1
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Ulschmid CM, Sun MR, Jabbarpour CR, Steward AC, Rivera-González KS, Cao J, Martin AA, Barnes M, Wicklund L, Madrid A, Papale LA, Joseph DB, Vezina CM, Alisch RS, Lipinski RJ. Disruption of DNA methylation-mediated cranial neural crest proliferation and differentiation causes orofacial clefts in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317668121. [PMID: 38194455 PMCID: PMC10801837 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317668121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Orofacial clefts of the lip and palate are widely recognized to result from complex gene-environment interactions, but inadequate understanding of environmental risk factors has stymied development of prevention strategies. We interrogated the role of DNA methylation, an environmentally malleable epigenetic mechanism, in orofacial development. Expression of the key DNA methyltransferase enzyme DNMT1 was detected throughout palate morphogenesis in the epithelium and underlying cranial neural crest cell (cNCC) mesenchyme, a highly proliferative multipotent stem cell population that forms orofacial connective tissue. Genetic and pharmacologic manipulations of DNMT activity were then applied to define the tissue- and timing-dependent requirement of DNA methylation in orofacial development. cNCC-specific Dnmt1 inactivation targeting initial palate outgrowth resulted in OFCs, while later targeting during palatal shelf elevation and elongation did not. Conditional Dnmt1 deletion reduced cNCC proliferation and subsequent differentiation trajectory, resulting in attenuated outgrowth of the palatal shelves and altered development of cNCC-derived skeletal elements. Finally, we found that the cellular mechanisms of cleft pathogenesis observed in vivo can be recapitulated by pharmacologically reducing DNA methylation in multipotent cNCCs cultured in vitro. These findings demonstrate that DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic regulator of cNCC biology, define a critical period of development in which its disruption directly causes OFCs, and provide opportunities to identify environmental influences that contribute to OFC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caden M. Ulschmid
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Miranda R. Sun
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Christopher R. Jabbarpour
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Austin C. Steward
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Kenneth S. Rivera-González
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Jocelyn Cao
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Alexander A. Martin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Macy Barnes
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Lorena Wicklund
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Andy Madrid
- Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Ligia A. Papale
- Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Diya B. Joseph
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Reid S. Alisch
- Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Robert J. Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
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2
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Jenkins AE, Scarlett CO, Beames TG, Rivera-González KS, Martin AA, Sun MR, Hutson PR, Lipinski RJ. Pharmacokinetic analysis of acute and dietary exposure to piperonyl butoxide in the mouse. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:310-317. [PMID: 37789951 PMCID: PMC10543969 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is a popular insecticide synergist present in thousands of commercial, agricultural, and household products. PBO inhibits cytochrome P450 activity, impairing the ability of insects to detoxify insecticides. PBO was recently discovered to also inhibit Sonic hedgehog signaling, a pathway required for embryonic development, and rodent studies have demonstrated the potential for in utero PBO exposure to cause structural malformations of the brain, face, and limbs, or more subtle neurodevelopmental abnormalities. The current understanding of the pharmacokinetics of PBO in mice is limited, particularly with respect to dosing paradigms associated with developmental toxicity. To establish a pharmacokinetic (PK) model for oral exposure, PBO was administered to female C57BL/6J mice acutely by oral gavage (22-1800 mg/kg) or via diet (0.09 % PBO in chow). Serum and adipose samples were collected, and PBO concentrations were determined by HPLC-MS/MS. The serum concentrations of PBO were best fit by a linear one-compartment model. PBO concentrations in visceral adipose tissue greatly exceeded those in serum. PBO concentrations in both serum and adipose tissue decreased quickly after cessation of dietary exposure. The elimination half-life of PBO in the mouse after gavage dosing was 6.5 h (90 % CI 4.7-9.5 h), and systemic oral clearance was 83.3 ± 20.5 mL/h. The bioavailability of PBO in chow was 41 % that of PBO delivered in olive oil by gavage. Establishment of this PK model provides a foundation for relating PBO concentrations that cause developmental toxicity in the rodent models to Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa E. Jenkins
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Tyler G. Beames
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Rivera-González
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alexander A. Martin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Miranda R. Sun
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Paul R. Hutson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Robert J. Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Robinson K, Mosley TJ, Rivera-González KS, Jabbarpour CR, Curtis SW, Adeyemo WL, Beaty TH, Butali A, Buxó CJ, Cutler DJ, Epstein MP, Gowans LJ, Hecht JT, Murray JC, Shaw GM, Uribe LM, Weinberg SM, Brand H, Marazita ML, Lipinski RJ, Leslie EJ. Trio-based GWAS identifies novel associations and subtype-specific risk factors for cleft palate. HGG Adv 2023; 4:100234. [PMID: 37719664 PMCID: PMC10502411 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate (CP) is one of the most common craniofacial birth defects; however, there are relatively few established genetic risk factors associated with its occurrence despite high heritability. Historically, CP has been studied as a single phenotype, although it manifests across a spectrum of defects involving the hard and/or soft palate. We performed a genome-wide association study using transmission disequilibrium tests of 435 case-parent trios to evaluate broad risks for any cleft palate (ACP) (n = 435), and subtype-specific risks for any cleft soft palate (CSP), (n = 259) and any cleft hard palate (CHP) (n = 125). We identified a single genome-wide significant locus at 9q33.3 (lead SNP rs7035976, p = 4.24 × 10-8) associated with CHP. One gene at this locus, angiopoietin-like 2 (ANGPTL2), plays a role in osteoblast differentiation. It is expressed both in craniofacial tissue of human embryos and developing mouse palatal shelves. We found 19 additional loci reaching suggestive significance (p < 5 × 10-6), of which only one overlapped between groups (chromosome 17q24.2, ACP and CSP). Odds ratios for the 20 loci were most similar across all 3 groups for SNPs associated with the ACP group, but more distinct when comparing SNPs associated with either subtype. We also found nominal evidence of replication (p < 0.05) for 22 SNPs previously associated with orofacial clefts. Our study to evaluate CP risks in the context of its subtypes and we provide newly reported associations affecting the broad risk for CP as well as evidence of subtype-specific risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Robinson
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Trenell J. Mosley
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Rivera-González
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Christopher R. Jabbarpour
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sarah W. Curtis
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wasiu Lanre Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos 101017, Nigeria
| | - Terri H. Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Biology, Radiology, and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Carmen J. Buxó
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00925, USA
| | - David J. Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Lord J.J. Gowans
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jacqueline T. Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lina Moreno Uribe
- Department of Orthodontics & The Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Seth M. Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Harrison Brand
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Robert J. Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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4
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Robinson K, Mosley TJ, Rivera-González KS, Jabbarpour CR, Curtis SW, Adeyemo WL, Beaty TH, Butali A, Buxó CJ, Cutler DJ, Epstein MP, Gowans LJ, Hecht JT, Murray JC, Shaw GM, Uribe LM, Weinberg SM, Brand H, Marazita ML, Lipinski RJ, Leslie EJ. Trio-based GWAS identifies novel associations and subtype-specific risk factors for cleft palate. medRxiv 2023:2023.03.01.23286642. [PMID: 37066311 PMCID: PMC10104215 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.23286642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are the most common craniofacial birth defects and are often categorized into two etiologically distinct groups: cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and isolated cleft palate (CP). CP is highly heritable, but there are still relatively few established genetic risk factors associated with its occurrence compared to CL/P. Historically, CP has been studied as a single phenotype despite manifesting across a spectrum of defects involving the hard and/or soft palate. We performed GWAS using transmission disequilibrium tests using 435 case-parent trios to evaluate broad risks for any cleft palate (ACP, n=435), as well as subtype-specific risks for any cleft soft palate (CSP, n=259) and any cleft hard palate (CHP, n=125). We identified a single genome-wide significant locus at 9q33.3 (lead SNP rs7035976, p=4.24×10 -8 ) associated with CHP. One gene at this locus, angiopoietin-like 2 ( ANGPTL2 ), plays a role in osteoblast differentiation. It is expressed in craniofacial tissue of human embryos, as well as in the developing mouse palatal shelves. We found 19 additional loci reaching suggestive significance (p<5×10 -6 ), of which only one overlapped between groups (chromosome 17q24.2, ACP and CSP). Odds ratios (ORs) for each of the 20 loci were most similar across all three groups for SNPs associated with the ACP group, but more distinct when comparing SNPs associated with either the CSP or CHP groups. We also found nominal evidence of replication (p<0.05) for 22 SNPs previously associated with cleft palate (including CL/P). Interestingly, most SNPs associated with CL/P cases were found to convey the opposite effect in those replicated in our dataset for CP only. Ours is the first study to evaluate CP risks in the context of its subtypes and we provide newly reported associations affecting the broad risk for CP as well as evidence of subtype-specific risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trenell J Mosley
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Current address: Chief Officer for Scientific Workforce Diversity Office, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kenneth S Rivera-González
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Christopher R Jabbarpour
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Sarah W Curtis
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Wasiu Lanre Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Terri H Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Biology, Radiology, and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Carmen J Buxó
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Lord Jj Gowans
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health at Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - Gary M Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Lina Moreno Uribe
- Department of Orthodontics & The Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Harrison Brand
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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5
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McLaughlin MT, Sun MR, Beames TG, Steward AC, Theisen JWM, Chung HM, Everson JL, Moskowitz IP, Sheets MD, Lipinski RJ. Frem1 activity is regulated by Sonic hedgehog signaling in the cranial neural crest mesenchyme during midfacial morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:483-494. [PMID: 36495293 PMCID: PMC10066825 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frem1 has been linked to human face shape variation, dysmorphology, and malformation, but little is known about its regulation and biological role in facial development. RESULTS During midfacial morphogenesis in mice, we observed Frem1 expression in the embryonic growth centers that form the median upper lip, nose, and palate. Expansive spatial gradients of Frem1 expression in the cranial neural crest cell (cNCC) mesenchyme of these tissues suggested transcriptional regulation by a secreted morphogen. Accordingly, Frem1 expression paralleled that of the conserved Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) target gene Gli1 in the cNCC mesenchyme. Suggesting direct transcriptional regulation by Shh signaling, we found that Frem1 expression is induced by SHH ligand stimulation or downstream pathway activation in cNCCs and observed GLI transcription factor binding at the Frem1 transcriptional start site during midfacial morphogenesis. Finally, we found that FREM1 is sufficient to induce cNCC proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and that Shh pathway antagonism reduces Frem1 expression during pathogenesis of midfacial hypoplasia. CONCLUSIONS By demonstrating that the Shh signaling pathway regulates Frem1 expression in cNCCs, these findings provide novel insight into the mechanisms underlying variation in midfacial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. McLaughlin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Miranda R. Sun
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tyler G. Beames
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Austin C. Steward
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joshua W. M. Theisen
- Department of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hannah M. Chung
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joshua L. Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ivan P. Moskowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael D. Sheets
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Robert J. Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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6
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Lipinski RJ, Krauss RS. Gene-environment interactions in birth defect etiology: Challenges and opportunities. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 152:1-30. [PMID: 36707208 PMCID: PMC9942595 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Birth defects are relatively common congenital outcomes that significantly impact affected individuals, their families, and communities. Effective development and deployment of prevention and therapeutic strategies for these conditions requires sufficient understanding of etiology, including underlying genetic and environmental causes. Tremendous progress has been made in defining the genetic basis of familial and syndromic forms of birth defects. However, the majority of birth defect cases are considered nonsyndromic and thought to result from multifactorial gene-environment interactions. While substantial advances have been made in elucidating the genetic landscape of these etiologically complex conditions, significant biological and technical constraints have stymied progress toward a refined knowledge of environmental risk factors. Defining specific gene-environment interactions in birth defect etiology is even more challenging. However, progress has been made, including demonstration of critical proofs of concept and development of new conceptual and technical approaches for resolving complex gene-environment interactions. In this review, we discuss current views of multifactorial birth defect etiology, comparing them with other diseases that also involve gene-environment interactions, including primary immunodeficiency and cancer. We describe how various model systems have illuminated mechanisms of multifactorial etiology and these models' individual strengths and weaknesses. Finally, suggestions for areas of future emphasis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States,Corresponding authors: ;
| | - Robert S. Krauss
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States,Corresponding authors: ;
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7
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Rivera-González KS, Beames TG, Lipinski RJ. Response to Osimitz and Droege, 2021. Chemosphere 2022; 288:132598. [PMID: 34666071 PMCID: PMC8688311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Rivera-González
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Tyler G Beames
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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8
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Sun MR, Steward AC, Sweet EA, Martin AA, Lipinski RJ. Developmental malformations resulting from high-dose maternal tamoxifen exposure in the mouse. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256299. [PMID: 34403436 PMCID: PMC8370643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is an estrogen receptor (ER) ligand with widespread use in clinical and basic research settings. Beyond its application in treating ER-positive cancer, tamoxifen has been co-opted into a powerful approach for temporal-specific genetic alteration. The use of tamoxifen-inducible Cre-recombinase mouse models to examine genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of development and disease is now prevalent in biomedical research. Understanding off-target effects of tamoxifen will inform its use in both clinical and basic research applications. Here, we show that prenatal tamoxifen exposure can cause structural birth defects in the mouse. Administration of a single 200 mg/kg tamoxifen dose to pregnant wildtype C57BL/6J mice at gestational day 9.75 caused cleft palate and limb malformations in the fetuses, including posterior digit duplication, reduction, or fusion. These malformations were highly penetrant and consistent across independent chemical manufacturers. As opposed to 200 mg/kg, a single dose of 50 mg/kg tamoxifen at the same developmental stage did not result in overt structural malformations. Demonstrating that prenatal tamoxifen exposure at a specific time point causes dose-dependent developmental abnormalities, these findings argue for more considerate application of tamoxifen in Cre-inducible systems and further investigation of tamoxifen’s mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R. Sun
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Austin C. Steward
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Emma A. Sweet
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Alexander A. Martin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Curtis SW, Chang D, Sun MR, Epstein MP, Murray JC, Feingold E, Beaty TH, Weinberg SM, Marazita ML, Lipinski RJ, Carlson JC, Leslie EJ. FAT4 identified as a potential modifier of orofacial cleft laterality. Genet Epidemiol 2021; 45:721-735. [PMID: 34130359 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are common (1 in 700 births) congenital malformations that include a cleft lip (CL) and cleft lip and palate (CLP). These OFC subtypes are also heterogeneous themselves, with the CL occurring on the left, right, or both sides of the upper lip. Unilateral CL and CLP have a 2:1 bias towards left-sided clefts, suggesting a nonrandom process. Here, we performed a study of left- and right-sided clefts within the CL and CLP subtypes to better understand the genetic factors controlling cleft laterality. We conducted genome-wide modifier analyses by comparing cases that had right unilateral CL (RCL; N = 130), left unilateral CL (LCL; N = 216), right unilateral CLP (RCLP; N = 416), or left unilateral CLP (LCLP; N = 638), and identified a candidate region on 4q28, 400 kb downstream from FAT4, that approached genome-wide significance for LCL versus RCL (p = 8.4 × 10-8 ). Consistent with its potential involvement as a genetic modifier of CL, we found that Fat4 exhibits a specific domain of expression in the mesenchyme of the medial nasal processes that form the median upper lip. Overall, these results suggest that the epidemiological similarities in left- to right-sided clefts in CL and CLP are not reflected in the genetic association results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Curtis
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel Chang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Miranda R Sun
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael P Epstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Terri H Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jenna C Carlson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Johnson BP, Vitek RA, Morgan MM, Fink DM, Beames TG, Geiger PG, Beebe DJ, Lipinski RJ. A Microphysiological Approach to Evaluate Effectors of Intercellular Hedgehog Signaling in Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:621442. [PMID: 33634122 PMCID: PMC7900501 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.621442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracrine signaling in the tissue microenvironment is a central mediator of morphogenesis, and modeling this dynamic intercellular activity in vitro is critical to understanding normal and abnormal development. For example, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling is a conserved mechanism involved in multiple developmental processes and strongly linked to human birth defects including orofacial clefts of the lip and palate. SHH ligand produced, processed, and secreted from the epithelial ectoderm is shuttled through the extracellular matrix where it binds mesenchymal receptors, establishing a gradient of transcriptional response that drives orofacial morphogenesis. In humans, complex interactions of genetic predispositions and environmental insults acting on diverse molecular targets are thought to underlie orofacial cleft etiology. Consequently, there is a need for tractable in vitro approaches that model this complex cellular and environmental interplay and are sensitive to disruption across the multistep signaling cascade. We developed a microplate-based device that supports an epithelium directly overlaid onto an extracellular matrix-embedded mesenchyme, mimicking the basic tissue architecture of developing orofacial tissues. SHH ligand produced from the epithelium generated a gradient of SHH-driven transcription in the adjacent mesenchyme, recapitulating the gradient of pathway activity observed in vivo. Shh pathway activation was antagonized by small molecule inhibitors of epithelial secretory, extracellular matrix transport, and mesenchymal sensing targets, supporting the use of this approach in high-content chemical screening of the complete Shh pathway. Together, these findings demonstrate a novel and practical microphysiological model with broad utility for investigating epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and environmental signaling disruptions in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ross A Vitek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Molly M Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dustin M Fink
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tyler G Beames
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Peter G Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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11
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Rivera-González KS, Beames TG, Lipinski RJ. Examining the developmental toxicity of piperonyl butoxide as a Sonic hedgehog pathway inhibitor. Chemosphere 2021; 264:128414. [PMID: 33007564 PMCID: PMC9158378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is a semisynthetic chemical present in hundreds of pesticide formulations used in agricultural, commercial, and residential settings. PBO acts as a pesticide synergist by inhibiting insect cytochrome P450 enzymes and is often present at much higher concentrations than active insecticidal ingredients. PBO was recently discovered to also inhibit Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, a key molecular pathway in embryonic development and in brain and face morphogenesis. Recent animal model studies have shown that in utero PBO exposure can cause overt craniofacial malformations or more subtle neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Related adverse developmental outcomes in humans are etiologically heterogeneous, and, while studies are limited, PBO exposure during pregnancy has been linked to neurodevelopmental deficits. Contextualized in PBO's newly recognized mechanism as a Shh signaling inhibitor, these findings support more rigorous examination of the developmental toxicity of PBO and its potential contribution to etiologically complex human birth defects. In this review, we highlight environmental sources of human PBO exposure and summarize existing animal studies examining the developmental impact of prenatal PBO exposure. Also presented are critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of PBO's pharmacokinetics and potential role in gene-environment and environment-environment interactions that should be addressed to better understand the human health impact of environmental PBO exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Rivera-González
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Tyler G Beames
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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12
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Addissie YA, Troia A, Wong ZC, Everson JL, Kozel BA, Muenke M, Lipinski RJ, Malecki KMC, Kruszka P. Identifying environmental risk factors and gene-environment interactions in holoprosencephaly. Birth Defects Res 2020; 113:63-76. [PMID: 33111505 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holoprosencephaly is the most common malformation of the forebrain (1 in 250 embryos) with severe consequences for fetal and child development. This study evaluates nongenetic factors associated with holoprosencephaly risk, severity, and gene-environment interactions. METHODS For this retrospective case control study, we developed an online questionnaire focusing on exposures to common and rare toxins/toxicants before and during pregnancy, nutritional factors, maternal health history, and demographic factors. Patients with holoprosencephaly were primarily ascertained from our ongoing genetic and clinical studies of holoprosencephaly. Controls included children with Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) ascertained through online advertisements in a WBD support group and fliers. RESULTS Difference in odds of exposures between cases and controls as well as within cases with varying holoprosencephaly severity were studied. Cases included children born with holoprosencephaly (n = 92) and the control group consisted of children with WBS (n = 56). Pregnancy associated risk associated with holoprosencephaly included maternal pregestational diabetes (9.2% of cases and 0 controls, p = .02), higher alcohol consumption (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.73; 95% CI, 0.88-15.71), and exposure to consumer products such as aerosols or sprays including hair sprays (aOR, 2.46; 95% CI, 0.89-7.19). Significant gene-environment interactions were identified including for consumption of cheese (p < .05) and espresso drinks (p = .03). CONCLUSION The study identifies modifiable risk factors and gene-environment interactions that should be considered in future prevention of holoprosencephaly. Studies with larger HPE cohorts will be needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonit A Addissie
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Angela Troia
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zoe C Wong
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua L Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Beth A Kozel
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kristen M C Malecki
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Sun MR, Chung HM, Matsuk V, Fink DM, Stebbins MJ, Palecek SP, Shusta EV, Lipinski RJ. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cranial Neural Crest Cells Regulates Microvascular Morphogenesis in Facial Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:590539. [PMID: 33117819 PMCID: PMC7575766 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.590539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway disruption causes craniofacial malformations including orofacial clefts (OFCs) of the lip and palate. In normal craniofacial morphogenesis, Shh signals to multipotent cranial neural crest cells (cNCCs) and was recently discovered to regulate the angiogenic transcriptome, including expression markers of perivascular cells and pericytes. The mural cells of microvasculature, pericytes in the brain and face differentiate from cNCCs, but their role in facial development is not known. Here, we examined microvascular morphogenesis in a mouse model of Shh pathway antagonist-induced cleft lip and the impact of cNCC-specific Shh pathway activation in a cNCC-endothelial cell co-culture system. During cleft pathogenesis in vivo, disrupted microvascular morphogenesis localized with attenuated tissue outgrowth in the medial nasal processes that form the upper lip. In vitro, we found that human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cord formation was not affected by direct Shh pathway perturbation. However, in a co-culture system in which cNCCs directly interact with endothelial cells, cNCC-autonomous Shh pathway activity significantly prolonged endothelial cord network stability. Taken together, these findings support the premise that Shh pathway activation in cNCCs promotes pericyte-like function and microvascular stability. In addition to suggesting a previously unrecognized role for Shh signaling in facial development, these studies also identify perivascular differentiation and microvascular morphogenesis as new focuses for understanding normal and abnormal craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Sun
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Hannah M Chung
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Veronika Matsuk
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dustin M Fink
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matthew J Stebbins
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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14
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Abstract
Developmental biologists rely on genetics-based approaches to understand the origins of congenital abnormalities. Recent advancements in genomics have made it easier than ever to investigate the relationship between genes and disease. However, nonsyndromic birth defects often exhibit non-Mendelian inheritance, incomplete penetrance or variable expressivity. The discordance between genotype and phenotype indicates that extrinsic factors frequently impact the severity of genetic disorders and vice versa. Overlooking gene-environment interactions in birth defect etiology limits our ability to identify and eliminate avoidable risks. We present mouse models of sonic hedgehog signaling and craniofacial malformations to illustrate both the importance of and current challenges in resolving gene-environment interactions in birth defects. We then prescribe approaches for overcoming these challenges, including use of genetically tractable and environmentally responsive in vitro systems. Combining emerging technologies with molecular genetics and traditional animal models promises to advance our understanding of birth defect etiology and improve the identification and protection of vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Beames
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA .,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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15
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Bishop MR, Diaz Perez KK, Sun M, Ho S, Chopra P, Mukhopadhyay N, Hetmanski JB, Taub MA, Moreno-Uribe LM, Valencia-Ramirez LC, Restrepo Muñeton CP, Wehby G, Hecht JT, Deleyiannis F, Weinberg SM, Wu-Chou YH, Chen PK, Brand H, Epstein MP, Ruczinski I, Murray JC, Beaty TH, Feingold E, Lipinski RJ, Cutler DJ, Marazita ML, Leslie EJ. Genome-wide Enrichment of De Novo Coding Mutations in Orofacial Cleft Trios. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:124-136. [PMID: 32574564 PMCID: PMC7332647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although de novo mutations (DNMs) are known to increase an individual's risk of congenital defects, DNMs have not been fully explored regarding orofacial clefts (OFCs), one of the most common human birth defects. Therefore, whole-genome sequencing of 756 child-parent trios of European, Colombian, and Taiwanese ancestry was performed to determine the contributions of coding DNMs to an individual's OFC risk. Overall, we identified a significant excess of loss-of-function DNMs in genes highly expressed in craniofacial tissues, as well as genes associated with known autosomal dominant OFC syndromes. This analysis also revealed roles for zinc-finger homeobox domain and SOX2-interacting genes in OFC etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison R. Bishop
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kimberly K. Diaz Perez
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Miranda Sun
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Samantha Ho
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Pankaj Chopra
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nandita Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jacqueline B. Hetmanski
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Margaret A. Taub
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lina M. Moreno-Uribe
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | - George Wehby
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jacqueline T. Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School and School of Dentistry, UT Health at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Seth M. Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yah Huei Wu-Chou
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Philip K. Chen
- Craniofacial Centre, Taipei Medical University Hospital and Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Harrison Brand
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael P. Epstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Terri H. Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Robert J. Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David J. Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Leslie
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,Corresponding author
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16
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Addissie YA, Kruszka P, Troia A, Wong ZC, Everson JL, Kozel BA, Lipinski RJ, Malecki KMC, Muenke M. Prenatal exposure to pesticides and risk for holoprosencephaly: a case-control study. Environ Health 2020; 19:65. [PMID: 32513280 PMCID: PMC7278164 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide exposure during susceptible windows and at certain doses are linked to numerous birth defects. Early experimental evidence suggests an association between active ingredients in pesticides and holoprosencephaly (HPE), the most common malformation of the forebrain in humans (1 in 250 embryos). No human studies to date have examined the association. This study investigated pesticides during multiple windows of exposure and fetal risk for HPE. It is hypothesized that pre-conception and early pregnancy, the time of brain development in utero, are the most critical windows of exposure. METHODS A questionnaire was developed for this retrospective case-control study to estimate household, occupational, and environmental pesticide exposures. Four windows of exposure were considered: preconception, early, mid and late pregnancy. Cases were identified through the National Human Genome Research Institute's ongoing clinical studies of HPE. Similarly, controls were identified as children with Williams-Beuren syndrome, a genetic syndrome also characterized by congenital malformations, but etiologically unrelated to HPE. We assessed for differences in odds of exposures to pesticides between cases and controls. RESULTS Findings from 91 cases and 56 controls showed an increased risk for HPE with reports of maternal exposure during pregnancy to select pesticides including personal insect repellants (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.89, confidence interval (CI): 0.96-9.50) and insecticides and acaricides for pets (aOR 3.84, CI:1.04-16.32). Exposure to household pest control products during the preconception period or during pregnancy was associated with increased risk for HPE (aOR 2.60, OR: 0.84-8.68). No associations were found for occupational exposures to pesticides during pregnancy (aOR: 1.15, CI: 0.11-11.42), although exposure rates were low. Higher likelihood for HPE was also observed with residency next to an agricultural field (aOR 3.24, CI: 0.94-12.31). CONCLUSIONS Observational findings are consistent with experimental evidence and suggest that exposure to personal, household, and agricultural pesticides during pregnancy may increase risk for HPE. Further investigations of gene by environment interactions are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonit A Addissie
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Angela Troia
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zoë C Wong
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua L Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Beth A Kozel
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kristen M C Malecki
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Braddock SR, Lipinski RJ, Carey JC. 40th Annual David W Smith Workshop on Malformations and Morphogenesis: Abstracts of the 2019 Annual Meeting. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:877-942. [PMID: 32153128 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The 40th Annual David W. Smith Workshop on Malformations and Morphogenesis occurred August 23rd -28th, 2019 at the Snowbird Resort in Snowbird, Utah. The Workshop, which honors the legacy of David W. Smith, brought together clinicians and researchers interested in congenital malformations and their underlying mechanisms of morphogenesis from around the world. In addition to mechanisms of morphogenesis and delineation of new syndromes, the Workshop highlighted five themes: deformations, disruptions and fetal dysmorphology; orofacial clefting; central nervous system malformations; ciliopathies; and X-linked intellectual disabilities. This Conference Report includes the abstracts presented at the 2019 Workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Braddock
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - John C Carey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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18
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Everson JL, Sun MR, Fink DM, Heyne GW, Melberg CG, Nelson KF, Doroodchi P, Colopy LJ, Ulschmid CM, Martin AA, McLaughlin MT, Lipinski RJ. Developmental Toxicity Assessment of Piperonyl Butoxide Exposure Targeting Sonic Hedgehog Signaling and Forebrain and Face Morphogenesis in the Mouse: An in Vitro and in Vivo Study. Environ Health Perspect 2019; 127:107006. [PMID: 31642701 PMCID: PMC6867268 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is a pesticide synergist used in residential, commercial, and agricultural settings. PBO was recently found to inhibit Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, a key developmental regulatory pathway. Disruption of Shh signaling is linked to birth defects, including holoprosencephaly (HPE), a malformation of the forebrain and face thought to result from complex gene-environment interactions. OBJECTIVES The impact of PBO on Shh signaling in vitro and forebrain and face development in vivo was examined. METHODS The influence of PBO on Shh pathway transduction was assayed in mouse and human cell lines. To examine its teratogenic potential, a single dose of PBO (22-1,800mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage to C57BL/6J mice at gestational day 7.75, targeting the critical period for HPE. Gene-environment interactions were investigated using Shh+/- mice, which model human HPE-associated genetic mutations. RESULTS PBO attenuated Shh signaling in vitro through a mechanism similar to that of the known teratogen cyclopamine. In utero PBO exposure caused characteristic HPE facial dysmorphology including dose-dependent midface hypoplasia and hypotelorism, with a lowest observable effect level of 67mg/kg. Median forebrain deficiency characteristic of HPE was observed in severely affected animals, whereas all effective doses disrupted development of Shh-dependent transient forebrain structures that generate cortical interneurons. Normally silent heterozygous Shh null mutations exacerbated PBO teratogenicity at all doses tested, including 33mg/kg. DISCUSSION These findings demonstrate that prenatal PBO exposure can cause overt forebrain and face malformations or neurodevelopmental disruptions with subtle or no craniofacial dysmorphology in mice. By targeting Shh signaling as a sensitive mechanism of action and examining gene-environment interactions, this study defined a lowest observable effect level for PBO developmental toxicity in mice more than 30-fold lower than previously recognized. Human exposure to PBO and its potential contribution to etiologically complex birth defects should be rigorously examined. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5260.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Miranda R. Sun
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dustin M. Fink
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Galen W. Heyne
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cal G. Melberg
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kia F. Nelson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Padydeh Doroodchi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lydia J. Colopy
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Caden M. Ulschmid
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexander A. Martin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew T. McLaughlin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert J. Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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19
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Kruszka P, Berger SI, Casa V, Dekker MR, Gaesser J, Weiss K, Martinez AF, Murdock DR, Louie RJ, Prijoles EJ, Lichty AW, Brouwer OF, Zonneveld-Huijssoon E, Stephan MJ, Hogue J, Hu P, Tanima-Nagai M, Everson JL, Prasad C, Cereda A, Iascone M, Schreiber A, Zurcher V, Corsten-Janssen N, Escobar L, Clegg NJ, Delgado MR, Hajirnis O, Balasubramanian M, Kayserili H, Deardorff M, Poot RA, Wendt KS, Lipinski RJ, Muenke M. Cohesin complex-associated holoprosencephaly. Brain 2019; 142:2631-2643. [PMID: 31334757 PMCID: PMC7245359 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marked by incomplete division of the embryonic forebrain, holoprosencephaly is one of the most common human developmental disorders. Despite decades of phenotype-driven research, 80-90% of aneuploidy-negative holoprosencephaly individuals with a probable genetic aetiology do not have a genetic diagnosis. Here we report holoprosencephaly associated with variants in the two X-linked cohesin complex genes, STAG2 and SMC1A, with loss-of-function variants in 10 individuals and a missense variant in one. Additionally, we report four individuals with variants in the cohesin complex genes that are not X-linked, SMC3 and RAD21. Using whole mount in situ hybridization, we show that STAG2 and SMC1A are expressed in the prosencephalic neural folds during primary neurulation in the mouse, consistent with forebrain morphogenesis and holoprosencephaly pathogenesis. Finally, we found that shRNA knockdown of STAG2 and SMC1A causes aberrant expression of HPE-associated genes ZIC2, GLI2, SMAD3 and FGFR1 in human neural stem cells. These findings show the cohesin complex as an important regulator of median forebrain development and X-linked inheritance patterns in holoprosencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seth I Berger
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Valentina Casa
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mike R Dekker
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenna Gaesser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karin Weiss
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ariel F Martinez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Murdock
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raymond J Louie
- Greenwood Genetic Center, JC Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Eloise J Prijoles
- Greenwood Genetic Center, JC Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Angie W Lichty
- Greenwood Genetic Center, JC Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Oebele F Brouwer
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Zonneveld-Huijssoon
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Stephan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacob Hogue
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Madigan Army Hospital, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Momoko Tanima-Nagai
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua L Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chitra Prasad
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Cereda
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maria Iascone
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Vickie Zurcher
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicole Corsten-Janssen
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Escobar
- Peyton Manning Children’s Hospital at St. Vincent, Medical Genetics and Neurodevelopment Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nancy J Clegg
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mauricio R Delgado
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Omkar Hajirnis
- Pediatric Neurology, Synapses Child Neurology and Development Centre, Thane, Maharashtra, India
| | - Meena Balasubramanian
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children’s, NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
- Academic Unit of Child Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Matthew Deardorff
- The Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymond A Poot
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin S Wendt
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Kruszka P, Berger SI, Weiss K, Everson JL, Martinez AF, Hong S, Anyane-Yeboa K, Lipinski RJ, Muenke M. A CCR4-NOT Transcription Complex, Subunit 1, CNOT1, Variant Associated with Holoprosencephaly. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:990-993. [PMID: 31006510 PMCID: PMC6506867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly is the incomplete separation of the forebrain during embryogenesis. Both genetic and environmental etiologies have been determined for holoprosencephaly; however, a genetic etiology is not found in most cases. In this report, we present two unrelated individuals with semilobar holoprosencephaly who have the identical de novo missense variant in the gene CCR4-NOT transcription complex, subunit 1 (CNOT1). The variant (c.1603C>T [p.Arg535Cys]) is predicted to be deleterious and is not present in public databases. CNOT1 has not been previously associated with holoprosencephaly or other brain malformations. In situ hybridization analyses of mouse embryos show that Cnot1 is expressed in the prosencephalic neural folds at gestational day 8.25 during the critical period for subsequent forebrain division. Combining human and mouse data, we show that CNOT1 is associated with incomplete forebrain division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seth I Berger
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Rare Disease Institute, Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Karin Weiss
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua L Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ariel F Martinez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sungkook Hong
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kwame Anyane-Yeboa
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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21
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Grinblat Y, Lipinski RJ. A forebrain undivided: Unleashing model organisms to solve the mysteries of holoprosencephaly. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:626-633. [PMID: 30993762 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary conservation and experimental tractability have made animal model systems invaluable tools in our quest to understand human embryogenesis, both normal and abnormal. Standard genetic approaches, particularly useful in understanding monogenic diseases, are no longer sufficient as research attention shifts toward multifactorial outcomes. Here, we examine this progression through the lens of holoprosencephaly (HPE), a common human malformation involving incomplete forebrain division, and a classic example of an etiologically complex outcome. We relate the basic underpinning of HPE pathogenesis to critical cell-cell interactions and signaling molecules discovered through embryological and genetic approaches in multiple model organisms, and discuss the role of the mouse model in functional examination of HPE-linked genes. We then outline the most critical remaining gaps to understanding human HPE, including the conundrum of incomplete penetrance/expressivity and the role of gene-environment interactions. To tackle these challenges, we outline a strategy that leverages new and emerging technologies in multiple model systems to solve the puzzle of HPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgenya Grinblat
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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22
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Weaver SR, Fricke HP, Xie C, Lipinski RJ, Vezina CM, Charles JF, Hernandez LL. Peripartum Fluoxetine Reduces Maternal Trabecular Bone After Weaning and Elevates Mammary Gland Serotonin and PTHrP. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2850-2862. [PMID: 29893816 PMCID: PMC6456925 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been linked to osteopenia and fracture risk; however, their long-term impact on bone health is not well understood. SSRIs are widely prescribed to pregnant and breastfeeding women who might be at particular risk of bone pathology because lactation is associated with considerable maternal bone loss. We used microCT and molecular approaches to test whether the SSRI fluoxetine, administered to C57BL/6 mice from conception through the end of lactation, causes persistent maternal bone loss. We found that peripartum fluoxetine increases serum calcium and reduces circulating markers of bone formation during lactation but does not affect osteoclastic resorption. Peripartum fluoxetine exposure also enhances mammary gland endocrine function during lactation by increasing synthesis of serotonin and PTHrP, a hormone that liberates calcium for milk synthesis and reduces bone mineral volume. Peripartum fluoxetine exposure reduces the trabecular bone volume fraction at 3 months after weaning. These findings raise new questions about the long-term consequences of peripartum SSRI use on maternal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Weaver
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Hannah P Fricke
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Cynthia Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Julia F Charles
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura L Hernandez
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Correspondence: Laura L. Hernandez, PhD, Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. E-mail:
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23
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Everson JL, Fink DM, Chung HM, Sun MR, Lipinski RJ. Identification of sonic hedgehog-regulated genes and biological processes in the cranial neural crest mesenchyme by comparative transcriptomics. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:497. [PMID: 29945554 PMCID: PMC6020285 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolutionarily conserved Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is essential for embryogenesis and orofacial development. SHH ligand secreted from the surface ectoderm activates pathway activity in the underlying cranial neural crest cell (cNCC)-derived mesenchyme of the developing upper lip and palate. Disruption of Shh signaling causes orofacial clefts, but the biological action of Shh signaling and the full set of Shh target genes that mediate normal and abnormal orofacial morphogenesis have not been described. Results Using comparative transcriptional profiling, we have defined the Shh-regulated genes of the cNCC-derived mesenchyme. Enrichment analysis demonstrated that in cultured cNCCs, Shh-regulated genes are involved in smooth muscle and chondrocyte differentiation, as well as regulation of the Forkhead family of transcription factors, G1/S cell cycle transition, and angiogenesis. Next, this gene set from Shh-activated cNCCs in vitro was compared to the set of genes dysregulated in the facial primordia in vivo during the initial pathogenesis of Shh pathway inhibitor-induced orofacial clefting. Functional gene annotation enrichment analysis of the 112 Shh-regulated genes with concordant expression changes linked Shh signaling to interdependent and unique biological processes including mesenchyme development, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis, perivascular cell markers, and orofacial clefting. Conclusions We defined the Shh-regulated transcriptome of the cNCC-derived mesenchyme by comparing the expression signatures of Shh-activated cNCCs in vitro to primordial midfacial tissues exposed to the Shh pathway inhibitor in vivo. In addition to improving our understanding of cNCC biology by determining the identity and possible roles of cNCC-specific Shh target genes, this study presents novel candidate genes whose examination in the context of human orofacial clefting etiology is warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4885-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Dustin M Fink
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hannah M Chung
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Miranda R Sun
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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24
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Fink DM, Sun MR, Heyne GW, Everson JL, Chung HM, Park S, Sheets MD, Lipinski RJ. Coordinated d-cyclin/Foxd1 activation drives mitogenic activity of the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2017; 44:1-9. [PMID: 29284139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays key regulatory roles in embryonic development and postnatal homeostasis and repair. Modulation of the Shh pathway is known to cause malformations and malignancies associated with dysregulated tissue growth. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which Shh regulates cellular proliferation is incomplete. Here, using mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we demonstrate that the Forkhead box gene Foxd1 is transcriptionally regulated by canonical Shh signaling and required for downstream proliferative activity. We show that Foxd1 deletion abrogates the proliferative response to SHH ligand while FOXD1 overexpression alone is sufficient to induce cellular proliferation. The proliferative response to both SHH ligand and FOXD1 overexpression was blocked by pharmacologic inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase signaling. Time-course experiments revealed that Shh pathway activation of Foxd1 is followed by downregulation of Cdkn1c, which encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Consistent with a direct transcriptional regulation mechanism, we found that FOXD1 reduces reporter activity of a Fox enhancer sequence in the second intron of Cdkn1c. Supporting the applicability of these findings to specific biological contexts, we show that Shh regulation of Foxd1 and Cdkn1c is recapitulated in cranial neural crest cells and provide evidence that this mechanism is operational during upper lip morphogenesis. These results reveal a novel Shh-Foxd1-Cdkn1c regulatory circuit that drives the mitogenic action of Shh signaling and may have broad implications in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M Fink
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Miranda R Sun
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Galen W Heyne
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joshua L Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Hannah M Chung
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sookhee Park
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Michael D Sheets
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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25
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Watkins SE, Meyer RE, Aylsworth AS, Marcus JR, Allori AC, Pimenta L, Lipinski RJ, Strauss RP. Academic Achievement Among Children With Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts : A Population-Based Study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2017; 55:12-20. [PMID: 34162061 DOI: 10.1177/1055665617718823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with orofacial clefts (OFCs) may experience poor reading proficiency, learning disabilities, and academic underachievement. We examined the association between nonsyndromic (NS) OFCs and end-of-grade (EOG) performance in reading and math from third through eighth grade in a sample subgroup. PARTICIPANTS We identified a cohort of 559 children with NS-OFCs and 6822 children without birth defects, classifying cleft type by cleft lip alone, with or without cleft alveolar ridge (CL); cleft lip with cleft palate (CL+P); and cleft palate only (CP). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Using logistic regression, we estimated the odds of not meeting grade-level standards among children with NS-OFCs compared to unaffected peers. Using longitudinal analyses, we estimated the odds of not meeting grade-level standards and average change in test scores through eighth grade. RESULTS Children with NS-OFCs were 1.22 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.83) times as likely not to meet grade-level standards in reading compared to unaffected peers. The effect was similar for math (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.48). Children with CL+P were 1.33 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.83) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.56) times as likely not to meet grade-level standard in reading and in both subjects, respectively, compared to unaffected peers. The average rate of change in both scores was similar for children with and without OFCs. CONCLUSIONS Poor academic performance appears greatest for children with CL+P, a finding compatible with previous observations and hypothesized mechanisms associating orofacial clefts with subtle abnormalities in brain development. Academic performance monitoring and referral for academic assistance is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Watkins
- Women's and Children's Health Section, Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robert E Meyer
- Birth Defects Monitoring Program, Division of Public Health, State Center for Health Statistics, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Arthur S Aylsworth
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Marcus
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexander C Allori
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Luiz Pimenta
- School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ronald P Strauss
- School of Dentistry and Office of the Provost, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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26
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Guillen Sacoto MJ, Martinez AF, Abe Y, Kruszka P, Weiss K, Everson JL, Bataller R, Kleiner DE, Ward JM, Sulik KK, Lipinski RJ, Solomon BD, Muenke M. Human germline hedgehog pathway mutations predispose to fatty liver. J Hepatol 2017; 67. [PMID: 28645738 PMCID: PMC5613974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease. Activation of hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been implicated in the progression of NAFLD and proposed as a therapeutic target; however, the effects of Hh signaling inhibition have not been studied in humans with germline mutations that affect this pathway. METHODS Patients with holoprosencephaly (HPE), a disorder associated with germline mutations disrupting Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, were clinically evaluated for NAFLD. A combined mouse model of Hh signaling attenuation (Gli2 heterozygous null: Gli2+/-) and diet-induced NAFLD was used to examine aspects of NAFLD and hepatic gene expression profiles, including molecular markers of hepatic fibrosis and inflammation. RESULTS Patients with HPE had a higher prevalence of liver steatosis compared to the general population, independent of obesity. Exposure of Gli2+/- mice to fatty liver-inducing diets resulted in increased liver steatosis compared to wild-type mice. Similar to humans, this effect was independent of obesity in the mutant mice and was associated with decreased expression of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory genes, and increased expression of PPARγ, a potent anti-fibrogenic and anti-inflammatory regulator. Interestingly, tumor suppressors p53 and p16INK4 were found to be downregulated in the Gli2+/- mice exposed to a high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that germline mutations disrupting Hh signaling promotes liver steatosis, independent of obesity, with reduced fibrosis. While Hh signaling inhibition has been associated with a better NAFLD prognosis, further studies are required to evaluate the long-term effects of mutations affecting this pathway. Lay summary: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excess fat deposition in the liver predominantly due to high calorie intake and a sedentary lifestyle. NAFLD progression is usually accompanied by activation of the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway leading to fibrous buildup (scar tissue) and inflammation of the liver tissue. For the first time patients with holoprosencephaly, a disease caused by SHH signaling mutations, are shown to have increased liver steatosis independent of obesity. This observation was recapitulated in a mouse model of attenuated SHH signaling that also showed increased liver steatosis but with decreased fibrosis and inflammation. While SHH inhibition is associated with a good NAFLD prognosis, this increase in liver fat accumulation in the context of SHH signaling inhibition must be studied prospectively to evaluate its long-term effects, especially in individuals with Western-type dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariel F. Martinez
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yu Abe
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul Kruszka
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Karin Weiss
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joshua L. Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David E. Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Kathleen K. Sulik
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert J. Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Benjamin D. Solomon
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,Division of Medical Genomics, Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Falls Church, VA; Department of Pediatrics, Inova Children’s Hospital and Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Falls Church, VA,GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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Everson JL, Fink DM, Yoon JW, Leslie EJ, Kietzman HW, Ansen-Wilson LJ, Chung HM, Walterhouse DO, Marazita ML, Lipinski RJ. Sonic hedgehog regulation of Foxf2 promotes cranial neural crest mesenchyme proliferation and is disrupted in cleft lip morphogenesis. Development 2017; 144:2082-2091. [PMID: 28506991 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cleft lip is one of the most common human birth defects, yet our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate lip morphogenesis is limited. Here, we show in mice that sonic hedgehog (Shh)-induced proliferation of cranial neural crest cell (cNCC) mesenchyme is required for upper lip closure. Gene expression profiling revealed a subset of Forkhead box (Fox) genes that are regulated by Shh signaling during lip morphogenesis. During cleft pathogenesis, reduced proliferation in the medial nasal process mesenchyme paralleled the domain of reduced Foxf2 and Gli1 expression. SHH ligand induction of Foxf2 expression was dependent upon Shh pathway effectors in cNCCs, while a functional GLI-binding site was identified downstream of Foxf2 Consistent with the cellular mechanism demonstrated for cleft lip pathogenesis, we found that either SHH ligand addition or FOXF2 overexpression is sufficient to induce cNCC proliferation. Finally, analysis of a large multi-ethnic human population with cleft lip identified clusters of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in FOXF2 These data suggest that direct targeting of Foxf2 by Shh signaling drives cNCC mesenchyme proliferation during upper lip morphogenesis, and that disruption of this sequence results in cleft lip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dustin M Fink
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joon Won Yoon
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Biology Programs of the Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Leslie
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Henry W Kietzman
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lydia J Ansen-Wilson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hannah M Chung
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David O Walterhouse
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Biology Programs of the Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA .,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Heyne GW, Everson JL, Ansen-Wilson LJ, Melberg CG, Fink DM, Parins KF, Doroodchi P, Ulschmid CM, Lipinski RJ. Gli2 gene-environment interactions contribute to the etiological complexity of holoprosencephaly: evidence from a mouse model. Development 2016. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.147652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ansen-Wilson LJ, Lipinski RJ. Gene-environment interactions in cortical interneuron development and dysfunction: A review of preclinical studies. Neurotoxicology 2016; 58:120-129. [PMID: 27932026 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cortical interneurons (cINs) are a diverse group of locally projecting neurons essential to the organization and regulation of neural networks. Though they comprise only ∼20% of neurons in the neocortex, their dynamic modulation of cortical activity is requisite for normal cognition and underlies multiple aspects of learning and memory. While displaying significant morphological, molecular, and electrophysiological variability, cINs collectively function to maintain the excitatory-inhibitory balance in the cortex by dampening hyperexcitability and synchronizing activity of projection neurons, primarily through use of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Disruption of the excitatory-inhibitory balance is a common pathophysiological feature of multiple seizure and neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. While most studies have focused on genetic disruption of cIN development in these conditions, emerging evidence indicates that cIN development is exquisitely sensitive to teratogenic disruption. Here, we review key aspects of cIN development, including specification, migration, and integration into neural circuits. Additionally, we examine the mechanisms by which prenatal exposure to common chemical and environmental agents disrupt these events in preclinical models. Understanding how genetic and environmental factors interact to disrupt cIN development and function has tremendous potential to advance prevention and treatment of prevalent seizure and neuropsychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Ansen-Wilson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1010B McArdle Building, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Heyne GW, Everson JL, Ansen-Wilson LJ, Melberg CG, Fink DM, Parins KF, Doroodchi P, Ulschmid CM, Lipinski RJ. Gli2 gene-environment interactions contribute to the etiological complexity of holoprosencephaly: evidence from a mouse model. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:1307-1315. [PMID: 27585885 PMCID: PMC5117230 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a common and severe human developmental abnormality marked by malformations of the forebrain and face. Although several genetic mutations have been linked to HPE, phenotypic outcomes range dramatically, and most cases cannot be attributed to a specific cause. Gene-environment interaction has been invoked as a premise to explain the etiological complexity of HPE, but identification of interacting factors has been extremely limited. Here, we demonstrate that mutations in Gli2, which encodes a Hedgehog pathway transcription factor, can cause or predispose to HPE depending upon gene dosage. On the C57BL/6J background, homozygous GLI2 loss of function results in the characteristic brain and facial features seen in severe human HPE, including midfacial hypoplasia, hypotelorism and medial forebrain deficiency with loss of ventral neurospecification. Although normally indistinguishable from wild-type littermates, we demonstrate that mice with single-allele Gli2 mutations exhibit increased penetrance and severity of HPE in response to low-dose teratogen exposure. This genetic predisposition is associated with a Gli2 dosage-dependent attenuation of Hedgehog ligand responsiveness at the cellular level. In addition to revealing a causative role for GLI2 in HPE genesis, these studies demonstrate a mechanism by which normally silent genetic and environmental factors can interact to produce severe outcomes. Taken together, these findings provide a framework for the understanding of the extreme phenotypic variability observed in humans carrying GLI2 mutations and a paradigm for reducing the incidence of this morbid birth defect. Summary: This work illustrates how a specific genetic predisposition in combination with exposure to an environmental factor can result in a severe birth defect, providing a new opportunity to develop prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen W Heyne
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua L Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lydia J Ansen-Wilson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Cal G Melberg
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dustin M Fink
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kia F Parins
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Padydeh Doroodchi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Caden M Ulschmid
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA .,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Braddock SR, Lipinski RJ, Williams MS, Carey JC. 35thAnnual David W Smith Workshop on Malformations and Morphogenesis: Abstracts of the 2014 Annual Meeting. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:1685-740. [PMID: 26010070 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Braddock
- Department of Pediatrics; St Louis University School of Medicine; St Louis Missouri
| | - Robert J. Lipinski
- University of Wisconsin Department of Comparative Bio-Sciences; Madison WI
| | - Marc S. Williams
- Genomic Medicine Institute; Geisinger Health System; Danville Pennsylvania
| | - John C. Carey
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City Utah
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Laporta J, Keil KP, Weaver SR, Cronick CM, Prichard AP, Crenshaw TD, Heyne GW, Vezina CM, Lipinski RJ, Hernandez LL. Serotonin regulates calcium homeostasis in lactation by epigenetic activation of hedgehog signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1866-74. [PMID: 25192038 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis during lactation is critical for maternal and neonatal health. We previously showed that nonneuronal/peripheral serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] causes the lactating mammary gland to synthesize and secrete PTHrP in an acute fashion. Here, using a mouse model, we found that genetic inactivation of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in peripheral 5-HT synthesis, reduced circulating and mammary PTHrP expression, osteoclast activity, and maternal circulating calcium concentrations during the transition from pregnancy to lactation. Tph1 inactivation also reduced sonic hedgehog signaling in the mammary gland during lactation. Each of these deficiencies was rescued by daily injections of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (an immediate precursor of 5-HT) to Tph1-deficient dams. We used immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts to demonstrate that 5-HT induces PTHrP through a sonic hedgehog-dependent signal transduction mechanism. We also found that 5-HT altered DNA methylation of the Shh gene locus, leading to transcriptional initiation at an alternate start site and formation of a variant transcript in mouse embryonic fibroblasts in vitro and in mammary tissue in vivo. These results support a new paradigm of 5-HT-mediated Shh regulation involving DNA methylation remodeling and promoter switching. In addition to having immediate implications for lactation biology, identification and characterization of a novel functional regulatory relationship between nonneuronal 5-HT, hedgehog signaling, and PTHrP offers new avenues for the study of these important factors in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Laporta
- Departments of Dairy Science (J.L., S.R.W., C.M.C., A.P.P., L.L.H.), Comparative Biosciences (K.P.K., G.W.H., C.M.V., R.J.L.), and Animal Science (T.D.C.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Lipinski RJ, Holloway HT, O'Leary-Moore SK, Ament JJ, Pecevich SJ, Cofer GP, Budin F, Everson JL, Johnson GA, Sulik KK. Characterization of subtle brain abnormalities in a mouse model of Hedgehog pathway antagonist-induced cleft lip and palate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102603. [PMID: 25047453 PMCID: PMC4105496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtle behavioral and cognitive deficits have been documented in patient cohorts with orofacial clefts (OFCs). Recent neuroimaging studies argue that these traits are associated with structural brain abnormalities but have been limited to adolescent and adult populations where brain plasticity during infancy and childhood may be a confounding factor. Here, we employed high resolution magnetic resonance microscopy to examine primary brain morphology in a mouse model of OFCs. Transient in utero exposure to the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway antagonist cyclopamine resulted in a spectrum of facial dysmorphology, including unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate, cleft of the secondary palate only, and a non-cleft phenotype marked by midfacial hypoplasia. Relative to controls, cyclopamine-exposed fetuses exhibited volumetric differences in several brain regions, including hypoplasia of the pituitary gland and olfactory bulbs, hyperplasia of the forebrain septal region, and expansion of the third ventricle. However, in affected fetuses the corpus callosum was intact and normal division of the forebrain was observed. This argues that temporally-specific Hh signaling perturbation can result in typical appearing OFCs in the absence of holoprosencephaly--a condition classically associated with Hh pathway inhibition and frequently co-occurring with OFCs. Supporting the premise that some forms of OFCs co-occur with subtle brain malformations, these results provide a possible ontological basis for traits identified in clinical populations. They also argue in favor of future investigations into genetic and/or environmental modulation of the Hh pathway in the etiopathogenesis of orofacial clefting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Lipinski
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hunter T. Holloway
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shonagh K. O'Leary-Moore
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jacob J. Ament
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Pecevich
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gary P. Cofer
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Francois Budin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joshua L. Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - G. Allan Johnson
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kathleen K. Sulik
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Kietzman HW, Everson JL, Sulik KK, Lipinski RJ. The teratogenic effects of prenatal ethanol exposure are exacerbated by Sonic Hedgehog or GLI2 haploinsufficiency in the mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89448. [PMID: 24586787 PMCID: PMC3929747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the Hedgehog signaling pathway has been implicated as an important molecular mechanism in the pathogenesis of fetal alcohol syndrome. In severe cases, the abnormalities of the face and brain that result from prenatal ethanol exposure fall within the spectrum of holoprosencephaly. Single allele mutations in the Hh pathway genes Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and GLI2 cause holoprosencephaly with extremely variable phenotypic penetrance in humans. Here, we tested whether mutations in these genes alter the frequency or severity of ethanol-induced dysmorphology in a mouse model. Timed pregnancies were established by mating Shh+/− or Gli2+/− male mice backcrossed to C57BL/6J strain, with wildtype females. On gestational day 7, dams were treated with two ip doses of 2.9 g/kg ethanol (or vehicle alone), administered four hrs apart. Fetuses were then genotyped and imaged, and the severity of facial dysmorphology was assessed. Following ethanol exposure, mean dysmorphology scores were increased by 3.2- and 6.6-fold in Shh+/− and Gli2+/− groups, respectively, relative to their wildtype littermates. Importantly, a cohort of heterozygous fetuses exhibited phenotypes not typically produced in this model but associated with severe holoprosencephaly, including exencephaly, median cleft lip, otocephaly, and proboscis. As expected, a correlation between the severity of facial dysmorphology and medial forebrain deficiency was observed in affected animals. While Shh+/− and Gli2+/− mice have been described as phenotypically normal, these results illustrate a functional haploinsufficiency of both genes in combination with ethanol exposure. By demonstrating an interaction between specific genetic and environmental risk factors, this study provides important insights into the multifactorial etiology and complex pathogenesis of fetal alcohol syndrome and holoprosencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W Kietzman
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joshua L Everson
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kathleen K Sulik
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America ; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Lipinski RJ, Song C, Sulik KK, Everson JL, Gipp JJ, Yan D, Bushman W, Rowland IJ. Cleft lip and palate results from Hedgehog signaling antagonism in the mouse: Phenotypic characterization and clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:232-40. [PMID: 20213699 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway provides inductive signals critical for developmental patterning of the brain and face. In humans and in animal models interference with this pathway yields birth defects, among the most well-studied of which fall within the holoprosencephaly (HPE) spectrum. METHODS Timed-pregnant C57Bl/6J mice were treated with the natural Hh signaling antagonist cyclopamine by subcutaneous infusion from gestational day (GD) 8.25 to 9.5, or with a potent cyclopamine analog, AZ75, administered by oral gavage at GD 8.5. Subsequent embryonic morphogenesis and fetal central nervous system (CNS) phenotype were respectively investigated by scanning electron microscopy and high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS In utero Hh signaling antagonist exposure induced a spectrum of craniofacial and brain malformations. Cyclopamine exposure caused lateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) defects attributable to embryonic deficiency of midline and lower medial nasal prominence tissue. The CLP phenotype was accompanied by olfactory bulb hypoplasia and anterior pituitary aplasia, but otherwise grossly normal brain morphology. AZ75 exposure caused alobar and semilobar HPE with associated median facial deficiencies. An intermediate phenotype of median CLP was produced infrequently by both drug administration regimens. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that interference with Hh signaling should be considered in the CLP differential and highlight the occurrence of CNS defects that are expected to be present in a cohort of patients having CLP. This work also illustrates the utility of fetal MRI-based analyses and establishes a novel mouse model for teratogen-induced CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lipinski
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Lipinski RJ, Bushman W. Identification of Hedgehog signaling inhibitors with relevant human exposure by small molecule screening. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1404-9. [PMID: 20434536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In animal models, chemical disruption of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway during embryonic development causes severe birth defects including holoprosencephaly and cleft lip and palate. The exact etiological basis of correlate human birth defects remains uncertain but is likely multifactorial, involving the interaction of genetic and environmental or chemical influences. The Hh transduction mechanism relies upon endogenous small molecule regulation, conferring remarkable pathway sensitivity to inhibition by a structurally diverse set of exogenous small molecules. Here, we employed small molecule screening to identify human exposure-relevant Hh signaling inhibitors. From a library of 4240 compounds, including pharmaceuticals, natural products, and pesticides, three putative Hh pathway inhibitors were identified: tolnaftate, an antifungal agent; ipriflavone, a dietary supplement; and 17-beta-estradiol, a human hormone and pharmaceutical agent. Each compound inhibited Hh signaling in both mouse and human cells. Dose-response assays determined the three compounds to be 8- to 30-fold less potent than the index Hh pathway inhibitor cyclopamine. Despite current limitations in chemical library availability, which narrowed the scope of this study to only a small fraction of all human exposure-relevant small molecules, three structurally diverse environmental Hh signaling inhibitors were identified, highlighting an inherent pathway vulnerability to teratogenic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lipinski
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 27599, USA.
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Lipinski RJ, Godin EA, O'leary-Moore SK, Parnell SE, Sulik KK. Genesis of teratogen-induced holoprosencephaly in mice. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2010; 154C:29-42. [PMID: 20104601 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from mechanical, teratological, and genetic experimentation demonstrates that holoprosencephaly (HPE) typically results from insult prior to the time that neural tube closure is completed and occurs as a consequence of direct or indirect insult to the rostral prechordal cells that induce the forebrain or insult to the median forebrain tissue, itself. Here, we provide an overview of normal embryonic morphogenesis during the critical window for HPE induction, focusing on the morphology and positional relationship of the developing brain and subjacent prechordal plate and prechordal mesoderm cell populations. Subsequent morphogenesis of the HPE spectrum is then examined in selected teratogenesis mouse models. The temporal profile of Sonic Hedgehog expression in rostral embryonic cell populations and evidence for direct or indirect perturbation of the Hedgehog pathway by teratogenic agents in the genesis of HPE is highlighted. Emerging opportunities based on recent insights and new techniques to further characterize the mechanisms and pathogenesis of HPE are discussed.
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Lipinski RJ, Bijlsma MF, Gipp JJ, Podhaizer DJ, Bushman W. Establishment and characterization of immortalized Gli-null mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines. BMC Cell Biol 2008; 9:49. [PMID: 18789160 PMCID: PMC2542994 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-9-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is a conserved morphogenetic pathway which plays critical roles in embryonic development, with emerging evidence also supporting a role in healing and repair processes and tumorigenesis. The Gli family of transcription factors (Gli1, 2 and 3) mediate the Hedgehog morphogenetic signal by regulating the expression of downstream target genes. We previously characterized the individual and cooperative roles of the Gli proteins in Hh target gene regulation using a battery of primary embryonic fibroblasts from Gli null mice. Results Here, we describe the establishment of spontaneously immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblast (iMEF) cell lines lacking single and multiple Gli genes. These non-clonal cell lines recapitulate the unique ligand mediated transcriptional response of primary MEFs. While loss of Gli1 had no effect on target gene induction, Gli2 null cells demonstrated reduced target gene induction while Gli3 null cells exhibited elevated basal and ligand-induced expression. Target gene response in Gli1-/-2-/- iMEFs was severely reduced while Gli2-/-3-/- iMEFs were incapable of ligand-induced transcriptional response. However, we found that both Gli1-/-2-/- and Gli2-/-3-/- iMEFs exhibited robust leukotriene synthesis-dependent migration responses to Hh ligand, demonstrating that this response is not transcriptionally-dependent. Conclusion This study provides fundamental characterizations of the transcriptional and non-transcriptional Hh responsiveness of a battery of Gli-null iMEFs. Moving forward, these cell lines should prove a valuable tool set to study the unique functional regulation of the Gli proteins in a Hh-responsive cell-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Lipinski RJ, Hutson PR, Hannam PW, Nydza RJ, Washington IM, Moore RW, Girdaukas GG, Peterson RE, Bushman W. Dose- and route-dependent teratogenicity, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic profiles of the hedgehog signaling antagonist cyclopamine in the mouse. Toxicol Sci 2008; 104:189-97. [PMID: 18411234 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is an essential regulator of embryonic development and appears to play important roles in postnatal repair and cancer progression and metastasis. The teratogenic Veratrum alkaloid cyclopamine is a potent Hh antagonist and is used experimentally both in vitro and in vivo to investigate the role of Hh signaling in diverse biological processes. Here, we set out to establish an administration regimen for cyclopamine-induced teratogenicity in the mouse. The dysmorphogenic concentration of cyclopamine was determined in vitro via mouse whole-embryo culture assays to be 2.0 microM. We administered cyclopamine to female C57BL/6J mice at varied doses by oral gavage, ip injection, or osmotic pump infusion and assessed toxicity and pharmacokinetic (PK) models. Bolus administration was limited by toxicity and rapid clearance. In vivo cyclopamine infusion at 160 mg/kg/day yielded a dam serum steady-state concentration of approximately 2 microM with a corresponding amniotic fluid concentration of approximately 1.5 microM. Gross facial defects were induced in 30% of cyclopamine-exposed litters, with affected embryos exhibiting cleft lip and palate. This is the first report describing the PKs and teratogenic potential of cyclopamine in the mouse and demonstrates that transient Hh signaling inhibition induces facial clefting anomalies in the mouse that mimic common human birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lipinski
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53703, USA
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Lipinski RJ, Dengler E, Kiehn M, Peterson RE, Bushman W. Identification and Characterization of Several Dietary Alkaloids as Weak Inhibitors of Hedgehog Signaling. Toxicol Sci 2007; 100:456-63. [PMID: 17728282 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an integral role in the patterning and development of diverse structures in the vertebrate embryo. Aberrations in Hh signaling are associated with a range of developmental defects including failure of interhemispheric division of the embryonic forebrain as well as midline facial dysmorphia including cleft lip/palate and cyclopia, collectively termed holoprosencephaly (HPE). Postnatally, Hh signaling has been postulated to play a pivotal role in healing and repair processes and inappropriate Hh pathway activation has been implicated in several types of cancers. The Veratrum alkaloid cyclopamine is a potent inhibitor of Hh signaling and causes HPE-like defects in diverse species including sheep, hamster, mouse, and zebra fish. Using murine cell-based assays, we have determined that a number of dietary alkaloids similar in structure to cyclopamine also inhibit Hh signaling but with significantly lower potency. We found that these dietary compounds act additively through a mechanism similar to cyclopamine, downstream of Ptc1 and upstream of Gli1. Using an embryonic zebra fish developmental assay, we found that while cyclopamine exposure caused HPE-like defects, exposure to one of these dietary compounds, solanidine, did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lipinski
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53703, USA
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Lipinski RJ, Gipp JJ, Zhang J, Doles JD, Bushman W. Unique and complimentary activities of the Gli transcription factors in Hedgehog signaling. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:1925-38. [PMID: 16571352 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Gli family of transcription factors (Gli1, 2 and 3) mediate the Hedgehog morphogenetic signal by regulating the expression of downstream target genes. Aberrations in Hedgehog signaling seriously affect vertebrate development. Postnatally, Hedgehog signaling has been postulated to play a pivotal role in healing and repair processes and inappropriate pathway activation has been implicated in several types of cancers. To better understand both the upstream regulation of the Gli transcription factors, as well as their unique and combinatorial roles in regulating the expression of Hedgehog target genes, we have characterized embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from Gli mutant mice. Stimulation of wild-type MEFs by Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) peptide elicited unique profiles of induction of Hedgehog target genes Gli1, Ptc1, and Hip1. Gli2 loss-of-function was associated with diminished Shh-induced target gene expression, while Gli3 loss-of-function was associated with increased basal and Shh-induced target gene expression. The loss of Gli1 alone had no effect on target gene induction but did diminish Shh-induced target gene expression when combined with the loss of Gli2 or Gli3. Additionally, overexpression of Gli1 induced target gene expression in Gli2(-/-)3(-/-) MEFs, while Shh stimulation did not. Using MEFs expressing only Gli2 or Gli3, we found that both cyclopamine and the PKA activator forskolin inhibited target gene induction mediated by Gli2 and Gli3. These results demonstrate that Gli2 and Gli3 share common regulatory mechanisms and modulate Hedgehog target gene expression directly and independently while also regulating Gli1 expression, which in specific contexts, coordinately contributes to target gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lipinski
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, Madison, WI 53705-222, USA
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Doles JD, Vezina CM, Lipinski RJ, Peterson RE, Bushman W. Growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation during mouse prostate development in situ, in renal grafts, and in vitro. Prostate 2005; 65:390-9. [PMID: 16114054 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro organ culture and renal grafting of the urogenital sinus (UGS) have both been used as models of prostate development. However, neither has been rigorously examined for its fidelity to replicate the canonical process of prostate differentiation in situ. METHODS We assessed size, morphology, histology, and the mRNA expression of differentiation marker genes of the E14 male mouse UGS grown for 0-28 days as sub-renal capsule allografts in nude mice or in culture containing androgen and compared these to UGS development in situ. RESULTS Development of grafted tissues was morphologically and histologically similar to development in situ but differentiation occurred more rapidly. UGS growth in organ culture resulted in bud formation, but did not trigger cellular differentiation. However, the potential for differentiation was maintained and could be rescued by grafting tissues into nude mice. CONCLUSIONS In vitro organ culture and renal grafting of UGS tissues may be appropriate models for studying prostatic bud formation, but only grafting is an appropriate model for prostatic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Doles
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Surgery, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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Lipinski RJ, Cook CH, Barnett DH, Gipp JJ, Peterson RE, Bushman W. Sonic hedgehog signaling regulates the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 during fetal prostate development. Dev Dyn 2005; 233:829-36. [PMID: 15906375 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
At the onset of ductal morphogenesis in the developing prostate, Shh expression condenses at evaginations of urogenital sinus epithelium and activates Gli transcription factors in the adjacent mesenchyme. Abrogation of Hedgehog signaling disrupts proper prostatic budding, ductal growth, and branching. We now show that Hedgehog signaling regulates the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (Igfbp-6) in the developing mouse prostate. Igfbp-6 is a secreted factor that specifically binds insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), prevents its binding to the IGF-I receptor, and is thought to regulate the activity of IGF-II in growth and differentiation. Igfbp-6 is expressed in both the developing and adult prostate. In the urogenital sinus, Igfbp-6 mRNA colocalized with Ptc1 and Gli1 mRNA in the mesenchyme, while Igfbp-6 protein was found in both the mesenchymal and epithelial layers. Exogenous Shh peptide induced expression of Igfbp-6 in the developing prostate while the chemical inhibitor of Hedgehog signaling, cyclopamine, reduced its expression. These studies show that Igfbp-6 is an actual target of Shh signaling in the urogenital sinus and provide the first evidence for a linkage between the Hedgehog and IGF signaling pathways in prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lipinski
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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Werner PW, Schamiloglu E, Smith JR, Struve KW, Lipinski RJ. Erosion of a relativistic electron beam propagating in a plasma channel. Phys Rev Lett 1994; 73:2986-2989. [PMID: 10057253 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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O'Brien KJ, Kamin GW, Lockner TR, Wagner JS, Shokair IR, Kiekel PD, Molina I, Armistead DJ, Hogeland S, Powell ET, Lipinski RJ. Experimental observation of ion hose instability. Phys Rev Lett 1988; 60:1278-1281. [PMID: 10037994 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.60.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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