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McKinnon Z, Khadra I, Halbert GW, Batchelor HK. Characterisation of colloidal structures and their solubilising potential for BCS class II drugs in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid. Int J Pharm 2024; 665:124733. [PMID: 39317247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
A suite of fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), based on variability observed in a range of fasted state human intestinal fluid (HIF) samples was used to study the solubility of eight poorly soluble drugs (three acidic drugs (naproxen, indomethacin and phenytoin), two basic drugs (carvedilol and tadalafil) and three neutral drugs (felodipine, fenofibrate, griseofulvin)). Particle size of the colloidal structures formed in these SIF in the presence and absence of drugs was measured using dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Results indicate that drug solubility tends to increase with increasing total amphiphile concentration (TAC) in SIF with acidic drugs proving to be more soluble than basic or neutral drug in the media evaluated. Dynamic light scattering showed that as the amphiphile concentration increased, the hydrodynamic diameters of the structures decreased. The scattering distribution confirmed the polydispersity of the simulated intestinal fluids compared to the monodisperse distribution observed for FaSSIF v1). There was a large difference in the size of the structures found based on the composition of the SIF, for example, the diameter of the structures measured in felodipine in the minimum TAC media was measured to be 170 ± 5 nm which decreased to 5.1 ± 0.2 nm in the maximum TAC media point. The size measured of the colloidal structures of felodipine in the FaSSIF v1 was 86 ± 1 nm. However, there was no simple correlation between solubility and colloidal size. Nanoparticle tracking analysis was used for the first time to characterise colloidal structures within SIF and the results were compared to those obtained by dynamic light scattering. The particle size measured by dynamic light scattering was generally greater in media with a lower concentration of amphiphiles and smaller in media of a higher concentration of amphiphiles, compared to that of the data yielded by nanoparticle tracking analysis. This work shows that the colloidal structures formed vary depending on the composition of SIF which affects the solubility. Work is ongoing to determine the relationship between colloidal structure and solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe McKinnon
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah K Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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2
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Omar SA, Nairat R, Khzimia S, Maqboul I, Jaber M, Shawahna R. Assessing solubility of meloxicam in age-specific gastric and intestinal media relevant to adults and pediatric populations: implications for optimizing dosing in patients for postoperative pain. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 25:75. [PMID: 39385231 PMCID: PMC11462653 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-024-00799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral dose formulations must be soluble in gastrointestinal fluids for systemic absorption. The solubility of meloxicam was determined in 16 different age-specific simulated gastric and intestinal media that mirrored the microenvironments in pediatrics and adults. METHODS The solubility of meloxicam in the 16 different age-specific simulated gastric and intestinal biorelevant media was assessed using the standard US pharmacopeial method. The molecular descriptors of meloxicam were used to assess its intestinal permeability. RESULTS Meloxicam exhibited low solubility in the age-specific simulated gastric media for fasted and fed states and in pediatrics and adults. Similarly, meloxicam exhibited low solubility in the age-specific simulated media that mirrored neonates fed cow milk-based formula. On the other hand, meloxicam exhibited high solubility in the rest of the age-specific pediatric and adult intestinal media that simulated the fasted and fed states. The pediatric-to-adult solubility ratios were outside the 80-125% range in 7 (58.3%) and was borderline in 1 (8.3%) out of the 12 calculated ratios. These findings indicated that the solubility of meloxicam showed clinically significant differences in 8 (66.7%) of the compared media. CONCLUSION Meloxicam exhibited low solubility in the age-specific simulated gastric media and high solubility in the simulated intestinal media for adults and pediatrics. Moreover, the pediatric-to-adult solubility ratios may have clinically significant implications. These differences can be translated into a higher likelihood of failing to demonstrate bioequivalence of different formulations containing meloxicam and variabilities in the performance of these formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabreen Abu Omar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Rahma Nairat
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Sara Khzimia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Iyad Maqboul
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
- An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mohammad Jaber
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
- An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ramzi Shawahna
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
- Clinical Research Center, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine.
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3
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Abuhassan Q, Silva MI, Tamimi RAR, Khadra I, Batchelor HK, Pyper K, Halbert GW. A novel simulated media system for in vitro evaluation of bioequivalent intestinal drug solubility. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114302. [PMID: 38657741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Orally administered solid drug must dissolve in the gastrointestinal tract before absorption to provide a systemic response. Intestinal solubility is therefore crucial but difficult to measure since human intestinal fluid (HIF) is challenging to obtain, varies between fasted (Fa) and fed (Fe) states and exhibits inter and intra subject variability. A single simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) cannot reflect HIF variability, therefore current approaches are not optimal. In this study we have compared literature Fa/FeHIF drug solubilities to values measured in a novel in vitro simulated nine media system for either the fasted (Fa9SIF) or fed (Fe9SIF) state. The manuscript contains 129 literature sampled human intestinal fluid equilibrium solubility values and 387 simulated intestinal fluid equilibrium solubility values. Statistical comparison does not detect a difference (Fa/Fe9SIF vs Fa/FeHIF), a novel solubility correlation window enclosed 95% of an additional literature Fa/FeHIF data set and solubility behaviour is consistent with previous physicochemical studies. The Fa/Fe9SIF system therefore represents a novel in vitro methodology for bioequivalent intestinal solubility determination. Combined with intestinal permeability this provides an improved, population based, biopharmaceutical assessment that guides formulation development and indicates the presence of food based solubility effects. This transforms predictive ability during drug discovery and development and may represent a methodology applicable to other multicomponent fluids where no single component is responsible for performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamar Abuhassan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Maria Inês Silva
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Rana Abu-Rajab Tamimi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah K Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Pyper
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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4
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Beaven E, Kumar R, An JM, Mendoza H, Sutradhar SC, Choi W, Narayan M, Lee YK, Nurunnabi M. Potentials of ionic liquids to overcome physical and biological barriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 204:115157. [PMID: 38104896 PMCID: PMC10787599 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, ionic liquids (IL) have shown great potential in non-invasive delivery starting from synthetic small molecules to biological large molecules. ILs are emerging as a particular class of drug delivery systems due to their unique physiochemical properties, simple surface modification, and functionalization. These features of IL help achieve specific design principles that are essential for a non-invasive drug delivery system. In this review, we have discussed IL and their applications in non-invasive drug delivery systems. We evaluated state-of-the-art development and advances of IL aiming to mitigate the biological and physical barriers to improve transdermal and oral delivery, summarized in this review. We also provided an overview of the various factors determining the systemic transportation of IL-based formulation. Additionally, we have emphasized how the ILs facilitate the transportation of therapeutic molecules by overcoming biological barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfa Beaven
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Jeong Man An
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannia Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Sabuj Chandra Sutradhar
- 4D Convergence Technology Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Jungpyeong 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonho Choi
- 4D Convergence Technology Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Jungpyeong 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh Narayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea; 4D Convergence Technology Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Jungpyeong 27909, Republic of Korea.
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
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5
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Esseili MA. In vitro digestion of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated berries reveals high inactivation of infectious virus during gastrointestinal passage. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0133923. [PMID: 37982639 PMCID: PMC10734541 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01339-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE During the pandemic, news outlets occasionally reported on the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA on various foods, raising concerns over contaminated foods initiating infections. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients often experience gastrointestinal symptoms and shed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their feces. In addition, active virus replication in the gastrointestinal tract was shown; however, infectious viruses were rarely detected in feces. We previously showed that SARS-CoV-2 remained infectious on frozen berries for at least a month. Here, in vitro digestion models showed that SARS-CoV-2 on berries exhibits minimal inactivation at the oral phase and the virus may escape gastric inactivation early during feeding. However, high intestinal inactivation of the virus on berries suggested that SARS-CoV-2 was less likely to initiate infection in the small intestine. In contrast, the oral cavity is a potential site where infection might be initiated, providing more input for the gastrointestinal tract. High intestinal inactivation might explain the difficulty of detecting infectious SARS-CoV-2 in feces but not of virus RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak A. Esseili
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA
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6
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Hanio S, Möllmert S, Möckel C, Choudhury S, Höpfel AI, Zorn T, Endres S, Schlauersbach J, Scheller L, Keßler C, Scherf-Clavel O, Bellstedt P, Schubert US, Pöppler AC, Heinze KG, Guck J, Meinel L. Bile Is a Selective Elevator for Mucosal Mechanics and Transport. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6151-6161. [PMID: 37906224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Mucus mechanically protects the intestinal epithelium and impacts the absorption of drugs, with a largely unknown role for bile. We explored the impacts of bile on mucosal biomechanics and drug transport within mucus. Bile diffused with square-root-of-time kinetics and interplayed with mucus, leading to transient stiffening captured in Brillouin images and a concentration-dependent change from subdiffusive to Brownian-like diffusion kinetics within the mucus demonstrated by differential dynamic microscopy. Bile-interacting drugs, Fluphenazine and Perphenazine, diffused faster through mucus in the presence of bile, while Metoprolol, a drug with no bile interaction, displayed consistent diffusion. Our findings were corroborated by rat studies, where co-dosing of a bile acid sequestrant substantially reduced the bioavailability of Perphenazine but not Metoprolol. We clustered over 50 drugs based on their interactions with bile and mucin. Drugs that interacted with bile also interacted with mucin but not vice versa. This study detailed the dynamics of mucus biomechanics under bile exposure and linked the ability of a drug to interact with bile to its abbility to interact with mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hanio
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Möllmert
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Conrad Möckel
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susobhan Choudhury
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas I Höpfel
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Zorn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Endres
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Schlauersbach
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lena Scheller
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Keßler
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Scherf-Clavel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bellstedt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Zürich,Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), University of Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Pöppler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin G Heinze
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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7
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Chen G, Zhu Y, Wang Q, Bai Y, Ma S, Wang J, Zhao M, Zou M, Cheng G. The development of a novel simultaneous in vitro dissolution - in situ perfusion system as a potential tool for studying the absorption of solid oral formulation in rat. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 191:106601. [PMID: 37783379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to develop a novel simultaneous in vitro dissolution - in situ perfusion system (SDPS) as a potential tool to evaluate the in vivo performance of solid oral formulation in rat. The innovative nitrendipine (NTD) tablet of Bayotensin mite® made in Germany was used as reference listed drug (RLD), and five generic products from Chinese market were compared with RLD using the in vitro dissolution test method specified by the orange book and the SDPS method developed in this study. Four self-prepared NTD tablets with different proportions of microcrystalline cellulose/starch were employed to investigate the discriminatory ability of the SDPS for formulation. In addition, the predictivity of the SDPS in relation to data from in vivo pharmaceutics studies was evaluated. The 45-min dissolution test and multiple-pH dissolution profiles of generic product 1 and 2 have no difference compared with the RLD, but their dissolution profiles from the SDPS showed statistically significant differences. A biexponential formula successfully described the concentration profiles of self-prepared formulations in SDPS experiments. The kdis (0.08 ± 0.01 ∼ 0.2 ± 0.03 min-1) and ka (about 2.30 × 10-3 min-1) values calculated by the formulas of F1-F3 suggested that the used excipients had no effect on the intestinal absorption of NTD, and it might be the property of active pharmaceutical ingredient that led to the difference among the generics. Furthermore, the in vivo rat pharmacokinetics study results of F1-F3 showed a good correlation (R2 = 0.99) with the SDPS data. In summary, the SDPS is a promising tool to detect the unexpected quality changes of pharmaceutical products in weakly regulated markets, facilitate formulation screening, and potentially reduce animal testing for estimating the in vivo absorption behavior of solid oral formulations. The absorption performance of generic drugs in vivo should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yumeng Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yifeng Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Minqian Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Meijuan Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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8
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Silva MI, Khadra I, Pyper K, Halbert GW. Structured solubility behaviour in fed simulated intestinal fluids. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 193:58-73. [PMID: 37890541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal drug solubility is a key parameter controlling absorption after the administration of a solid oral dosage form. The ability to measure fed state solubility in vitro is limited and multiple simulated intestinal fluid recipes have been developed but with no consensus which is optimal. This study has utilised nine bioequivalent simulated fed intestinal media recipes that cover over 90% of the compositional variability of sampled fed human intestinal fluid. The solubility of 24 drugs (Acidic; furosemide, ibuprofen, indomethacin, mefenamic acid, naproxen, phenytoin, piroxicam, valsartan, zafirlukast: Basic; aprepitant, atazanavir, bromocriptine, carvedilol, dipyridamole, posaconazole, tadalafil: Neutral; acyclovir, carbamazepine, felodipine, fenofibrate, griseofulvin, itraconazole, paracetamol, probucol) has been assessed to determine if structured solubility behaviour is present. The measured solubility behaviour can be split into four categories and is consistent with drug physicochemical properties and previous solubility studies. For acidic drugs (category 1) solubility is controlled by media pH and the lowest and highest pH media identify the lowest and highest solubility in 90% of cases. For weakly acidic, basic and neutral drugs (category 2) solubility is controlled by media pH and total amphiphile concentration (TAC), a consistent solubility pattern is evident with variation related to individual drug media component interactions. The lowest and highest pH × TAC media identify the lowest and highest solubility in 70% and 90% of cases respectively. Four drugs, which are non-ionised in the media systems (category 3), have been identified with a very narrow solubility range, indicating minimal impact of the simulated media on solubility. Three drugs exhibit solubility behaviour that is not consistent with the remainder (category 4). The results indicate that the use of two bioequivalent fed intestinal media from the original nine will identify in vitro the maximum and minimum solubility values for the majority of drugs and due to the media derivation this is probably applicable in vivo. When combined with a previous fasted study, this introduces interesting possibilities to measure a solubility range in vitro that can provide Quality by Design based decisions to rationalise drug and formulation development. Overall this indicates that the multi-dimensional media system is worthy of further investigation as in vitro tool to assess fed intestinal solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês Silva
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Pyper
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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9
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Ainousah BE, Khadra I, Halbert GW. Excipient Impact on Fenofibrate Equilibrium Solubility in Fasted and Fed Simulated Intestinal Fluids Assessed Using a Design of Experiment Protocol. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2484. [PMID: 37896244 PMCID: PMC10610309 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Solubility is a critical parameter controlling drug absorption after oral administration. For poorly soluble drugs, solubility is influenced by the complex composition of intestinal media and the influence of dosage form excipients, which can cause bioavailability and bioequivalence issues. This study has applied a small scale design of experiment (DoE) equilibrium solubility approach in order to investigate the impact of excipients on fenofibrate solubility in simulated fasted and fed intestinal media. Seven media parameters (bile salt (BS), phospholipid (PL), fatty acid, monoglyceride, cholesterol, pH and BS/PL ratio) were assessed in the DoE and in excipient-free media, and only pH and sodium oleate in the fasted state had a significant impact on fenofibrate solubility. The impact of excipients were studied at two concentrations, and for polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, K12 and K29/32) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC, E3 and E50), two grades were studied. Mannitol had no solubility impact in any of the DoE media. PVP significantly increased solubility in a media-, grade- and concentration-dependent manner, with the biggest change in fasted media. HPMC and chitosan significantly reduced solubility in both fasted and fed states in a media-, grade- and concentration-dependent manner. The results indicate that the impact of excipients on fenofibrate solubility is a complex interplay of media composition in combination with their physicochemical properties and concentration. The results indicate that in vitro solubility studies combining the drug of interest, proposed excipients along with suitable simulated intestinal media recipes will provide interesting information with the potential to guide formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan E. Ainousah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK;
| | - Gavin W. Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK;
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10
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Shawahna R, Saba'aneh H, Daraghmeh A, Qassarwi Y, Franco V, Declèves X. Solubility of lamotrigine in age-specific biorelevant media that simulated the fasted- and fed-conditions of the gastric and intestinal environments in pediatrics and adults: implications for traditional, re-formulated, modified, and new oral formulations. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:36. [PMID: 37684623 PMCID: PMC10492362 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lamotrigine is an effective antiseizure medication that can be used in the management of focal and generalized epilepsies in pediatric patients. This study was conducted to quantify and compare the solubility of lamotrigine in age-specific biorelevant media that simulated the fasted and fed conditions of the gastric and intestinal environments in pediatrics and adults. Another aim was to predict how traditional, re-formulated, modified, and new oral formulations would behave in the gastric and intestinal environments across different age groups. METHODS Solubility studies of lamotrigine were conducted in 16 different age-specific biorelevant media over the pH range and temperature specified by the current biopharmaceutical classification system-based criteria. The age-specific biorelevant media simulated the environments in the stomach and proximal gastrointestinal tract in both fasted and fed conditions of adults and pediatric sub-populations. The solubility of lamotrigine was determined using a pre-validated HPLC-UV method. RESULTS Lamotrigine showed low solubility in the 16 age-specific biorelevant media as indicated by a dose number of > 1. There were significant age-specific variabilities in the solubility of lamotrigine in the different age-specific biorelevant media. Pediatric/adult solubility ratios of lamotrigine fell outside the 80-125% range in 6 (50.0%) and were borderline in 3 (25.0%) out of the 12 compared media. These ratios indicated that the solubility of lamotrigine showed considerable differences in 9 out of the 12 (75.0%) of the compared media. CONCLUSION Future studies are still needed to generate more pediatric biopharmaceutical data to help understand the performances of oral dosage forms in pediatric sub-populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Shawahna
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, New Campus, Building: 19, Office: 1340, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, Palestine.
- Clinical Research Center, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
| | - Hala Saba'aneh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Amal Daraghmeh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Yara Qassarwi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Valentina Franco
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Biologie du Médicament-Toxicologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, Paris, 75679, France
- Faculty of Health, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Paris, 75006, France
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11
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Holzem FL, Jensen IH, Petrig Schaffland J, Stillhart C, Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A. Combining in vitro dissolution/permeation with microdialysis sampling: Capabilities and limitations for biopharmaceutical assessments of supersaturating drug formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106533. [PMID: 37480963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Many novel small drug molecules are poorly water-soluble and thus, enabling drug formulations may be required to ensure sufficient absorption upon oral administration. Biopharmaceutical assessment and absorption prediction of enabling formulations, however, remains challenging. Combined in vitro dissolution/permeation (D/P) assays have gained increasing interest since they may provide a more realistic formulation ranking based on the drug permeation profiles from different formulations as compared to conventional dissolution, which captures both readily permeable and not readily permeable fractions of "dissolved" drug. Moreover, the combined in vitro D/P assays allow to better predict intestinal supersaturation and precipitation processes as compared to simple dissolution setups due to the effect of an absorptive sink. Microdialysis on the other hand has proven useful to determine molecularly dissolved drug in colloidal dispersions, thus allowing for a deeper mechanistic insight into the mechanism of drug release from supersaturating formulations. Here, microdialysis sampling from the donor compartment was used in combination with the dissolution/permeation (D/P) tool PermeaLoop™ to study commercial supersaturating drug formulations of the poorly soluble and weakly basic drug Posaconazole (PCZ). An amorphous solid dispersion (ASD)-based tablet, as well as a crystalline suspension in acidified and neutral dilution medium, respectively, were tested. Microdialysis sampling allowed for differentiation between molecularly dissolved and micellar drug concentration, as expected, but, surprisingly, it was found that the presence of the microdialysis probe affected the precipitation behavior of a crystalline suspension within the two-stage D/P setup, simulating the oral administration of the acidified PCZ (Noxafil®) suspension: the extent and duration of supersaturation in the donor decreased significantly, which also affected permeation. Similarly, for the ASD-based tablet, a less pronounced supersaturation was observed during the first 120 min of the experiment. Hence, in this case, the formulation ranking and the prediction of intestinal supersaturation in the in vitro D/P assay became less predictive as compared to a conventional PermeaLoop™ study without microdialysis sampling. It was concluded that valuable mechanistic insights into the molecularly dissolved drug profiles over time can be obtained by microdialysis. However, since the presence of the probe may affect the degree of supersaturation and precipitation, a conventional D/P assay (without microdialysis sampling) is preferred for formulation ranking of supersaturating drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Iben Højgaard Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Jeannine Petrig Schaffland
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark.
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12
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de Waal T, Brouwers J, Rayyan M, Stillhart C, Vinarova L, Vinarov Z, Augustijns P. Characterization of neonatal and infant enterostomy fluids - Part II: Drug solubility. Int J Pharm 2023:123141. [PMID: 37321462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous research revealed marked differences in the composition of intestinal fluids between infants and adults. To explore the impact on the solubilization of orally administered drugs, the present study assessed the solubility of five poorly water-soluble, lipophilic drugs in intestinal fluid pools from 19 infant enterostomy patients (infant HIF). For some but not all drugs, the average solubilizing capacity of infant HIF was similar to that of HIF obtained from adults (adult HIF) in fed conditions. Commonly used fed state simulated intestinal fluids (FeSSIF(-V2)) predicted fairly well drug solubility in the aqueous fraction of infant HIF, but did not account for the substantial solubilization by the lipid phase of infant HIF. Despite similarities in the average solubilities of some drugs in infant HIF and adult HIF or SIF, the underlying solubilization mechanisms likely differ, considering important compositional differences (e.g., low bile salt levels). Finally, the huge variability in composition of infant HIF pools resulted in a highly variable solubilizing capacity, potentially causing variations in drug bioavailability. The current study warrants future research focusing on (i) understanding the mechanisms underlying drug solubilization in infant HIF and (ii) evaluating the sensitivity of oral drug products to interpatient variations in drug solubilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom de Waal
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maissa Rayyan
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Liliya Vinarova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zahari Vinarov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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de Waal T, Brouwers J, Berben P, Flanagan T, Tack J, Vandenberghe W, Vanuytsel T, Augustijns P. Characterization of Aspirated Duodenal Fluids from Parkinson's Disease Patients. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041243. [PMID: 37111729 PMCID: PMC10145225 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, may not only affect the motor system, but also the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Delayed gastric emptying, impaired motility and altered intestinal bacteria are well-established consequences of the disease, which can have a pronounced effect on the absorption of orally administered drugs. In contrast, no studies have been performed into the composition of intestinal fluids. It is not unlikely that Parkinson's disease also affects the composition of intestinal fluids, a critical factor in the in vitro and in silico simulation of drug dissolution, solubilization and absorption. In the current study, duodenal fluids were aspirated from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and age-matched healthy controls (healthy controls, HC) consecutively in fasted and fed conditions. The fluids were then characterized for pH, buffer capacity, osmolality, total protein, phospholipids, bile salts, cholesterol and lipids. In a fasted state, the intestinal fluid composition was highly similar in PD patients and healthy controls. In general, the same was true for fed-state fluids, apart from a slightly slower and less pronounced initial change in factors directly affected by the meal (i.e., buffer capacity, osmolality, total protein and lipids) in PD patients. The absence of a fast initial increase for these factors immediately after meal intake, as was observed in healthy controls, might result from slower gastric emptying in PD patients. Irrespective of the prandial state, a higher relative amount of secondary bile salts was observed in PD patients, potentially indicating altered intestinal bacterial metabolism. Overall, the data from this study indicate that only minor disease-specific adjustments in small intestinal fluid composition should be considered when simulating intestinal drug absorption in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom de Waal
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Philippe Berben
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCB Pharma SA, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Talia Flanagan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCB Pharma SA, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, TARGID, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanuytsel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, TARGID, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Vinarov Z, Butler J, Kesisoglou F, Koziolek M, Augustijns P. Assessment of food effects during clinical development. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122758. [PMID: 36801481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Food-drug interactions frequently hamper oral drug development due to various physicochemical, physiological and formulation-dependent mechanisms. This has stimulated the development of a range of promising biopharmaceutical assessment tools which, however, lack standardized settings and protocols. Hence, this manuscript aims to provide an overview of the general approach and the methodology used in food effect assessment and prediction. For in vitro dissolution-based predictions, the expected food effect mechanism should be carefully considered when selecting the level of complexity of the model, together with its drawbacks and advantages. Typically, in vitro dissolution profiles are then incorporated into physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, which can estimate the impact of food-drug interactions on bioavailability within 2-fold prediction error, at least. Positive food effects related to drug solubilization in the GI tract are easier to predict than negative food effects. Preclinical animal models also provide a good level of food effect prediction, with beagle dogs remaining the gold standard. When solubility-related food-drug interactions have large clinical impact, advanced formulation approaches can be used to improve fasted state pharmacokinetics, hence decreasing the fasted/fed difference in oral bioavailability. Finally, the knowledge from all studies should be combined to secure regulatory approval of the labelling instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahari Vinarov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James Butler
- Medicine Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mirko Koziolek
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Small Molecule CMC Development, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Inês Silva M, Khadra I, Pyper K, Halbert GW. Fed Intestinal Solubility Limits and Distributions Applied to the Developability Classification System. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 186:74-84. [PMID: 36934829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
For solid oral dosage forms drug solubility in intestinal fluid is an important parameter influencing product performance and bioavailability. Solubility along with permeability are the two parameters applied in the Biopharmaceutics and Developability Classification Systems (DCS) to assess a drug's potential for oral administration. Intestinal solubility varies with the intestinal contents and the differences between the fasted and fed states are recognised to influence solubility and bioavailability. In this study a novel fed state simulated media system comprising of nine media has been utilised to measure the solubility of seven drugs (ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, furosemide, dipyridamole, griseofulvin, paracetamol and acyclovir) previously studied in the fasted state DCS. The results demonstrate that the fed nine media system provides a range of solubility values for each drug and solubility behaviour is consistent with published design of experiment studies conducted in either the fed or fasted state. Three drugs (griseofulvin, paracetamol and acyclovir) exhibit very narrow solubility distributions, a result that matches published behaviour in the fasted state, indicating that this property is not influenced by the concentration of simulated media components. The nine solubility values for each drug can be utilised to calculate a dose/solubility volume ratio to visualise the drug's position on the DCS grid. Due to the derivation of the nine media compositions the range and catergorisation could be considered as bioequivalent and can be combined with the data from the original fed intestinal fluid analysis to provide a population based solubility distribution. This provides further information on the drugs solubility behaviour and could be applied to quality by design formulation approaches. Comparison of the fed results in this study with similar published fasted results highlight that some differences detected match in vivo behaviour in food effect studies. This indicates that a combination of the fed and fasted systems may be a useful in vitro biopharmaceutical performance tool. However, it should be noted that the fed media recipes in this study are based on a liquid meal (Ensure Plus) and this may not be representative of alternative fed states achieved through ingestion of a solid meal. Nevertheless, this novel approach provides greater in vitro detail with respect to possible in vivo biopharmaceutical performance, an improved ability to apply risk-based approaches and the potential to investigate solubility based food effects. The system is therefore worthy of further investigation but studies will be required to expand the number of drugs measured and link the in vitro measurements to in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês Silva
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Pyper
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26, Richmond Street, Glasgow, G1 1XH, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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16
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Franco YL, Da Silva L, Charbe N, Kinvig H, Kim S, Cristofoletti R. Integrating Forward and Reverse Translation in PBPK Modeling to Predict Food Effect on Oral Absorption of Weakly Basic Drugs. Pharm Res 2023; 40:405-418. [PMID: 36788156 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ketoconazole and posaconazole are two weakly basic broad-spectrum antifungals classified as Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II drugs, indicating that they are highly permeable, but exhibit poor solubility. As a result, oral bioavailability and clinical efficacy can be impacted by the formulation performance in the gastrointestinal system. In this work, we have leveraged in vitro biopharmaceutics and clinical data available in the literature to build physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for ketoconazole and posaconazole, to determine the suitability of forward in vitro-in vivo translation for characterization of in vivo drug precipitation, and to predict food effect. METHODS A stepwise modeling approach was utilized to derive key parameters related to absorption, such as drug solubility, dissolution, and precipitation kinetics from in vitro data. These parameters were then integrated into PBPK models for the simulation of ketoconazole and posaconazole plasma concentrations in the fasted and fed states. RESULTS Forward in vitro-in vivo translation of intestinal precipitation kinetics for both model drugs resulted in poor predictions of PK profiles. Therefore, a reverse translation approach was applied, based on limited fitting of precipitation-related parameters to clinical data. Subsequent simulations for ketoconazole and posaconazole demonstrated that fasted and fed state PK profiles for both drugs were adequately recapitulated. CONCLUSION The two examples presented in this paper show how middle-out modeling approaches can be used to predict the magnitude and direction of food effects provided the model is verified on fasted state PK data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia L Franco
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics (Lake Nona), University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Lais Da Silva
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics (Lake Nona), University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nitin Charbe
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics (Lake Nona), University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Hannah Kinvig
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics (Lake Nona), University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Soyoung Kim
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics (Lake Nona), University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics (Lake Nona), University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
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Oral docetaxel delivery with cationic polymeric core-shell nanocapsules: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Mazzantini D, Calvigioni M, Celandroni F, Lupetti A, Ghelardi E. In vitro assessment of probiotic attributes for strains contained in commercial formulations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21640. [PMID: 36517529 PMCID: PMC9751119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although probiotics are often indiscriminately prescribed, they are not equal and their effects on the host may profoundly differ. In vitro determination of the attributes of probiotics should be a primary concern and be performed even before clinical studies are designed. In fact, knowledge on the biological properties a microbe possesses is crucial for selecting the most suitable bacteriotherapy for each individual. Herein, nine strains (Bacillus clausii NR, OC, SIN, T, Bacillus coagulans ATCC 7050, Bifidobacterium breve DSM 16604, Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103, and Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745) declared to be contained in six commercial formulations were tested for their ability to tolerate simulated intestinal conditions, adhere to mucins, and produce β-galactosidase, antioxidant enzymes, riboflavin, and D-lactate. With the exception of B. breve, all microbes survived in simulated intestinal fluid. L. rhamnosus was unable to adhere to mucins and differences in mucin adhesion were evidenced for L. reuteri and S. boulardii depending on oxygen levels. All microorganisms produced antioxidant enzymes, but only B. clausii, B. coagulans, B. breve, and L. reuteri synthesize β-galactosidase. Riboflavin secretion was observed for Bacillus species and L. rhamnosus, while D-lactate production was restricted to L. reuteri and L. rhamnosus. Our findings indicate that the analyzed strains possess different in vitro biological properties, thus highlighting the usefulness of in vitro tests as prelude for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Mazzantini
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Calvigioni
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Celandroni
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Lupetti
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emilia Ghelardi
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy ,grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health-Nutrafood, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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19
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Nature-Derived Compounds as Potential Bioactive Leads against CDK9-Induced Cancer: Computational and Network Pharmacology Approaches. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in the maintenance of cell development, gene transcription, and other essential biological operations, CDK blockers have been generated to manage a variety of disorders resulting from CDK irregularities. Furthermore, CDK9 has a crucial role in transcription by regulating short-lived anti-apoptotic genes necessary for cancer cell persistence. Addressing CDK9 with blockers has consequently emerged as a promising treatment for cancer. This study scrutinizes the effectiveness of nature-derived compounds (geniposidic acid, quercetin, geniposide, curcumin, and withanolide C) against CDK9 through computational approaches. A molecular docking study was performed after preparing the protein and the ligands. The selected blockers of the CDK9 exerted reliable binding affinities (−8.114 kcal/mol to −13.908 kcal/mol) against the selected protein, resulting in promising candidates compared to the co-crystallized ligand (LCI). The binding affinity of geniposidic acid (−13.908 kcal/mol) to CDK9 is higher than quercetin (−10.775 kcal/mol), geniposide (−9.969 kcal/mol), curcumin (−9.898 kcal/mol), withanolide C (−8.114 kcal/mol), and the co-crystallized ligand LCI (−11.425 kcal/mol). Therefore, geniposidic acid is a promising inhibitor of CDK9. Moreover, the molecular dynamics studies assessed the structure–function relationships and protein–ligand interactions. The network pharmacology study for the selected ligands demonstrated the auspicious compound–target–pathway signaling pathways vital in developing tumor, tumor cell growth, differentiation, and promoting tumor cell progression. Moreover, this study concluded by analyzing the computational approaches the natural-derived compounds that have potential interacting activities against CDK9 and, therefore, can be considered promising candidates for CKD9-induced cancer. To substantiate this study’s outcomes, in vivo research is recommended.
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Kenny PW. Hydrogen-Bond Donors in Drug Design. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14261-14275. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Kenny
- Berwick-on-Sea, North Coast Road, Blanchisseuse, Saint George, Trinidad and Tobago
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21
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An outlook on permeability escalation through cocrystallization for developing pharmaceuticals with improved biopharmaceutical properties. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Lv Y, Wu W, Corpstein CD, Li T, Lu Y. Biological and Intracellular Fates of Drug Nanocrystals through Different Delivery Routes: Recent Development Enabled by Bioimaging and PK Modeling. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114466. [PMID: 35905948 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystals have contributed to exciting improvements in the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. The biological and intracellular fates of nanocrystals are currently under debate. Due to the remarkable commercial success in enhancing oral bioavailability, nanocrystals have originally been regarded as a simple formulation approach to enhance dissolution. However, the latest findings from novel bioimaging tools lead to an expanded view. Intact nanocrystals may offer long-term durability in the body and offer drug delivery capabilities like those of other nano-carriers. This review renews the understanding of the biological fates of nanocrystals administered via oral, intravenous, and parenteral (e.g., dermal, ocular, and pulmonary) routes. The intracellular pathways and dissolution kinetics of nanocrystals are explored. Additionally, the future trends for in vitro and in vivo quantification of nanocrystals, as well as factors impacting the biological and intracellular fates of nanocrystals are discussed. In conclusion, nanocrystals present a promising and underexplored therapeutic opportunity with immense potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiu Lv
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Clairissa D Corpstein
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Tonglei Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Inês Silva M, Khadra I, Pyper K, Halbert GW. Small scale in vitro method to determine a potential bioequivalent equilibrium solubility range for fed human intestinal fluid. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:126-134. [PMID: 35718078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal drug solubility is a key parameter controlling oral absorption but varies both intra and inter individuals and between the fasted and fed states, with food intake known to alter the bioavailability of many compounds. Intestinal solubility can be measured in vitro either using sampled fed human intestinal fluid (FeHIF) or simulated fed intestinal fluid (SIF) but neither approach is optimal. FeHIF is difficult to obtain and variable, whilst for fed SIF multiple recipes are available with no consensus on the ideal version. A recent study characterised FeHIF aspirates using a multidimensional approach and calculated nine simulated media recipes that covered over ninety percent of FeHIF compositional variability. In this study the equilibrium solubility of thirteen drugs have been measured using the nine simulated media recipes and compared to multiple previous design of experiment (DoE) studies, which have examined the impact of fed SIF media components on solubility. The measured nine media solubility data set is only statistically equivalent to the large scale 92 media DoE in 4 out of 13 drug comparisons, but has improved equivalence against small scale DoEs (9 or 10 media) with 6 out of 9 or 10 out of 12 (9 and 10 media respectively) equivalent. Selective removal of non-biorelevant compositions from the 92 media DoE improves statistical equivalence to 9 out of 13 comparisons. The results indicate that solubility equivalence is linked to media component concentrations and compositions, the nine media system is measuring a similar solubility space to previous systems, with a narrower solubility range than the 92 point DoE but equivalent to smaller DoE systems. Phenytoin and tadalafil display a narrow solubility range, a behaviour consistent with previous studies in fed and fasted states and only revealed through the multiple media approach. Custom DoE analysis of the nine media results to determine the most statistically significant component influencing solubility does not detect significant components. Indicating that the approach has a low statistical resolution and is not appropriate if determination of media component significance is required. This study demonstrates that it is possible to assess the fed intestinal equilibrium solubility envelope using the nine media recipes obtained from a multi-dimensional analysis of fed HIF. The derivation of the nine media compositions coupled with the results in this study indicate that the solubility results are more likely to reflect the fed intestinal solubility envelope than previous DoE studies and highlight that the system is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês Silva
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Pyper
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow, G1 1XH, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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24
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Abuhassan Q, Khadra I, Pyper K, Augustijns P, Brouwers J, Halbert GW. Structured solubility behaviour in bioequivalent fasted simulated intestinal fluids. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 176:108-121. [PMID: 35605926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug solubility in intestinal fluid is a key parameter controlling absorption after the administration of a solid oral dosage form. To measure solubility in vitro simulated intestinal fluids have been developed, but there are multiple recipes and the optimum is unknown. This situation creates difficulties during drug discovery and development research. A recent study characterised sampled fasted intestinal fluids using a multidimensional approach to derive nine bioequivalent fasted intestinal media that covered over 90% of the compositional variability. These media have been applied in this study to examine the equilibrium solubility of twenty one exemplar drugs (naproxen, indomethacin, phenytoin, zafirlukast, piroxicam, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, furosemide, aprepitant, carvedilol, tadalafil, dipyridamole, posaconazole, atazanavir, fenofibrate, felodipine, griseofulvin, probucol, paracetamol, acyclovir and carbamazepine) to determine if consistent solubility behaviour was present. The bioequivalent media provide in the majority of cases structured solubility behaviour that is consistent with physicochemical properties and previous solubility studies. For the acidic drugs (pKa < 6.3) solubility is controlled by media pH, the profile is identical and consistent and the lowest and highest pH media identify the lowest and highest solubility in over 70% of cases. For weakly acidic (pKa > 8), basic and neutral drugs solubility is controlled by a combination of media pH and total amphiphile concentration (TAC), a consistent solubility behaviour is evident but with variation related to individual drug interactions within the media. The lowest and highest pH x TAC media identify the lowest and highest solubility in over 78% of cases. A subset of the latter category consisting of neutral and drugs non-ionised in the media pH range have been identified with a very narrow solubility range, indicating that the impact of the simulated intestinal media on their solubility is minimal. Two drugs probucol and atazanavir exhibit unusual behaviour. The study indicates that the use of two appropriate bioequivalent fasted intestinal media from the nine will identify in vitro the maximum and minimum solubility boundaries for drugs and due to the media derivation this is probably applicable in vivo. These media could be applied during discovery and development activities to provide a solubility range, which would assist placement of the drug within the BCS/DCS and rationalise drug and formulation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamar Abuhassan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Pyper
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow, G1 1XH, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, ON2, Herestraat 49 box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, ON2, Herestraat 49 box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gavin W Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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25
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Microalgae-based oral microcarriers for gut microbiota homeostasis and intestinal protection in cancer radiotherapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1413. [PMID: 35301299 PMCID: PMC8931093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protecting the whole small intestine from radiation-induced intestinal injury during the radiotherapy of abdominal or pelvic solid tumors remains an unmet clinical need. Amifostine is a promising selective radioprotector for normal tissues. However, its oral application in intestinal radioprotection remains challenging. Herein, we use microalga Spirulina platensis as a microcarrier of Amifostine to construct an oral delivery system. The system shows comprehensive drug accumulation and effective radioprotection in the whole small intestine that is significantly superior to free drug and its enteric capsule, preventing the radiation-induced intestine injury and prolonging the survival without influencing the tumor regression. It also shows benefits on the gut microbiota homeostasis and long-term safety. Based on a readily available natural microcarrier, this work presents a convenient oral delivery system to achieve effective radioprotection for the whole small intestine, providing a competitive strategy with great clinical translation potential.
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26
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Singla RK, Behzad S, Khan J, Tsagkaris C, Gautam RK, Goyal R, Chopra H, Shen B. Natural Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment and Management of Endometrial/Uterine Cancer: Preclinical to Clinical Studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:801733. [PMID: 35264951 PMCID: PMC8899191 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.801733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the sixth most prevalent type of cancer among women. Kinases, enzymes mediating the transfer of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in several signaling pathways, play a significant role in carcinogenesis and cancer cells’ survival and proliferation. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are involved in EC pathogenesis; therefore, CDK inhibitors (CDKin) have a noteworthy therapeutic potential in this type of cancer, particularly in EC type 1. Natural compounds have been used for decades in the treatment of cancer serving as a source of anticancer bioactive molecules. Many phenolic and non-phenolic natural compounds covering flavonoids, stilbenoids, coumarins, biphenyl compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenes, and terpenoids have shown moderate to high effectiveness against CDKin-mediated carcinogenic signaling pathways (PI3K, ERK1/2, Akt, ATM, mTOR, TP53). Pharmaceutical regimens based on two natural compounds, trabectedin and ixabepilone, have been investigated in humans showing short and midterm efficacy as second-line treatments in phase II clinical trials. The purpose of this review is twofold: the authors first provide an overview of the involvement of kinases and kinase inhibitors in the pathogenesis and treatment of EC and then discuss the existing evidence about natural products’ derived kinase inhibitors in the management of the disease and outline relevant future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Singla
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,IGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Sahar Behzad
- Evidence-based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Johra Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia.,Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rupesh K Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, MM School of Pharmacy, MM University, Ambala, India
| | - Rajat Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, MM School of Pharmacy, MM University, Ambala, India
| | | | - Bairong Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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27
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Hens B, Seegobin N, Bermejo M, Tsume Y, Clear N, McAllister M, Amidon GE, Amidon GL. Dissolution Challenges Associated with the Surface pH of Drug Particles: Integration into Mechanistic Oral Absorption Modeling. AAPS J 2022; 24:17. [PMID: 34982285 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to differentiate between in vitro dissolution profiles of ibuprofen as input for GastroPlus™ and to see the impact on systemic exposure. In vitro dissolution profiles of ibuprofen obtained under low- and high-buffered dissolution media were used as input using the z-factor approach. In a second step, a customized surface pH calculator was applied to predict the surface pH of ibuprofen under these low- and high-buffered dissolution conditions. These surface pH values were adopted in GastroPlus™ and simulations were performed to predict the systemic outcome. Simulated data were compared with systemic data of ibuprofen obtained under fasted state conditions in healthy subjects. The slower dissolution rate observed when working under low-buffered conditions nicely matched with the slower dissolution rate as observed during the clinical aspiration study and was in line with the systemic exposure of the drug. Finally, a population simulation was performed to explore the impact of z-factor towards bioequivalence (BE) criteria (so-called safe space). Concerning future perspectives, the customized calculator should be developed in such a way to make it possible to predict the dissolution rate (being informed by the particle size distribution) which, in its turn, can be used as a surrogate to predict the USP2 dissolution curve. Subsequently, validation can be done by using this profile as input for PBPK platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Hens
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9ND, UK.
| | - Nidhi Seegobin
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9ND, UK.,UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Yasuhiro Tsume
- Merck & Co., Inc, 126 E Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Nicola Clear
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9ND, UK
| | - Mark McAllister
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9ND, UK
| | - Gregory E Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1065, USA
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1065, USA.
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28
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Wilson CG, Aarons L, Augustijns P, Brouwers J, Darwich AS, De Waal T, Garbacz G, Hansmann S, Hoc D, Ivanova A, Koziolek M, Reppas C, Schick P, Vertzoni M, García-Horsman JA. Integration of advanced methods and models to study drug absorption and related processes: An UNGAP perspective. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 172:106100. [PMID: 34936937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This collection of contributions from the European Network on Understanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes (UNGAP) community assembly aims to provide information on some of the current and newer methods employed to study the behaviour of medicines. It is the product of interactions in the immediate pre-Covid period when UNGAP members were able to meet and set up workshops and to discuss progress across the disciplines. UNGAP activities are divided into work packages that cover special treatment populations, absorption processes in different regions of the gut, the development of advanced formulations and the integration of food and pharmaceutical scientists in the food-drug interface. This involves both new and established technical approaches in which we have attempted to define best practice and highlight areas where further research is needed. Over the last months we have been able to reflect on some of the key innovative approaches which we were tasked with mapping, including theoretical, in silico, in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo, preclinical and clinical approaches. This is the product of some of us in a snapshot of where UNGAP has travelled and what aspects of innovative technologies are important. It is not a comprehensive review of all methods used in research to study drug dissolution and absorption, but provides an ample panorama of current and advanced methods generally and potentially useful in this area. This collection starts from a consideration of advances in a priori approaches: an understanding of the molecular properties of the compound to predict biological characteristics relevant to absorption. The next four sections discuss a major activity in the UNGAP initiative, the pursuit of more representative conditions to study lumenal dissolution of drug formulations developed independently by academic teams. They are important because they illustrate examples of in vitro simulation systems that have begun to provide a useful understanding of formulation behaviour in the upper GI tract for industry. The Leuven team highlights the importance of the physiology of the digestive tract, as they describe the relevance of gastric and intestinal fluids on the behaviour of drugs along the tract. This provides the introduction to microdosing as an early tool to study drug disposition. Microdosing in oncology is starting to use gamma-emitting tracers, which provides a link through SPECT to the next section on nuclear medicine. The last two papers link the modelling approaches used by the pharmaceutical industry, in silico to Pop-PK linking to Darwich and Aarons, who provide discussion on pharmacometric modelling, completing the loop of molecule to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, U.K.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mirko Koziolek
- NCE Formulation Sciences, Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Schick
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Germany
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29
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Fasted Intestinal Solubility Limits and Distributions Applied to the Biopharmaceutics and Developability Classification Systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 170:160-169. [PMID: 34923138 PMCID: PMC8769049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
After oral administration, a drug’s solubility in intestinal fluid is an important parameter influencing bioavailability and if the value is known it can be applied to estimate multiple biopharmaceutical parameters including the solubility limited absorbable dose. Current in vitro measurements may utilise fasted human intestinal fluid (HIF) or simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) to provide an intestinal solubility value. This single point value is limited since its position in relation to the fasted intestinal solubility envelope is unknown. In this study we have applied a nine point fasted equilibrium solubility determination in SIF, based on a multi-dimensional analysis of fasted human intestinal fluid composition, to seven drugs that were previously utilised to investigate the developability classification system (ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, furosemide, dipyridamole, griseofulvin, paracetamol and acyclovir). The resulting fasted equilibrium solubility envelope encompasses literature solubility values in both HIF and SIF indicating that it measures the same solubility space as current approaches with solubility behaviour consistent with previous SIF design of experiment studies. In addition, it identifies that three drugs (griseofulvin, paracetamol and acyclovir) have a very narrow solubility range, a feature that single point solubility approaches would miss. The measured mid-point solubility value is statistically equivalent to the value determined with the original fasted simulated intestinal fluid recipe, further indicating similarity and that existing literature results could be utilised as a direct comparison. Since the multi-dimensional approach covered greater than ninety percent of the variability in fasted intestinal fluid composition, the measured maximum and minimum equilibrium solubility values should represent the extremes of fasted intestinal solubility and provide a range. The seven drugs all display different solubility ranges and behaviours, a result also consistent with previous studies. The dose/solubility ratio for each measurement point can be plotted using the developability classification system to highlight individual drug behaviours. The lowest solubility represents a worst-case scenario which may be useful in risk-based quality by design biopharmaceutical calculations than the mid-point value. The method also permits a dose/solubility ratio frequency distribution determination for the solubility envelope which permits further risk-based refinement, especially where the drug crosses a classification boundary. This novel approach therefore provides greater in vitro detail with respect to possible biopharmaceutical performance in vivo and an improved ability to apply risk-based analysis to biopharmaceutical performance. Further studies will be required to expand the number of drugs measured and link the in vitro measurements to in vivo results.
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30
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Da Silva HC, Paluch AS, Costa LT, De Almeida WB. Thermodynamic and structural description of relative solubility of the flavonoid rutin by DFT calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Vertzoni M, Alsenz J, Augustijns P, Bauer-Brandl A, Bergström C, Brouwers J, Müllerz A, Perlovich G, Saal C, Sugano K, Reppas C. UNGAP best practice for improving solubility data quality of orally administered drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106043. [PMID: 34662708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An important goal of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action UNGAP (UNderstanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes, www.ungap.eu) is to improve standardization of methods relating to the study of oral drug absorption. Solubility is a general term that refers to the maximum achievable concentration of a compound dissolved in a liquid medium. For orally administered drugs, relevant information on drug properties is crucial during drug (product) development and at the regulatory level. Collection of reliable and reproducible solubility data requires careful application and understanding of the limitations of the selected experimental method. In addition, the purity of a compound and its solid state form, as well as experimental parameters such as temperature of experimentation, media related factors, and sample handling procedures can affect data quality. In this paper, an international consensus developed by the COST UNGAP network on recommendations for collecting high quality solubility data for the development of orally administered drugs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vertzoni
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacy, Zografou, Greece
| | - J Alsenz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - P Augustijns
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery and Disposition, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Bauer-Brandl
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cas Bergström
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Brouwers
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery and Disposition, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Müllerz
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Perlovich
- The Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Solution Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - C Saal
- Merck KGaA, Analytics Healthcare, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Sugano
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - C Reppas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacy, Zografou, Greece.
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32
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Abuhassan Q, Khadra I, Pyper K, Halbert GW. Small scale in vitro method to determine a bioequivalent equilibrium solubility range for fasted human intestinal fluid. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:90-96. [PMID: 34419602 PMCID: PMC8491656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Drug solubility is a key parameter controlling oral absorption, but intestinal solubility is difficult to assess in vitro. Human intestinal fluid (HIF) aspirates can be applied but they are variable, difficult to obtain and expensive. Simulated intestinal fluids (SIF) are a useful surrogate but multiple recipes are available and the optimum is unknown. A recent study characterised fasted HIF aspirates using a multi-dimensional approach and determined nine bioequivalent SIF media recipes that represented over ninety percent of HIF compositional variability. In this study these recipes have been applied to determine the equilibrium solubility of twelve drugs (naproxen, indomethacin, phenytoin, piroxicam, aprepitant, carvedilol, zafirlukast, tadalafil, fenofibrate, griseofulvin, felodipine, probucol) previously investigated using a statistical design of experiment (DoE) approach. The bioequivalent solubility measurements are statistically equivalent to the previous DoE, enclose literature solubility values in both fasted HIF and SIF, and the solubility range is less than the previous DoE. These results indicate that the system is measuring the same solubility space as literature systems with the lower overall range suggesting improved equivalence to in vivo solubility, when compared to DoEs. Three drugs (phenytoin, tadalafil and griseofulvin) display a comparatively narrow solubility range, a behaviour that is consistent with previous studies and related to the drugs' molecular structure and properties. This solubility behaviour would not be evident with single point solubility measurements. The solubility results can be analysed using a custom DoE to determine the most statistically significant factor within the media influencing solubility. This approach has a lower statistical resolution than a formal DoE and is not appropriate if determination of media factor significance for solubilisation is required. This study demonstrates that it is possible to assess the fasted intestinal equilibrium solubility envelope using a small number of bioequivalent media recipes obtained from a multi-dimensional analysis of fasted HIF. The derivation of the nine bioequivalent SIF media coupled with the lower measured solubility range indicate that the solubility results are more likely to reflect the fasted intestinal solubility envelope than previous DoE studies and highlight that intestinal solubility is a range and not a single value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamar Abuhassan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Pyper
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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Supersaturation and Solubilization upon In Vitro Digestion of Fenofibrate Type I Lipid Formulations: Effect of Droplet Size, Surfactant Concentration and Lipid Type. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081287. [PMID: 34452248 PMCID: PMC8399075 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations (LBF) enhance oral drug absorption by promoting drug solubilization and supersaturation. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the lipid carrier type, drop size and surfactant concentration on the rate of fenofibrate release in a bicarbonate-based in vitro digestion model. The effect of the lipid carrier was studied by preparing type I LBF with drop size ≈ 2 µm, based on medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), sunflower oil (SFO), coconut oil (CNO) and cocoa butter (CB). The drop size and surfactant concentration effects were assessed by studying MCT and SFO-based formulations with a drop size between 400 nm and 14 µm and surfactant concentrations of 1 or 10%. A filtration through a 200 nm filter followed by HPLC analysis was used to determine the aqueous fenofibrate, whereas lipid digestion was followed by gas chromatography. Shorter-chain triglycerides were key in promoting a faster drug release. The fenofibrate release from long-chain triglyceride formulations (SFO, CNO and CB) was governed by solubilization and was enhanced at a smaller droplet size and higher surfactant concentration. In contrast, supersaturation was observed after the digestion of MCT emulsions. In this case, a smaller drop size and higher surfactant had negative effects: lower peak fenofibrate concentrations and a faster onset of precipitation were observed. The study provides new mechanistic insights on drug solubilization and supersaturation after LBF digestion, and may support the development of new in silico prediction models.
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The Impact of Diet and Exercise on Drug Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147692. [PMID: 34299312 PMCID: PMC8304791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that lifestyle changes can alter several physiological functions in the human body. For exercise and diet, these effects are used sensibly in basic therapies, as in cardiovascular diseases. However, the physiological changes induced by exercise and a modified diet also have the capacity to influence the efficacy and toxicity of several drugs, mainly by affecting different pharmacokinetic mechanisms. This pharmacological plasticity is not clinically relevant in all cases but might play an important role in altering the effects of very common drugs, particularly drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. Therefore, with this review, we provide insights into possible food–drug and exercise–drug interactions to sharpen awareness of the potential occurrence of such effects.
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Dahlgren D, Venczel M, Ridoux JP, Skjöld C, Müllertz A, Holm R, Augustijns P, Hellström PM, Lennernäs H. Fasted and fed state human duodenal fluids: Characterization, drug solubility, and comparison to simulated fluids and with human bioavailability. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 163:240-251. [PMID: 33872761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate in vivo predictions of intestinal absorption of low solubility drugs require knowing their solubility in physiologically relevant dissolution media. Aspirated human intestinal fluids (HIF) are the gold standard, followed by simulated intestinal HIF in the fasted and fed state (FaSSIF/FeSSIF). However, current HIF characterization data vary, and there is also some controversy regarding the accuracy of FaSSIF and FeSSIF for predicting drug solubility in HIF. This study aimed at characterizing fasted and fed state duodenal HIF from 16 human volunteers with respect to pH, buffer capacity, osmolarity, surface tension, as well as protein, phospholipid, and bile salt content. The fasted and fed state HIF samples were further used to investigate the equilibrium solubility of 17 representative low-solubility small-molecule drugs, six of which were confidential industry compounds and 11 were known and characterized regarding chemical diversity. These solubility values were then compared to reported solubility values in fasted and fed state HIF, FaSSIF and FeSSIF, as well as with their human bioavailability for both states. The HIF compositions corresponded well to previously reported values and current FaSSIF and FeSSIF compositions. The drug solubility values in HIF (both fasted and fed states) were also well in line with reported solubility data for HIF, as well as simulated FaSSIF and FeSSIF. This indicates that the in vivo conditions in the proximal small intestine are well represented by simulated intestinal fluids in both composition and drug equilibrium solubility. However, increased drug solubility in the fed vs. fasted states in HIF did not correlate with the human bioavailability changes of the same drugs following oral administration in either state.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dahlgren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biopharmaceutics, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - M Venczel
- Global CMC Development Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany; Global CMC Development Sanofi, Vitry, France
| | - J-P Ridoux
- Global CMC Development Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany; Global CMC Development Sanofi, Vitry, France
| | - C Skjöld
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biopharmaceutics, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - A Müllertz
- Physiological Pharmaceutics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen R&D, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - P Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P M Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - H Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biopharmaceutics, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Henze LJ, Koehl NJ, O'Shea JP, Holm R, Vertzoni M, Griffin BT. Combining species specific in vitro & in silico models to predict in vivo food effect in a preclinical stage - case study of Venetoclax. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 162:105840. [PMID: 33845120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pig has been increasingly used as a reliable preclinical model for assessing and predicting the in vivo bioavailability of different formulation strategies. Nevertheless, differences in the composition between porcine and human intestinal fluids, may impact on the solubility and dissolution behaviour of drugs, in particular BCS II/IV drugs. Recently, a porcine fasted simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIFp) was developed to mimic the composition in the lumen of landrace pigs under fasted state conditions. In this work, we present the utilization of FaSSIFp to compare solubility against human FaSSIF & FeSSIF and further combine species specific in vitro testing with in silico predictive modelling. Venetoclax was chosen as a model drug, representing a BCS class IV drug, with a reported clinically significant positive food effect, where bioavailability is increased up to approximately five-fold when administered with a high-fat meal. Biorelevant species specific in vitro testing was a promising tool for integrating in vitro data into in silico models, using FaSSIFp resulted in reliable predictions of the plasma concentration profile in fasted pigs, based on a porcine physiologically based absorption model. The porcine physiologically based absorption model was used to prospectively simulate the impact of food on the bioavailability of venetoclax. The use of luminal solubility estimates in combination with dissolution data for venetoclax, measured in species specific simulated fluids, correctly predict the observed pig plasma concentration profile and food effect. Overall, integrating species specific in vitro - in silico models led to accurate prediction of in vivo absorption of venetoclax in a preclinical stage, which can support guidance in early decisions of drug product development. In addition, the study further demonstrated the utility of the pig model to predict the food effects of venetoclax in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Henze
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niklas J Koehl
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Quiroz RV, Reutershan MH, Schneider SE, Sloman D, Lacey BM, Swalm BM, Yeung CS, Gibeau C, Spellman DS, Rankic DA, Chen D, Witter D, Linn D, Munsell E, Feng G, Xu H, Hughes JME, Lim J, Saurí J, Geddes K, Wan M, Mansueto MS, Follmer NE, Fier PS, Siliphaivanh P, Daublain P, Palte RL, Hayes RP, Lee S, Kawamura S, Silverman S, Sanyal S, Henderson TJ, Ye Y, Gao Y, Nicholson B, Machacek MR. The Discovery of Two Novel Classes of 5,5-Bicyclic Nucleoside-Derived PRMT5 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3911-3939. [PMID: 33755451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a type II arginine methyltransferase that catalyzes the post-translational symmetric dimethylation of protein substrates. PRMT5 plays a critical role in regulating biological processes including transcription, cell cycle progression, RNA splicing, and DNA repair. As such, dysregulation of PRMT5 activity is implicated in the development and progression of multiple cancers and is a target of growing clinical interest. Described herein are the structure-based drug designs, robust synthetic efforts, and lead optimization strategies toward the identification of two novel 5,5-fused bicyclic nucleoside-derived classes of potent and efficacious PRMT5 inhibitors. Utilization of compound docking and strain energy calculations inspired novel designs, and the development of flexible synthetic approaches enabled access to complex chemotypes with five contiguous stereocenters. Additional efforts in balancing bioavailability, solubility, potency, and CYP3A4 inhibition led to the identification of diverse lead compounds with favorable profiles, promising in vivo activity, and low human dose projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan V Quiroz
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael H Reutershan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sebastian E Schneider
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David Sloman
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Brian M Lacey
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Brooke M Swalm
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Craig Gibeau
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Daniel S Spellman
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, Lansdale, Pennsylvania 19446, United States
| | - Danica A Rankic
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David Witter
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Doug Linn
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Erik Munsell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Guo Feng
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jonathan M E Hughes
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jongwon Lim
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Josep Saurí
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kristin Geddes
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, Lansdale, Pennsylvania 19446, United States
| | - Murray Wan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - My Sam Mansueto
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nicole E Follmer
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Patrick S Fier
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Phieng Siliphaivanh
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Pierre Daublain
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rachel L Palte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Robert P Hayes
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, Lansdale, Pennsylvania 19446, United States
| | - Sandra Lee
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shuhei Kawamura
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Steven Silverman
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sulagna Sanyal
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Timothy J Henderson
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yingchun Ye
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yuanwei Gao
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, Lansdale, Pennsylvania 19446, United States
| | - Benjamin Nicholson
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michelle R Machacek
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Wang J, Han C, Ta W, Liu R, He X, Lu W. Development a multicellular model to investigate the intestinal-vascular transport barrier of drug. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mechanisms of drug solubilization by polar lipids in biorelevant media. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 159:105733. [PMID: 33497822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of lipid excipients in both academic research and oral formulation development, rational selection guidelines are still missing. In the current study, we aimed to establish a link between the molecular structure of commonly used polar lipids and drug solubilization in biorelevant media. The solubilization of fenofibrate by 13 phospholipids, 11 fatty acids and 2 monoglycerides was studied by an in vitro model of the upper GI tract. The main trends were verified with progesterone and danazol. It was revealed that to alter drug solubilization in biorelevant media, the polar lipids must form mixed colloidal aggregates with the bile. Such aggregates are formed when: (1) the polar lipid is used at a sufficiently high concentration (relative to its mixed critical micellar concentration) and (2) its hydrophobic chain has a melting temperature (Tm) < 37 °C. When these two conditions are met, the increased polar lipid chain length increases the drug solubilization capacity. Hence, long chain (C18) unsaturated polar lipids show best drug solubilization, due to the combination of long chain length and low Tm. Polar lipids with Tm significantly higher than 37 °C (e.g. C16 and C18 saturated compounds) do not impact drug solubilization in biorelevant media, due to limited association in mixed colloidal aggregates. The hydrophilic head group also has a dramatic impact on the drug solubilization enhancement, with polar lipids performance decreasing in the order [choline phospholipids] > [monoglycerides] > [fatty acids]. As both the acyl chain and head group types are structural features of the polar lipids, and not of the solubilized drugs, the described trends in drug solubilization should hold true for a variety of hydrophobic molecules.
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40
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Impact of gastrointestinal tract variability on oral drug absorption and pharmacokinetics: An UNGAP review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 162:105812. [PMID: 33753215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The absorption of oral drugs is frequently plagued by significant variability with potentially serious therapeutic consequences. The source of variability can be traced back to interindividual variability in physiology, differences in special populations (age- and disease-dependent), drug and formulation properties, or food-drug interactions. Clinical evidence for the impact of some of these factors on drug pharmacokinetic variability is mounting: e.g. gastric pH and emptying time, small intestinal fluid properties, differences in pediatrics and the elderly, and surgical changes in gastrointestinal anatomy. However, the link of colonic factors variability (transit time, fluid composition, microbiome), sex differences (male vs. female) and gut-related diseases (chronic constipation, anorexia and cachexia) to drug absorption variability has not been firmly established yet. At the same time, a way to decrease oral drug pharmacokinetic variability is provided by the pharmaceutical industry: clinical evidence suggests that formulation approaches employed during drug development can decrease the variability in oral exposure. This review outlines the main drivers of oral drug exposure variability and potential approaches to overcome them, while highlighting existing knowledge gaps and guiding future studies in this area.
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41
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Cerón-Carrasco JP, Jacquemin D. Using Theory To Extend the Scope of Azobenzene Drugs in Chemotherapy: Novel Combinations for a Specific Delivery. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1764-1774. [PMID: 33619857 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gut microorganisms metabolize azobenzene compounds (Ph1 -N=N-Ph2 ) into free aniline products (Ph1 -NH2 +H2 N-Ph2 ), a process that has been largely investigated to reduce dyes residues in the textile industry. However, the action of bacterial core enzymes such as azoreductases (AzoR) might also help to deliver prodrugs that become active when they reach the colonic region, a mechanism with potential applications for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. So far, three azo-bonded prodrugs of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), for example, sulfasalazine, olsalazine and balsalazide, have been used for colon-targeted delivery. The present contribution describes the first rational design of a novel azobenzene prodrug thanks to a computational approach, with a focus on linking 5-ASA to another approved anti-inflammatory drug. The resulting prodrugs were assessed for their degradation upon AzoR action. Replacing the original carriers by irsogladine is found to improve action.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P Cerón-Carrasco
- Reconocimiento y Encapsulación Molecular, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus los Jerónimos, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France
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Shawahna R, Zyoud A, Haj-Yahia A, Taya R. Evaluating Solubility of Celecoxib in Age-Appropriate Fasted- and Fed-State Gastric and Intestinal Biorelevant Media Representative of Adult and Pediatric Patients: Implications on Future Pediatric Biopharmaceutical Classification System. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:84. [PMID: 33649887 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of performance of traditional, reformulated, and novel oral formulations in adults and pediatrics is of great importance. This study was conducted to assess solubility of celecoxib in age-appropriate fasted- and fed-state gastric and intestinal biorelevant media, classify celecoxib into biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), and assess the effects of age-related developmental changes in the composition and volume of gastrointestinal fluids on the solubility and performance of oral formulations containing celecoxib. Solubility of celecoxib was assessed at 37°C in the pH range specified by the BCS-based criteria in 13 age-appropriate biorelevant media reflective of the gastric and proximal small intestinal environment in both fasted and fed states in adults and different pediatric subpopulations. A validated HPLC-UV method was used to quantify celecoxib. Experimental and computational molecular descriptors and in vivo pharmacokinetic data were used to assign the permeability class of celecoxib. Celecoxib belonged to BCS class 2. The pediatric to adult solubility ratios were outside the 80-125% boundaries in 3 and borderline in 1 biorelevant media. Significant age-related variability could be predicted for oral formulations containing celecoxib intended for pediatric use. Findings of this study indicated that the criteria used in the adult BCS might not be directly applied to pediatric subpopulations.
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O'Dwyer PJ, Box KJ, Dressman J, Griffin BT, Henze LJ, Litou C, Pentafragka C, Statelova M, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. Oral biopharmaceutics tools: recent progress from partnership through the Pharmaceutical Education and Research with Regulatory Links collaboration. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:437-446. [PMID: 33793836 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarise key contributions of the Pharmaceutical Education and Research with Regulatory Links (PEARRL) project (2016-2020) to the optimisation of existing and the development of new biopharmaceutics tools for evaluating the in vivo performance of oral drug products during the development of new drugs and at the regulatory level. KEY FINDINGS Optimised biopharmaceutics tools: Based on new clinical data, the composition of biorelevant media for simulating the fed state conditions in the stomach was simplified. Strategies on how to incorporate biorelevant in vitro data of bio-enabling drug products into physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling were proposed. Novel in vitro biopharmaceutics tools: Small-scale two-stage biphasic dissolution and dissolution-permeation setups were developed to facilitate understanding of the supersaturation effects and precipitation risks of orally administered drugs. A porcine fasted state simulated intestinal fluid was developed to improve predictions and interpretation of preclinical results using in vitro dissolution studies. Based on new clinical data, recommendations on the design of in vitro methodologies for evaluating the GI drug transfer process in the fed state were suggested. The optimized design of in vivo studies for investigating food effects: A food effect study protocol in the pig model was established which successfully predicted the food-dependent bioavailability of two model compounds. The effect of simulated infant fed state conditions in healthy adults on the oral absorption of model drugs was evaluated versus the fasted state and the fed state conditions, as defined by regulatory agencies for adults. Using PBPK modelling, the extrapolated fasted and infant fed conditions data appeared to be more useful to describe early drug exposure in infants, while extrapolation of data collected under fed state conditions, as defined by regulators for adults, failed to capture in vivo infant drug absorption. SUMMARY Substantial progress has been made in developing an advanced suite of biopharmaceutics tools for streamlining drug formulation screening and supporting regulatory applications. These advances in biopharmaceutics were achieved through networking opportunities and research collaborations provided under the H2020 funded PEARRL project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J O'Dwyer
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Laura J Henze
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Chara Litou
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christina Pentafragka
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Marina Statelova
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
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Madsen CM, Plum J, Hens B, Augustijns P, Müllertz A, Rades T. Exploring the Impact of Intestinal Fluid Components on the Solubility and Supersaturation of Danazol. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2479-2488. [PMID: 33428916 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eleven simulated intestinal fluids (SIF) were designed using a Design of Experiment (DoE) approach. The DoE SIF covered a range of compositions of fasted state human intestinal fluid (FaHIF) with regard to pH, bile salt (BS), and phospholipid (PL). Using the model compound danazol, the apparent crystalline solubility (aCS) and apparent amorphous solubility (aAS), as well as the supersaturation propensity was determined in the DoE SIF media. The aCS of danazol was dependent on the composition of the SIF, with PL as the main factor, and a small effect from BS and an interaction between BS and PL. From the DoE solubility data a model was derived, which could predict aCS in commercially available SIF (FaSSIF-V1 and -V2) and in a range of FaHIF. The aAS of danazol was differently affected by the SIF composition than the aCS; PL was again the main factor influencing the aAS, but interactions between BS and pH, as well as pH and PL were also important. The supersaturation propensities of danazol in the DoE SIF media were affected by the same factors as the aCS. Hence, the supersaturation behaviour and aCS of danazol, were found to be closely related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Maria Madsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark; Pharmaceutical Sciences, Janssen, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jakob Plum
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bioneer:FARMA, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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45
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Smidova V, Michalek P, Goliasova Z, Eckschlager T, Hodek P, Adam V, Heger Z. Nanomedicine of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Theranostics 2021; 11:1546-1567. [PMID: 33408767 PMCID: PMC7778595 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in nanomedicine and targeted therapy brings new breeze into the field of therapeutic applications of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). These drugs are known for many side effects due to non-targeted mechanism of action that negatively impact quality of patients' lives or that are responsible for failure of the drugs in clinical trials. Some nanocarrier properties provide improvement of drug efficacy, reduce the incidence of adverse events, enhance drug bioavailability, helps to overcome the blood-brain barrier, increase drug stability or allow for specific delivery of TKIs to the diseased cells. Moreover, nanotechnology can bring new perspectives into combination therapy, which can be highly efficient in connection with TKIs. Lastly, nanotechnology in combination with TKIs can be utilized in the field of theranostics, i.e. for simultaneous therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. The review provides a comprehensive overview of advantages and future prospects of conjunction of nanotransporters with TKIs as a highly promising approach to anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Smidova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Michalek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zita Goliasova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, Prague 5 CZ-15006, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hodek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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46
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Schlauersbach J, Hanio S, Lenz B, Vemulapalli SPB, Griesinger C, Pöppler AC, Harlacher C, Galli B, Meinel L. Leveraging bile solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs by rational polymer selection. J Control Release 2020; 330:36-48. [PMID: 33333120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs frequently solubilize into bile colloids and this natural mechanism is key for efficient bioavailability. We tested the impact of pharmaceutical polymers on this solubilization interplay using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and by assessing the flux across model membranes. Eudragit E, Soluplus, and a therapeutically used model polymer, Colesevelam, impacted the bile-colloidal geometry and molecular interaction. These polymer-induced changes reduced the flux of poorly water-soluble and bile interacting drugs (Perphenazine, Imatinib) but did not impact the flux of bile non-interacting Metoprolol. Non-bile interacting polymers (Kollidon VA 64, HPMC-AS) neither impacted the flux of colloid-interacting nor colloid-non-interacting drugs. These insights into the drug substance/polymer/bile colloid interplay potentially point towards a practical optimization parameter steering formulations to efficient bile-solubilization by rational polymer selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schlauersbach
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Hanio
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Lenz
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Griesinger
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, DE-37077 Goetingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Pöppler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Bruno Galli
- Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Biology (HIRI), DE-97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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47
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Bennett-Lenane H, Koehl NJ, O'Dwyer PJ, Box KJ, O'Shea JP, Griffin BT. Applying Computational Predictions of Biorelevant Solubility Ratio Upon Self-Emulsifying Lipid-Based Formulations Dispersion to Predict Dose Number. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:164-175. [PMID: 33144233 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Computational approaches are increasingly utilised in development of bio-enabling formulations, including self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), facilitating early indicators of success. This study investigated if in silico predictions of drug solubility gain i.e. solubility ratios (SR), after dispersion of a SEDDS in biorelevant media could be predicted from drug properties. Apparent solubility upon dispersion of two SEDDS in FaSSIF was measured for 30 structurally diverse poorly water soluble drugs. Increased drug solubility upon SEDDS dispersion was observed in all cases, with higher SRs observed for cationic and neutral versus anionic drugs at pH 6.5. Molecular descriptors and solid-state properties were used as inputs during partial least squares (PLS) modelling resulting in predictive models for SRMC (r2 = 0.81) and SRLC (r2 = 0.77). Multiple linear regression (MLR) facilitated generation of simplified SR equations with high predictivity (SRMC r2 = 0.74; SRLC r2 = 0.69), requiring only three drug properties; partition coefficient at pH 6.5 (logD6.5), melting point (Tm) and aromatic bonds as fraction of total bonds (F-AromB). Through using the equations to inform developability classification system (DCS) classes for drugs that have already been licensed as lipid-based formulations, merits for development with SEDDS was predicted for 2/3 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niklas J Koehl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick J O'Dwyer
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd, Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd, Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
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48
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Arce FA, Setiawan N, Campbell HR, Lu X, Nethercott MJ, Bummer P, Su Y, Marsac PJ. Toward Developing Discriminating Dissolution Methods for Formulations Containing Nanoparticulates in Solution: The Impact of Particle Drift and Drug Activity in Solution. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4125-4140. [PMID: 32965123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enabling formulations are an attractive approach to increase the dissolution rate, solubility, and oral bioavailability of poorly soluble compounds. With the growing prevalence of poorly soluble drug compounds in the pharmaceutical pipeline, supersaturating drug delivery systems (SDDS), a subset of enabling formulations, have grown in popularity due to their properties allowing for drug concentrations greater than the corresponding crystalline solubility. However, the extent of supersaturation generated as the enabling formulation traverses the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is dynamic and poorly understood. The dynamic nature of supersaturation is a result of several competing kinetic processes such as dissolution, solubilization by formulation and endogenous surfactants, crystallization, and absorption. Ultimately, the free drug concentration, which is equivalent to the drug's inherent thermodynamic activity amid these kinetic processes, defines the true driving force for drug absorption. However, in cases where solubilizing agents are present (i.e., surfactants and bile salts), drug molecules may associate with colloidal nanoscale species, complicating drug activity determination. These nanoscale species can drift into the aqueous boundary layer (ABL), increasing the local API activity at the membrane surface, resulting in increased bioavailability. Herein, a novel approach was developed to accurately measure thermodynamic drug activity in complex media containing drug distributed in nanoparticulate species. This approach captures the influence of the ABL on the observed flux and, ultimately, the predicted unbound drug concentration. The results demonstrate that this approach can help to (1) measure the true extent of local supersaturation in complex systems containing solubilizing excipients and (2) elucidate the mechanisms by which colloidal aggregates can modulate the drug activity in solution and potentially enhance the flux observed across a membrane. The utilization of these techniques may provide development scientists with a strategy to evaluate formulation sensitivity to nanospeciation and allow formulators to maximize the driving force for absorption in a complex environment, perhaps enabling the development of dissolution methods with greater discrimination and correlation to pre-clinical and clinical data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy A Arce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Nico Setiawan
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Heather R Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | | | - Paul Bummer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States.,Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Patrick J Marsac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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49
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Fang G, Tang B. Advanced delivery strategies facilitating oral absorption of heparins. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:449-460. [PMID: 32952668 PMCID: PMC7486512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparins show great anticoagulant effect with few side effects, and are administered by subcutaneous or intravenous route in clinics. To improve patient compliance, oral administration is an alternative route. Nonetheless, oral administration of heparins still faces enormous challenges due to the multiple obstacles. This review briefly analyzes a series of barriers ranging from poorly physicochemical properties of heparins, to harsh biological barriers including gastrointestinal degradation and pre-systemic metabolism. Moreover, several approaches have been developed to overcome these obstacles, such as improving stability of heparins in the gastrointestinal tract, enhancing the intestinal epithelia permeability and facilitating lymphatic delivery of heparins. Overall, this review aims to provide insights concerning advanced delivery strategies facilitating oral absorption of heparins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bo Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
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50
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Development and evaluation of a biorelevant medium simulating porcine gastrointestinal fluids. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:116-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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