone to the cortical plate have provided major insight into mechanisms of brain development and disease. We have discovered a new and highly penetrant spontaneous mutation that leads to large nodular bilateral subcortical heterotopias with partial callosal agenesis. The mutant phenotype was first detected in a colony of fully inbred BXD29 mice already known to harbor a mutation in Tlr4. Neurons confined to the heterotopias are mainly born in midgestation to late gestation and would normally have migrated into layers 2-4 of overlying neocortex. Callosal cross-sectional area and fiber number are reduced up to 50% compared with coisogenic wildtype BXD29 substrain controls. Mutants have a pronounced and highly selective defect in rapid auditory processing. The segregation pattern of the mutant phenotype is most consistent with a two-locus autosomal recessive model, and selective genotyping definitively rules out the Tlr4 mutation as a cause. The discovery of a novel mutation with strong pleiotropic anatomical and behavioral effects provides an important new resource for dissecting molecular mechanisms and functional consequences of errors of neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Thoby-Brisson M, Bouvier J, Glasco DM, Stewart ME, Dean C, Murdoch JN, Champagnat J, Fortin G, Chandrasekhar A. Brainstem respiratory oscillators develop independently of neuronal migration defects in the Wnt/PCP mouse mutant looptail. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31140. [PMID: 22363567 PMCID: PMC3281908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper development and maturation of neuronal circuits require precise migration of component neurons from their birthplace (germinal zone) to their final positions. Little is known about the effects of aberrant neuronal position on the functioning of organized neuronal groups, especially in mammals. Here, we investigated the formation and properties of brainstem respiratory neurons in looptail (Lp) mutant mice in which facial motor neurons closely apposed to some respiratory neurons fail to migrate due to loss of function of the Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) protein Vangl2. Using calcium imaging and immunostaining on embryonic hindbrain preparations, we found that respiratory neurons constituting the embryonic parafacial oscillator (e-pF) settled at the ventral surface of the medulla in Vangl2Lp/+ and Vangl2Lp/Lp embryos despite the failure of tangential migration of its normally adjacent facial motor nucleus. Anatomically, the e-pF neurons were displaced medially in Lp/+ embryos and rostro-medially Lp/Lp embryos. Pharmacological treatments showed that the e-pF oscillator exhibited characteristic network properties in both Lp/+ and Lp/Lp embryos. Furthermore, using hindbrain slices, we found that the other respiratory oscillator, the preBötzinger complex, was also anatomically and functionally established in Lp mutants. Importantly, the displaced e-pF oscillator established functional connections with the preBötC oscillator in Lp/+ mutants. Our data highlight the robustness of the developmental processes that assemble the neuronal networks mediating an essential physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Thoby-Brisson
- UPR 3294 Neurobiology and Development, CNRS Institute of Neurobiology A. Fessard, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- * E-mail: (MTB); (AC)
| | - Julien Bouvier
- UPR 3294 Neurobiology and Development, CNRS Institute of Neurobiology A. Fessard, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Derrick M. Glasco
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michelle E. Stewart
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Dean
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer N. Murdoch
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Champagnat
- UPR 3294 Neurobiology and Development, CNRS Institute of Neurobiology A. Fessard, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilles Fortin
- UPR 3294 Neurobiology and Development, CNRS Institute of Neurobiology A. Fessard, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anand Chandrasekhar
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MTB); (AC)
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40
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Amant F, Van Calsteren K, Halaska MJ, Gziri MM, Hui W, Lagae L, Willemsen MA, Kapusta L, Van Calster B, Wouters H, Heyns L, Han SN, Tomek V, Mertens L, Ottevanger PB. Long-term cognitive and cardiac outcomes after prenatal exposure to chemotherapy in children aged 18 months or older: an observational study. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:256-64. [PMID: 22326925 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(11)70363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy for the treatment of maternal cancers during pregnancy has become more acceptable in the past decade; however, the effect of prenatal exposure to chemotherapy on cardiac and neurodevelopmental outcomes of the offspring is still uncertain. We aimed to record the general health, cardiac function, and neurodevelopmental outcomes of children who were prenatally exposed to chemotherapy. METHODS We did an interim analysis of a multicentre observational cohort study assessing children who were prenatally exposed to maternal cancer staging and treatment, including chemotherapy. We assessed children at birth, at age 18 months, and at age 5-6, 8-9, 11-12, 14-15, or 18 years. We did clinical neurological examinations, tests of the general level of cognitive functioning (Bayley or intelligence quotient [IQ] test), electrocardiography and echocardiography, and administered a questionnaire on general health and development. From age 5 years, we also did audiometry, the Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and subtasks of the Children's Memory Scale, and the Test of Everyday Attention for Children, and we also completed the Child Behavior Checklist. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00330447. FINDINGS 236 cycles of chemotherapy were administered in 68 pregnancies. We assessed 70 children, born at a median gestational age of 35·7 weeks (range 28·3-41·0; IQR 3·3; 47 women at <37 weeks), with a median follow-up period of 22·3 months (range 16·8-211·6; IQR 54·9). Although neurocognitive outcomes were within normal ranges, cognitive development scores were lower for children who were born preterm than for those born at full term. When controlling for age, sex, and country, the score for IQ increased by an average 11·6 points (95% CI 6·0-17·1) for each additional month of gestation (p<0·0001). Our measurements of the children's behaviour, general health, hearing, and growth corresponded with those of the general population. Cardiac dimensions and functions were within normal ranges. We identified a severe neurodevelopmental delay in both members of one twin pregnancy. INTERPRETATION Fetal exposure to chemotherapy was not associated with increased CNS, cardiac or auditory morbidity, or with impairments to general health and growth compared with the general population. However, subtle changes in cardiac and neurocognitive measurements emphasise the need for longer follow-up. Prematurity was common and was associated with impaired cognitive development. Therefore, iatrogenic preterm delivery should be avoided when possible. FUNDING Research Foundation-Flanders; Research Fund-K U Leuven; Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology; Stichting tegen Kanker; Clinical Research Fund-University Hospitals Leuven; and Belgian Cancer Plan, Ministery of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Amant
- Leuven Cancer Institute, Gynaecologic Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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41
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Szczałuba K, Mierzewska H, Obersztyn E, Tryfon J, Bekiesińska-Figatowska M, Szczepanik E, Chrzanowska K, Bocian E. Nijmegen breakage syndrome with macrocephaly, schizencephaly and large CSF spaces—extended spectrum of the condition. J Appl Genet 2012; 53:189-91. [PMID: 22293976 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-012-0084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Szczałuba
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17A St.,01-211 Warsaw, Poland.
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Sohal APS, Montgomery T, Mitra D, Ramesh V. TUBA1A mutation-associated lissencephaly: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurol 2012; 46:127-31. [PMID: 22264709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lissencephaly is a disorder of neuronal migration resulting in abnormal cerebral cortical sulcation and gyration. Affected children present with microcephaly, developmental delay, and early-onset epileptic seizures. Recently, de novo missense mutations in the tubulin α-1A (TUBA1A) gene were identified as causing a distinctive radiologic phenotype comprising of posteriorly predominant lissencephaly with dysgenetic corpus callosum, cerebellar and brainstem hypoplasia, and more recently, polymicrogyria. We describe a 14-month-old girl with TUBA1A mutation-associated lissencephaly, and summarize the clinical and neuroradiologic findings of 19 cases in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman P S Sohal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
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Cheng L, Tian Z, Sun R, Wang Z, Shen J, Shan Z, Jin L, Lei L. ApoER2 and VLDLR in the developing human telencephalon. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2011; 15:361-7. [PMID: 21601501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating the migration and position of cortical neurons during the development of the cerebral cortex. Mutation in Reelin may result in severe developmental disorders such as autosomal recessive lissencephaly. Apolipoprotein E receptor type-2 (ApoER2) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) are canonical receptors of Reelin, through which extracellular Reelin activates the intracellular adapter, Disabled1(Dab1), and subsequently interacts with other molecules. Although it is widely accepted that ApoER2 and VLDLR are indispensable components of the Reelin signaling pathway, little is known of their expression pattern in the laminated developing human brain. Here, we collected 18 cases of human fetal brains of 6-18 gestational weeks (GW) old and examined the expression of ApoER2 and VLDLR in the their telencephalon using immunocytochemical staining. We found that both receptors were absent in the preplate (PP) and the earliest stage of the cortical plate (CP). In later stages of CP development, ApoER2 was expressed earlier than VLDLR in the migrating neurons. Thus, the Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway may not be involved in the formation of the preplate and deep layers of the CP. Instead, the pathway may act on neurons that are destined to form the more superficial layers of the CP. In addition, the pathway required ApoER2 only rather than both ApoER2 and VLDLR at the initiation of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Iomazenil hyperfixation in single photon emission computed tomography study of malformations of cortical development during infancy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2011; 15:372-5. [PMID: 21501962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We present 2 cases of malformations of cortical development and early onset epilepsy. The first case is of a patient with left hemimegalencephaly who developed focal epilepsy at the age of 2 days and cluster spasms at 1.5 months. After left functional hemispherectomy, seizures originated from the contralateral hemisphere, which had shown normal signals in the preoperative magnetic resonance imaging study. The second case is of a patient with lissencephaly, caused by a missense mutation in the doublecortin gene, who developed West syndrome at the age of 5 months. In both the cases, (123)I-iomazenil single photon emission computed tomography performed during infancy showed significant hyperfixation in the dysplastic lesions. This finding indicates the immaturity of the affected neurons and a gamma-aminobutyric acidergic involvement in epileptogenesis associated with malformations of cortical development during infancy.
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Rout UK, Dhossche JM. Liquid-diet with alcohol alters maternal, fetal and placental weights and the expression of molecules involved in integrin signaling in the fetal cerebral cortex. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:4023-36. [PMID: 21139874 PMCID: PMC2996222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7114023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy causes wide range of behavioral and structural deficits in children, commonly known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). Children with FAS may suffer behavioral deficits in the absence of obvious malformations. In rodents, the exposure to alcohol during gestation changes brain structures and weights of offspring. The mechanism of FAS is not completely understood. In the present study, an established rat (Long-Evans) model of FAS was used. The litter size and the weights of mothers, fetuses and placentas were examined on gestation days 18 or 20. On gestation day 18, the effects of chronic alcohol on the expression levels of integrin receptor subunits, phospholipase-Cγ and N-cadherin were examined in the fetal cerebral cortices. Presence of alcohol in the liquid-diet reduced the consumption and decreased weights of mothers and fetuses but increased the placental weights. Expression levels of β1 and α3 integrin subunits and phospholipase-Cγ2 were significantly altered in the fetal cerebral cortices of mothers on alcohol containing diet. Results show that alcohol consumption during pregnancy even with protein, mineral and vitamin enriched diet may affect maternal and fetal health, and alter integrin receptor signaling pathways in the fetal cerebral cortex disturbing the development of fetal brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal K Rout
- Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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O'Leary-Moore SK, Parnell SE, Godin EA, Dehart DB, Ament JJ, Khan AA, Johnson GA, Styner MA, Sulik KK. Magnetic resonance microscopy-based analyses of the brains of normal and ethanol-exposed fetal mice. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2010; 88:953-64. [PMID: 20842647 PMCID: PMC3445267 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) to the study of normal and abnormal prenatal mouse development has facilitated discovery of dysmorphology following prenatal ethanol insult. The current analyses extend this work, providing a regional brain volume-based description of normal brain growth and illustrating the consequences of gestational day (GD) 10 ethanol exposure in the fetal mouse. METHODS To assess normal growth, control C57Bl/6J fetuses collected on GD 16, GD 16.5, and GD 17 were scanned using a 9.4-T magnet, resulting in 29-μm isotropic resolution images. For the ethanol teratogenicity studies, C57Bl/6J dams were administered intraperitoneal ethanol (2.9 g/kg) at 10 days, 0 hr, and 10 days, 4 hr, after fertilization, and fetuses were collected for analyses on GD 17. From individual MRM scans, linear measurements and regional brain volumes were determined and compared. RESULTS In control fetuses, each of the assessed brain regions increased in volume, whereas ventricular volumes decreased between GD 16 and GD 17. Illustrating a global developmental delay, prenatal ethanol exposure resulted in reduced body volumes, crown-rump lengths, and a generalized decrease in regional brain volumes compared with GD 17 controls. However, compared with GD 16.5, morphologically matched controls, ethanol exposure resulted in volume increases in the lateral and third ventricles as well as a disproportionate reduction in cortical volume. CONCLUSIONS The normative data collected in this study facilitate the distinction between GD 10 ethanol-induced developmental delay and frank dysmorphology. This work illustrates the utility of MRM-based analyses for developmental toxicology studies and extends our knowledge of the stage-dependency of ethanol teratogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonagh K O'Leary-Moore
- Fetal Toxicology Division,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178E, USA.
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Poluch S, Juliano SL. Populations of radial glial cells respond differently to reelin and neuregulin1 in a ferret model of cortical dysplasia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13709. [PMID: 21060844 PMCID: PMC2965671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial glial cells play an essential role during corticogenesis through their function as neural precursors and guides of neuronal migration. Both reelin and neuregulin1 (NRG1) maintain the radial glial scaffold; they also induce expression of Brain Lipid Binding Protein (BLBP), a well known marker of radial glia. Although radial glia in normal ferrets express both vimentin and BLBP, this coexpression diverges at P3; vimentin is expressed in the radial glial processes, while BLBP appears in cells detached from the ventricular zone. Our lab developed a model of cortical dysplasia in the ferret, resulting in impaired migration of neurons into the cortical plate and disordered radial glia. This occurs after exposure to the antimitotic methylazoxymethanol (MAM) on the 24th day of development (E24). Ferrets treated with MAM on E24 result in an overall decrease of BLBP expression; radial glia that continue to express BLBP, however, show only mild disruption compared with the strongly disrupted vimentin expressing radial glia. When E24 MAM-treated organotypic slices are exposed to reelin or NRG1, the severely disrupted vimentin+ radial glial processes are repaired but the slightly disordered BLBP+ processes are not. The realignment of vimentin+ processes was linked with an increase of their BLBP expression. BLBP expressing radial glia are distinguished by being both less affected by MAM treatment and by attempts at repair. We further investigated the effects induced by reelin and found that signaling was mediated via VLDLR/Dab1/Pi3K activation while NRG1 signaling was mediated via erbB3/erbB4/Pi3K. We then tested whether radial glial repair correlated with improved neuronal migration. Repairing the radial glial scaffold is not sufficient to restore neuronal migration; although reelin improves migration of neurons toward the cortical plate signaling through ApoER2/Dab1/PI3K activation, NRG1 does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Poluch
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon L. Juliano
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Spalice A, Nicita F, Papetti L, Ursitti F, Di Biasi C, Parisi P, Ruggieri M, Iannetti P. Usefulness of diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography in neurological and neurosurgical pediatric diseases. Childs Nerv Syst 2010; 26:995-1002. [PMID: 20552206 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with fiber tractography (FT) is a recently introduced imaging technique that is unique in providing detailed imaging of white matter (WM) tracts and connectivity between different regions of the brain not easily appreciated with other imaging methods. DISCUSSION DTI has been used in recent years to investigate several disease conditions involving WM, including brain malformations, cerebral ischemia, multiple sclerosis, neurocutaneous syndromes, and brain tumors. CONCLUSION In this paper, we focus our attention on the main applications of DTI-FT in the field of pediatric neurology, adding our personal experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Spalice
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Division, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Mokalled MH, Johnson A, Kim Y, Oh J, Olson EN. Myocardin-related transcription factors regulate the Cdk5/Pctaire1 kinase cascade to control neurite outgrowth, neuronal migration and brain development. Development 2010; 137:2365-74. [PMID: 20534669 DOI: 10.1242/dev.047605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous motile cell functions depend on signaling from the cytoskeleton to the nucleus. Myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs) translocate to the nucleus in response to actin polymerization and cooperate with serum response factor (Srf) to regulate the expression of genes encoding actin and other components of the cytoskeleton. Here, we show that MRTF-A (Mkl1) and MRTF-B (Mkl2) redundantly control neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth during mouse brain development. Conditional deletion of the genes encoding these Srf coactivators disrupts the formation of multiple brain structures, reflecting a failure in neuronal actin polymerization and cytoskeletal assembly. These abnormalities were accompanied by dysregulation of the actin-severing protein gelsolin and Pctaire1 (Cdk16) kinase, which cooperates with Cdk5 to initiate a kinase cascade that governs cytoskeletal rearrangements essential for neuron migration and neurite outgrowth. Thus, the MRTF/Srf partnership interlinks two key signaling pathways that control actin treadmilling and neuronal maturation, thereby fulfilling a regulatory loop that couples cytoskeletal dynamics to nuclear gene transcription during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayssa H Mokalled
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
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Lipinski RJ, Godin EA, O'leary-Moore SK, Parnell SE, Sulik KK. Genesis of teratogen-induced holoprosencephaly in mice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:29-42. [PMID: 20104601 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from mechanical, teratological, and genetic experimentation demonstrates that holoprosencephaly (HPE) typically results from insult prior to the time that neural tube closure is completed and occurs as a consequence of direct or indirect insult to the rostral prechordal cells that induce the forebrain or insult to the median forebrain tissue, itself. Here, we provide an overview of normal embryonic morphogenesis during the critical window for HPE induction, focusing on the morphology and positional relationship of the developing brain and subjacent prechordal plate and prechordal mesoderm cell populations. Subsequent morphogenesis of the HPE spectrum is then examined in selected teratogenesis mouse models. The temporal profile of Sonic Hedgehog expression in rostral embryonic cell populations and evidence for direct or indirect perturbation of the Hedgehog pathway by teratogenic agents in the genesis of HPE is highlighted. Emerging opportunities based on recent insights and new techniques to further characterize the mechanisms and pathogenesis of HPE are discussed.
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