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Zhu K, Wang L, Xiao Y, Zhang X, You G, Chen Y, Wang Q, Zhao L, Zhou H, Chen G. Nanomaterial-related hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, with emphasis on liposome and nano-capsules, for biomedical applications: current status and future perspectives. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:336. [PMID: 38880905 PMCID: PMC11180412 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is necessary for life and plays a key pivotal in maintaining normal physiological functions and treat of diseases. Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) have been studied and developed as a replacement for red blood cells (RBCs) in oxygen transport due to their similar oxygen-carrying capacities. However, applications of HBOCs are hindered by vasoactivity, oxidative toxicity, and a relatively short circulatory half-life. With advancements in nanotechnology, Hb encapsulation, absorption, bioconjugation, entrapment, and attachment to nanomaterials have been used to prepare nanomaterial-related HBOCs to address these challenges and pend their application in several biomedical and therapeutic contexts. This review focuses on the progress of this class of nanomaterial-related HBOCs in the fields of hemorrhagic shock, ischemic stroke, cancer, and wound healing, and speculates on future research directions. The advancements in nanomaterial-related HBOCs are expected to lead significant breakthroughs in blood substitutes, enabling their widespread use in the treatment of clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
- Department of Morphology Laboratory, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Guoxing You
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lian Zhao
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Gan Chen
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin Vesicle Improves Persistent Anti-arrhythmogenesis through Improving Myocardial Electrical Remodeling and Modulating Cardiac Autonomic Activity in a Hemorrhagic Shock-Induced Rat Heart Model. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:232-245. [PMID: 36890335 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shock heart syndrome (SHS) is associated with lethal arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation, VT/VF). We investigated whether liposome-encapsulated human hemoglobin vesicles (HbVs) has comparable persistent efficacy to washed red blood cells (wRBCs) for improving arrhythmogenesis in the subacute to chronic phase of SHS. METHODS Optical mapping analysis (OMP), electrophysiological study (EPS), and pathological examinations were performed on blood samples from Sprague-Dawley rats following induction of hemorrhagic shock. After hemorrhagic shock, the rats were immediately resuscitated by transfusing 5% albumin (ALB), HbV, or wRBCs. All rats survived for 1 week. OMP and EPS were performed on Langendorff-perfused hearts. Spontaneous arrhythmias and heart rate variability (HRV) were evaluated using awake 24-h telemetry, cardiac function by echocardiography, and pathological examination of Connexin43. RESULTS OMP showed significantly impaired action potential duration dispersion (APDd) in the left ventricle (LV) in the ALB group whereas APDd was substantially preserved in the HbV and wRBCs groups. Sustained VT/VF was easily provoked by EPS in the ALB group. No VT/VF was induced in the HbV and wRBCs groups. HRV, spontaneous arrhythmias, and cardiac function were preserved in the HbV and wRBCs groups. Pathology showed myocardial cell damage and Connexin43 degradation in the ALB group, all of which were attenuated in the HbV and wRBCs groups. CONCLUSION LV remodeling after hemorrhagic shock caused VT/VF in the presence of impaired APDd. Similar to wRBCs, HbV persistently prevented VT/VF by inhibiting persistent electrical remodeling, preserving myocardial structures, and ameliorating arrhythmogenic modifying factors in the subacute to chronic phase of hemorrhagic shock-induced SHS.
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Mohanto N, Park YJ, Jee JP. Current perspectives of artificial oxygen carriers as red blood cell substitutes: a review of old to cutting-edge technologies using in vitro and in vivo assessments. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2023; 53:153-190. [PMID: 35935469 PMCID: PMC9344254 DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Several circumstances such as accidents, surgery, traumatic hemorrhagic shock, and other causalities cause major blood loss. Allogenic blood transfusion can be resuscitative for such conditions; however, it has numerous ambivalent effects, including supply shortage, needs for more time, cost for blood grouping, the possibility of spreading an infection, and short shelf-life. Hypoxia or ischemia causes heart failure, neurological problems, and organ damage in many patients. To address this emergent medical need for resuscitation and to treat hypoxic conditions as well as to enhance oxygen transportation, researchers aspire to achieve a robust technology aimed to develop safe and feasible red blood cell substitutes for effective oxygen transport. Area covered This review article provides an overview of the formulation, storage, shelf-life, clinical application, side effects, and current perspectives of artificial oxygen carriers (AOCs) as red blood cell substitutes. Moreover, the pre-clinical (in vitro and in vivo) assessments for the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of oxygen transport through AOCs are key considerations in this study. With the most significant technologies, hemoglobin- and perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers as well as other modern technologies, such as synthetically produced porphyrin-based AOCs and oxygen-carrying micro/nanobubbles, have also been elucidated. Expert opinion Both hemoglobin- and perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers are significant, despite having the latter acting as safeguards; they are cost-effective, facile formulations which penetrate small blood vessels and remove arterial blockages due to their nano-size. They also show better biocompatibility and longer half-life circulation than other similar technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijaya Mohanto
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Pil Jee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452 Republic of Korea
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Takase B, Higashimura Y, Asahina H, Masaki N, Kinoshita M, Sakai H. Intraosseous infusion of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (HbV) acutely prevents hemorrhagic anemia-induced lethal arrhythmias and its efficacy persists with preventing proarrhythmic side effects in subacute phase of severe hemodilution model. Artif Organs 2022; 46:1107-1121. [PMID: 35006625 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial oxygen carriers (HbV) can treat hemorrhagic shock with lethal arrhythmias (VT/VF). No reports exist on subacute HbV's effects. METHODS Acute and subacute resuscitation effects with anti-arrhythmogenesis of HbV were studied in 85% blood exchange rat model (85%-Model). Lethal 85%-Model was created by bone marrow transfusion and femoral artery bleeding in 80 SD rats in HbV-administered group (HbV-group), washed erythrocyte-administered group (wRBC-group), and 5% albumin-administered group (ALB-group). Survival rates, anti-arrhythmic efficacy by optical mapping analysis (OMP) with electrophysiological stimulation (EPS) in Langendorff heart, cardiac autonomic activity by heart rate variability (HRV) and ventricular arrhythmias by 24-hour electrocardiogram telemetry monitoring (24h-ECG) in awake, and left ventricular function by echocardiography (LVEF) were measured. RESULTS All rats in HbV- and wRBC-groups survived for 4 weeks whereas no rats in ALB-group. HbV and wRBC acutely suppressed VT/VF in Langendorff heart through ameliorating action potential duration dispersion (APDd) analyzed by OMP with EPS. For subacute analysis, 50% blood exchange by 5% albumin was utilized (ALB-group 50). Subacute salutary effect on APDd and VT/VF inducibility was confirmed in HbV- and wRBC-groups. 24h-ECG showed that HbV and wRBC suppressed none-sustained VT (NSVT) and sympathetic component of HRV (LF/HF) with preserved LVEF (HbV-group, wRBC-group vs. ALB-group 50;NSVT numbers/days, 0.5±0.3, 0.4±0.3 vs. 3.9±1.2*; LF/HF, 1.1±0.2, 0.8±0.2 vs. 3.5±1.0*;LVEF, 84±5, 83±4, vs. 77±4%*; *p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, HbV has sustained antiarrhythmic effect in subacute 85%-Model by ameliorating electrical remodeling and improving arrhythmogenic modifying factors (HRV and LVEF). These findings are useful in now continuing clinical trials of HbV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonpei Takase
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuko Higashimura
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Haruka Asahina
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Masaki
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara Nara, Japan
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Phakousonh D, Wang Y, Schlicht S, Wiskirchen S, Bos T, Ren L, Chen J, Hua X, Lee J, Krishnan S, Suresh KS, Jaisankar A, Ramalingam M, Zhang W. Design and Stability Improvement of Pectin-Based Red Blood Cell-Mimicking Microcapsules for Oxygen Therapeutics. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1798-1805. [PMID: 34688324 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A pectin-oligochitosan microcapsule system has recently been developed for novel oxygen therapeutic design. To improve the stability of the pectin-oligochitosan microcapsules in physiological conditions, both covalent (glutaraldehyde) and noncovalent (Mn2+ and Ca2+) cross-linkers were tested. The chemistry and morphology of the microcapsules were studied using FTIR and SEM, respectively. Results showed that glutaraldehyde is an effective cross-linker, even at low concentrations and short incubation times, and the glutaraldehyde cross-linking does not negatively impact the morphology of the microcapsules. Moreover, it was confirmed that the hemoglobin could be retained within the microcapsules with a minimal release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Phakousonh
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA
| | - Yale Wang
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Sabrina Schlicht
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA
| | - Sam Wiskirchen
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA
| | - Trevor Bos
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA
| | - Lixia Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Xiaolin Hua
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jung Lee
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA
| | - Sasirekha Krishnan
- Biomaterials and Organ Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, TamilNadu, India
| | - K Shoma Suresh
- Biomaterials and Organ Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, TamilNadu, India
| | - Abinaya Jaisankar
- Biomaterials and Organ Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, TamilNadu, India
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Biomaterials and Organ Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, TamilNadu, India
| | - Wujie Zhang
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA
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Sakai H, Kobayashi N, Kure T, Okuda C. Translational research of hemoglobin vesicles as a transfusion alternative. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:591-606. [PMID: 33845721 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210412130035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical situations arise in which blood for transfusion becomes scarce or unavailable. Considerable demand for a transfusion alternative persists because of various difficulties posed by blood donation and transfusion systems. Hemoglobin-vesicles (HbV) are artificial oxygen carriers being developed for use as a transfusion alternative. Just as biomembranes of red blood cells (RBCs) do, phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) for Hb encapsulation can protect the human body from toxic effects of molecular Hb. The main HbV component, Hb, is obtained from discarded human donated blood. Therefore, HbV can be categorized as a biologic agent targeting oxygen for peripheral tissues. The purification procedure strictly eliminates the possibility of viral contamination. It also removes all concomitant unstable enzymes present in RBC for utmost safety from infection. The deoxygenated HbVs, which are storable for over years at ambient temperature, can function as an alternative to blood transfusion for resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock and O2 therapeutics. Moreover, a recent study clarified beneficial effects for anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation by carbon monoxide (CO)-bound HbVs. Autoxidation of HbV (HbO2 → metHb + O2-.) is unavoidable after intravenous administration. Co-injection of methylene blue can extract the intraerythrocytic glycolytic electron energy effectively and reduce metHb. Other phenothiazine dyes can also function as electron mediators to improve the functional life span of HbV. This review paper summarizes recent progress of the research and development of HbV, aimed at clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521. Japan
| | - Naoko Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521. Japan
| | - Tomoko Kure
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521. Japan
| | - Chie Okuda
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521. Japan
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Coll-Satue C, Bishnoi S, Chen J, Hosta-Rigau L. Stepping stones to the future of haemoglobin-based blood products: clinical, preclinical and innovative examples. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1135-1152. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01767a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Critical overview of the different oxygen therapeutics developed so far to be used when donor blood is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Coll-Satue
- Department of Health Technology
- Centre for Nanomedicine and Theranostics
- DTU Health Tech
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Lyngby
| | - Shahana Bishnoi
- Department of Health Technology
- Centre for Nanomedicine and Theranostics
- DTU Health Tech
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Lyngby
| | - Jiantao Chen
- Department of Health Technology
- Centre for Nanomedicine and Theranostics
- DTU Health Tech
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Lyngby
| | - Leticia Hosta-Rigau
- Department of Health Technology
- Centre for Nanomedicine and Theranostics
- DTU Health Tech
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Lyngby
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Abstract
In blood, the primary role of red blood cells (RBCs) is to transport oxygen via highly regulated mechanisms involving hemoglobin (Hb). Hb is a tetrameric porphyrin protein comprising of two α- and two β-polypeptide chains, each containing an iron-containing heme group capable of binding one oxygen molecule. In military as well as civilian traumatic exsanguinating hemorrhage, rapid loss of RBCs can lead to suboptimal tissue oxygenation and subsequent morbidity and mortality. In such cases, transfusion of whole blood or RBCs can significantly improve survival. However, blood products including RBCs present issues of limited availability and portability, need for type matching, pathogenic contamination risks, and short shelf-life, causing substantial logistical barriers to their prehospital use in austere battlefield and remote civilian conditions. While robust research is being directed to resolve these issues, parallel research efforts have emerged toward bioengineering of semisynthetic and synthetic surrogates of RBCs, using various cross-linked, polymeric, and encapsulated forms of Hb. These Hb-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) can potentially provide therapeutic oxygenation when blood or RBCs are not available. Several of these HBOCs have undergone rigorous preclinical and clinical evaluation, but have not yet received clinical approval in the USA for human use. While these designs are being optimized for clinical translations, several new HBOC designs and molecules have been reported in recent years, with unique properties. The current article will provide a comprehensive review of such HBOC designs, including current state-of-the-art and novel molecules in development, along with a critical discussion of successes and challenges in this field.
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Moncalvo F, Martinez Espinoza MI, Cellesi F. Nanosized Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Proteins: Clinically Validated Technologies and Advanced Development Strategies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:89. [PMID: 32117952 PMCID: PMC7033645 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of protein therapeutics in healthcare is steadily increasing, due to advancements in the field of biotechnology and a deeper understanding of several pathologies. However, their safety and efficacy are often limited by instability, short half-life and immunogenicity. Nanodelivery systems are currently being investigated for overcoming these limitations and include covalent attachment of biocompatible polymers (PEG and other synthetic or naturally derived macromolecules) as well as protein nanoencapsulation in colloidal systems (liposomes and other lipid or polymeric nanocarriers). Such strategies have the potential to develop next-generation protein therapeutics. Herein, we review recent research progresses on these nanodelivery approaches, as well as future directions and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Cellesi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Liu X, Jansman MMT, Hosta-Rigau L. Haemoglobin-loaded metal organic framework-based nanoparticles camouflaged with a red blood cell membrane as potential oxygen delivery systems. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5859-5873. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal organic frameworks are used to protect hemoglobin from denaturation thus preserving its excellent oxygen-binding and releasing properties. Decorating with cell membranes minimizes protein adsorption holding potential for long circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- DTU Health Tech
- Centre for Nanomedicine and Theranostics
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Michelle M. T. Jansman
- DTU Health Tech
- Centre for Nanomedicine and Theranostics
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Leticia Hosta-Rigau
- DTU Health Tech
- Centre for Nanomedicine and Theranostics
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
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Recent and prominent examples of nano- and microarchitectures as hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 260:65-84. [PMID: 30177214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Blood transfusions, which usually consist in the administration of isolated red blood cells (RBCs), are crucial in traumatic injuries, pre-surgical conditions and anemias. Although RBCs transfusion from donors is a safe procedure, donor RBCs can only be stored for a maximum of 42 days under refrigerated conditions and, therefore, stockpiles of RBCs for use in acute disasters do not exist. With a worldwide shortage of donor blood that is expected to increase over time, the creation of oxygen-carriers with long storage life and compatibility without typing and cross-matching, persists as one of the foremost important challenges in biomedicine. However, research has so far failed to produce FDA approved RBCs substitutes (RBCSs) for human usage. As such, due to unacceptable toxicities, the first generation of oxygen-carriers has been withdrawn from the market. Being hemoglobin (Hb) the main component of RBCs, a lot of effort is being devoted in assembling semi-synthetic RBCS utilizing Hb as the oxygen-carrier component, the so-called Hb-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs). However, a native RBC also contains a multi-enzyme system to prevent the conversion of Hb into non-functional methemoglobin (metHb). Thus, the challenge for the fabrication of next-generation HBOCs relies in creating a system that takes advantage of the excellent oxygen-carrying capabilities of Hb, while preserving the redox environment of native RBCs that prevents or reverts the conversion of Hb into metHb. In this review, we feature the most recent advances in the assembly of the new generation of HBOCs with emphasis in two main approaches: the chemical modification of Hb either by cross-linking strategies or by conjugation to other polymers, and the Hb encapsulation strategies, usually in the form of lipidic or polymeric capsules. The applications of the aforementioned HBOCs as blood substitutes or for oxygen-delivery in tissue engineering are highlighted, followed by a discussion of successes, challenges and future trends in this field.
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Tu J, Bussmann J, Du G, Gao Y, Bouwstra JA, Kros A. Lipid bilayer-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles carrying bovine hemoglobin towards an erythrocyte mimic. Int J Pharm 2018; 543:169-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sen Gupta A. Bio-inspired nanomedicine strategies for artificial blood components. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 9:10.1002/wnan.1464. [PMID: 28296287 PMCID: PMC5599317 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood is a fluid connective tissue where living cells are suspended in noncellular liquid matrix. The cellular components of blood render gas exchange (RBCs), immune surveillance (WBCs) and hemostatic responses (platelets), and the noncellular components (salts, proteins, etc.) provide nutrition to various tissues in the body. Dysfunction and deficiencies in these blood components can lead to significant tissue morbidity and mortality. Consequently, transfusion of whole blood or its components is a clinical mainstay in the management of trauma, surgery, myelosuppression, and congenital blood disorders. However, donor-derived blood products suffer from issues of shortage in supply, need for type matching, high risks of pathogenic contamination, limited portability and shelf-life, and a variety of side-effects. While robust research is being directed to resolve these issues, a parallel clinical interest has developed toward bioengineering of synthetic blood substitutes that can provide blood's functions while circumventing the above problems. Nanotechnology has provided exciting approaches to achieve this, using materials engineering strategies to create synthetic and semi-synthetic RBC substitutes for enabling oxygen transport, platelet substitutes for enabling hemostasis, and WBC substitutes for enabling cell-specific immune response. Some of these approaches have further extended the application of blood cell-inspired synthetic and semi-synthetic constructs for targeted drug delivery and nanomedicine. The current study provides a comprehensive review of the various nanotechnology approaches to design synthetic blood cells, along with a critical discussion of successes and challenges of the current state-of-art in this field. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1464. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1464 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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