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Fujii Y, Kato Y, Miyatake M, Akeda S, Nagata S, Ando J, Kido K, Ohta C, Koga N, Harada KH, Haraguchi K. Levels and spatial profile of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in edible shrimp products from Japan and neighboring countries; a potential source of dietary exposure to humans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 189:108685. [PMID: 38823154 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is of great concern for human health because of their persistence and potentially adverse effects. Dietary intake, particularly through aquatic products, is a significant route of human exposure to PFAS. We analyzed perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA with carbon numbers from 6 to 8 and 10 (C6-C8, C10)) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA), and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA with carbon numbers from 6 to 15 (C6-C15)) in 30 retail packs of edible shrimps, which included seven species from eight coastal areas of Japan and neighboring countries. The most prevalent compounds were perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, C8) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA, C11), accounting for 46 % of total PFAS. The concentrations ranged from 6.5 to 44 ng/g dry weight (dw) (equivalent to 1.5 to 10 ng/g wet weight (ww)) and varied according to species and location. For example, Alaskan pink shrimp (Pandalus eous) from the Hokuriku coast, Japan contained high levels of long-chain PFCAs (38 ng/g dw (equivalent to 8.7 ng/g ww)), while red rice prawn (Metapenaeopsis barbata) from Yamaguchi, Japan contained a high concentration of PFOS (29 ng/g dw (equivalent to 6.7 ng/g ww)). We also observed regional differences in the PFAS levels with higher concentrations of long-chain PFCAs in Japanese coastal waters than in the South China Sea. The PFAS profiles in shrimp were consistent with those in the diet and serum of Japanese consumers, suggesting that consumption of seafood such as shrimp may be an important source of exposure. The estimated daily intake of sum of all PFAS from shrimp from Japanese coastal water was 0.43 ng/kg body weight/day in average, which could reach the weekly tolerable values (4.4 ng/kg body weight /week) for the sum of the four PFSA set by the EFSA for heavy consumers. The high concentration of PFAS in shrimp warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Kato
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyatake
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Syunpei Akeda
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Sigeru Nagata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Junpei Ando
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kido
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Chiho Ohta
- Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Koga
- Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
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Hansen S, Xu S, Huber S, Alvarez MV, Odland JØ. Profile of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, source appointment, and determinants in Argentinean postpartum women. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170096. [PMID: 38224894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemicals with potential adverse health effects. Information concerning PFAS concentrations in relation to pregnancy is scarce in South America and non-existent in Argentina. AIM We aimed to investigate an extended maternal PFAS profile herein serum concentrations in a regional and global view, source appointment, and determinants in Argentinean women. METHODS A cross-sectional study with a sampling period from 2011 to 2012 included 689 women from Ushuaia and Salta in Argentina. Serum samples collected two days postpartum were analyzed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray negative ionisation tandem-quadrupole mass-spectrometry. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) following absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) was used for PFAS source appointments. Determinants of PFAS were explored through a MLR approach. A review of previous studies within the same period was conducted to compare with present levels. RESULTS Argentinean PFAS concentrations were the lowest worldwide, with PFOS (0.74 ng/mL) and PFOA (0.11 ng/mL) as the dominant substances. Detection frequencies largely aligned with the compared studies, indicating the worldwide PFAS distribution considering the restrictions. The PCA revealed region-specific loading patterns of two component groups of PFAS, a mixture of replaced and legacy substances in Ushuaia and long-chain in Salta. This might relate to a mix of non-diet and diet exposure in Ushuaia and diet in Salta. Region, age, lactation, parity, household members, migration, bottled water, and freshwater fish were among the determinants of various PFAS. CONCLUSION This is the first study to monitor human PFAS exposure in Argentina. Maternal PFAS concentrations were the lowest observed worldwide in the same period. Exposure contributions are suggested to be affected by restrictions and substitutions. Given the limited population-based studies and the emergence of PFAS, it is essential to conduct further monitoring of PFAS in Argentina and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solrunn Hansen
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Sandra Huber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | - Jon Øyvind Odland
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of General Hygiene I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119992 Moscow, Russia; School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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Liu Q, Liu Y, Li X, Wang D, Zhang A, Pang J, He J, Chen X, Tang NJ. Perfluoroalkyl substances promote breast cancer progression via ERα and GPER mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk signaling pathways. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 258:114980. [PMID: 37148752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a classic environmental endocrine disruptor with carcinogenic risk. Epidemiological studies have shown that PFASs contamination is associated with breast cancer development, but the mechanism remains largely unknown. This study first obtained complex biological information about PFASs-induced breast cancer through the comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD). The Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis were utilized to investigate molecular pathways. The ESR1 and GPER expression levels at different pathological stages and the prognosis of Breast Cancer patients were confirmed using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Furthermore, we verified this by cellular experiments and the results showed breast cancer cell migration and invasion were promoted by PFOA. Two estrogen receptors (ER), ERα and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), mediated the promoting effects of PFOA by activating MAPK/Erk and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. These pathways were regulated by ERα and GPER in MCF-7 cells or independently by GPER in MDA-MB-231 cells. Overall, our study provides a better overview of the mechanisms associated with PFASs-induced breast cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfeng Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yongzhe Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ai Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jing Pang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Hohhot Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Jiayu He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Nai-Jun Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Wang B, Fu J, Gao K, Liu Q, Zhuang L, Zhang G, Long M, Na J, Ren M, Wang A, Liang R, Shen G, Li Z, Lu Q. Early pregnancy loss: Do Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances matter? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106837. [PMID: 34454360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluorinated substances (PFASs) with endocrine disrupting effect can efficiently transfer across the blood-follicle barrier. However, it is still controversial and attracting extensive public concern that whether PFASs can affect the human fertility potential. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the associations of women's exposure to PFASs with pregnancy loss, the relevant processes of fertilization, zygote implantation, and embryo development by using a prospective cohort study. The women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) treatment were recruited in Beijing City (Beijing Center) and Yantai City (Yantai Center) in China during 2015-2017. A total of 305 women were recruited before the IVF-ET treatment. Twelve PFASs were measured in their serum samples collected in the day before the IVF-ET treatment, as well as in the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) day. The three IVF-ET outcomes were included, i.e. hCG test negative, clinical pregnancy failure (CPF), and preclinical spontaneous abortion. Nine serum PFASs had detection rate of >70% in Beijing and Yantai centers. The exposure patterns to PFASs between these two centers were overall different. For Beijing Center, we only found a positive association of perflurodecanoic acid (PFDA) with the risk of CPF [RR = 2.28 (95 %CI: 1.02-5.11)], but there is a reverse trend in Yantai Center with [RR = 0.45 (95 %CI: 0.23-0.85)]. However, the serum concentration of PFDA in Beijing Center was relatively lower than that of Yantai Center. Other significant associations of the detected PFASs with the IVF-ET outcomes, or with the relevant clinical processes, were not found. The multi-pollutant regression model of the Bayesian kernel machine regression suggested that there were no joint effects between various PFASs on the concerned outcomes. Overall, we suggest that most PFAS were not associated with early pregnancy loss at the current exposure levels. As for the PFDA, there may exist susceptibility of different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health Peking University Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jianjie Fu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ke Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Lili Zhuang
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Yuhuangding Hospital of Yantai, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Guohuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health Peking University Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Manman Long
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health Peking University Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jigen Na
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health Peking University Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengyuan Ren
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health Peking University Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Anni Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Rong Liang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health Peking University Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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Chen D, Zhao Y, Xu W, Pan Y, Wei Q, Xie S. Biotransformation and tissue bioaccumulation of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol in broiler by oral exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115611. [PMID: 33254603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to examine whether 8:2 FTOH exposure would lead to a contamination risk of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in broiler derived food, the biotransformation, and tissue distribution and accumulation of 8:2 FTOH following oral exposure in male broilers were investigated. The main metabolites of 8:2 FTOH in plasma and six tissues (muscle, liver, kidney, fat, heart, and lungs) identified by LC-Q-TOF were 2-perfluorooctyl ethanoic acid (8:2 FTCA), 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid (8:2 FTUCA), 3-perfluoroheptyl propanoic acid (7:3 FTCA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), 8:2 FTOH glucuronide conjugate, and 8:2 FTOH sulfate conjugate. The tissue distribution and bioaccumulation of 8:2 FTOH and its unconjugated metabolites were determinated by LC-MS/MS. 8:2 FTOH was quickly depleted in plasma and all six tested tissues, while PFOA, PFNA, and 7:3 FTCA showed strong accumulation in blood and all six examined tissues and were eliminated more slowly than the other metabolites. The tissues with the highest accumulation levels for 8:2 FTOH and its metabolites were heart, kidneys and liver, and the tissue with the lowest accumulation levels was muscle. The elimination half-lifes of PFNA in kidney and 7:3 FTCA in lung were longer compared to those of other metabolites in all six determined tissues. Thus, PFNA and 7:3 FTCA can be selected as potential biomonitoring markers after 8:2 FTOH exposure. This study has improved our understanding of 8:2 FTOH biotransformation and tissue bioaccumulation in broilers, which will help us monitor human exposure risk via food derived from broilers polluted by 8:2 FTOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, PR China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qu Wei
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Liao Y, Ouyang X, Lu M, Peng J, Huang X. Approach based on multiple monolithic fiber solid-phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for sensitive determination of perfluoroalkyl acids in fish and seafood. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pirard C, Dufour P, Charlier C. Background contamination of perfluoralkyl substances in a Belgian general population. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:13-21. [PMID: 32659468 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The few Belgian studies on the human exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have until now concerned the Northern part of Belgium (Flanders), while data related to Wallonia (South region) are missing. To fill this gap, 8 perfluorinated carboxylic acids and 3 perfluorinated alkyl sulfonates were measured in the serum of 242 adults (>18 years old) recruited in 2015 and living in the Province of Liege. Some multivariate regression models were also built with the PFAS levels and the participant's answers to a questionnaire about their diet and lifestyle habits in order to identify some predictors of exposure. The results obtained showed that although PFAS levels observed in our population seemed to be similar or lower than those reported in other countries, and especially lower than in the Northern part of Belgium, half of the population showed PFOS and PFOA serum levels above the health guidance values set by the German HBM Commission. As expected, age and gender were the main covariates explaining the different PFAS serum levels between participants, while breastfeeding (for women), consumption of fish and seafood, consumption of rice, and use of nail polish seemed also to impact the PFAS body burden of our population. Nevertheless, the statistical models were poorly predictive suggesting that the main sources of exposure were not taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Patrice Dufour
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000, Liege, Belgium
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Ji W, Guo YS, Xie HM, Wang X, Jiang X, Guo DS. Rapid microwave synthesis of dioxin-linked covalent organic framework for efficient micro-extraction of perfluorinated alkyl substances from water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 397:122793. [PMID: 32361142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To synthesize covalent organic framework (COF) via irreversible reactions is more challenging than by reversible ones. In this work, microwave-assisted synthesis is used to facilitate the nucleophilic substitution of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-pyridinecarbonitrile with 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxy triphenylene. The dioxin-linked COF, named TH-COF, was efficiently synthesized with extraordinarily large surface area of 1254 m2 g-1. With its high crystallinity, excellent thermal and chemical stabilities, TH-COF is used as the coating for the solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). The adsorptive mechanism was evaluated with adsorption isotherm and kinetic adsorption. Adsorption energies are calculated based on the density functional theory. Following SPME with TH-COF-coated fibers, PFASs were eluted using 1 mL of 0.6% trifluoroacetic acid/methanol and analyzed through the ultra-performance liquid chromatography equipped with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). When applied to spiked real water samples, this method demonstrates good linearity (0.01-1000 ng L-1) with R2 ≥ 0.9945. The TH-COF-SPME-UPLC-MS/MS technique provides low limits of detection (0.0020-0.0045 ng L-1), excellent precision (≤ 7.9%), and good fiber-to-fiber reproducibility (≤ 7.1%). The TH-COF-coated fibers can be reused at least 20 times without the loss of extraction performance. In addition, the relative recoveries from spiked real water samples are 89.5%-105%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Ji
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yu-Shuang Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hui-Min Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Dian-Shun Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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Xie S, Cui Y, Yang Y, Meng K, Pan Y, Liu Z, Chen D. Tissue distribution and bioaccumulation of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol and its metabolites in pigs after oral exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126016. [PMID: 32062561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The tissue distribution and bioaccumulation of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH) were evaluated in pigs after oral exposure of a dose of 5 mg/kg.b.w.d. for 7 d. The bioaccumulation of 8:2 FTOH and its metabolites showed significant differences among the various tissues. The parent compound was quickly depleted, and the main metabolites perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), and 3-perfluoroheptyl propanoic acid (7:3 FTCA) were detected in all tissues examined. The relative elimination half-life (T1/2re) calculated by compound concentration of 7:3 FTCA and PFOA was longest in kidney tissue (8.60 and 23.9 d, respectively), while their absolute elimination half-life (T1/2ab) of 7:3 FTCA and PFOA calculated by compound amount was longest in kidney tissue (10.41 and 64.1 d, respectively). The T1/2re and T1/2ab for PFHpA was longest in heart tissue (19.3 d and 30.26 d, respectively).The accumulated PFOA in kidney and liver tissues was still above the detection limit (LOD) at 21 d postdosing. These results indicate that PFOA and the kidneys are the ideal biomonitoring marker and target tissue, respectively, for 8:2 FTOH pollution. The T1/2 values of the main metabolites were of long duration compared to the growth cycle of farmed pigs (approximately 180 d) before slaughter; therefore, pigs contaminated with 8:2 FTOH present a potential risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yonghui Cui
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yujuan Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Kuiyu Meng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Choi S, Kim JJ, Kim MH, Joo YS, Chung MS, Kho Y, Lee KW. Origin and organ-specific bioaccumulation pattern of perfluorinated alkyl substances in crabs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114185. [PMID: 32114125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of seafood is a major contributor to perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) exposure. Crabs contain high levels of PFASs, and different PFASs are concentrated in their tissues depending on their habitat. Despite South Korea importing huge quantities of crabs, no investigation has been conducted on the effect of PFAS exposure. This study investigated the risk of exposure to PFASs when ingesting crabs. To determine the risk of exposure, 19 different PFAS species were measured in the edible parts (body, legs, offal, and eggs) of crabs originating from South Korea (n = 17), China (n = 14), India (n = 7), and Pakistan (n = 31), which were distributed in the fish markets of South Korea. The results revealed that, in contrast to short-chain PFASs, long-chain PFASs (PFCAs≥8, PFSAs≥6, and perfluorooactane sulfonamidoacetic acids (FOSAAs)≥8) were detected in crab samples from all four countries of origin, and in all the edible parts except for the legs. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; 16.9 ng/g in South Korea, 9.42 ng/g in China) and perfluoro-n-tridecanoic acid (PFTrDA; 5.35 ng/g in South Korea, 2.40 ng/g in China) were the predominant perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) detected in the crabs originating from South Korea and China, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS; 7.02 ng/g in Pakistan, 5.88 ng/g in India) was the predominant perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) detected in crabs originating from Pakistan and India. These results indicate that PFASs that are accumulated in crabs differ depending on the ocean from which they originate. The concentrations of PFOA and PFOS were significantly higher in the eggs and offal than in the legs and body of the crab. The average daily intake of PFOA and PFOS in South Koreans ranges from 0.01% to 0.07% based on the tolerable daily intake of EFSA and MFDS. These results establish the PFAS profiles and risk assessment of crabs that are distributed in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogyeong Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Jae Kim
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Joo
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sub Chung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Sungnam, Gyeonggi, 461-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Kedikoglou K, Costopoulou D, Vassiliadou I, Leondiadis L. Preliminary assessment of general population exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances through diet in Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108617. [PMID: 31398561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Food and drinking water intake are the major routes of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) for humans. In this study an initial oral exposure assessment of the non-occupationally exposed general Greek population to PFASs is presented. Levels of PFOA and PFOS determined in the present study in 128 food items from the Greek market and previously published analytical results of 43 water samples and 76 egg samples from Greece were combined with food availability data of the DAFNE-ANEMOS database for the calculation of oral intake of PFASs. Fish form the food group with the highest concentration in both PFOA and PFOS. For the general Greek population the estimated average daily intake in PFOA and PFOS when applying the lowerbound mean concentrations in food and drinking water samples is 0.49 and 0.91 ng kg-1 body weight (b.w.) respectively. The main contributor to oral PFAS intake is fish. A pharmacokinetic model is applied to estimate total intake from blood serum levels reported previously and the predicted values are in agreement with lowerbound estimated values. Weekly intake estimated values are below the tolerable weekly intake recently proposed by EFSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleopatra Kedikoglou
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - Danae Costopoulou
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Vassiliadou
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - Leondios Leondiadis
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310, Athens, Greece.
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Ramli MR, Yoneda M, Ali Mohd M, Mohamad Haron DE, Ahmad ED. Level and determinants of serum perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a population in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 223:179-186. [PMID: 31542349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
For decades, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been commonly used for industrial and commercial purposes due to their water- and stain-resistant properties. Persistent pollutants that contain PFAAs have been associated with adverse health effects in humans, and many studies have documented dietary intake, indoor air inhalation, and dermal contact as the potential routes for human exposure to PFAAs. The aim of this study was to assess the level of PFAAs in the serum samples of a general population in a specific region in Malaysia. Using 219 serum samples collected from residents of Klang Valley, Malaysia, the levels of nine PFAAs were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, questionnaire surveys on the dietary habits and lifestyles of the subjects were conducted. The results showed that PFAA concentrations of up to 32.57 ng/mL were detected in all serum samples. In 82.6% of the participants, at least seven PFAAs were detected in the serum samples, with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid being the predominant PFAA (median = 8.79 ng/mL). In the adjusted regression model, the concentrations of most PFAAs were higher in men than in women and positively correlated with age, although body mass index and smoking were not significantly associated with the serum PFAA concentrations. Taking into consideration the lifestyle variables, significant associations were found between nonstick cookware and perfluorononanoic acid, between dental floss and cosmetics and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and between leather sofa and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA). Besides, consumption of beef was significantly associated with increased levels of serum PFUnDA, whereas consumption of lamb and chicken eggs was negatively associated with the serum levels of PFUnDA and PFDA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Redzuan Ramli
- Environmental Risk Analysis, Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Kyoto University, KyotoDaigakuKatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan; Shimadzu-UM Centre for Xenobiotic Studies (SUCXeS), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- Environmental Risk Analysis, Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Kyoto University, KyotoDaigakuKatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Mustafa Ali Mohd
- Shimadzu-UM Centre for Xenobiotic Studies (SUCXeS), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron
- Shimadzu-UM Centre for Xenobiotic Studies (SUCXeS), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Emmy Dayana Ahmad
- University of Malaya Bioequivalence and Testing Center (UBAT), Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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A Review of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in terms of Sources, Applications, Human Exposure, Dietary Intake, Toxicity, Legal Regulation, and Methods of Determination. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/2717528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely distributed across the world and are expected to be of concern to human health and the environment. The review focuses on perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and, in particular, on the most frequently discussed perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs). In this study, some basic information concerning PFASs is reviewed, focusing mainly on PFAAs (perfluoroalkyl acids). We have made efforts to systemize their division into groups according to chemical structure, describe their basic physicochemical properties, characterize production technologies, and determine potential human exposure routes with particular reference to oral exposure. A variety of possible toxicological effects to human health are also discussed. In response to increasing public concern about the toxicity of PFAAs, an evaluation of dietary intake has been undertaken for two of the most commonly known PFAAs: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). As summarized in this study, PFAAs levels need further assessment due to the science-based TWI standards laid down by the EFSA’s CONTAM Panel regarding the risk to human health posed by the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food (tolerable weekly intakes of PFOA and PFOS set up to 6 ng·kg−1·bw·week−1 and 13 ng·kg−1·bw·week−1, respectively). Current legislation, relevant legislation on PFAAs levels in food, and the most popular methods of analysis in food matrices are described.
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Liu Z, Lu Y, Song X, Jones K, Sweetman AJ, Johnson AC, Zhang M, Lu X, Su C. Multiple crop bioaccumulation and human exposure of perfluoroalkyl substances around a mega fluorochemical industrial park, China: Implication for planting optimization and food safety. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:671-684. [PMID: 30991223 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have become a recognized concern due to their mobility, persistence, ubiquity and health hazards in the environment. In this study, ten types of vegetables and three types of grain crops were collected in two open-air fields with different distances (0.3 km, 10 km) from a mega fluorochemical industrial park (FIP), China. Bioaccumulation characteristics of PFASs in light of crop types and organs were explored, followed by analyzing human exposure and risks to local residents with different age groups and dietary habits. Elevated levels of ∑PFASs were found nearby the FIP ranging from 79.9 ng/g to 200 ng/g in soils and from 58.8 ng/g to 8085 ng/g in crops. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the predominant PFAS component in soil; while shorter-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), especially perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), were the major PFAS contaminants in multiple crops, resulting from their bioaccumulation preference. Depending on the crop types, the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of ∑PFASs for edible parts varied from 0.36 to 48.0, and the highest values were found in shoot vegetables compared with those in fruit vegetables, flower vegetables, root vegetables and grain crops. For typical grains, the BAFs of ∑PFASs decreased in the order of soybean (Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.), possibly related to their protein and lipid content. Among specific organs in the whole plants, leaves exhibited the highest BAFs of ∑PFASs compared with corresponding roots, stems, husks or grains. With increasing carbon chain lengths of individual PFCAs (C4-C8), the logarithm of their BAFs for edible parts of various crops showed a linear decrease (0.1-1.16 log decrease per CF2 unit), and the largest decrease was observed in grains. Human exposure to PFOA via the consumption of contaminated crops represents a health risk for local residents, especially for low-age consumers or urban consumers with higher vegetable diet. Implications for planting optimization and food safety were provided aiming to reduce health hazards of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kevin Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, Oxon, OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, Oxon, OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaotian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Zhou W, Zhao S, Tong C, Chen L, Yu X, Yuan T, Aimuzi R, Luo F, Tian Y, Zhang J. Dietary intake, drinking water ingestion and plasma perfluoroalkyl substances concentration in reproductive aged Chinese women. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:487-494. [PMID: 30981019 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemicals that are widely used in industrial and consumer products. A growing body of literature suggests that exposure to these chemicals are associated with adverse reproductive outcomes in women. However, the sources of PFAS exposure are often poorly characterized in women of child-bearing age. OBJECTIVES To examine the association of plasma PFAS concentrations with dietary intake and drinking water sources in reproductive aged women in Shanghai, one of the high PFAS polluted regions in China. METHODS Concentrations of ten PFAS in plasma samples were measured in 933 women. Information on dietary intake and type of drinking water was collected by questionnaire. We used multivariable linear regression models to assess the association of PFAS concentrations with dietary intake and drinking water. RESULTS After controlling for potential confounders, a higher frequency of intake of aquatic products (freshwater fish, marine fish, shellfish, shrimp and crab) was positively and significantly associated with concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUA and PFDoA in 900 reproductive aged women. Intake of freshwater fish showed the strongest association with PFAS. Compared with the lowest intake group of freshwater fish, the intermediate intake group had 8-32% increase in the concentrations of these pollutants; and the highest group had 11-57% increase. Conversely, intake of soy products was associated with lower levels of PFDA, PFUA, PFNA, PFOS, and PFDoA. In addition, compared with women drinking tap water, drinking bottled water was associated with significantly decreases in PFHpA, PFDA, PFOA, PFUA and PFBS blood levels by 9-13% in 905 reproductive aged women. CONCLUSIONS Intake of freshwater fish, marine fish, shrimp and crab was positively associated with plasma PFAS concentrations, while intake of soy products and bottled water was associated with lower PFAS concentrations in the Chinese women of reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shasha Zhao
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chuanliang Tong
- International Peace Maternity and Child Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Translation Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruxianguli Aimuzi
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fei Luo
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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16
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Wang Y, Liu J, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Dietary Exposure of Chinese Adults to Perfluoroalkyl Acids via Animal-Origin Foods: Chinese Total Diet Study (2005-2007 and 2011-2013). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6048-6055. [PMID: 31070369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diet has been regarded as the main exposure source of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), but the national dietary survey of PFAAs in China was limited. Here, eight typical PFAAs were detected in milk, aquatic food, meat, and eggs from the Chinese Total Diet Studies (TDSs) during 2005-2007 and 2011-2013. Aquatic food was found to be the main source of PFAAs among animal-origin foods. The estimated dietary intakes of ∑PFAAs from animal foods (EDIanimal-origin foods) in coastal areas were relatively higher than in inland areas. The highest EDIanimal-origin foods of PFOS [4.07 and 2.02 ng kg-1 of body weight (bw) day-1] and PFOA (2.19 ng kg-1 of bw day-1) found in Shanghai and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA, 2.72 ng kg-1 of bw day-1) in Fujian approach or exceed current minimal risk levels from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and tolerable weekly intakes from the European Food Safety Authority, suggesting potential risk of PFAA exposure from animal-origin foods in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) , 7 Panjiayuan Nanli , Beijing 100021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) , 7 Panjiayuan Nanli , Beijing 100021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) , 7 Panjiayuan Nanli , Beijing 100021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) , 7 Panjiayuan Nanli , Beijing 100021 , People's Republic of China
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Jeong YJ, Bang S, Kim J, Chun SH, Choi S, Kim J, Chung MS, Kang GJ, Kang YW, Kim J, Kho Y, Joo Y, Lee KW. Comparing levels of perfluorinated compounds in processed marine products. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 126:199-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kim DH, Lee JH, Oh JE. Assessment of individual-based perfluoroalkly substances exposure by multiple human exposure sources. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:26-33. [PMID: 30399487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Individual exposure of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was assessed by analyzing serum, food, dust, drinking water, and hand wipes from 50 individuals. The PFASs concentrations in serum were correlated most strongly with exposure to PFASs through the (direct and indirect) ingestion of dust (p < 0.01). Daily PFOA intakes were estimated to be 2.07 ng/kg/day from food, 0.003 ng/kg/day from dust, 0.053 ng/kg/day from hand-to-mouth activity, and 0.020 ng/kg/day from drinking water. Daily perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) intakes were estimated to be 0.689 ng/kg/day from food, 0.001 ng/kg/day from dust, 0.018 ng/kg/day from hand-to-mouth activity, and 0.005 ng/kg/day from drinking water. The daily PFOA and PFOS intakes calculated for individuals in this study and in group/scenario based exposure assessment of previous studies were compared. The estimated PFOS intake on individual basis (0.695 ng/kg/day) was a little bit higher than the intake on group/scenario basis (0.652 ng/kg/day). However, the estimated daily PFOA intake on individual basis (1.41 ng/kg/day) was about four times higher than the intake on group/scenario basis (0.339 ng/kg/day). Among the exposure pathways, food ingestion was major contributor to the total daily PFOA and PFOS intakes on individuals (99% of total intake) and group/scenario basis (64% of total intake).
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Lee
- Research Institute of Environmental Health and Safety, Bucheon 14487, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Bodin L, Cravedi JP, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, van Loveren H, Gergelova P, Mackay K, Levorato S, van Manen M, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05194. [PMID: 32625773 PMCID: PMC7009575 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food. Regarding PFOS and PFOA occurrence, the final data set available for dietary exposure assessment contained a total of 20,019 analytical results (PFOS n = 10,191 and PFOA n = 9,828). There were large differences between upper and lower bound exposure due to analytical methods with insufficient sensitivity. The CONTAM Panel considered the lower bound estimates to be closer to true exposure levels. Important contributors to the lower bound mean chronic exposure were 'Fish and other seafood', 'Meat and meat products' and 'Eggs and egg products', for PFOS, and 'Milk and dairy products', 'Drinking water' and 'Fish and other seafood' for PFOA. PFOS and PFOA are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, excreted in urine and faeces, and do not undergo metabolism. Estimated human half-lives for PFOS and PFOA are about 5 years and 2-4 years, respectively. The derivation of a health-based guidance value was based on human epidemiological studies. For PFOS, the increase in serum total cholesterol in adults, and the decrease in antibody response at vaccination in children were identified as the critical effects. For PFOA, the increase in serum total cholesterol was the critical effect. Also reduced birth weight (for both compounds) and increased prevalence of high serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (for PFOA) were considered. After benchmark modelling of serum levels of PFOS and PFOA, and estimating the corresponding daily intakes, the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 13 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week for PFOS and 6 ng/kg bw per week for PFOA. For both compounds, exposure of a considerable proportion of the population exceeds the proposed TWIs.
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Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) alters lipid accumulation in bovine blastocysts after oocyte exposure during in vitro maturation. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 84:1-8. [PMID: 30502403 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is one of the perfluoroalkyl acids present in human tissues. In this study, effects on early embryo development after PFNA exposure were investigated using the bovine in vitro production system. Oocytes were exposed to PFNA during maturation in vitro (10 μg mL-1 and 0.1 μg mL-1), and then fertilized and cultured in parallel with control groups. Developmental parameters (cleavage, blastocyst formation) were followed and embryo quality evaluated (stage, grade). Embryos developed after exposure to 0.1 μg mL-1 were stained to distinguish nuclei, active mitochondria and neutral lipids. 10 μg mL-1 of PFNA had a severe negative effect on blastocyst formation (OR: 0.27 p < 0.05), an effect not observed at 0.1 μg mL-1. However, lipid droplet distribution was significantly altered in embryos exposed to 0.1 μg mL-1, suggesting a disturbance of lipid metabolism after exposure to sublethal levels of PFNA during oocyte maturation in vitro.
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Huang Y, Li H, Bai M, Huang X. Efficient extraction of perfluorocarboxylic acids in complex samples with a monolithic adsorbent combining fluorophilic and anion-exchange interactions. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1011:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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22
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Fujii Y, Kato Y, Sakamoto K, Matsuishi T, Harada KH, Koizumi A, Kimura O, Endo T, Haraguchi K. Tissue-specific bioaccumulation of long-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids and halogenated methylbipyrroles in Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) and harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in northern Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:554-563. [PMID: 29149719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated accumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), persistent organochlorines (OCs), and naturally produced halogenated compounds (NHCs), including brominated methylbipyrroles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers, in liver, blood, and blubber from Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) and harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Profiles of the PFASs were dominated by perfluoroundecanoic acid and perfluorotridecanoic acid, both of which accounted for 70% of the total measured PFAS concentrations in both porpoise species. The mean concentrations of the ∑PFCA were 573ng/g wet weight (ng/g-wet) in liver, 62ng/g-wet in whole blood, and 28ng/g-wet in blubber from the Dall's porpoises, and were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the harbor porpoises. The hepatic concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were <14ng/g-wet, and accounted for only 3% of the total measured PFASs. The profiles of PFASs in the porpoises resembled those in fish species in this area, implying a common source of exposure to PFASs in East Asia. On the other hand, in the blubber of Dall's porpoises, NHCs were dominated by 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (867ng/g-wet), 5,5'-dichloro-1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4,4'-tetrabromo-2,2'-bipyrrole (481ng/g-wet), and 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (30ng/g-wet), which were present at higher concentrations than in harbor porpoises. Factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed that factor 1 had higher eigenvectors (element in eigenvalues) for long-chain PFCAs and PFOS, which was found in the highest concentrations in the liver, whereas factor 2 was mainly associated with lipid soluble NHCs and OCs in both species. No correlations were observed between long-chain PFCAs and NHCs in the porpoises, probably because of the different sources and accumulation kinetics. Future research should assess the temporal trends and long-term effects of PFASs and NHCs in the tissues of mammals from the Asia-Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kato
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Kentarou Sakamoto
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuishi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Kimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
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Papadopoulou E, Poothong S, Koekkoek J, Lucattini L, Padilla-Sánchez JA, Haugen M, Herzke D, Valdersnes S, Maage A, Cousins IT, Leonards PEG, Småstuen Haug L. Estimating human exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids via solid food and drinks: Implementation and comparison of different dietary assessment methods. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:269-276. [PMID: 28662452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet is a major source of human exposure to hazardous environmental chemicals, including many perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). Several assessment methods of dietary exposure to PFAAs have been used previously, but there is a lack of comparisons between methods. AIM To assess human exposure to PFAAs through diet by different methods and compare the results. METHODS We studied the dietary exposure to PFAAs in 61 Norwegian adults (74% women, average age: 42 years) using three methods: i) by measuring daily PFAA intakes through a 1-day duplicate diet study (separately in solid and liquid foods), ii) by estimating intake after combining food contamination with food consumption data, as assessed by 2-day weighted food diaries and iii) by a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). We used existing food contamination data mainly from samples purchased in Norway and if not available, data from food purchased in other European countries were used. Duplicate diet samples (n=122) were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify 15 PFAAs (11 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and 4 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates). Differences and correlations between measured and estimated intakes were assessed. RESULTS The most abundant PFAAs in the duplicate diet samples were PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS and the median total intakes were 5.6ng/day, 11ng/day and 0.78ng/day, respectively. PFOS and PFOA concentrations were higher in solid than liquid samples. PFOS was the main contributor to the contamination in the solid samples (median concentration 14pg/g food), while it was PFOA in the liquid samples (median concentrations: 0.72pg/g food). High intakes of fats, oils, and eggs were statistically significantly related to high intakes of PFOS and PFOA from solid foods. High intake of milk and consumption of alcoholic beverages, as well as food in paper container were related to high PFOA intakes from liquid foods. PFOA intakes derived from food diary and FFQ were significantly higher than those derived from duplicate diet, but intakes of PFOS derived from food diary and FFQ were significantly lower than those derived from duplicate diet. We found a positive and statistically significant correlation between the PFOS intakes derived from duplicate diet with those using the food diary (rho=0.26, p-value=0.041), but not with the FFQ. Additionally, PFOA intakes derived by duplicate diet were significantly correlated with estimated intakes from liquid food derived from the food diary (rho=0.34, p=0.008) and estimated intakes from the FFQ (rho=0.25, p-value=0.055). CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that a food diary or a FFQ-based method can provide comparable intake estimates to PFOS and PFOA intakes derived from a duplicate diet study. These less burdensome methods are valuable and reliable tools to assess dietary exposure to PFASs in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papadopoulou
- Department of Environmental Exposures and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Somrutai Poothong
- Department of Environmental Exposures and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacco Koekkoek
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa Lucattini
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Antonio Padilla-Sánchez
- Department of Environmental Exposures and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Margaretha Haugen
- Department of Environmental Exposures and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Postboks 6606, Langnes 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stig Valdersnes
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Postboks 2029, Nordnes 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Amund Maage
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Postboks 2029, Nordnes 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Geovetenskapens hus, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department of Environmental Exposures and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
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24
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Liu Z, Lu Y, Shi Y, Wang P, Jones K, Sweetman AJ, Johnson AC, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Lu X, Su C, Sarvajayakesavaluc S, Khan K. Crop bioaccumulation and human exposure of perfluoroalkyl acids through multi-media transport from a mega fluorochemical industrial park, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 106:37-47. [PMID: 28558301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Significant quantities of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are released to the environment from fluorochemical manufacturing processes through wastewater discharge and air emission in China, which may lead to human exposure and health risks through crop bioaccumulation from PFAAs-contaminated soil and irrigation water. This paper systematically studied the distribution and transport of PFAAs in agricultural soil, irrigation water and precipitation, followed by crop bioaccumulation and finally human exposure of PFAAs within a 10km radius around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park (FIP). Hotspots of contamination by PFAAs were found near the FIP and downstream of the effluent discharge point with the maximum concentrations of 641ng/g in agricultural soil, 480ng/g in wheat grain, 58.8ng/g in maize grain and 4,862ng/L in precipitation. As the distance increased from the FIP, PFAAs concentrations in all media showed a sharp initial decrease followed by a moderate decline. Elevated PFAA concentrations in soil and grains were still present within a radius of 10 km of the FIP. The soil contamination was associated with the presence of PFAAs in irrigation water and precipitation, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the dominant PFAA component in soil. However, due to bioaccumulation preference, short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), especially perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), became the major PFAA contaminants in grains of wheat and maize. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for both grains showed a decrease with increasing chain length of PFAAs (approximately 0.5 log decrease per CF2 group). Compared to maize grain, wheat grain showed higher BAFs, possibly related to its higher protein content. The PFCA (C4-C8) concentrations (on a log10 basis) in agricultural soil and grain were found to show a linear positive correlation. Local human exposure of PFOA via the consumption of contaminated grains represents a health risk for local residents, especially for toddlers and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yajuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kevin Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, Oxon, OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, Oxon, OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaotian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Suriyanarayanan Sarvajayakesavaluc
- SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Problems of The Environment) Beijng Office, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
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25
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Serum concentrations of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances and factors associated with exposure in the general adult population in South Korea. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:1046-1054. [PMID: 28688604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous contaminants found worldwide, including in South Korea. As a result, they are frequently detected in Koreans. However, there is limited representative data and information on potential sources in Korea. Therefore, we measured the serum concentrations of ten PFASs in nationally representative samples of the Korean population (n=1874, 18-69 years) and evaluated the factors associated with their exposure. Serum PFOS, PFDA, PFOA, and PFNA were detected in nearly all participants (83.1-99.9%). However, serum PFPA, PFHxA, and PFHpA were almost undetected (<0.5% of participants). PFOS had the highest population-weighted geometric mean of 10.23ng/mL (95% CI: 9.99-10.47), which was followed by PFOA with 2.85ng/mL (95% CI: 2.73-2.97) and PFDA with 2.17ng/mL (95% CI: 2.12-2.23). PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS, PFOA, and PFOS concentrations were higher in males (p<0.001) and older adults (p<0.001). PFNA was higher in those who used wax, polish, and water-resistant materials (adjusted proportional change=1.14; 95% CI: 1.08-1.22), and those who ate cooked fish (1.16; 95% CI: 1.03-1.31) compared to those who ate nearly no fish. PFDA was higher in those who used herbicides and pesticides (1.05; 95% CI: 1.02-1.09), those who drank beverages in a plastic bag on a daily basis (1.10; 95% CI: 1.03-1.19), and those who ate raw fish (1.15; 95% CI: 1.03-1.29) or cooked fish (1.13; 95% CI: 1.05-1.23) compared to those who ate nearly no fish. PFHxS was higher in those who used traditional Korean health supplement foods (1.08; 95% CI: 1.01-1.15). PFOA was higher in those who used plastic wrap in a microwave daily or weekly (1.08; 95% CI: 1.00-1.16), and those who used disposable paper cups (1.07; 95% CI: 1.01-1.13). PFOS was lower in underweight participants (0.84; 95%CI: 0.75-0.93) compared to those who were obese, and higher in those who exercised regularly (1.08; 95% CI: 1.03-1.14) or irregularly (1.06, 95% CI: 1.01-1.12) compared to those who did not exercise. Subjects who used severely damaged Teflon appliances had lower concentrations of PFOA (0.78, 95% CI: 0.65-0.95), while regular use of Gore-Tex goods was related to higher PFNA (1.15, 95% CI: 1.03-1.28) and PFDA (1.11; 95% CI: 1.02-1.20) levels. These findings suggest that most Koreans are frequently exposed to PFASs, and that serum concentrations of PFASs vary with age, sex, and exposure factors.
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Zhang H, Vestergren R, Wang T, Yu J, Jiang G, Herzke D. Geographical Differences in Dietary Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Acids between Manufacturing and Application Regions in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5747-5755. [PMID: 28387520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have increased in China over the past decade, but human exposure pathways are poorly understood. Here we analyzed 15 PFAAs in commonly consumed food items and calculated body weight normalized dietary intake rates (estimated dietary intake, EDIs) in an area with ongoing PFAA production (Hubei province; n = 121) and an urbanized coastal area (Zhejiang province; n = 106). Geographical differences in concentrations were primarily observed for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) in animal food items and short-chain PFAAs in vegetable food items. The average EDI of ∑PFAAs for adults in Hubei (998 ng kg-1 day-1) was more than 2 orders of magnitude higher than that in Zhejiang (9.03 ng kg-1 day-1). In Hubei province, the average EDI of PFOS for adults (87 ng kg-1 day-1) was close to or exceeded advisory guidelines used in other countries indicating health risks for the population from long-term exposure. Yet, PFOS could only account for about 10% of the EDI of ∑PFAAs in the Hubei province, which was dominated by short-chain PFAAs through consumption of vegetables. The large contribution of short-chain PFAAs to the total EDIs in manufacturing areas emphasize the need for improved exposure and hazard assessment tools of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Robin Vestergren
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway
- ACES - Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thanh Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University , Örebro, Sweden
| | - Junchao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway
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Chang S, Mader BT, Lindstrom KR, Lange CC, Hart JA, Kestner TA, Schulz JF, Ehresman DJ, Butenhoff JL. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) Conversion from N-Ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-perfluorooctanesulfonamide (EtFOSE) in male Sprague Dawley rats after inhalation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 155:307-313. [PMID: 28260617 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-perfluorooctanesulfonamide (EtFOSE) was one of the key building blocks for many of the perfluorooctanesulfonyl-based chemistry and laboratory studies have shown that EtFOSE can metabolically degrade to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Non-occupational contribution sources to PFOS are thought to occur in general population via diets, drinking water, air and dust. For workers, however, the exposure route was mostly airborne and the exposure source was predominantly to precursor compounds such as EtFOSE. We undertook this study to investigate how much EtFOSE was converted to PFOS in the serum for male rats after 6h of exposure to EtFOSE vapor (whole body) at ambient temperature, which simulated a work place exposure scenario. There were no abnormal clinical observations and all rats gained weight during study. Interim tail-vein blood samples, collected up to 21 days after exposure, were analyzed for Et-FOSE and PFOS concentrations by LC-MS/MS. Upon inhalation exposure, the biotransformation of EtFOSE to PFOS in serum in the male rats was rapid and very little EtFOSE was detected in the serum within 24h after EtFOSE exposure. The highest conversion to PFOS in serum after exposure to EtFOSE vapor appeared to occur between Day 8-14 post exposure. Considering the potential surface and fur adsorption of test compound in the whole-body exposure system, our data would support that at least 10% of the inhaled EtFOSE was biotransformed to PFOS in the serum based on the range of lower 95% CI (confidence interval) values. This information is valuable because it quantitatively translates EtFOSE exposure into serum PFOS concentration, which serves as a matrix for internal dosimetry (of PFOS exposure) that can be used as an anchor across species as well as between different exposure routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Chang
- Medical Department, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA.
| | - Brian T Mader
- Environmental Laboratory, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA.
| | | | - Cleston C Lange
- Environmental Laboratory, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA.
| | - Jill A Hart
- Medical Department, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA.
| | - Thomas A Kestner
- Materials Resource Division, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA.
| | - Jay F Schulz
- Materials Resource Division, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA.
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Sochorová L, Hanzlíková L, Černá M, Drgáčová A, Fialová A, Švarcová A, Gramblička T, Pulkrabová J. Perfluorinated alkylated substances and brominated flame retardants in serum of the Czech adult population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:235-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhou Y, Tao Y, Li H, Zhou T, Jing T, Zhou Y, Mei S. Occurrence investigation of perfluorinated compounds in surface water from East Lake (Wuhan, China) upon rapid and selective magnetic solid-phase extraction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38633. [PMID: 27966658 PMCID: PMC5155229 DOI: 10.1038/srep38633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a novel magnetic nanocomposite as adsorbent, a convenient and effective magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) procedure was established for selective separation and concentration of nine perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in surface water sample. Then an ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) system was employed for detection of PFCs. Good linearity of the developed analytical method was in the range of 0.5-100 ng L-1 with R2 > 0.9917, and the limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.029 to 0.099 ng L-1. At three fortified concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 50 ng L-1, the spiked recoveries of PFCs were in the range of 90.05-106.67% with RSDs < 12.62% (n = 3). The proposed analytical method was applied for determination of PFCs in surface water from East Lake (Wuhan, China). The total concentrations of nine PFCs ranged from 30.12 to 125.35 ng L-1, with perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluoroctanoic acid as the most prevalent PFCs, and the greatest concentrations of PFCs were observed in Niuchao lakelet. The concentrations of the PFCs (C ≥ 11) were mostly less than the limits of quantification (LOQs), attributed to the possibility that the more hydrophobic long-chain PFCs are potential to accumulate in sediment and aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Huarong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Jingzhou Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Jing
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yikai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Surong Mei
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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Karásková P, Venier M, Melymuk L, Bečanová J, Vojta Š, Prokeš R, Diamond ML, Klánová J. Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in household dust in Central Europe and North America. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:315-324. [PMID: 27295048 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 20 perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in dust samples from 41 homes in Canada, the Czech Republic, and United States in the spring-summer of 2013. The most frequently detected compounds were perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) had the highest concentrations of PFASs in all countries. PFOS median concentrations for the three countries were between 9.1 and 14.1ng/g, and PFOA medians ranged between 8.2 and 9.3ng/g. In general, concentrations in North America were higher than in the Czech Republic, which is consistent with usage patterns. No differences were found for perfluorooctane sulfonamides/sulfonamidoethanols (FOSA/Es) levels due to the low number of detections. Homologue profiles suggest that the shift from longer to shorter chain PFASs is more advanced in North America than in Europe. Significant relationships were found among individual homologues and between PFAS concentrations in dust and type of floor, number of people living in the house, and building age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Karásková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Bečanová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šimon Vojta
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Gomis MI, Vestergren R, Nilsson H, Cousins IT. Contribution of Direct and Indirect Exposure to Human Serum Concentrations of Perfluorooctanoic Acid in an Occupationally Exposed Group of Ski Waxers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7037-46. [PMID: 27304840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of direct (i.e., uptake of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) itself) and indirect (i.e., uptake of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) and metabolism to PFOA) exposure to PFOA serum concentrations was investigated using a dynamic one-compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model. The PK model was applied to six occupationally exposed ski waxers for whom direct and indirect exposures via inhalation were characterized using multiple measurements with personal air sampling devices. The model was able to predict the diverging individual temporal trends of PFOA in serum with correlation coefficients of 0.82-0.94. For the four technicians with high initial concentrations of PFOA in serum (250-1050 ng/mL), the ongoing occupational exposure (both direct and indirect) was of minor importance and net depuration of PFOA was observed throughout the ski season. An estimated average intrinsic elimination half-life of 2.4 years (1.8-3.1 years accounting for variation between technicians and model uncertainty) was derived for these technicians. The remaining two technicians, who had much lower initial serum concentrations (10-17 ng/mL), were strongly influenced by exposure during the ski season with indirect exposure contributing to 45% of PFOA serum concentrations. On the basis of these model simulations, an average metabolism yield of 0.003 (molar concentration basis; uncertainty range of 0.0006-0.01) was derived for transformation of 8:2 FTOH to PFOA. An uncertainty analysis was performed, and it was determined that the input parameters quantifying the intake of PFOA were mainly responsible for the uncertainty of the metabolism yield and the initial concentration of PFOA in serum was mainly contributing to the uncertainty of estimated serum half-lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa I Gomis
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robin Vestergren
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Nilsson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University , SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Zafeiraki E, Costopoulou D, Vassiliadou I, Leondiadis L, Dassenakis E, Traag W, Hoogenboom RL, van Leeuwen SP. Determination of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in drinking water from the Netherlands and Greece. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:2048-57. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Góralczyk K, Pachocki KA, Hernik A, Struciński P, Czaja K, Lindh CH, Jönsson BAG, Lenters V, Korcz W, Minorczyk M, Matuszak M, Ludwicki JK. Perfluorinated chemicals in blood serum of inhabitants in central Poland in relation to gender and age. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:548-555. [PMID: 26100734 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to determine concentrations of seven selected perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs): perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA) in the blood serum of men and women of reproductive age from the central region of Poland. The relation between sex of tested subjects and the levels of compounds in blood serum of humans will also be considered and analysed as an element of the risk assessment. The study was made on the blood serum samples collected from 253 women and 176 men of reproductive age between 20 and 44 years from Warsaw and surrounding areas. Higher concentrations of five (PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA) from among seven selected PFASs were observed in men in comparison to women from the same populations. Only the concentrations of PFHxS and PFDoDA were slightly higher in women than in men. These differences were statistically significant in all cases, except for PFUnDA. The hypothesis that the concentrations of said compounds increase with age of the test subjects, regardless of gender has not been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Góralczyk
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof A Pachocki
- Department of Radiation Hygiene and Radiobiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Hernik
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Struciński
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Czaja
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sweden Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bo A G Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sweden Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Virissa Lenters
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wojciech Korcz
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maria Minorczyk
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Matuszak
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jan K Ludwicki
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
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Al-sheyab NA, Al-Qudah KM, Tahboub YR. Levels of perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk in Jordan: the impact of sociodemographic characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:12415-23. [PMID: 25903175 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is scarcity in literature in regards to the exact levels of such compounds in the Middle Eastern region including Jordan. This study was conducted to measure the presence and levels of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) (perfluoroocane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)) in human milk and local fresh cow milk in northern Jordan and also to investigate the relationship between levels of PFASs and some sociodemographic characteristics of breastfeeding mothers and their infants as well as usage of Teflon kitchenware products. Seventy-nine milk samples were collected from breastfeeding women and 25 samples from local fresh cow milk in northern Jordan. Levels of PFOS and PFOA were liquid/liquid extracted (LLE) by acetone followed by purification on an Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) solid-phase extraction (SPE). Separations and detections were performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 10 ng/L for both PFOA and PFOS. The measured concentrations ranged between non-detectable (ND) and 178 ng/L for PFOS and between 24 and 1120 ng/L for PFOA in human milk and between ND-178 ng/L and LOQ-160 ng/L in fresh cow milk, respectively. Median concentrations of PFOS in human milk samples from Jordan in this study were lower than those found in a recent study from Italy. Moreover, mean concentrations of PFOA and PFOS were significantly higher in milk samples provided by older women. Also, mean concentrations of PFOA was much higher in multiparas and those who have younger infants. The mean rank of PFOA was twice as high in the milk of women who had older Teflon products in kitchen compared to those who had relatively new Teflon products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihaya A Al-sheyab
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery, and Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan,
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Liu H, Sheng N, Zhang W, Dai J. Toxic effects of perfluorononanoic acid on the development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 32:26-34. [PMID: 26040728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is a nine-carbon perfluoroalkyl acid widely used in industrial and domestic products. It is a persistent organic pollutant found in the environment as well as in the tissues of humans and wildlife. There is a concern that this chemical might be a developmental toxicant and teratogen in various ecosystems. In the present study, the toxic effects of PFNA were evaluated in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. One hour post-fertilization embryos were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 350, and 400 μmol/L PFNA for 96 hr in 6-well plates. Developmental phenotypes and hatching rates were observed and recorded. Nineteen genes related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were examined using Quantitative RT-PCR and confirmed by whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH). Results showed that PFNA delayed the development of zebrafish embryos, reduced the hatching rate, and caused ventricular edema and malformation of the spine. In addition, the amount of reactive oxygen species in the embryo bodies increased significantly after exposure to PFNA compared with that of the control group. The Quantitative RT-PCR and WISH experiments demonstrated that mRNA expression of the lfabp and ucp2 genes increased significantly while that of sod1 and mt-nd1 decreased significantly after PFNA exposure. The mRNA expression levels of gpx1 and mt-atp6 decreased significantly in the high concentration group. However, the mRNA expression levels of both ppara and pparg did not show any significant variation after exposure. These findings suggest that PFNA affected the development of zebrafish embryos at relatively low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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36
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Verner MA, Longnecker MP. Comment on "enhanced elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid by menstruating women: evidence from population-based pharmacokinetic modeling". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5836-5837. [PMID: 25871968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Verner
- †Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Universite de Montreal, 2375 chemin de la Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3T 1A8
- ‡Universite de Montreal Public Health Research Institute (IRSPUM), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Matthew P Longnecker
- §Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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37
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Cho CR, Lam NH, Cho BM, Kannan K, Cho HS. Concentration and correlations of perfluoroalkyl substances in whole blood among subjects from three different geographical areas in Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:397-405. [PMID: 25638654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity and persistence of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in human have raised considerable concern and several biomonitoring studies throughout the world reported the widespread occurrence of these compounds in human tissues. However, information regarding influence of geographic, lifestyle and demographic factor on PFAS levels in human blood tissues is limited. In this study, whole blood samples collected in 2006-2007 from 319 donors from suburban Seoul (Suwon and Yongin), Busan and Yeosu in Korea were analyzed for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA). Blood donors classified into seven age groups with ages ranging from 8 to 82 years, and different lifestyles and socio-economic status. PFOS (median=4.15 ng/mL) was found at the highest concentration with a maximum concentration of 59.1 ng/mL. The concentrations of other PFASs were in the decreasing order of; PFOA (median=1.30 ng/mL)>PFNA (median=0.85 ng/mL)>PFHxS (median=0.47 ng/mL)>PFOSA (median=0.12 ng/mL). Geographical differences in the concentrations of five target PFASs were found. Significant positive relationships between PFAS concentrations and the age of the donors were found. Gender-related differences were found in the concentrations of PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOSA. No association was found between PFAS levels and several lifestyle factors and socio-economic status which included drinking habit, furniture/carpet in an indoor environment and monthly income. Occupation was an important determinant for PFNA and PFHxS concentrations in the whole blood. Except for PFOSA, significant associations were noted between PFASs concentrations and smoking habit. The results of this study provide information for further public health monitoring and safety management for PFASs in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chon Rae Cho
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Hoang Lam
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Mann Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-770, Republic of Korea
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | - Hyeon Seo Cho
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Miralles-Marco A, Harrad S. Perfluorooctane sulfonate: a review of human exposure, biomonitoring and the environmental forensics utility of its chirality and isomer distribution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 77:148-59. [PMID: 25728452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) found extensive use for over 60 years up until its restriction in the early 2000s, culminating in its listing under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in 2009. Efforts to minimise human body burdens are hindered by uncertainty over their precise origins. While diet appears the principal source for the majority of western populations (with other pathways like dust ingestion, drinking water and inhalation also important contributors); the role played by exposure to PFOS-precursor compounds followed by in vivo metabolism to PFOS as the ultimate highly stable end-product is unclear. Such PFOS-precursor compounds include perfluorooctane sulfonamide derivates, e.g., perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs) and sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs). Understanding the indirect contribution of such precursors to human body burdens of PFOS is important as a significant contribution from this pathway would render the margin of safety between the current exposure limits and estimates of external exposure to PFOS alone, narrower than hitherto appreciated. Estimates derived from mathematical modelling studies, put the contribution of so-called "precursor exposure" at between 10% and 40% of total PFOS body burdens. However, there are substantial uncertainties associated with such approaches. This paper reviews current understanding of human exposure to PFOS, with particular reference to recent research highlighting the potential of environmental forensics approaches based on the relative abundance and chiral signatures of branched chain PFOS isomers to provide definitive insights into the role played by "precursor exposure".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Miralles-Marco
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Stuart Harrad
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Elevated levels of perfluoroalkyl acids in family members of occupationally exposed workers: the importance of dust transfer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9313. [PMID: 25791573 PMCID: PMC5380130 DOI: 10.1038/srep09313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The exposure pathways of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) to humans are still not clear because of the complex living environment, and few studies have simultaneously investigated the bioaccumulative behaviour of different PFAAs in humans. In this study, serum, dust, duplicate diet, and other matrices were collected around a manufacturing plant in China, and homologous series of PFAAs were analysed. PFAA levels in dust and serum of local residents in this area were considerably higher than those in non-polluted area. Although dietary intake was the major exposure pathway in the present study, dust ingestion played an important role in this case. Serum PFAAs in local residents was significantly correlated with dust PFAAs levels in their living or working microenvironment. Serum PFAAs and dust PFAAs were significantly higher in family members of occupational workers (FM) than in ordinary residents (OR) (p < 0.01). After a careful analysis of the PFAAs exposure pathway, a potential pathway in addition to direct dust ingestion was suggested: PFAAs might transferred from occupational worker's clothes to dinners via cooking processes. The bioaccumulative potential of PFHxS and PFOS were higher than other PFAAs, which suggested a substantial difference between the bioaccumulative ability of perfluorinated sulfonic acids and perfluorinated carboxylic acids.
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40
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Liu L, She J, Zhang X, Zhang J, Tian M, Huang Q, Shah Eqani SAMA, Shen H. Online background cleanup followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of perfluorinated compounds in human blood. J Sep Sci 2014; 38:247-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangpo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health; Institute of Urban Environment; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen P. R. China
| | - Jianwen She
- Biochemistry Section; Environmental Health Laboratory Branch; California Department of Public Health; CA USA
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Xiamen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital; Xiamen P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health; Institute of Urban Environment; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen P. R. China
| | - Meiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health; Institute of Urban Environment; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen P. R. China
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health; Institute of Urban Environment; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen P. R. China
| | | | - Heqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health; Institute of Urban Environment; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen P. R. China
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Pérez F, Llorca M, Köck-Schulmeyer M, Škrbić B, Oliveira LS, da Boit Martinello K, Al-Dhabi NA, Antić I, Farré M, Barceló D. Assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances in food items at global scale. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:181-189. [PMID: 25282275 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the levels of 21 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 283 food items (38 from Brazil, 35 from Saudi Arabia, 174 from Spain and 36 from Serbia) among the most widely consumed foodstuffs in these geographical areas. These countries were chosen as representatives of the diet in South America, Western Asia, Mediterranean countries and South-Eastern Europe. The analysis of foodstuffs was carried out by turbulent flow chromatography (TFC) combined with liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ-MS) using electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative mode. The analytical method was validated for the analysis of different foodstuff classes (cereals, fish, fruit, milk, ready-to-eat foods, oil and meat). The analytical parameters of the method fulfill the requirements specified in the Commission Recommendation 2010/161/EU. Recovery rates were in the range between 70% and 120%. For all the selected matrices, the method limits of detection (MLOD) and the method limits of quantification (MLOQ) were in the range of 5 to 650 pg/g and 17 to 2000 pg/g, respectively. In general trends, the concentrations of PFASs were in the pg/g or pg/mL levels. The more frequently detected compounds were perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA). The prevalence of the eight-carbon chain compounds in biota indicates the high stability and bioaccumulation potential of these compounds. But, at the same time, the high frequency of the shorter chain compounds is also an indication of the use of replacement compounds in the new fluorinated materials. When comparing the compounds profile and their relative abundances in the samples from diverse origin, differences were identified. However, in absolute amounts of total PFASs no large differences were found between the studied countries. Fish and seafood were identified as the major PFASs contributors to the diet in all the countries. The total sum of PFASs in fresh fish and seafood was in the range from the MLOQ to 28ng/g ww. According to the FAO-WHO diets composition, the daily intake (DI) of PFASs was calculated for various age and gender groups in the different diets. The total PFASs food intake was estimated to be between 2300 and 3800 ng /person per day for the different diets. Finally, the risk intake (RI) was calculated for selected relevant compounds. The results have indicated that by far in no case the tolerable daily intake (TDI) (150, 1500, 50,000, 1,000,000, 150, 1500 ng/kg body weight, for perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), PFOS and PFOA, respectively) was exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Llorca
- Catalan Institute of Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit, 101, Catalonia, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marianne Köck-Schulmeyer
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Biljana Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technologu, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Luis Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Kátia da Boit Martinello
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Naif A Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Igor Antić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technologu, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute of Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit, 101, Catalonia, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Determination of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in fish fillet by micro-solid phase extraction, followed by liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1369:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Heo JJ, Lee JW, Kim SK, Oh JE. Foodstuff analyses show that seafood and water are major perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) sources to humans in Korea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 279:402-409. [PMID: 25093550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We measured concentrations of PFAAs in 397 foods, of 66 types, in Korea, and determined the daily human dietary PFAAs intake and the contribution of each foodstuff to that intake. The PFAAs concentration in the 66 different food types ranged from below the detection limit to 48.3ng/g. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were the dominant PFAAs in fish, shellfish, and processed foods, while perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and short-chain PFCAs dominated dairy foodstuffs and beverages. The Korean adult dietary intake ranges, estimated for a range of scenarios, were 0.60-3.03 and 0.17-1.68ngkg(-1)bwd(-1) for PFOS and PFOA, respectively, which were lower than the total daily intake limits suggested by European Food Safety Authority (PFOS: 150ngkg(-1)bwd(-1); PFOA: 1500ngkg(-1)bwd(-1)). The major contributors to PFAAs dietary exposure varied with subject age and PFAAs. For example, fish was a major contributor of PFOS but dairy foods were major contributors of PFOA. However, tap water was a major contributor to PFOA intake when it was the main source of drinking water (rather than bottled water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ju Heo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Woo Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, 406-772, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Lu C, Shi YL, Zhou Z, Liu NN, Meng ZF, Cai YQ. Perfluorinated compounds in blood of textile workers and barbers. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Ngo HT, Hetland RB, Sabaredzovic A, Haug LS, Steffensen IL. In utero exposure to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) did not increase body weight or intestinal tumorigenesis in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min/+) mice. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:251-263. [PMID: 24834819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) had obesogenic effects and if they increased spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis in the mouse model C57BL/6J-Min/+ (multiple intestinal neoplasia) after in utero exposure. The dams were exposed to PFOA or PFOS (0.01, 0.1 or 3.0mg/kg bw/day) by po gavage on GD1-17. The Min/+ and wild-type offspring were terminated at week 11 for examination of intestinal tumorigenesis or at week 20 for obesogenic effect, respectively. Body weights of the dams and pups were recorded throughout life. Food intake was determined at week 6 and 10. Blood glucose (non-fasted) was measured at week 6 and 11. No obesogenic effect of PFOA or PFOS was observed up to 20 weeks of age. PFOA or PFOS did not increase the incidence or number of tumors in the small intestine or colon of the Min/+ mice or affect their location along the intestines. Feed intake was not affected. There were some indications of toxicity of PFOA, but not of PFOS. There was lower survival of pups after 3.0mg/kg PFOA, lower body weight in pups after 3.0 and possibly 0.1mg/kg PFOA, and increased relative liver weight after 0.01 and possibly 0.1mg/kg PFOA. Plasma glucose was lower after 0.01 and 0.1mg/kg PFOA. In conclusion, exposure to PFOA and PFOS in utero with the doses used did not have obesogenic effect on either Min/+ or wild-type mice, at least not up to 11 or 20 weeks of age, nor increased intestinal tumorigenesis in Min/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thi Ngo
- Department of Food, Water and Cosmetics, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ragna Bogen Hetland
- Department of Food, Water and Cosmetics, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Azemira Sabaredzovic
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Inger-Lise Steffensen
- Department of Food, Water and Cosmetics, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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46
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Kim HY, Kim SK, Kang DM, Hwang YS, Oh JE. The relationships between sixteen perfluorinated compound concentrations in blood serum and food, and other parameters, in the general population of South Korea with proportionate stratified sampling method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:1390-1400. [PMID: 23834780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Serum samples were collected from volunteers of various ages and both genders using a proportionate stratified sampling method, to assess the exposure of the general population in Busan, South Korea to perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). 16 PFCs were investigated in serum samples from 306 adults (124 males and 182 females) and one day composite diet samples (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) from 20 of the serum donors, to investigate the relationship between food and serum PFC concentrations. Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid were the dominant PFCs in the serum samples, with mean concentrations of 8.4 and 13 ng/mL, respectively. Perfluorotridecanoic acid was the dominant PFC in the composite food samples, ranging from <DL to 1.48 ng/g. PFC concentrations in the serum samples increased with the age of the volunteer, and were higher in males than in females, similar to the results of other studies. We confirmed from the relationships between questionnaire results and the PFC concentrations in the serum samples, that food is one of the important contribution factors of human exposure to PFCs. However, there were no correlations between the PFC concentrations in the one day composite diet samples and the serum samples, because a one day composite diet sample is not necessarily representative of a person's long-term diet and because of the small number of samples taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, 12-1 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-772, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Mug Kang
- Department of Preventive and Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 626-870, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center for Asbestos, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 626-770, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sik Hwang
- Environmental Health Center for Asbestos, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 626-770, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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47
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Wong F, MacLeod M, Mueller JF, Cousins IT. Enhanced elimination of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid by menstruating women: evidence from population-based pharmacokinetic modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8807-14. [PMID: 24943117 DOI: 10.1021/es500796y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring studies have shown that concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in men are higher than in women. We investigate sex differences in elimination of PFOS by fitting a population-based pharmacokinetic model to six cross-sectional data sets from 1999 to 2012 from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and derive human first-order elimination rate constants (kE) and corresponding elimination half-lives (t1/2) for PFOS, where t1/2 = ln 2/kE. We use a modified version of the Ritter population-based pharmacokinetic model and derive elimination rate constants separately for men and women. The model accounts for population-average lifetime changes in PFOS intake, body weight, and menstruation rate. We compare the model-derived elimination rate constant for hypothetical nonmenstruating women to the elimination rate constant for men and women when menstruation is included as a loss process to evaluate the hypothesis that loss of PFOS by menstruation is an important process for women. The modeled elimination half-life for men is 4.7 years, and the modeled elimination half-life for women when excluding losses from menstruation is 3.7 years. The elimination half-life for women when menstruation is included in the model is 4.0 years. Thus, menstruation accounts for 30% of the discrepancy in elimination of PFOS between men and women. The remaining discrepancy is likely due to other sex-specific elimination routes that are not considered in our modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Wong
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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48
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Takemine S, Matsumura C, Yamamoto K, Suzuki M, Tsurukawa M, Imaishi H, Nakano T, Kondo A. Discharge of perfluorinated compounds from rivers and their influence on the coastal seas of Hyogo prefecture, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 184:397-404. [PMID: 24113473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate 12 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorinated carboxylates (C4-C12) and perfluorinated alkyl sulfonates (C4, C6, and C8) in river and seawater samples to determine contamination levels in the aquatic environment of Hyogo prefecture, Japan. High levels of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA; 2300-16,000 ng/L) were detected in the Samondogawa River at Tatsumi Bridge downstream of a PFC production facility; this location also had the highest mass flow rate of PFCs (3900-29,000 kg/y). Widespread contamination of coastal waters was confirmed with PFHxA as the dominant compound. Perfluorooctanoic acid was also prevalent in coastal waters. The concentration of PFHxA in coastal seawater and the distance from the mouth of the Samondogawa River were inversely related. This discharge of high concentrations of PFHxA from the Samondogawa River may have affected concentrations of PFCs in Osaka Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Takemine
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, 3-1-27, Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-5, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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49
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Zafeiraki E, Costopoulou D, Vassiliadou I, Bakeas E, Leondiadis L. Determination of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in various foodstuff packaging materials used in the Greek market. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 94:169-176. [PMID: 24367824 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are used in food packaging materials as coatings/additives for oil and moisture resistance. In the current study, foodstuff-packaging materials collected from the Greek market, made of paper, paperboard or aluminum foil were analyzed for the determination of PFCs. For the analysis of the samples, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and isotope dilution method were applied to develop a specific and sensitive method of analysis for the quantification of 12 PFCs: perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and the qualitative detection of 5 more: perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), perflyohexadecanoic acid (PFHxDA), perfluorooctadecanoic acid (PFODA) and perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS). No PFCs were quantified in aluminum foil wrappers, baking paper materials or beverage cups. PFTrDA, PFTeDA and PFHxDA were detected in fast food boxes. In the ice cream cup sample only PFHxA was found. On the other hand, several PFCs were quantified and detected in fast food wrappers, while the highest levels of PFCs were found in the microwave popcorn bag. PFOA and PFOS were not detected in any of the samples. Compared to other studies from different countries, very low concentrations of PFCs were detected in the packaging materials analyzed. Our results suggest that probably no serious danger for consumers’ health can be associated with PFCs contamination of packaging materials used in Greece.
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50
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Bao J, Kärrman A, van Bavel B, Jin Y. Perfluoroalkyl substances in the blood samples from a male population of Sweden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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