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Du JX, Ma YH, Nawab S, Yong YC. Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ in Pig Farm Wastewater. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2475. [PMID: 38676092 PMCID: PMC11053575 DOI: 10.3390/s24082475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the rapid development of pig farming has led to a large quantity of heavy metal-polluted wastewater. Thus, it was desirable to develop a simple heavy metal detection method for fast monitoring of the wastewater from the pig farms. Therefore, there was an urgent need to develop a simple method for rapidly detecting heavy metal ions in pig farm wastewater. Herein, a simple electrochemical method for simultaneous detection of Cu2+ and Zn2+ was developed and applied to pig farm wastewater. With a glassy carbon electrode and anodic stripping voltammetry, simultaneous detection of Cu2+ and Zn2+ in water was achieved without the need for complicated electrode modification. Furthermore, it was found that the addition of Cd2+ can enhance the response current of the electrode to Zn2+, which increased the signal by eight times. After systematic optimization, the limit of detection (LOD) of 9.3 μg/L for Cu2+ and 45.3 μg/L for Zn2+ was obtained. Finally, it was successfully applied for the quantification of Cu2+ and Zn2+ with high accuracy in pig farm wastewater. This work provided a new and simple solution for fast monitoring of the wastewater from pig farms and demonstrated the potential of electrochemical measurement for application in modern animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang-Chun Yong
- Biofuels Institute and Institute for Energy Research, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (J.-X.D.); (Y.-H.M.); (S.N.)
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2
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Rasheed T, Ahmad T, Khan S, Ferry DB, Sher F, Ali A, Majeed S. Graphitic carbon nitride derived probes for the recognition of heavy metal pollutants of environmental concern in water bodies. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1142. [PMID: 37665398 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) has a number of valuable features that have been recognized during the studies related to its photocatalytic activity enhancement derived by visible light. Because of these characteristics, g-CN can be used as a detecting signal transducer with different transmission modalities. The latest up-to-date detection capabilities of modified g-CN nanoarchitectures are covered in this study. The structural features and synthetic methodologies have been discussed in a number of reports. Herein, employment of the g-CN as a promising probing modality for the recognition of different toxic heavy metals is the promising feature of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Rasheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tauqir Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research, Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Sardaraz Khan
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Darim Badur Ferry
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Amjad Ali
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Saadat Majeed
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
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3
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Wang Y, Li S, Gao Y, Du B, Vafaei S, Li M, Wu H, Tong X, Chen Y. Synthesis of poly (L-cysteine)/g-C 3N 4 modified glassy carbon electrodes for electrochemical detection of methotrexate as a medicine for treatment of breast cancer in pharmaceutical fluid samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138769. [PMID: 37100252 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing the levels of anticancer medications in biological samples and body fluids reveals important details on the course and effects of chemotherapy. p (L-Cys)/graphitic-carbon nitride (g-C3N4)/GCE, a modified glassy carbon electrode, was created for the current study's electrochemical detection of methotrexate (MTX), a drug used to treat breast cancer, in pharmaceutical fluid samples. l-Cysteine was electro-polymerized on the surface of the g-C3N4/GCE after the g-C3N4 was first modified to prepare the p (L-Cys)/g-C3N4/GCE. Analyses of morphology and structure showed that well-crystalline p (L-Cys) on g-C3N4/GCE was successfully electropolymerized. Studying the electrochemical characteristics of p (L-Cys)/g-C3N4/GCE using CV and DPV techniques revealed a synergistic impact between g-C3N4 and l-cysteine that improved the stability and selectivity of the electrochemical oxidation of MTX while enhancing the electrochemical signal. Results showed that 7.5-780 μM was the linear range, and that 0.11841 μA/μM and 6 nM, respectively, were the sensitivity and limit of detection. The applicability of the suggested sensors was assessed using real pharmaceutical preparations, and the results showed that p (L-Cys)/g-C3N4/GCE had a high degree of precision. Five breast cancer patients who volunteered and provided prepared blood serum samples between the ages of 35 and 50 were used to examine the validity and accuracy of the proposed sensor in the current work for the determination of MTX. The results showed good recovery values (greater than 97.20%), appropriate accuracy (RSD less than 5.11%), and good agreement between the ELISA and DPV analysis results. These findings showed that p (L-Cys)/g-C3N4/GCE can be applied as a trustworthy MTX sensor for MTX level monitoring in blood samples and pharmaceutical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 58 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Yuzhen Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Bo Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Somayeh Vafaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advance Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manning Li
- Cancer Center, Department of Hematology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 58 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Han Wu
- Cancer Center, Department of Hematology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 58 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Xiangmin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 58 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Cancer Center, Department of Hematology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 58 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
| | - Yirui Chen
- Cancer Center, Department of Hematology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 58 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
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4
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Wang J, Kan K, Yu P, Fan Y, Fan J, Jiang L, Qin F, Shi K. Confined self-assembly of S, O co-doped GCN short nanotubes/EG composite towards HMIs electrochemical detection and removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131345. [PMID: 37027923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we prepared composites by confining S, O co-doped C3N4 short nanotubes (SOT) into the slit holes of expanded graphite (EG). The prepared SOT/EG composites had hierarchical pores. Macroporous and mesoporous were conducive to the permeation of heavy metal ions (HMIs) solution, while microporous were favorable for HMIs capture. In addition, EG had excellent adsorption and conductive properties. By leveraging their synergistic effect, SOT/EG composites could be used for electrochemical detection and removal of HMIs simultaneously. The excellent HMIs electrochemical detection and removal performances were due to the unique 3D microstructure and the increase of active sites such as S and O. When SOT/EG composites were prepared into modified electrodes, the limit of detections (LODs) of Pb2+ and Hg2+ were 0.038 and 0.051 μg L-1 for simultaneous detection and 0.045 and 0.057 μg L-1 for individual detection. When SOT/EG composites were used as adsorbents, the equilibrium adsorption capacity of Pb2+ and Hg2+ solution of 10 mg L-1 could reach 228.0 and 313.1 mg g-1, and the adsorption efficiency was above 90%. Due to the low raw materials cost and simple preparation method, SOT/EG composite is a very promising bifunctional material for HMIs electrochemical detection and removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China; Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Advanced Technology, Harbin 150020, PR China
| | - Kan Kan
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Advanced Technology, Harbin 150020, PR China.
| | - Ping Yu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Advanced Technology, Harbin 150020, PR China
| | - Yihe Fan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Fangjie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Keying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China.
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5
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Allwin Richard Y, Aniu Lincy S, Saravanakumar R, Maheswaran R, Dharuman V. Sensitive detection of acetaminophen in body fluids, pharmaceuticals and herbal medicines at un-doped mesoporous carbon nitride film electrode. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C 3N 4) Nanosheets and Their Derivatives for Diagnosis and Detection Applications. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040204. [PMID: 36412845 PMCID: PMC9680252 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The early diagnosis of certain fatal diseases is vital for preventing severe consequences and contributes to a more effective treatment. Despite numerous conventional methods to realize this goal, employing nanobiosensors is a novel approach that provides a fast and precise detection. Recently, nanomaterials have been widely applied as biosensors with distinctive features. Graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a two-dimensional (2D) carbon-based nanostructure that has received attention in biosensing. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, semiconductivity, high photoluminescence yield, low-cost synthesis, easy production process, antimicrobial activity, and high stability are prominent properties that have rendered g-C3N4 a promising candidate to be used in electrochemical, optical, and other kinds of biosensors. This review presents the g-C3N4 unique features, synthesis methods, and g-C3N4-based nanomaterials. In addition, recent relevant studies on using g-C3N4 in biosensors in regard to improving treatment pathways are reviewed.
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7
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Zhu N, Xu J, Ma Q, Geng Y, Li L, Liu S, Liu S, Wang G. Rhodamine-Based Fluorescent Probe for Highly Selective Determination of Hg 2. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:29236-29245. [PMID: 36033650 PMCID: PMC9404173 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The determination of mercuric ions (Hg2+) in environmental and biological samples has attracted the attention of researchers lately. In the present work, a novel turn-on Hg2+ fluorescent probe utilizing a rhodamine derivative had been constructed and prepared. The probe could highly sensitively and selectively sense Hg2+. In the presence of excessive Hg2+, the probe displayed about 52-fold fluorescence enhancement in 50% H2O/CH3CH2OH (pH, 7.24). In the meantime, the colorless solution of the probe turned pink upon adding Hg2+. Upon adding mercuric ions, the probe interacted with Hg2+ and formed a 1:1 coordination complex, which had been the basis for recognizing Hg2+. The probe displayed reversible dual colorimetric and fluorescence sensing of Hg2+ because rhodamine's spirolactam ring opened upon adding Hg2+. The analytical performances of the probe for sensing Hg2+ were also studied. When the Hg2+ concentration was altered in the range of 8.0 × 10-8 to 1.0 × 10-5 mol L-1, the fluorescence intensity showed an excellent linear correlation with Hg2+ concentration. A detection limit of 3.0 × 10-8 mol L-1 had been achieved. Moreover, Hg2+ in the water environment and A549 cells could be successfully sensed by the proposed probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zhu
- School
of Pharmacology, Henan University of Chinese
Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Junhong Xu
- Department
of Dynamical Engineering, North China University
of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450011, P. R. China
| | - Qiujuan Ma
- School
of Pharmacology, Henan University of Chinese
Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Yang Geng
- Department
of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou Railway Vocational
and Technical College, Zhengzhou 451460, P. R. China
| | - Linke Li
- School
of Pharmacology, Henan University of Chinese
Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- School
of Pharmacology, Henan University of Chinese
Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyu Liu
- School
of Pharmacology, Henan University of Chinese
Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Gege Wang
- School
of Pharmacology, Henan University of Chinese
Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
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8
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Alipour Z, Haghighi B, Kamyabi MA. A novel electrochemiluminesence sensor based on silver prussian blue analogue/carboxylated sulfur‐doped graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite for determination of lamotrigine. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Jahani PM, Aflatoonian MR, Rayeni RA, Di Bartolomeo A, Mohammadi SZ. Graphite carbon nitride-modified screen-printed electrode as a highly sensitive and selective sensor for detection of amaranth. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112962. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Ilager D, Shetti NP, Reddy KR, Tuwar SM, Aminabhavi TM. Nanostructured graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3N 4)-CTAB modified electrode for the highly sensitive detection of amino-triazole and linuron herbicides. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111856. [PMID: 34389349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In agro-areas, linuron (LNR) and amino-triazole (ATZ) are the widely used herbicides to protect crops, but their widespread use pollutes the environment, especially when these are mixed with water or soil. In efforts to address these environmental issues and to detect trace quantities of the herbicides, a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) modified carbon paste electrode (g-C3N4-CTAB/CPE) was developed and used for the detection of LNR and ATZ. Materials were characterized by XRD, TEM and AFM techniques. The effect of pH on electro-oxidation (under optimized conditions) showed the maximum peak current at pH of 4.2 for AMT and pH 6.0 for LNR. The electro-kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of LNR and ATZ were determined. Additional experiments were performed for the trace level detection of ATZ and LNR using the square wave voltammetric technique. Concentrations were varied linearly in the range of 3.0 × 10-7 M to 4.5 × 10-5 M for ATZ with a detection limit of 6.41 × 10-8 M, and 1.2 × 10-7 M to 3.0 × 10-4 M for LNR with a detection limit of 2.47 × 10-8 M. The developed novel sensor was effective for trace level detection of LNR and ATZ in water and soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davalasab Ilager
- Center for Electrochemical Science & Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi, 580 027, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580 031, Karnataka, India.
| | - Kakarla Raghava Reddy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Suresh M Tuwar
- Department of Chemistry, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad, 580 001, Karnataka, India
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580 031, Karnataka, India; Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, India
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Lu C, Chen X. Nanostructure Engineering of Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Electrochemical Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:18777-18793. [PMID: 34723464 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride with ordered two-dimensional structure displays multiple properties, including tunable structure, suitable bandgap, high stability, and facile synthesis. Many achievements on this material have been made in photocatalysis, but the advantages have not yet been fully explored in electrochemical fields. The bulk structure with low conductivity impedes charge-transfer kinetics during electrochemical processes. Excessive nitrogen content leads to insufficient charge transfer, while bulk structures produce tortuous channels for mass transport. Some attempts have been made to address these issues by nanostructure engineering, such as ultrathin structure design, heterogeneous composition, defect engineering, and morphology control. These structure-engineered nanomaterials have been successfully applied in electrochemical fields, including ionic actuators, flexible supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and electrochemical sensors. Herein, a timely review on the latest advances in graphitic carbon nitride through various engineering strategies for electrochemical applications has been summarized. A perspective on critical challenges and future research directions is highlighted for graphitic carbon nitride in electrochemistry on the basis of existing research works and our experimental experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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12
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Ning J, Wei J, Huang S, Wang F, Luo X, Sun C, Chen D, Wei R, Sha L, Liu Y. A high performance Pb(II) electrochemical sensor based on spherical CuS nanoparticle anchored g-C 3N 4. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5617-5627. [PMID: 34762078 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01587g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new electrochemical sensor has been constructed for ultra-sensitive detection of lead ions (Pb2+) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV), based on the copper sulfide/graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (CuS/g-C3N4/GCE). First, spherical CuS nanoparticles with good electrical conductivity were anchored on layered g-C3N4 with high coordination activity, affording an excellent electrode modifier CuS/g-C3N4 nanocomposite. Then, the performance of the CuS/g-C3N4/GCE and its electrochemical response to Pb2+ were thoroughly studied, and the sensing mechanism was investigated. On the one hand, the CuS/g-C3N4 nanocomposite has greatly improved the electron transportation and electrode performance through functional complementarity - CuS endows g-C3N4 with a good electrical conductivity and a large active specific surface area, while g-C3N4 endows CuS with high dispersibility and strong adsorption. On the other hand, the CuS/g-C3N4 modifier has effectively promoted the deposition of trace Pb2+ from the solution onto the electrode surface by means of synergistic enrichment (crucial for amplification of detection signals) - g-C3N4 can coordinate with Pb2+ by its large number of conjugated triazine heterocyclic rings in its molecular framework, while CuS can adsorb Pb2+ due to its inherent size effect of nanomaterials. The proposed sensor can efficiently detect Pb2+ in the concentration range of 0.050-5.000 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 4.00 nM, and can be well applied for the detection of trace Pb2+ in actual tea samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingheng Ning
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410110, China.
| | - Jiaqian Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410110, China.
| | - Shouen Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410110, China.
| | - Faxiang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410110, China.
| | - Xin Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410110, China.
| | - Chang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410110, China.
| | - Donger Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410110, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410110, China.
| | - Liming Sha
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410110, China.
| | - Yongle Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410110, China.
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13
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Gowri VM, Ajith A, John SA. Systematic Study on Morphological, Electrochemical Impedance, and Electrocatalytic Activity of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Modified on a Glassy Carbon Substrate from Sequential Exfoliation in Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:10538-10546. [PMID: 34432473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several researchers have synthesized graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) from various precursors and attached it to electrode substrates after exfoliation under different conditions and have reported inconsistent data on electrochemical impedance, electroactive surface areas, and electrocatalytic activity. Thus, the present study aims to study the same systematically in addition to morphology after modifying GCN on the GC substrate from different exfoliation times in water assisted by sonication. The GCN was prepared from urea by bulk condensation pyrolysis and then attached to the GC substrate by drop casting to study its morphology, electrochemical impedance, and electrocatalytic activity with respect to exfoliation. The SEM image of a GCN-modified GC plate after 15 and 30 min of exfoliation shows bulky structure whereas thin sheets of GCN were noticed after 120 min of exfoliation. On the other hand, broken sheets were observed when GCN was coated from beyond 120 min of exfoliation. The electrochemical impedance studies show that the charge transfer resistance (RCT) of GCN modified from 15 and 30 min of exfoliation was higher than that for the bare GC electrode. However, it started to decrease while increasing the exfoliation time, and 1.8 kΩ was obtained after 120 min of exfoliation. The RCT value was again increased to 3.2 and 5.0 kΩ for GCN coated after 150 and 180 min of exfoliation, respectively. The electroactive surface area (EASA) of GCN modified by 15 and 30 min of exfoliation was less than that of the bare GC electrode, whereas it was 3.8-fold higher for GCN coated from 120 min of exfoliation. The electrocatalytic activity of the GC electrodes modified with GCN was then tested by studying ascorbic acid (AA) and dopamine (DA) oxidation and reduction of hydrogen peroxide (HP). Among the different exfoliation times, GCN modified from 120 min of exfoliation displayed the highest electrocatalytic activity toward AA, DA, and HP. This was attributed to its higher EASA and lower charge-transfer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeramani Mangala Gowri
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University) Gandhigram 624 302, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ajay Ajith
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University) Gandhigram 624 302, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Abraham John
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University) Gandhigram 624 302, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India
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14
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Soman S, P.V A, R K. Covalently modified graphene quantum dot using a thiourea based imprinted polymer for the selective electrochemical sensing of Hg(II) ions. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Mangala Gowri V, Abraham John S. Fabrication of bulk, nanosheets and quantum dots of graphitic carbon nitride on electrodes: Morphology dependent electrocatalytic activity. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Vinoth S, Shalini Devi K, Pandikumar A. A comprehensive review on graphitic carbon nitride based electrochemical and biosensors for environmental and healthcare applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Zeng Z, Zeng G, Xiao R, Wang Y, Hu Y, Tang L, Feng C. Sensors for the environmental pollutant detection: Are we already there? Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Chouhan RS, Jerman I, Heath D, Bohm S, Gandhi S, Sadhu V, Baker S, Horvat M. Emerging tri‐s‐triazine‐based graphitic carbon nitride: A potential signal‐transducing nanostructured material for sensor applications. NANO SELECT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Jerman
- National Institute of Chemistry Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - David Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Sivasambu Bohm
- Royal Society Industry Fellow Molecular Science Research Hub Imperial College London London UK
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- DBT‐National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (DBT‐NIAB) Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Veera Sadhu
- School of Physical Sciences Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science (KITS) Warangal Telangana India
| | - Syed Baker
- Department of Microbiology Prof. V.F. Voino‐Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Krasnoyarsk Siberia Russian Federation
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia
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Munonde TS, Nomngongo PN. Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Sensors and Their Applications on the Detection of Trace Metals in Environmental Water Samples. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 21:E131. [PMID: 33379201 PMCID: PMC7795550 DOI: 10.3390/s21010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The elevated concentrations of various trace metals beyond existing guideline recommendations in water bodies have promoted research on the development of various electrochemical nanosensors for the trace metals' early detection. Inspired by the exciting physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials, advanced functional nanocomposites with improved sensitivity, sensitivity and stability, amongst other performance parameters, have been synthesized, characterized, and applied on the detection of various trace metals in water matrices. Nanocomposites have been perceived as a solution to address a critical challenge of distinct nanomaterials that are limited by agglomerations, structure stacking leading to aggregations, low conductivity, and limited porous structure for electrolyte access, amongst others. In the past few years, much effort has been dedicated to the development of various nanocomposites such as; electrochemical nanosensors for the detection of trace metals in water matrices. Herein, the recent progress on the development of nanocomposites classified according to their structure as carbon nanocomposites, metallic nanocomposites, and metal oxide/hydroxide nanocomposites is summarized, alongside their application as electrochemical nanosensors for trace metals detection in water matrices. Some perspectives on the development of smart electrochemical nanosensors are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshimangadzo S. Munonde
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;
- DST/NRF SARChI Chair, Nanotechnology for Water, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Philiswa N. Nomngongo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;
- DST/NRF SARChI Chair, Nanotechnology for Water, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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20
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Highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based on carbon-rich graphitic carbon nitride as an electrocatalyst for the detection of diphenylamine. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Heterostructured Au/MoS2-MWCNT nanoflowers: A highly efficient support for the electrochemical aptasensing of solvated mercuric ion. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Ganie AS, Bano S, Sultana S, Sabir S, Khan MZ. Ferrite Nanocomposite Based Electrochemical Sensor: Characterization, Voltammetric and Amperometric Studies for Electrocatalytic Detection of Formaldehyde in Aqueous Media. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adil Shafi Ganie
- Environmental Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Sayfa Bano
- Environmental Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Saima Sultana
- Environmental Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Suhail Sabir
- Environmental Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mohammad Zain Khan
- Environmental Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 Uttar Pradesh India
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23
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Fu R, Yu P, Wang M, Sun J, Chen D, Jin C, Li Z. The research of lead ion detection based on rGO/g-C3N4 modified glassy carbon electrode. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Han J, Fu R, Jin C, Li Z, Wang M, Yu P, Xie Y. Highly sensitive detection of trace Hg2+ via PdNPs/g-C3N4 nanosheet-modified electrodes using DPV. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Liu Y, Wen GL, Chen X, Weerasooriya R, Hong ZY, Wang LC, Huang ZJ, Wu YC. Construction of electrochemical sensing interface towards Cd(II) based on activated g-C 3N 4 nanosheets: considering the effects of exfoliation and protonation treatment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:343-353. [PMID: 31776638 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to construct highly selective low-cost sensors for fast detection of toxic metal ions such as cadmium. When compared with 3D bulk materials, 2D layered materials after activation treatments show superior performances for electrochemical metal ion detection. The bulk graphitic carbon nitride (hereafter b-g-C3N4) was prepared by thermal polymerization with urea as a precursor; it was then activated through ultrasonic liquid exfoliation and protonation which resulted in successful fabrication of activated ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets (hereafter a-g-C3N4). The a-g-C3N4-modified glassy carbon electrode demonstrates excellent electrochemical performances for Cd2+ detection with 22.668 μA/μM sensitivity and 3.9 nM LOD (S/N = 3) due to high specific surface area and active sites created on the 2D layered structure. The chemical interference of Pb2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ on Cd2+ detection was minimal. We have also measured Cd2+ in natural water and rice samples using the newly developed a-g-C3N4-modified electrode with high spike recoveries. Our results demonstrate the potential applications of newly developed a-g-C3N4-modified electrode for rapid detection of toxic metal ions in different sample matrixes. Graphical Abstract The activated g-C3N4 nanosheets (a-g-C3N4) were synthesized and used to construct electrochemical sensors with high sensitivity and anti-interference performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment of Anhui Province, Institute of Industry and Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Ge-Ling Wen
- Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment of Anhui Province, Institute of Industry and Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.,School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment of Anhui Province, Institute of Industry and Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China. .,School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.
| | - Rohan Weerasooriya
- Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment of Anhui Province, Institute of Industry and Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.,National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, 20000, Sri Lanka
| | - Zhan-Yong Hong
- Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment of Anhui Province, Institute of Industry and Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Lian-Chao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.
| | - Zhong-Jia Huang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China.
| | - Yu-Cheng Wu
- Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment of Anhui Province, Institute of Industry and Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.,School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
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26
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Wu W, Ali A, Jamal R, Abdulla M, Bakri T, Abdiryim T. A bromine-catalysis-synthesized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/graphitic carbon nitride electrochemical sensor for heavy metal ion determination. RSC Adv 2019; 9:34691-34698. [PMID: 35530671 PMCID: PMC9073917 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02161b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/graphitic carbon nitride (PEDOT/g-C3N4) composites were prepared by the bromine catalysed polymerization (BCP) method with varying weight ratios of monomer to g-C3N4. For comparison, solid-state polymerization (SSP) and metal oxidative polymerization (MOP) methods were also used for the synthesis of PEDOT/g-C3N4 composites. Electrochemical determination of heavy metal ions (Cd2+ and Pb2+) was carried out by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) on composite-modified glass carbon electrodes (GCEs), which were prepared by different methods. The obtained composites were analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the bromine catalysed polymerization (BCP) method is an effective way to prepare the PEDOT/g-C3N4 composite, and the combination of PEDOT with g-C3N4 can improve the electrochemical activity of electrode materials. And, the composite from the BCP method modified electrode (PEDOT/10 wt% g-C3N4/GCE) exhibited the widest linear responses for Cd2+ and Pb2+, ranging from 0.06-12 μM and 0.04-11.6 μM with detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.0014 μM and 0.00421 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmat Ali
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruxangul Jamal
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 People's Republic of China
| | - Mihray Abdulla
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 People's Republic of China
| | - Tursunnisahan Bakri
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 People's Republic of China
| | - Tursun Abdiryim
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 People's Republic of China
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27
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Xu J, Liu Y, Li MJ. The functionalized ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes for the highly selective sensing of mercury ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 219:141-146. [PMID: 31030042 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of new ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes appending with thioether groups were designed, synthesized and characterized. The sensing ability of the complexes toward mercury ions were studied by electronic absorption and emission spectra, and the reaction of the complexes with mercury ions were also confirmed by ESI mass spectroscopy and 1HNMR spectroscopy. The thioether groups would react with mercury ion fast to form aldehyde group leading to the significant change in the spectra. The color of the complex changed from yellow to orange after addition of mercury ions, and the color of the emission changed from red orange to dark red with a large red shift (~80 nm). Importantly, these kinds of ruthenium(II) complexes show a unique recognition of mercury ions over other metal ions. The complexes with more thioether groups also showed a better sensitivity toward mercury ions, this is good strategy for the further design of the new phosphorescent probes for sensing of mercury ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiru Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Mei-Jin Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
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28
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Chouhan RS, Žitko G, Fajon V, Živković I, Pavlin M, Berisha S, Jerman I, Vesel A, Horvat M. A Unique Interactive Nanostructure Knitting based Passive Sampler Adsorbent for Monitoring of Hg 2+ in Water. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19153432. [PMID: 31387298 PMCID: PMC6696128 DOI: 10.3390/s19153432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the development of ultralight interwoven ultrathin graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) nanosheets for use as a potential adsorbent in a passive sampler (PAS) designed to bind Hg2+ ions. The g-CN nanosheets were prepared from bulk g-CN synthesised via a modified high-temperature short-time (HTST) polycondensation process. The crystal structure, surface functional groups, and morphology of the g-CN nanosheets were characterised using a battery of instruments. The results confirmed that the as-synthesized product is composed of few-layered nanosheets. The adsorption efficiency of g-CN for binding Hg2+ (100 ng mL−1) in sea, river, rain, and Milli-Q quality water was 89%, 93%, 97%, and 100%, respectively, at natural pH. Interference studies found that the cations tested (Co2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Bi3+, Na+, and K+) had no significant effect on the adsorption efficiency of Hg2+. Different parameters were optimised to improve the performance of g-CN such as pH, contact time, and amount of adsorbent. Optimum conditions were pH 7, 120 min incubation time and 10 mg of nanosheets. The yield of nanosheets was 72.5%, which is higher compared to other polycondensation processes using different monomers. The g-CN sheets could also be regenerated up to eight times with only a 20% loss in binding efficiency. Overall, nano-knitted g-CN is a promising low-cost green adsorbent for use in passive samplers or as a transducing material in sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuraj S Chouhan
- Institute "Jožef Stefan", Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Žitko
- Institute "Jožef Stefan", Department of Surface Engineering, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Fajon
- Institute "Jožef Stefan", Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Živković
- Institute "Jožef Stefan", Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Majda Pavlin
- Institute "Jožef Stefan", Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Ivan Jerman
- Institute "Jožef Stefan", Department of Surface Engineering, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Milena Horvat
- Institute "Jožef Stefan", Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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29
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Xavier MM, Nair PR, Mathew S. Emerging trends in sensors based on carbon nitride materials. Analyst 2019; 144:1475-1491. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02110d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A new class of functional materials, carbon nitrides, has recently attracted the attention of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Mary Xavier
- Research Scholar
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
| | - P. Radhakrishnan Nair
- Visiting Professor
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
| | - Suresh Mathew
- Professor
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
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30
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Wang W, Zhao J, Sun Y, Zhang H. Facile synthesis of g-C3N4 with various morphologies for application in electrochemical detection. RSC Adv 2019; 9:7737-7746. [PMID: 35521191 PMCID: PMC9061280 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10166c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, g-C3N4 with various morphologies was successfully synthesized via a variety of facile in situ methods. The as-prepared products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results obtained using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) showed that when g-C3N4 was applied as an electrochemical sensor, it exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of heavy metal ions including Pb(ii), Cu(ii) and Hg(ii). Compared to nanoporous graphitic carbon nitride (npg-C3N4) and g-C3N4 nanosheet-modified glass carbon electrode (GCE), g-C3N4 successfully realized the individual and simultaneous detection of four target heavy ions for the first time. In particular, g-C3N4 displayed significant electrocatalytic activity towards Hg(ii) with a good sensitivity of 18.180 μA μM−1 and 35.923 μA μM−1 under the individual and simultaneous determination conditions, respectively. The sensitivity for simultaneous determination was almost 2 times that of the individual determination. Moreover, the fabricated electrochemical sensor showed good anti-interference, stability and repeatability; this indicated significant potential of the proposed materials for application in high-performance electrochemical sensors for the individual and simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions. In the present study, g-C3N4 with various morphologies was successfully synthesized via a variety of facile in situ methods.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement
- Ministry of Education
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- PR China
| | - Junming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement
- Ministry of Education
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- PR China
| | - Youyi Sun
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- PR China
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31
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Wen GL, Zhao W, Chen X, Liu JQ, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Huang ZJ, Wu YC. N-doped reduced graphene oxide /MnO2 nanocomposite for electrochemical detection of Hg2+ by square wave stripping voltammetry. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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32
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Fu C, Yu H, Su L, Liu C, Song Y, Wang S, Lin Z, Chen F. A homogeneous electrochemical sensor for Hg 2+ determination in environmental water based on the T-Hg 2+-T structure and exonuclease III-assisted recycling amplification. Analyst 2018; 143:2122-2127. [PMID: 29649342 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00462e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple, fast, sensitive, and homogeneous electrochemical sensor based on the T-Hg2+-T structure and exonuclease III-assisted recycling amplification has been constructed for mercury ion (Hg2+) detection. The cT and methylene blue-labeled DNA probes (MB-TDNA) were designed to contain poly T sequences, which were repulsed from the negatively charged indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode due to their abundant negative charges. Hg2+ could trigger the formation of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) between two DNA probes owing to the stable T-Hg2+-T structure. Then, Exo III specifically recognizes the cleavage of the double-stranded structure to release a methylene blue-labeled mononucleotide fragment (MB-MF). Moreover, the release of the target Hg2+ induces new hybridization and produces a large number of MB-MFs; MB-MFs are not repulsed by the negatively charged ITO electrode surface, thus producing a significant current signal. Under optimal conditions, the differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) response had a linear relationship with the logarithm of Hg2+ concentration in the range of 1.0 nM-0.5 μM, and the proposed method displayed great applicability for detecting Hg2+ in tap-water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caili Fu
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
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Zhou X, Yang L, Tan X, Zhao G, Xie X, Du G. A robust electrochemical immunosensor based on hydroxyl pillar[5]arene@AuNPs@g-C3N4 hybrid nanomaterial for ultrasensitive detection of prostate specific antigen. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 112:31-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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34
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Adsorption of pollutant cations from their aqueous solutions on graphitic carbon nitride explored by density functional theory. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Selvarajan S, Suganthi A, Rajarajan M. Fabrication of g-C 3N 4/NiO heterostructured nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode for quercetin biosensor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 41:651-660. [PMID: 29137797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a one-pot synthesis of structurally uniform and electrochemically active graphitic carbon nitride/nickel oxide (g-C3N4/NiO) nanocomposite and an investigation on the electrocatalytic oxidation of quercetin (QR). The synthesized g-C3N4/NiO nanocomposite has uniform surface distribution, which was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the composition of synthesized g-C3N4/NiO nanocomposite was characterized by UV-vis-spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR spectra), BET, SEM and HRTEM. The g-C3N4/NiO was electrochemically treated in 0.1 MPBS solution through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The peak current response increases linearly with QR concentration from 0.010 μM to 250 µM with a fast response time of less than 2 s and a detection limit of 0.002 μM. To further evaluate the feasibility of using this sensor for real sample analysis, QR content in various real samples including green tea, green apple, honey suckle were determined and satisfactory results were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Selvarajan
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625009, Tamilnadu, India
| | - A Suganthi
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625009, Tamilnadu, India; Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal 624 102, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - M Rajarajan
- Directorate of Distance Education, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamilnadu, India.
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36
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Advances in the use of carbonaceous materials for the electrochemical determination of persistent organic pollutants. A review. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:112. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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37
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Xu Y, Lei W, Su J, Hu J, Yu X, Zhou T, Yang Y, Mandler D, Hao Q. A high-performance electrochemical sensor based on g-C3N4-E-PEDOT for the determination of acetaminophen. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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38
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Hatamie A, Marahel F, Sharifat A. Green synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet (g-C3N4) and using it as a label-free fluorosensor for detection of metronidazole via quenching of the fluorescence. Talanta 2018; 176:518-525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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39
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Liu X, Zhang J, Di J, Long Y, Li W, Tu Y. Graphene-like carbon nitride nanosheet as a novel sensing platform for electrochemical determination of tryptophan. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 505:964-972. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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40
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Suherman AL, Tanner EE, Compton RG. Recent developments in inorganic Hg 2+ detection by voltammetry. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Yola ML, Atar N. Electrochemical Detection of Atrazine by Platinum Nanoparticles/Carbon Nitride Nanotubes with Molecularly Imprinted Polymer. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Lütfi Yola
- Iskenderun Technical University, Faculty of Engineering
and Natural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Necip Atar
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Engineering, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Denizli, Turkey
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42
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Selective photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde by using metal-loaded g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Dai G, Xie J, Li C, Liu S. A Highly Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Sensor Based on a Cu/MnO2/g-C3N4-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for the Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide Residues in Food Samples. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A simple and highly sensitive method for the determination of hydrogen peroxide was developed by electrodepositing Cu and MnO2 onto a g-C3N4 coated glassy carbon electrode in a one-step procedure. The morphology of the fabricated electrode material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The electrochemical properties were measured using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. The modified sensor exhibits high catalytic activity towards electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen peroxide in a neutral phosphate buffer solution. Within the concentration ranges of 0.01–20 mM and 20–400 mM, the fabricated sensor shows a good linear relationship with the oxidation peak current, the detection limit is 0.85 × 10−6 M. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits high selectivity, good stability, and reproducibility. We successfully applied the sensor to detect hydrogen peroxide residues in food samples with satisfactory results, providing a new approach for food security evaluation.
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44
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Saleem M, Rafiq M, Hanif M. Organic Material Based Fluorescent Sensor for Hg2+: A Brief Review on Recent Development. REVIEWS IN FLUORESCENCE 2016 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48260-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Dong Y, Wang Q, Wu H, Chen Y, Lu CH, Chi Y, Yang HH. Graphitic Carbon Nitride Materials: Sensing, Imaging and Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5376-5393. [PMID: 27611869 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C3 N4 ) are a class of 2D polymeric materials mainly composed of carbon and nitrogen atoms. g-C3 N4 are attracting dramatically increasing interest in the areas of sensing, imaging, and therapy, due to their unique optical and electronic properties. Here, the luminescent properties (mainly includes photoluminescence and electrochemiluminescence), and catalytic and photoelectronic properties related to sensing and therapy applications of g-C3 N4 materials are reviewed. Furthermore, the fabrication and advantages of sensing, imaging and therapy systems based on g-C3 N4 materials are summarized. Finally, the future perspectives for developing the sensing, imaging and therapy applications of the g-C3 N4 materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Qian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Haishan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yingmei Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Chun-Hua Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350108, China.
| | - Yuwu Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350108, China.
| | - Huang-Hao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350108, China.
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46
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Saleem M, Rafiq M, Hanif M. Organic Material Based Fluorescent Sensor for Hg2+: a Brief Review on Recent Development. J Fluoresc 2016; 27:31-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Voltammetric Sensor Modified by EDTA-immobilized Graphene-like Carbon Nitride Nanosheets: Preparation, Characterization and Selective Determination of Ultra-Trace Pb (II) in Water Samples. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Amiri M, Salehniya H, Habibi-Yangjeh A. Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Chitosan Composite for Adsorption and Electrochemical Determination of Mercury in Real Samples. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Daneshgah Street, 11365-9161 Ardabil, Iran
| | - Haneie Salehniya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Daneshgah Street, 11365-9161 Ardabil, Iran
| | - Aziz Habibi-Yangjeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Daneshgah Street, 11365-9161 Ardabil, Iran
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50
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Yang P. Preparation of luminescent graphitic C3N4 NS and their composites with RGO for property controlling. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24427k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
g-C3N4 QDs/RGO composites were obtained by hydrothermal co-assembly. They are highly sensitive and selective in ion sensing, and have superior photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - Junpeng Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- P. R. China
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