1
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Randazzo S, Geagea A, Proietto F, Galia A, Scialdone O. Oxidation of organics in water by active chlorine performed in microfluidic electrochemical reactors: a new way to improve the performances of the process. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141855. [PMID: 38570051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater polluted by organics can be treated by using electro-generated active chlorine, even if this promising route presents some important drawbacks such as the production of chlorinated by-products. Here, for the first time, this process was studied in a microfluidic electrochemical reactor with a very small inter-electrode distance (145 μm) using a water solution of NaCl and phenol and a BDD anode. The potential production of chloroacetic acids, chlorophenols, carboxylic acids, chlorate and perchlorate was carefully evaluated. It was shown, for the first time, up to our knowledge, that the use of the microfluidic device allows to perform the treatment under a continuous mode and to achieve higher current efficiencies and a lower generation of some important by-products such as chlorate and perchlorate. As an example, the use of the microfluidic apparatus equipped with an Ag cathode allowed to achieve a high removal of total organic carbon (about 76%) coupled with a current efficiency of 17% and the production of a small amount of chlorate (about 30 ppm) and no perchlorate. The effect of many parameters (namely, flow rate, current density and nature of cathode) was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Randazzo
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ange Geagea
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Proietto
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Galia
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Onofrio Scialdone
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy.
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2
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Feijoo S, Baluchová S, Kamali M, Buijnsters JG, Dewil R. A combined experimental and computational approach to unravel degradation mechanisms in electrochemical wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 10:652-667. [PMID: 38434174 PMCID: PMC10905665 DOI: 10.1039/d3ew00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical wastewater treatment is a promising technique to remove recalcitrant pollutants from wastewater. However, the complexity of elucidating the underlying degradation mechanisms hinders its optimisation not only from a techno-economic perspective, as it is desirable to maximise removal efficiencies at low energy and chemical requirements, but also in environmental terms, as the generation of toxic by-products is an ongoing challenge. In this work, we propose a novel combined experimental and computational approach to (i) estimate the contribution of radical and non-radical mechanisms as well as their synergistic effects during electrochemical oxidation and (ii) identify the optimal conditions that promote specific degradation pathways. As a case study, the distribution of the degradation mechanisms involved in the removal of benzoic acid (BA) via boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes was elucidated and analysed as a function of several operating parameters, i.e., the initial sulfate and nitrate content of the wastewater and the current applied. Subsequently, a multivariate optimisation study was conducted, where the influence of the electrode nature was investigated for two commercial BDD electrodes and a customised silver-decorated BDD electrode. Optimal conditions were identified for each degradation mechanism as well as for the overall BA degradation rate constant. BDD selection was found to be the most influential factor favouring any mechanism (i.e., 52-85% contribution), given that properties such as its boron doping and the presence of electrodeposited silver could dramatically affect the reactions taking place. In particular, decorating the BDD surface with silver microparticles significantly enhanced BA degradation via sulfate radicals, whereas direct oxidation, reactive oxygen species and radical synergistic effects were promoted when using a commercial BDD material with higher boron content and on a silicon substrate. Consequently, by simplifying the identification and quantification of underlying mechanisms, our approach facilitates the elucidation of the most suitable degradation route for a given electrochemical wastewater treatment together with its optimal operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Feijoo
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab Jan Pieter de Nayerlaan 5 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver Belgium
| | - Simona Baluchová
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering Mekelweg 2 2628 CD Delft The Netherlands
| | - Mohammadreza Kamali
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab Jan Pieter de Nayerlaan 5 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver Belgium
| | - Josephus G Buijnsters
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering Mekelweg 2 2628 CD Delft The Netherlands
| | - Raf Dewil
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab Jan Pieter de Nayerlaan 5 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver Belgium
- University of Oxford, Department of Engineering Science Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PJ UK
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3
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Castillo-Cabrera GX, Pliego-Cerdán CI, Méndez E, Espinoza-Montero PJ. Step-by-step guide for electrochemical generation of highly oxidizing reactive species on BDD for beginners. Front Chem 2024; 11:1298630. [PMID: 38239927 PMCID: PMC10794620 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1298630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Selecting the ideal anodic potential conditions and corresponding limiting current density to generate reactive oxygen species, especially the hydroxyl radical (•OH), becomes a major challenge when venturing into advanced electrochemical oxidation processes. In this work, a step-by-step guide for the electrochemical generation of •OH on boron-doped diamond (BDD) for beginners is shown, in which the following steps are discussed: i) BDD activation (assuming it is new), ii) the electrochemical response of BDD (in electrolyte and ferri/ferro-cyanide), iii) Tafel plots using sampled current voltammetry to evaluate the overpotential region where •OH is mainly generated, iv) a study of radical entrapment in the overpotential region where •OH generation is predominant according to the Tafel plots, and v) finally, the previously found ideal conditions are applied in the electrochemical degradation of amoxicillin, and the instantaneous current efficiency and relative cost of the process are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erika Méndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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4
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McBeath ST, Zhang Y, Hoffmann MR. Novel Synthesis Pathways for Highly Oxidative Iron Species: Generation, Stability, and Treatment Applications of Ferrate(IV/V/VI). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18700-18709. [PMID: 36794970 PMCID: PMC10690715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Difficulties arise related to the economy-of-scale and practicability in applying conventional water treatment technologies to small and remote systems. A promising oxidation technology better suited for these applications is that of electro-oxidation (EO), whereby contaminants are degraded via direct, advanced, and/or electrosynthesized oxidant-mediated reactions. One species of oxidants of particular interest includes ferrates (Fe(VI)/(V)/(IV)), where only recently has their circumneutral synthesis been demonstrated, using high oxygen overpotential (HOP) electrodes, namely boron-doped diamond (BDD). In this study, the generation of ferrates using various HOP electrodes (BDD, NAT/Ni-Sb-SnO2, and AT/Sb-SnO2) was investigated. Ferrate synthesis was pursued in a current density range of 5-15 mA cm-2 and initial Fe3+ concentrations of 10-15 mM. Faradaic efficiencies ranged from 11-23%, depending on operating conditions, with BDD and NAT significantly outperforming AT electrodes. Speciation tests revealed that NAT synthesizes both ferrate(IV/V) and ferrate(VI), while the BDD and AT electrodes synthesized only ferrate(IV/V) species. A number of organic scavenger probes were used to test the relative reactivity, including nitrobenzene, carbamazepine, and fluconazole, whereby ferrate(IV/V) was significantly more oxidative than ferrate(VI). Finally, the ferrate(VI) synthesis mechanism by NAT electrolysis was elucidated, where coproduction of ozone was found to be a key phenomenon for Fe3+ oxidation to ferrate(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. McBeath
- Linde
Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Linde
Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- Linde
Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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5
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Kuang W, Yan Z, Chen J, Ling X, Zheng W, Huang W, Feng C. A Bipolar Membrane-Integrated Electrochlorination Process for Highly Efficient Ammonium Removal in Mature Landfill Leachate: The Importance of ClO • Generation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18538-18549. [PMID: 36240017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation has been demonstrated to be a useful method for removing biorefractory organic pollutants in mature landfill leachate but suffers from low efficiency in eliminating ammonium because of its resistance to being oxidized by HO• or free chlorine (FC) at decreased pH. Here, we propose a new bipolar membrane-electrochlorination (BPM-EC) process to address this issue. We found that the BPM-EC system was significantly superior to both the undivided and divided reactors with monopolar membranes in terms of elevated rate of ammonium removal, attenuated generation of byproducts (e.g., nitrate and chloramines), increased Faradaic efficiency, and decreased energy consumption. Mechanistic studies revealed that the integration of BPM was helpful in creating alkaline environments in the vicinity of the anode, which facilitated production of surface-bound HO• and FC and eventually promoted in situ generation of ClO•, a crucial reactive species mainly responsible for accelerating ammonium oxidation and selective transformation to nitrogen. The efficacy of BPM-EC in treating landfill leachates with different ammonium concentrations was verified under batch and continuous-flow conditions. A kinetic model that incorporates the key parameters was developed, which can successfully predict the optimal number of BPM-EC reactors (e.g., 2 and 5 for leachates containing 589.4 ± 5.5 and 1258.1 ± 9.6 mg L-1 NH4+-N, respectively) necessary for complete removal of ammonium. These findings reveal that the BPM-EC process shows promise in treating ammonium-containing wastewater, with advantages that include effectiveness, adaptability, and flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Kuang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, PR China
| | - Zhang Yan
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, PR China
| | - Jinxiu Chen
- Guangdong Yinniu Environmental Information Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou510006, PR China
| | - Xiaotang Ling
- Guangdong Yinniu Environmental Information Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou510006, PR China
| | - Wenxiao Zheng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, PR China
| | - Weijun Huang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, PR China
| | - Chunhua Feng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, PR China
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6
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Xiao M, Wu Q, Ku R, Zhou L, Long C, Liang J, Mavrič A, Li L, Zhu J, Valant M, Li J, Zeng Z, Cui C. Self-adaptive amorphous CoO xCl y electrocatalyst for sustainable chlorine evolution in acidic brine. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5356. [PMID: 37660140 PMCID: PMC10475099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical chlorine evolution reaction is of central importance in the chlor-alkali industry, but the chlorine evolution anode is largely limited by water oxidation side reaction and corrosion-induced performance decay in strong acids. Here we present an amorphous CoOxCly catalyst that has been deposited in situ in an acidic saline electrolyte containing Co2+ and Cl- ions to adapt to the given electrochemical condition and exhibits ~100% chlorine evolution selectivity with an overpotential of ~0.1 V at 10 mA cm-2 and high stability over 500 h. In situ spectroscopic studies and theoretical calculations reveal that the electrochemical introduction of Cl- prevents the Co sites from charging to a higher oxidation state thus suppressing the O-O bond formation for oxygen evolution. Consequently, the chlorine evolution selectivity has been enhanced on the Cl-constrained Co-O* sites via the Volmer-Heyrovsky pathway. This study provides fundamental insights into how the reactant Cl- itself can work as a promoter toward enhancing chlorine evolution in acidic brine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Xiao
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Qianbao Wu
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Ruiqi Ku
- School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Liujiang Zhou
- School of Physics, University Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Chang Long
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Junwu Liang
- Optoelectronic Information Research Center, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi, 537000, China.
- Center for Applied Mathematics of Guangxi, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi, 537000, China.
| | - Andraž Mavrič
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Lei Li
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Matjaz Valant
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Jiong Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Zeng
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Cui
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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7
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Wang J, Long X, Zhang IY, Huang R. Pulsed versus direct current electrochemical co-catalytic peroxymonosulfate-based system: Elevated degradation and energy efficiency with enhanced oxidation mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132004. [PMID: 37423130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the pulsed electrochemical (PE) system was investigated to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) with the addition of Fe(III) to achieve efficient degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) with reduced energy consumption, in comparison with the direct current (DC) electrochemical system. The operational conditions of PE/PMS/Fe(III) system were optimized as 4 kHz pulse frequency, 50% duty cycle, and pH 3, at which 67.6% reduction of energy consumption and enhanced degradation performance were achieved compared to the DC/PMS/Fe(III) system. Results of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis and quenching and chemical probe experiment revealed the presence of •OH, SO4•-, and 1O2 in the system, with •OH being the dominant role. The concentrations of these active species were averagely 15 ± 1% higher in the PE/PMS/Fe(III) system than those of the DC/PMS/Fe(III) system. Identification of SMX byproducts was achieved based on high resolution mass spectrometry analysis to predict the degradation pathways. The SMX byproducts could eventually be eliminated by the PE/PMS/Fe(III) system with extended treatment time. Overall, the PE/PMS/Fe(III) system was demonstrated with high energy and degradation performance, and is appear to be an robust strategy for practical treatment of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xianhu Long
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Igor Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovation Materials, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, MOE Laboratory for Computational Physical Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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8
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Sánchez-Montes I, Santos GOS, Dos Santos AJ, Fernandes CHM, Souto RS, Chelme-Ayala P, El-Din MG, Lanza MRV. Toxicological aspect of water treated by chlorine-based advanced oxidation processes: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163047. [PMID: 36958544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
As well established in the literature, residual toxicity is an important parameter for evaluating the sanitary and environmental safety of water treatment processes, and this parameter becomes even more crucial when chlorine-based processes are applied for water treatment. Eliminating initial toxicity or preventing its increase after water treatment remains a huge challenge mainly due to the formation of highly toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) that stem from the degradation of organic contaminants or the interaction of the chlorine-based oxidants with different matrix components. In this review, we present a comprehensive discussion regarding the toxicological aspects of water treated using chlorine-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and the recent findings related to the factors influencing toxicity, and provide directions for future research in the area. The review begins by shedding light on the advances made in the application of free chlorine AOPs and the findings from studies conducted using electrochemical technologies based on free chlorine generation. We then delve into the insights and contributions brought to the fore regarding the application of NH2Cl- and ClO2-based treatment processes. Finally, we broaden our discussion by evaluating the toxicological assays and predictive models employed in the study of residual toxicity and provide an overview of the findings reported to date on this subject matter, while giving useful insights and directions for future research on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Sánchez-Montes
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 1H9 Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Géssica O S Santos
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro J Dos Santos
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos H M Fernandes
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson S Souto
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 1H9 Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 1H9 Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marcos R V Lanza
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Wang Z, Liu B, Ji C, Tang L, Huang B, Feng L, Feng Y. Insight into electrochemically boosted trace Co(II)-PMS catalytic process: Sustainable Co(IV)/Co(III)/Co(II) cycling and side reaction blocking. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130905. [PMID: 36738620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel homogeneous electrocatalytic system was constructed by current-assisted trace Co(II) activating PMS (ECP) to remove reactive blue 19 (RB19). More than 93 % of RB19 was rapidly removed with only a trace dose, and the PMS was 98.35 % utilized during the reaction. By exploring the active species and analyzing the PMS consumption, it was found that current strongly accelerated the Co(III)/Co(II) redox cycle by providing electrons to Co(III), and inhibited the side reaction thus improving the PMS utilization. Electric energy per order was very low, only 0.26 kWh·m3. Radicals (SO4•-) and non-radicals (Co(III), Co(IV) and 1O2) participated in ECP system, in which SO4•- was dominant. By excluding the other three precursors (PMS, •OH and O2•-), the side reaction product SO5•- was identified as the source of 1O2 in ECP system. Combining chelating agent EDTA and chemical probe PMSO, Co(IV) was considered formed by single and double charge transfer. Five degradation pathways of RB19 were proposed using mass spectrometry and DFT calculation. The ecotoxicity and mutagenicity of RB19 and its transformation products were predicted using software simulation. These studies provided an interesting insights into the synergistic Co(II)-PMS systems and offered a new strategy for electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizeng Wang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingzhi Liu
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Changhao Ji
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Tang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Baorong Huang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Feng
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Feng
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
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10
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Ersan G, Cerrón-Calle GA, Ersan MS, Garcia-Segura S. Opportunities for in situ electro-regeneration of organic contaminant-laden carbonaceous adsorbents. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119718. [PMID: 36774755 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Adsorptive separation technologies have proven to be effective on organic contaminant removal in aqueous water. However, the breakthrough of contaminants is inevitable and can be at relatively low bed volumes, which makes the regeneration of spent adsorbents an urgent need. Electrochemically induced regeneration processes are given special attention and may provide ease of operation through in situ regeneration avoiding (i) removal and transport adsorbents, and (ii) avoiding use of hazardous chemicals (i.e., organic solvents, acids, or bases). Therefore, this review article critically evaluates the fundamental aspects of in situ electro-regeneration for spent carbons, and later discusses specific examples related to the treatment of emerging contaminants (such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances or PFAS). The fundamental concepts of electrochemically driven processes are comprehensively defined and addressed in terms of (i) adsorbent characteristics, (ii) contaminant properties, (iii) adsorption/regeneration driving operational parameters and conditions, and (iv) the competitive effects of water matrices. Additionally, future research needs and challenges to enhance understanding of in situ electro-regeneration applications for organic contaminants (specifically PFAS)-laden adsorbents are identified and outlined as a future key perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Ersan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, United States.
| | - Gabriel Antonio Cerrón-Calle
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, United States
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, United States
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, United States.
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11
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Sato Y, Xiang Y, Cooper P, Cassol GS, Luo Y, Zeng Q, Shang C, Ren ZJ, Chen G. Evaluating UV 254 absorbance reductions in landfill leachate for municipal sewage co-treatment through timed UV/electrooxidation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130624. [PMID: 37056023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate contains dissolved organic matter (DOM) exhibiting high ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UVA254). The UVA254 limits leachate co-treatment with municipal sewage by hindering the downstream UV disinfection efficiency at wastewater treatment plants. Here, we alleviated the UVA254 by timing the radiation in a UV/electrooxidation (UV/EO) process to accelerate reactive species formation. At 200 A·m-2, the UV radiation was delayed by 10 min to accumulate 21 mg·L-1 as Cl2, which enhanced the initial radical formation rate by 5.25 times compared with a simultaneous UV/EO. The timed operation increased the steady-state concentrations of ClO• by 700 times to 4.11 × 10-14 M and reduced the leachate UVA254 by 78.2% after 60 min. We identified that aromatic formulas with low oxygen content were susceptible to UV/EO from Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry analysis. The toxicity of the treated leachate and generated byproducts was assessed through specific oxygen uptake rates (SOUR) and developmental assays with Platynereis dumerilii. After quenching the residual chlorine, leachate co-treatment at 3.5% v/v presented minimal toxicological risk. Our findings provide operational insights for applying UV/EO in high UVA254 matrices such as landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Sato
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick Cooper
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gabriela Scheibel Cassol
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyong Jason Ren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Guanghao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Zhou J, Liu J, Liu T, Liu G, Li J, Chen D, Feng Y. Electrochemical activation of persulfate by Al-doped blue TiO 2 nanotubes for the multipath degradation of atrazine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130578. [PMID: 37055983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The combination of electrolysis and persulfate activation (E/PDS) is a cost-effective method for the treatment of refractory organics. However, persulfate is difficult to be activated into radicals at the anode, resulting in insufficient electro-activation efficiency. Herein, Al doped blue TiO2 nanotube electrodes (Al-bTNT) were first employed as cost-effective anode materials to fully activate PDS to radicals. In E/PDS, the kinetic constant of atrazine removal by Al-bTNT (0.048 min-1) substantially outperformed the other anodes, including the blue TiO2 nanotube electrodes (bTNT) (0.024 min-1), Ti4O7 (0.02 min-1), and B doped diamond (BDD) anodes (0.023 min-1). The Al-bTNT-E/PDS exhibited a low energy consumption (EEO = 0.72 kWh m-3) and a high mineralization rate. Based on the results of electron paramagnetic resonance, quenching experiments, and probe experiments, we propose that atrazine degrades in the Al-bTNT-E/PDS system mainly via a novel radical pathway that involves both·OH and SO4·- and the generated SO4·- is responsible for the enhanced removal rate. The oxygen vacancies (VO) generated from interstitial Al may serve as the active sites to adsorb and dissociate the persulfate molecules based on extensive characterizations. The attempt at soil-washing wastewater disposal indicated the synergistic system possessed good potential for future practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Tongtong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Dahong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yujie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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13
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Xue C, Cao Z, Tong X, Yang P, Li S, Chen X, Liu D, Huang W. Investigation of CuCoFe-LDH as an efficient and stable catalyst for the degradation of acetaminophen in heterogeneous electro-Fenton system: Key operating parameters, mechanisms and pathways. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 327:116787. [PMID: 36442449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals, as anthropogenic pollutants in a wide range of water sources, generally require specific treatment methods for degradation. A trimetallic layered double hydroxide (CuCoFe-LDH) was successfully fabricated by coprecipitation and applied as a novel heterogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) catalyst for the degradation of acetaminophen (ACT) from aqueous environments. The EF experiments showed that the CuCoFe-LDH/EF process achieved 100% of ACT degradation efficiency within 60 min at pH = 5, catalyst dosage of 0.50 g/L, current density of 10 mA/cm2 and initial ACT concentration of 20 mg/L. An impressive (>80%) mineralization of ACT was obtained over a wide pH range (pH 3-9) after 180 min. Meanwhile, the role of ·OH and O2.- were certified by radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis. Through mechanism exploration, the coexistence of Cu and Co on Fe-based LDHs can accelerate the interfacial electron transfer and promote the formation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus facilitating the EF process. Furthermore, the degradation by-products and possible degradation pathways of ACT in the CuCoFe-LDH/EF process were proposed. The reusability test and the treatment of various typical organic pollutants experiments indicated that the CuCoFe-LDH/EF process has excellent stability and broad application prospects. This work provides a valuable reference for the treatment of pharmaceuticals by the heterogeneous EF process in a wide range of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhenhua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaoqin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Peizhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Songrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Wenli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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14
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Lin J, Yin J, Gao W, Jin Q. Electrochemical Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in Surface Water Using a Microfabricated Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) Electrode by Chronoamperometry. ANAL LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2023.2168686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiawen Yin
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wanlei Gao
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghui Jin
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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15
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Comprehensive study on the role of reactive oxygen species and active chlorine species on the inactivation and subcellular damage of E.coli in electrochemical disinfection. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Chlorine Dioxide: Friend or Foe for Cell Biomolecules? A Chemical Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415660. [PMID: 36555303 PMCID: PMC9779649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the role of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on inorganic compounds and cell biomolecules. As a disinfectant also present in drinking water, ClO2 helps to destroy bacteria, viruses, and some parasites. The Environmental Protection Agency EPA regulates the maximum concentration of chlorine dioxide in drinking water to be no more than 0.8 ppm. In any case, human consumption must be strictly regulated since, given its highly reactive nature, it can react with and oxidize many of the inorganic compounds found in natural waters. Simultaneously, chlorine dioxide reacts with natural organic matter in water, including humic and fulvic acids, forming oxidized organic compounds such as aldehydes and carboxylic acids, and rapidly oxidizes phenolic compounds, amines, amino acids, peptides, and proteins, as well as the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH, responsible for electron and proton exchange and energy production in all cells. The influence of ClO2 on biomolecules is derived from its interference with redox processes, modifying the electrochemical balances in mitochondrial and cell membranes. This discourages its use on an individual basis and without specialized monitoring by health professionals.
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17
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Pd-Cu Modified Cerium Oxide Catalysts for Selectively Electrocatalytic Denitrification: Significant Roles of Oxygen Vacancies and Activated Hydrogen. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Gonzaga IM, Dória AR, Castro RS, Souza MR, Rodrigo MA, Eguiluz KI, Salazar-Banda GR. Microwave-prepared Ti/RuO2-IrO2 anodes: Influence of IrO2 content on atrazine removal. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Liu L, Zhan R, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Wang Z, Li J. Deep oxidation of norfloxacin by the electrochemical enhanced heterogeneous catalytic oxidation: The role of electric field and reaction optimization. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134894. [PMID: 35537629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, electrochemical (ECG-G: graphite anode and cathode, ECI-G: iron anode and graphite cathode) enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by CoFe2O4 nanoparticles for the degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) in water was investigated. Although a higher NOR removal efficiency was achieved in ECI-G/CoFe2O4/PMS system, the generation of Fe3+ had resulted in the deposition of iron mud and affect the recovery of CoFe2O4. Under the optimum reaction conditions of CoFe2O4/PMS system, the final removal efficiency of NOR did not show significant difference in ECG-G/CoFe2O4/PMS system (96.0%) and CoFe2O4/PMS system (95.5%), but the value of apparent rate constant significantly increased in ECG-G/CoFe2O4/PMS system (0.21 min-1) compared with CoFe2O4/PMS system (0.11 min-1). Similar NOR degradation pathways were obtained in these two systems, and the TOC removal efficiency in ECG-G/CoFe2O4/PMS system (28.8%) is almost as low as CoFe2O4/PMS system (26.0%). Therefore, it can be proposed that the applied electric field through active electrodes can accelerate the reaction of heterogeneous catalytic oxidation, but does not participate much in NOR degradation. However, the TOC removal efficiency (30 min) could be reached 68.7% as the mass ratio of PMS to CoFe2O4 increased to 5:1 (250 mg L-1: 50 mg L-1). The ECG-G/CoFe2O4/PMS system is a promising low-cost technique for efficient mineralization of antibiotics in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Rui Zhan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Zhiping Wang
- School of Environment Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jianan Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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20
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Ghalei M, Mahdi Khoshouei P, Vandenborre J, Guerard F, Blain G, Zarei M, Haddad F, Fattahi M. How radiolysis impacts astatine speciation? Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Deemter D, Salmerón I, Oller I, Amat AM, Malato S. Valorization of UWWTP effluents for ammonium recovery and MC elimination by advanced AOPs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153693. [PMID: 35134415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to generate ready-to-use revalorized irrigation water for fertilization from urban wastewater treatment plant (UWWTP) effluents. The focus was on controlled retention of NH4+ and microcontaminants (MC), using nanofiltration. Retentates generated were treated by solar photo-Fenton at circumneutral pH using Ethylenediamine-N, N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) iron complexing agent. Solar photo-Fenton degradation efficacy was compared with electrooxidation processes as anodic oxidation, solar-assisted anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton and solar photoelectro Fenton. Finally, phytotoxicity and acute toxicity tests were performed to demonstrate the potentially safe reuse of treated wastewater for crop irrigation. Nanofiltration was able to produce a ready-to-use permeate stream containing recovered NH4+. (valuable nutrient). Solar photo-Fenton treatment at circumneutral pH would only be of interest for rapid degradation of contaminants at less than 1 mg/L in nanofiltration retentates. Other alternative tertiary treatments, such as electrooxidation processes, are a promising alternative when a high concentration of MC requires longer process times. Anodic oxidation was demonstrated to be able to eliminate >80% of microcontaminants and solar-assisted anodic oxidation significantly reduced the electricity consumption. Electro-Fenton processes were the least efficient of the processes tested. Phytotoxicity results showed that irrigation with the permeates reduced germination, root development was mainly promoted and shoot development was positive only at low retention rate (concentration factor = 2). Acute and chronic Daphnia magna toxicity studies demonstrated that the permeate volumes should be diluted at least 50% before direct reuse for crop irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Deemter
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Senés Km 4, Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | - Irene Salmerón
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Senés Km 4, Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | - Isabel Oller
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Senés Km 4, Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | - Ana M Amat
- Grupo Procesos de Oxidación Avanzada, Campus de Alcoy, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | - Sixto Malato
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Senés Km 4, Tabernas, Almería, Spain.
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22
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Sensor Data Fusion as an Alternative for Monitoring Chlorate in Electrochlorination Applications. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14106119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As chlorate concentrations have been found to be harmful to human and animal health, governments are increasingly demanding strict control of the chlorate concentration in drinking water. Since there are no chlorate sensors available, the current solution is sampling and laboratory analysis. This is costly and time consuming. The aim of this work was to investigate Sensor Data Fusion (SDF) as an alternative approach, with a focus on chlorate formation in the electrochlorination process, and design an observer for the real-time estimation of chlorate. The pH, temperature and UV-a absorption were measured in real time. A reduced-order nonlinear model was derived, and it was found to be detectable. An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), based on this model, was then used to estimate the chlorate formation. The EKF algorithm was verified experimentally and was found to be capable of accurately estimating chlorate concentrations in real time. Electrochlorination is an emerging and efficient method of disinfecting drinking water. Soft sensing of chlorate concentrations, as proposed in this paper, may help to better control and manage the process of electrochlorination.
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23
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Membrane and Electrochemical Based Technologies for the Decontamination of Exploitable Streams Produced by Thermochemical Processing of Contaminated Biomass. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15072683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is an emerging concept for contaminated soil restoration via the use of resilient plants that can absorb soil contaminants. The harvested contaminated biomass can be thermochemically converted to energy carriers/chemicals, linking soil decontamination with biomass-to-energy and aligning with circular economy principles. Two thermochemical conversion steps of contaminated biomass, both used for contaminated biomass treatment/exploitation, are considered: Supercritical Water Gasification and Fast Pyrolysis. For the former, the vast majority of contaminants are transferred into liquid and gaseous effluents, and thus the application of purification steps is necessary prior to further processing. In Fast Pyrolysis, contaminants are mainly retained in the solid phase, but a part appears in the liquid phase due to fine solids entrainment. Contaminants include heavy metals, particulate matter, and hydrogen sulfide. The purified streams allow the in-process re-use of water for the Super Critical Water Gasification, the sulfur-free catalytic conversion of the fuel-rich gaseous stream of the same process into liquid fuels and recovery of an exploitable bio-oil rich stream from the Fast Pyrolysis. Considering the fundamental importance of purification/decontamination to exploit the aforementioned streams in an integrated context, a review of available such technologies is conducted, and options are shortlisted. Technologies of choice include polymeric-based membrane gas absorption for desulfurization, electrooxidation/electrocoagulation for the liquid product of Supercritical Water Gasification and microfiltration via ceramic membranes for fine solids removal from the Fast Pyrolysis bio-oil. Challenges, risks, and suitable strategies to implement these options in the context of biomass-to-energy conversion are discussed and recommendations are made.
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Hao Y, Ma H, Proietto F, Prestigiacomo C, Peng Fei M, Galia A, Scialdone O. Removal of phenol in water in the presence of NaCl in undivided cells equipped with carbon felt or Ni cathodes: Effect of air pressure. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Hao
- University of Palermo: Universita degli Studi di Palermo Dipartimento di Ingegneria CHINA
| | - Hongrui Ma
- Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi\'an Campus: Shaanxi University of Science and Technology School of Environmental Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Federica Proietto
- University of Palermo: Universita degli Studi di Palermo Dipartimento di Ingegneria ITALY
| | - Claudia Prestigiacomo
- University of Palermo: Universita degli Studi di Palermo Dipartimento di Ingegneria ITALY
| | - Ma Peng Fei
- Università degli Studi di Palermo: Universita degli Studi di Palermo Dipartimento di Ingegneria CHINA
| | - Alessandro Galia
- University of Palermo: Universita degli Studi di Palermo Dipartimento di Ingegneria ITALY
| | - Onofrio Scialdone
- Università Ingegneria Chimica Gestionale Informatica Meccanica viale delle Scienze 90128 Palermo ITALY
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25
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Hao Y, Ma H, Proietto F, Galia A, Scialdone O. Electrochemical treatment of wastewater contaminated by organics and containing chlorides: Effect of operative parameters on the abatement of organics and the generation of chlorinated by-products. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Chlorine dioxide was produced by the reduction of chlorate with hydrogen peroxide in strongly acidic media. To avoid reaction interference during measuring procedures, UV spectra were acquired to monitor the chlorate reduction. This reduction led to the formation of chlorine dioxide and notable concentrations of chlorite and hypochlorous acid/chlorine, suggesting that the hydrogen peroxide:chlorate ratio is important. Once chlorates are transformed to chlorine dioxide, the surplus hydrogen peroxide promoted the further reaction of the chlorinated species down to less-important species. Moreover, chlorine dioxide was stripped with the outlet gas flow. A linear relationship was established between the amount of limiting reagent consumed and the maximum height of the absorption peak at 360 nm after testing with different ratios of hydrogen peroxide and chlorate, allowing calculations of the maximum amount of chlorine dioxide formed. To verify the reproducibility of the method, a test with four replicates was conducted in a hydrogen peroxide/chlorate solution where chlorine dioxide reduction was not promoted due to the presence of surplus chlorate in the reaction medium after the test. Results confirmed the efficient formation of this oxidant, with maximum concentrations of 8.0 ± 0.33 mmol L−1 in 400–450 min and a conversion percentage of 97.6%. Standard deviations of 0.14–0.49 mmol L−1 were obtained during oxidation (3.6–6.5% of the average), indicating good reproducibility.
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27
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Electroflotation enables treatment of effluents generated during pyrolytic biomass revalorization. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Liu YJ, Hu CY, Lo SL. Comparison of the degradation of multiple amine-containing pharmaceuticals during electroindirect oxidation and electrochlorination processes in continuous system. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117517. [PMID: 34391021 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of pharmaceuticals by electrochemical oxidation (EO) in simulated wastewater containing multiple pharmaceuticals was compared between batch and continuous reactors. Despite the excellent efficiencies achieved in batch experiments, the practical/large-scale applications of EO-degrading amine-containing pharmaceuticals has not yet been accomplished. This paper presents the results of continuous experiments with one of the most promising electrochemical configurations of Pt/Ti electrodes before proceeding to application. In the continuous electrooxidation system (without chloride), direct oxidation on the electrode surface and oxidation by hydroxyl radicals were the main pathways. Due to their short lifespans, the radicals could not be transferred to the bulk solution, and the removal of pharmaceuticals followed the order of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) > paracetamol (PAR) > diclofenac (DIC). In the electrochlorination system (with chloride), oxidation by residual chlorine was the main pathway. The removal of pharmaceuticals followed the order of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) > diclofenac (DIC) > paracetamol (PAR). High SMX removal was realized because of the high reaction rate of SMX with free chlorine. Among the pharmaceuticals, PAR had the lowest removal because it is a neutral species with a low mass transfer rate without the attraction of electrostatic force. These results are consistent with the predictions from our previous batch-scale study, which showed that the reaction rate of dissociated compounds could be increased by the addition of electrostatic force. Furthermore, multiple coexisting pharmaceuticals, such as SMX and PAR or DIC, may form dimers that can be transferred to complex structures and cause higher toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Liu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 10673, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Hu
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wu-Xing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 10673, Taiwan; Water Innovation, Low Carbon and Environmental Sustainability Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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29
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Electro-Fenton process for the removal of Direct Red 23 using BDD anode in chloride and sulfate media. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Electropolymerization as an electrochemical preconcentration approach for the determination of melamine in milk samples. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Norra GF, Radjenovic J. Removal of persistent organic contaminants from wastewater using a hybrid electrochemical-granular activated carbon (GAC) system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125557. [PMID: 33721781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical flow-through reactor equipped with GAC packed bed, polarized by the electric field, was evaluated for the removal of persistent organic contaminants from real sewage effluent. The performance of the reactor was investigated for 27 consecutive runs at two anodic current densities, i.e., low current density (LCD) of 15 A m-2, and high current density (HCD) of 100 A m-2. In the HCD experiments, the adsorption ability of saturated GAC was increased, mainly due to the increase in the mesoporosity of GAC. A synergy between electrosorption/adsorption on GAC and electrooxidation was observed in terms of the removal of all target pollutants. DEET presented the highest synergy, ranging from 40% to 57%, followed by iopromide (22-46%), carbamazepine (15-34%) and diatrizoate (4-30%). The addition of GAC decreased the concentrations of toxic chlorate and perchlorate by 2-fold and 10-fold, respectively, due to their electrosorption on GAC. Also, 3D electrochemical system yielded lower concentrations of adsorbable organic iodide (AOI) and adsorbable organic chlorine (AOCl). Thus, addition of low amounts of GAC in electrochemical systems may be a low-cost and simple way of minimizing the formation and final effluent concentrations of toxic halogenated byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannis-Florjan Norra
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jelena Radjenovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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32
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de Luna MDG, Rabongue A, Garcia-Segura S, Lu MC. Cartap removal from simulated water matrices by fluidized-bed Fenton process: optimization of process parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:40587-40597. [PMID: 32588302 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cartap is a thiocarbamate pesticide widely-used to protect rice crops, one of the most mass-produced cereals worldwide. Effluents containing cartap pose serious environment and health risks due to the acute toxicity of this emerging contaminant. This work evaluates the capabilities of the Fenton process to efficiently remove cartap from water matrices. Process parameters such as hydrogen peroxide dosage, ferrous ion concentration and operating pH were optimized using Box-Behnken design. Results showed complete cartap removal with Fenton oxidation in a fluidized-bed reactor while eliminating sludge generation during treatment. Fluidized-bed Fenton process had improved reduction in chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon due to the contribution of heterogeneous Fenton catalysis to the overall degradation of cartap species compared to conventional Fenton in a batch reactor. Furthermore, competitive reactions and scavenging effects in complex natural water matrices were simulated with the use of inorganic ions such as nitrate, chloride, and phosphate. Results demonstrated the detrimental effect of phosphate ions on Fenton oxidation due to the precipitation of soluble catalysts as iron phosphates, which stops the catalytic Fenton cycle and thus the production of oxidants for contaminant degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Daniel G de Luna
- Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Anamie Rabongue
- Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA
| | - Ming-Chun Lu
- Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan.
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33
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Unraveling the role of electrolytes during electrochemical oxidation by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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34
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Ghanbari F, Hassani A, Wacławek S, Wang Z, Matyszczak G, Lin KYA, Dolatabadi M. Insights into paracetamol degradation in aqueous solutions by ultrasound-assisted heterogeneous electro-Fenton process: Key operating parameters, mineralization and toxicity assessment. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Wang H, Li Z, Zhang F, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang J, He X. Comparison of Ti/Ti4O7, Ti/Ti4O7-PbO2-Ce, and Ti/Ti4O7 nanotube array anodes for electro-oxidation of p-nitrophenol and real wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Rice D, Rajwade K, Zuo K, Bansal R, Li Q, Garcia-Segura S, Perreault F. Electrochemically-active carbon nanotube coatings for biofouling mitigation: Cleaning kinetics and energy consumption for cathodic and anodic regimes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 603:391-397. [PMID: 34197987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biofouling is a major obstacle in engineered systems exposed to aqueous conditions. Many attempts have been made to engineer the surface properties of materials to render them resistant to biofouling. These modifications typically rely on passive antimicrobial or anti-adhesive surface coatings that prevent the deposition of bacteria or inactivate them once they reach the surface. However, no surface modification strategy completely prevents biofilm formation, and, over time, surfaces will be fouled and require cleaning. In this work, we demonstrate the capacity of electrochemical carbon nanotube coatings in dispersing biofilms formed on the surface. A systematic analysis of the biofilm removal kinetics in function of applied current density is made to identify the optimal current conditions needed for efficient surface cleaning. Operating the electrochemically active surface as a cathode produces superior results compared to when it is operated as an anode. Specifically, the 5.00 A m-2 and 2.50 A m-2 cathodic conditions produced rapid cleaning, with complete biofilm dispersal after 2 min of operation. Surface cleaning is attributed to the generation of microbubbles on the surface that scours the surface to remove the adhered biofilm. Energy consumption analyses indicate that the 2.50 A m-2 cathodic condition offers the best combination of cleaning kinetics and energy consumption achieving 99% biofilm removal at an energy cost of ~$ 0.0318 m-2. This approach can be competitive compared to the current chemical cleaning strategies, while offering an opportunity for a more sustainable and integrated approach for biofouling management in engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Rice
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, United States; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, United States
| | - Kimya Rajwade
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, United States; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, United States
| | - Kuichang Zuo
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, United States
| | - Rishabh Bansal
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, United States; School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, United States
| | - Qilin Li
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, United States
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, United States; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, United States
| | - François Perreault
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, United States; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, United States.
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Ryan DR, Maher EK, Heffron J, Mayer BK, McNamara PJ. Electrocoagulation-electrooxidation for mitigating trace organic compounds in model drinking water sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129377. [PMID: 33517114 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In-situ water treatment can be accomplished using electrochemical treatments such as electrocoagulation (EC), which generates coagulants, and electrooxidation (EO), which generates oxidants (e.g., free chlorine and reactive oxygen species) via electrolysis using boron-doped diamond electrodes. In sequential EC-EO, EC can remove oxidant scavengers present in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), thereby improving the efficacy of downstream oxidation via EO. This study evaluated sequential EC-EO (and each process independently for comparison) for mitigating the trace organic compounds (TOrCs) acyclovir (ACY), trimethoprim (TMP), and benzyldimethyldecylammonium chloride (BAC-C10) in model groundwaters and surface waters. EO-only removed greater than 70% of ACY and TMP but negligible BAC-C10 in model groundwaters. In model surface waters, EO-only removed ∼55-75% BAC-C10, but had less removal for ACY and TMP (∼20-55%), primarily due to DOC interference. Sequential-EC-EO was investigated to better gauge the potential process improvement due to the addition of EC ahead of EO. EC removed 74 ± 7% DOC from model surface water and improved downstream EO treatment relative to EO-only by a factor of 3.4 for ACY, 1.7 for TMP, and 1.4 for BAC-C10. When treating model groundwater, EC-EO resulted in no improvement compared to EO-only for ACY and TMP. BAC-C10 removal was attributed to the particle separation step between EC and EO rather than electrochemical inputs. EO-only treatment was more energy efficient for model groundwater compared to model surface waters based on electrical energy per order (EEO) values. Sequential EC-EO further improved the energy efficiency for treating model river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Ryan
- Department of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Emily K Maher
- Department of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Joe Heffron
- Department of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Department of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
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38
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Wang Y, Xue Y, Zhang C. Rational Surface and Interfacial Engineering of IrO 2 /TiO 2 Nanosheet Arrays toward High-Performance Chlorine Evolution Electrocatalysis and Practical Environmental Remediation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006587. [PMID: 33719156 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chlorine evolution reaction (CER) is a critical and commercially valuable electrochemical reaction in industrial-scale utilization, including the Chlor-alkali industry, seawater electrolysis, and saline wastewater treatment. Aiming at boosting CER electrocatalysis, hybrid IrO2 /TiO2 nanosheet arrays (NSAs) with rational surface and interfacial tuning strategies are proposed in this study. The IrO2 /TiO2 NSAs exhibit superb CER electrocatalytic activity with a low overpotential (44 mV) at 10 mA cm-2 , low Tafel slope of 40 mV dec-1 , high CER selectivity (95.8%), and long-term durability, outperforming most of the existing counterparts. The boosting mechanism is proposed that the aerophobic/hydrophilic surface engineering and interfacial electronic structure tuning of IrO2 /TiO2 are beneficial for the Cl- mass-transfer, Cl2 release, and Volmer-Heyvrosky kinetics during the CER. Practical saline wastewater treatment by using the IrO2 /TiO2 NSAs electrode is further conducted, demonstrating it has a higher p-nitrophenol degradation ratio (95.10% in 60 min) than that of other electrodes. The rational surface and interfacial engineering of IrO2 /TiO2 NSAs can open up a new way to design highly efficient electrocatalysts for industrial application and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology of Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yudong Xue
- College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology of Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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39
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Olvera-Vargas H, Dubuc J, Wang Z, Coudert L, Neculita CM, Lefebvre O. Electro-Fenton beyond the Degradation of Organics: Treatment of Thiosalts in Contaminated Mine Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2564-2574. [PMID: 33502180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electro-Fenton (EF) is an emerging technology with well-known outstanding oxidation power; yet, its application to the treatment of inorganic contaminants has been largely disregarded. Thiosalts are contaminants of emerging concern in mine water, responsible for delayed acidity in natural waterways. In this study, EF was used to treat thiosalts in synthetic and real mine water. Thiosulfate (S2O32-) solutions were first used to optimize the main parameters affecting the process, namely, the current density (2.08-6.25 mA cm-2), temperature (4 vs 20 °C), and S2O32- concentration (0.25-2 g L-1). S2O32- was almost completely removed in 2 h of treatment at 6.25 mA cm-2, while temperature played no important role in the process efficiency. The optimal conditions were then applied to treat a real sample of contaminated mine water, resulting in complete S2O32- and S4O62- oxidation to SO42- in 90 min at 6.25 mA cm-2 (95% removal in only 60 min). The reaction mechanisms were investigated in detail based on the quantification of the main degradation byproducts. This study opens new possibilities for EF application to the treatment of thiosalt-contaminated mine water and other oxidizable inorganic-impacted wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Olvera-Vargas
- Centre for Water Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Dr. 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IER-UNAM), Priv. Xochicalco S/N, Col. Centro, Temixco, Morelos 62580, Mexico
| | - Jennifer Dubuc
- Research Institute of Mines and Environment (RIME), University of Québec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec J9X 5E4, Canada
| | - Zuxin Wang
- Centre for Water Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Dr. 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Lucie Coudert
- Research Institute of Mines and Environment (RIME), University of Québec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec J9X 5E4, Canada
| | - Carmen Mihaela Neculita
- Research Institute of Mines and Environment (RIME), University of Québec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec J9X 5E4, Canada
| | - Olivier Lefebvre
- Centre for Water Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Dr. 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Research Institute of Mines and Environment (RIME), University of Québec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec J9X 5E4, Canada
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40
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Hu X, Dong H, Zhang Y, Fang B, Jiang W. Mechanism of N, N-dimethylformamide electrochemical oxidation using a Ti/RuO 2-IrO 2 electrode. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7205-7213. [PMID: 35423280 PMCID: PMC8694957 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10181h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The compound N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widely used industrial chemical and a common environmental contaminant that has been found to be harmful to human health. In this study, electrochemical oxidation was adopted for the degradation of DMF. The effects of four kinds of electrodes on the removal rates of DMF and total organic carbon were compared, and based on the result, the Ti/RuO2–IrO2 electrode was selected as the operating electrode. The effects of three independent factors (current density, pH, and NaCl proportion) on the DMF degradation were investigated through single-factor experiments, and the experimental results were optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal experimental conditions were obtained as follows: current density = 47 mA cm−2, pH = 5.5, and NaCl proportion = 15%. The electrochemical oxidation of 50 mg L−1 DMF was performed under the optimal conditions; the degradation rate was 97.2% after 7 h, and the reaction followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The degradation products under optimal conditions and chlorine-free conditions were analyzed, and four degradation pathways were proposed. The DMF degradation was more thorough under optimal conditions. DEMS as an emerging technology was used to investigate the degradation mechanism of DMF.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Ji'nan 250353 China
| | - Hao Dong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Ji'nan 250353 China
| | - Yinghao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Ji'nan 250353 China
| | - Baihui Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Ji'nan 250353 China
| | - Wenqiang Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Ji'nan 250353 China
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41
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Bayantong ARB, Shih YJ, Dong CD, Garcia-Segura S, de Luna MDG. Nickel ferrite nanoenabled graphene oxide (NiFe 2O 4@GO) as photoactive nanocomposites for water treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:5472-5481. [PMID: 32964390 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite materials can enhance the capabilities of water treatment processes such as photocatalysis. In this work, novel light-driven nanocatalysts were synthesized by using nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) to nanoenable graphene oxide (GO) substrates. GO is an emerging 2D nanomaterial with high conductivity and adsorption properties. Moreover, the electric properties of GO improve photocatalytic performance by promoting charge carrier separation. Results of the characterization of the nickel ferrite nanoenabled graphene oxide (NiFe2O4@GO) nanocomposites demonstrate that homogeneous and stable photocatalysts were produced. The as-synthesized nanocatalysts enabled complete decolorization of the colored water matrix in short irradiation times of 150 min using minimal catalyst loading at 0.5 g L-1. The selective hook and destroy mechanism reduced the competitive effect of co-existing ions in solution. Furthermore, the use of specific scavengers helped to elucidate the degradation mechanisms of organic dye methylene blue by NiFe2O4@GO nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Rhay B Bayantong
- Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Yu-Jen Shih
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA
| | - Mark Daniel G de Luna
- Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines.
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42
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Nanofiltration retentate treatment from urban wastewater secondary effluent by solar electrochemical oxidation processes. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Serrà A, Philippe L, Perreault F, Garcia-Segura S. Photocatalytic treatment of natural waters. Reality or hype? The case of cyanotoxins remediation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116543. [PMID: 33137522 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review compiles recent advances and challenges in the photocatalytic treatment of natural water by analyzing the remediation of cyanotoxins. The review frames the treatment need based on the occurrence, geographical distribution, and legislation of cyanotoxins in drinking water while highlighting the underestimated global risk of cyanotoxins. Next, the fundamental principles of photocatalytic treatment for remediating cyanotoxins and the complex degradation pathway for the most widespread cyanotoxins are presented. The state-of-the-art and recent advances on photocatalytic treatment processes are critically discussed, especially the modification strategies involving TiO2 and the primary operational conditions that determine the scalability and integration of photocatalytic reactors. The relevance of light sources and light delivery strategies are shown, with emphasis on novel biomimicry materials design. Thereafter, the seldomly-addressed role of water-matrix components is thoroughly and critically explored by including natural organic matter and inorganic species to provide future directions in designing highly efficient strategies and scalable reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Serrà
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland.
| | - Laetitia Philippe
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - François Perreault
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment. School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment. School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA.
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44
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Zainal PNS, Alang Ahmad SA, Abdul Aziz SFN, Rosly NZ. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Occurrence, Electroanalysis, Challenges, and Future Outlooks. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:878-896. [PMID: 33155481 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1839736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The past several decades have seen increasing concern regarding the wide distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental matrices. Primary toxicological data show PAHs' persistent characteristics and possible toxicity effects. Because of this pressing global issue, electroanalytical methods have been introduced. These methods are effective for PAH determination in environmental waters, even outclassing sophisticated analytical techniques such as chromatography, conventional spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and capillary electrophoresis. Herein, the literature published on PAHs is reviewed and discussed with special regard to PAH occurrence. Moreover, the recent developments in electrochemical sensors for PAH determination and the challenges and future outlooks in this field, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahrul Ainliah Alang Ahmad
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Nor Zida Rosly
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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45
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Sablas MM, de Luna MDG, Garcia-Segura S, Chen CW, Chen CF, Dong CD. Percarbonate mediated advanced oxidation completely degrades recalcitrant pesticide imidacloprid: Role of reactive oxygen species and transformation products. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Barbosa Segundo ID, Moreira FC, Silva TFCV, Webler AD, Boaventura RAR, Vilar VJP. Development of a treatment train for the remediation of a hazardous industrial waste landfill leachate: A big challenge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140165. [PMID: 32574920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the development of a treatment train for a leachate from a hazardous industrial waste landfill (HIWL) previously treated by: (i) catalytic oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for sulphide and sulphite conversion into oxidized sulphur species, including sulphate, and (ii) chemical precipitation of sulphate as barite. The complete treatment line counted on four more stages: (iii) 1st biological oxidation for removal of biodegradable organic compounds and nitrogen species, (iv) coagulation with ferric chloride (coagulant dose of 100 mg Fe L-1, pH 2.8) for removal of a fraction of recalcitrant organics and suspended solids, (v) photo-Fenton oxidation using ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation (PF-UVA) (pH 2.8, initial total dissolved iron content of 140 mg L-1, treatment time of ~4 h) for recalcitrant organics degradation and biodegradability improvement, and (vi) 2nd biological oxidation for removal of the biodegradable organic matter resulting from the PF-UVA process. The use of anodic oxidation or photoelectro-Fenton processes in stage (v) demonstrated to be unfeasible. A chemical oxygen demand (COD) below 1000 mg O2 L-1, a common limit imposed by municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) to effluents discharged into the municipal sewer, was achieved after a feasible treatment time (~4 h) using the multistep approach. The remediation of the HIWL leachate proved to be a big challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inalmar D Barbosa Segundo
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil
| | - Francisca C Moreira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Tânia F C V Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto D Webler
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rua Rio Amazonas, 351 - Jardim dos Migrantes, 78960-000 Ji-Paraná, RO, Brazil
| | - Rui A R Boaventura
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor J P Vilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Bakheet B, Prodanovic V, Deletic A, McCarthy D. Effective treatment of greywater via green wall biofiltration and electrochemical disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116228. [PMID: 32736285 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Low energy and cost solutions are needed to combat raising water needs in urbanised areas and produce high quality recycled water. In this study, we investigated key processes that drive a unique greywater treatment train consisting of a passive green wall biofiltration system followed by disinfection using a Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode with a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). In both systems, the treatment was performed without any additional chemicals and pollutants of concern were monitored for process evaluation. The green wall system removed over 90% of turbidity, apparent colour, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, and biological oxygen demand, and 1 log of E. coli and total coliforms, mostly through biological processes. The green wall effluent met several proposed greywater reuse guidelines, except for E. coli and total coliform treatment (below 10 MPN/100 mL). Further disinfection of treated greywater (contained 28 mg/L Cl¯ and electrical conductivity (EC) of 181.3 µS/cm) by electrolysis at current density 25 mA/cm2 inactivated over 3.5 logs of both E. coli and total coliforms, in 10 - 15 min of electrolysis, resulting in recycled water with less than 2 MPN/100 mL. A synergistic effect between electrochemically-generated free chlorines and reactive oxygen species contributed to the inactivation process. Although the treated water contained diluted chloride and had low EC, estimated energy consumption was just 0.63 - 0.83 kWh/m3. This is the first study to show the effectiveness of a low energy and a low cost greywater treatment train that combines green urban infrastructure with BDD electrochemical treatment process with SPE, offering a reliable and an environmentally-friendly method for greywater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Bakheet
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Veljko Prodanovic
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Ana Deletic
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David McCarthy
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Luo H, Cheng Y, Zeng Y, Luo K, Pan X. Enhanced decomposition of H 2O 2 by molybdenum disulfide in a Fenton-like process for abatement of organic micropollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139335. [PMID: 32438168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accelerating the rate-limiting step of Fe3+/Fe2+ conversion is a major challenge for H2O2 decomposition in conventional Fenton process. In this study, the catalytic mechanism of H2O2 by molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles and Fe3+ ions was revealed and the abatement of organic micropollutants was investigated. The presence of both MoS2 and Fe3+ can efficiently decompose H2O2. Reaction system of H2O2/MoS2/Fe3+ is found to remove most of the tested pollutants by over 80% (except 65.9% for carbamazepine) within 60 min at pH of 3.0. Effective pH range of this reaction system can be extended to pH of 5.0. Adding MoS2 to Fe3+/H2O2 system promotes the Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle and improves the reaction rate between Fe3+ and H2O2. The formation of Mo6+ ions and Mo6+ peroxo-complexes is beneficial to H2O2 decomposition and pollutant degradation. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements and quenching experiments confirm the important role of hydroxyl radicals in H2O2/MoS2/Fe3+ system. Chloride ions (Cl-) promote degradation, while bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) inhibit degradation. As H2O2 concentration increases from nil to 1.0 mM, the value of total EE/O decreases from 0.083 to 0.003 kWh L-1, and the most energy efficient condition is determined. This study provides a new pathway for efficient decomposition of H2O2 by Fe3+ ions in an extended pH range, which is considered a facile and promising strategy for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yifeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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49
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Liu X, He Z. Decreased formation of disinfection by-products during electrochemical leachate oxidation and their post-removal by electro-adsorption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:139171. [PMID: 32388383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Membrane electrochemical reactor (MER) is an effective treatment system to remove recalcitrant compounds in landfill leachate but harmful byproducts can be formed during the treatment. Herein, we have investigated the formation of total halogenated organics and the associated toxicity as a side effect of leachate treatment by the MER. Those byproducts are represented by the term "disinfection byproducts, or DBPs", because of the similar formation mechanisms. Several DBP groups were detected during the leachate treatment; however, the amount of DBP generated in the MER only accounted for 19.1 ± 4.5% of that in a membrane-less electrooxidation system (control). Likewise, the total toxicity value in the MER effluent was 26.6 × 10-3, only 15.1% of that in the control system. While trihalomethanes dominated mass concentration by 84.1% in the MER, haloacetonitriles contributed to majority of the additive toxicity due to their higher toxicity index. Increasing the initial leachate pH from 9.5 to 13 could increase the DBP concentration by 2.18 times because of less removal of humic acids. A high initial ammonia concentration of 6000 mg L-1 resulted in the increased DBP formation by 146.8%, compared to that with 2500 mg L-1, due to the increased formation of nitrogenous DBPs. A higher current density of 30 mA cm-2 doubled the DBP formation because of a faster reaction rate and a higher solution temperature. The extended treatment time caused trihalomethanes to continue forming DBP and degradation of most DBPs to some extent. With removing 67.5% of DBP mass concentration and 74.4% of the additive toxicity, the GAC-electrode system was shown more effective than GAC adsorption alone in remediating DBP from the MER effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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50
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Low energy electrochemical oxidation efficiently oxidizes a common textile dye used in Thailand. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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