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Yan Q, Liu X, Kong S, Zhang W, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Li H, Wang H, Xiao T, Li J. Hourly emission amounts and concentration of water-soluble ions in primary particles from residential coal burning in rural northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 359:124641. [PMID: 39122172 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Residential coal burning (RCB) stands as an important contributor to ambient pollutants in China. For the effective execution of air pollution control policies, it is essential to maintain precise emission inventories of RCB. The absence of hourly emission factors (EFs) combined with the inaccuracies in the spatial-temporal distribution of activity data, constrained the quality of residential coal combustion emission inventories, thereby impeding the estimation of air pollutant emissions. This study revised the hourly EFs for PM2.5 and water-soluble ions (WSIs) emitted from RCB in China. The hourly emission inventories for PM2.5 and WSIs derived from RCB illustrate the diurnal fluctuations in emission patterns. This study found that the emissions of PM2.5, NH4+, Cl-, and SO42- showed similar emission features with emission of 106.8 Gg, 1417.6, 356.8, and 5868.5 ton in erupt period. The results provide basic data for evaluating RCB emission reduction policies, simulating particles, and preventing air pollution in both sub-regions and time periods. The spatial emission and simulated concentration distribution of PM2.5 and WSIs indicated that emission hotspot shifted from North China Plain (NCP) to Northeast region in China. The emissions in China were well-controlled in '2 + 26' region (R28) priority region, with hotspots decreasing by 99.6% in BTH region. The RCB became the dominant contributor to ambient PM2.5 with a ratio in the range of 16.2-23.7% in non-priority region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yan
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingxian Gao
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhe Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingyu Xiao
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Yue H, Worrell E, Crijns-Graus W, Wagner F, Zhang S, Hu J. Air Quality and Health Implications of Coal Power Retirements Attributed to Industrial Electricity Savings in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9187-9199. [PMID: 38691631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The coal-dominated electricity system, alongside increasing industrial electricity demand, places China into a dilemma between industrialization and environmental impacts. A practical solution is to exploit air quality and health cobenefits of industrial energy efficiency measures, which has not yet been integrated into China's energy transition strategy. This research examines the pivotal role of industrial electricity savings in accelerating coal plant retirements and assesses the nexus of energy-pollution-health by modeling nationwide coal-fired plants at individual unit level. It shows that minimizing electricity needs by implementing more efficient technologies leads to the phaseout of 1279 hyper-polluting units (subcritical, <300 MW) by 2040, advancing the retirement of these units by an average of 7 years (3-16 years). The retirements at different locations yield varying levels of air quality improvements (9-17%), across six power grids. Reduced exposure to PM2.5 could avoid 123,100 pollution-related cumulative deaths over the next 20 years from 2020, of which ∼75% occur in the Central, East, and North grids, particularly coal-intensive and populous provinces (e.g., Shandong and Jiangsu). These findings provide key indicators to support geographically specific policymaking and lay out a rationale for decision-makers to incorporate multiple benefits into early coal phaseout strategies to avoid lock-in risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yue
- School of Management, Zhengzhou University, Science Avenue 100, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst Worrell
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wina Crijns-Graus
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Wagner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37, 100191 Beijing, China
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jing Hu
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Meng W, Kiesewetter G, Zhang S, Schöpp W, Rafaj P, Klimont Z, Tao S. Costs and Benefits of Household Fuel Policies and Alternative Strategies in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21662-21672. [PMID: 38079372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is still one of the most severe problems in northern China, especially in the Jing-Jin-Ji region around Beijing. In recent years, China has implemented many stringent policies to address the air quality issue, including promoting energy transition toward cleaner fuels in residential sectors. But until 2020, even in the Jing-Jin-Ji region, nearly half of the rural households still use solid fuels for heating. For residents who are not covered by the clean heating campaign, we analyze five potential mitigation strategies and evaluate their environmental effects as well as the associated health benefits and costs. We estimate that substitution with electricity or gas would reduce air pollution and premature mortality more strongly, while the relatively low investment costs of implementing clean coal or biomass pellet lead to a larger benefit-cost ratio, indicating higher cost efficiency. Hence, clean coal or biomass pellet could be transitional substitution options for the less developed or remote areas which cannot afford a total transition toward electricity or natural gas in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Meng
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Peter Rafaj
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Shu Tao
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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4
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Wang J, Gao A, Li S, Liu Y, Zhao W, Wang P, Zhang H. Regional joint PM 2.5-O 3 control policy benefits further air quality improvement and human health protection in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 130:75-84. [PMID: 37032044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas (hereinafter referred to as "2+26" cities) are one of the most severe air pollution areas in China. The fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and surface ozone (O3) pollution have aroused a significant concern on the national scale. In this study, we analyzed the pollution characteristics of PM2.5 and O3 in "2+26" cities, and then estimated the health burden and economic loss before and after the implementation of the joint PM2.5-O3 control policy. During 2017-2019, PM2.5 concentration reduced by 19% while the maximum daily 8 hr average (MDA8) O3 stayed stable in "2+26" cities. Spatially, PM2.5 pollution in the south-central area and O3 pollution in the central region were more severe than anywhere else. With the reduction in PM2.5 concentration, premature deaths from PM2.5 decreased by 18% from 2017 to 2019. In contrast, premature deaths from O3 increased by 5%. Noticeably, the huge potential health benefits can be gained after the implementation of a joint PM2.5-O3 control policy. The premature deaths attributed to PM2.5 and O3 would be reduced by 91.6% and 89.1%, and the avoidable economic loss would be 60.8 billion Chinese Yuan (CNY), and 68.4 billion CNY in 2035 compared with that in 2019, respectively. Therefore, it is of significance to implement the joint PM2.5-O3 control policy for improving public health and economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Wang
- Hebei GEO University, Hebei Center for Ecological and Environmental Geology Research, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization and Development of Water Resources, Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Aifang Gao
- Hebei GEO University, Hebei Center for Ecological and Environmental Geology Research, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization and Development of Water Resources, Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Shijiazhuang 050031, China.
| | - Shaorong Li
- Hebei GEO University, Hebei Center for Ecological and Environmental Geology Research, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization and Development of Water Resources, Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Yuehua Liu
- Hebei GEO University, Hebei Center for Ecological and Environmental Geology Research, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization and Development of Water Resources, Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- Hebei Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Shijiazhuang 050037, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai 200232, China; IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 200062, China
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5
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Cha Y, Song CK, Jeon KH, Yi SM. Factors affecting recent PM 2.5 concentrations in China and South Korea from 2016 to 2020. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163524. [PMID: 37075994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study used observational data and a chemical transport model to investigate the contributions of several factors to the recent change in air quality in China and South Korea from 2016 to 2020. We focused on observational data analysis, which could reflect the annual trend of emission reduction and adjust existing emission amounts to apply it into a chemical transport model. The observation data showed that the particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations during winter 2020 decreased by -23.4 % (-14.68 μg/m3) and - 19.5 % (-5.73 μg/m3) in China and South Korea respectively, compared with that during winter 2016. Meteorological changes, the existing national plan for a long-term emission reduction target, and unexpected events (i.e., Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China and South Korea and the newly introduced special winter countermeasures in South Korea from 2020) are considered major factors that may affect the recent change in air quality. The impact of different meteorological conditions on PM2.5 concentrations was assessed by conducting model simulations by fixing the emission amounts; the results indicated changes of +7.6 % (+4.77 μg/m3) and + 9.7 % (+2.87 μg/m3) in China and South Korea, respectively, during winter 2020 compared to that during winter 2016. Due to the existing and pre-defined long-term emission control policies implemented in both countries, PM2.5 concentration significantly decreased from winter 2016-2020 in China (-26.0 %; -16.32 μg/m3) and South Korea (-9.1 %; -2.69 μg/m3). The unexpected COVID-19 outbreak caused the PM2.5 concentrations in China to decrease during winter 2020 by another -5.0 % (-3.13 μg/m3). In South Korea, the winter season special reduction policy, which was introduced and implemented in winter 2020, and the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to -19.5 % (-5.92 μg/m3) decrease in PM2.5 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesol Cha
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Song
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwon-Ho Jeon
- Department of Climate and Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Amnuaylojaroen T, Parasin N. Future Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to PM 2.5 in Different Age Groups of Children in Northern Thailand. TOXICS 2023; 11:291. [PMID: 36977056 PMCID: PMC10057456 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 (PM2.5) is one of the major threats posed by air pollution to human health. It penetrates the respiratory system, particularly the lungs. In northern Thailand, the PM2.5 concentrations have significantly increased in the past decade, becoming a major concern for the health of children. This study aimed to assess the health risk of PM2.5 in different age groups of children in northern Thailand between 2020 and 2029. Based on the PM2.5 data from the simulation of the Nested Regional Climate Model with Chemistry (NRCM-Chem), the hazard quotient (HQ) was used to estimate the possible risk from PM2.5 exposure in children. In general, all age groups of children in northern Thailand will tend to experience the threat of PM2.5 in the future. In the context of age-related development periods, infants are at a higher risk than other groups (toddlers, young children, school age and adolescents), but adolescents also have a lower risk of exposure to PM2.5, albeit maintaining a high HQ value (>1). Moreover, the analysis of risk assessment in different age groups of children revealed that PM2.5 exposure might indeed affect adolescent risk differently depending on gender, with males generally at a heightened risk than females in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand;
- Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Research Unit, School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Nichapa Parasin
- School of Allied Health Science, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
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7
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Liu J, Peng L, Yu L, Liu X, Yao Z, Zhang Q. Reduced rural residential emissions in the Northern China Plain from 2015 to 2021. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161236. [PMID: 36592920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
China's rapid economic growth over the past few decades has been fueled by the fossil-fuel dominated energy system. In Northern China, coal and biomass are important fuel types for household cooking and heating. The use of coal and biomass not only contributes to CO2 emissions, but also worsens the ambient air quality and further causes adverse health outcomes. Since 2016, action plans have been implemented annually to promote the substitution of solid fuel use in the rural households of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding region ("2 + 26" region). However, a comprehensive evaluation of the emission reductions by the control policies is still lacking. In this study, we built a rural residential emission inventory in the "2 + 26" region based on two-phase national household surveys in 2010 and 2015. We evaluated the air pollutant and CO2 reduction benefits of various control measures from 2015 to 2021 and discussed the opportunities for the synergistical control of air pollutant and CO2 emissions. We estimated that, in 2015, the coal and biomass fuel consumption from rural households in the "2 + 26" region was 28.7 Mt. and 30.6 Mt., respectively, which resulted in 93.8 Mt., 416.5kt, 402.5kt, 80.1kt, 268.0kt, and 6122.2kt of CO2, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, VOCs, and CO emissions. With the implementation of household solid fuel substitution policies, air pollutant emissions were estimated to decrease by 53- 74 % from 2015 to 2021, while the percentage reduction of CO2 was only 39 % due to additional emissions from the alternative clean energy sources. If biomass was treated as carbon-neutral fuel, the CO2 reducing potential was even lower. Building a clean and sustainable rural energy system is a multi-win option for China to achieve the "Beautiful China", "Healthy China" and carbon-neutrality goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Liqun Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Le Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Wang J, Wang S, Xu X, Li X, He P, Qiao Y, Chen Y. The diminishing effects of winter heating on air quality in northern China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116536. [PMID: 36326523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cleaner winter heating has been promoted to abate the winter air pollution in northern China. Although improvements in air quality have been observed, the effectiveness and mechanism of cleaner heating measures on air quality have not been examined on the empirical ground. In this study, we estimate the annual effects of winter heating policy on air quality from 2014 to 2017 using a regression discontinuity design (RDD) and dynamic regression model. The results show that winter heating aggravates Air Quality Index (AQI). Specifically, the AQI raised by winter heating reduce from 85.3 in 2014 to 24.1 in 2017, indicating diminishing effects of winter heating with the implementation of clean heating measures. The heterogeneous characteristics of winter heating in terms of different pollutants and city scales are further quantified. The effects of clean heating are more evident for particulate pollutants (PM2.5 and PM10) than for SO2, NO2, CO and O3. The promotion of clean heating is more effective in larger cities. These findings provided insights into the diminishing air pollution change with continuous advancement in clean heating policy and the heterogeneity among cities and pollutants should be taken into account when formulating future policies in response to energy transition and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300500, China; Research Center for Resource, Energy and Environmental Policy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300500, China.
| | - Shimeng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300500, China; Research Center for Resource, Energy and Environmental Policy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300500, China
| | - Xiaoya Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300500, China; Research Center for Resource, Energy and Environmental Policy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300500, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Pan He
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Yuanbo Qiao
- Institute for Studies in County Development, Shandong University, No.49 Zhenhua Street, Qingdao, Shandong, 266200, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
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Zhao N, Elshareef H, Li B, Wang B, Jia Z, Zhou L, Liu Y, Sultan M, Dong R, Zhou Y. The efforts of China to combat air pollution during the period of 2015-2018: A case study assessing the environmental, health and economic benefits in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding "2 + 26" regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158437. [PMID: 36057303 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During the period of 2015-2018, Chinese government had made great efforts to mitigate air pollutants, such as air quality monitoring, energy structure adjustment, and pollutant emission reduction from industry, transportation and household sectors. With the special investment of 152 billion Chinese Yuan (CNY) in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) and surrounding "2 + 26" regions, the annual local concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NO2 decreased from 77, 132, 38 and 46 μg/m3 to 60, 109, 20 and 43 μg/m3. It was estimated that the improvement in air quality avoided 27,021 (95 % CIs 12,548-39,738) premature deaths attributed to air pollution exposure based on an exposure-response function, including 45 %, 17 % and 15 % of cardiopulmonary, lung cancer and respiratory morality cases. Air pollution reduction was also effective in reducing work time loss, which reduced the total working time loss by 3.8 × 107 (95 % CIs 1.8 × 107-5.6 × 107) h, and the per capita working time loss by 0.28 (95 % CIs 0.13-0.41) h/capita by 2018. From the economic aspect, air pollution control actions in those regions saved 95.6 (95 % CIs 44.2-141) billion CNY economic loss by using the value of statistical life (VSL). The total benefit-cost ratio was 63.7 % (95 % CIs 29.4 %-93.7 %). The cost-effectiveness in Beijing and Tianjin were relatively low due to the regional contribution from other cities of the air pollution transmission channel. Despite the uncertainties, the results clearly show the significance of the environmental, health and economic benefits of actions in the BTH and surrounding "2 + 26" regions for combating air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Bioenergy and Environment Science & Technology Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan Province 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Production and Utilization of Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hussien Elshareef
- Bioenergy and Environment Science & Technology Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Production and Utilization of Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China; National Center for International Research of BioEnergy Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Bioenergy and Environment Science & Technology Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Production and Utilization of Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China; National Center for International Research of BioEnergy Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baoming Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan Province 450001, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Department of Education of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 843300, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Department of Education of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 843300, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Muhammad Sultan
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Renjie Dong
- Bioenergy and Environment Science & Technology Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Production and Utilization of Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China; National Center for International Research of BioEnergy Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China; Yantai Institute, China Agricultural University, No. 2006 Binhai Zhonglu, Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong Province 264670, China
| | - Yuguang Zhou
- Bioenergy and Environment Science & Technology Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Production and Utilization of Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China; National Center for International Research of BioEnergy Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China.
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10
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Zhang C, Hu Y, Adams MD, Liu M, Li B, Shi T, Li C. Natural and human factors influencing urban particulate matter concentrations in central heating areas with long-term wearable monitoring devices. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114393. [PMID: 36150440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In northern China, central heating, as an important source of urban particulate matter (UPM), causes more than half of the air pollution during the heating season and has significant spatial-temporal heterogeneity. Owing to the limitations of stationary air monitoring networks, few studies distinguish between heating/non-heating seasons and few have been conducted in urban areas. However, fixed monitoring cannot accurately capture the dynamic exposure of residents to UPM, and there is a lack of comprehensive evaluation of the factors affecting UPM. Therefore, this study used wearable Sniffer 4D equipment to monitor the concentrations of UPM (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) in selected typical areas of Shenyang City from March 2019 to February 2020. A random forest model was combined with land use and point-of-interest data to analyze the contributions and marginal effects of multiple influences on UPM, in both heating and non-heating seasons. The results showed that in the eastern part of the study area, UPM showed completely opposite spatial distribution characteristics during the two seasons. The concentrations of UPM were higher during the heating season than during the non-heating season. The results indicated that temperature and humidity were important factors in diffusing UPM. The production and operation of boilers were important for the production of UPM. In two-dimensional landscape pattern indices, the percentage of forest and Shannon diversity index were the first and second most important factors, respectively. The three-dimensional pattern of buildings had important effects on the transport and diffusion of UPM (landscape height range >100, floor area ratio >1.3, and landscape volume density >5). Wearable devices could monitor the real situation of residents' exposure to UPM and quantify the factors influencing the spatial-temporal distribution of UPM in an ecological sense. These results provide a scientific basis for urban planning and for health risk reduction for residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; Department of Geography & Planning, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Yuanman Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Matthew D Adams
- Department of Geography & Planning, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Miao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Binglun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Tuo Shi
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, No. 253 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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11
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Sun Y, Aishan T, Halik Ü, Betz F, Rezhake R. Assessment of air quality before and during the COVID-19 and its potential health impacts in an arid oasis city: Urumqi, China. STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT : RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022; 37:1265-1279. [PMID: 36438164 PMCID: PMC9676778 DOI: 10.1007/s00477-022-02338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a key node city of the "Silk Road Economic Belt" Urumqi has been listed as one of the ten most polluted cities in the world, posing a serious threat to the urban environment and residents' health. This study analyzed the air quality before and during the COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic and its potential health effects based on the data of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3_8h levels from 10 air quality monitoring stations in Urumqi from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2021. As per the results, the concentrations of the air pollutants PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3_8h in Urumqi from 2017 to 2021 showed a cyclical trend, and the implementation of COVID-19 prevention and control measures could effectively reduce the concentration(ρ) of air pollutants. The mean value of ρ(PM2.5) decreased from 2017 to 2021, whereas ρ(O3_8h) showed a waveform change trend (increased in 2017-2018, decreased in 2018-2020, and increased after 2020). Meanwhile, the maximum annual average values of ρ(PM2.5) and ρ(O3_8h) for the six monitoring stations during 2017-2021 occurred at sites S2 (74.37 µg m-3) and S6 (91.80 µg m-3), respectively; rapid industrialization had a greater impact on PM2.5 and O3_8h concentrations compared to commercial and residential areas. In addition, the air quality index data series can characterize the fluctuation trend of PM2.5. The high pollution levels (Class IV and V) of the air pollutants PM2.5 and O3_8h in Urumqi have been decreasing annually, and good days can account for 80-95% of the total number of days in the year, indicating that the number of days with a potential threat to residents' health is gradually decreasing. Therefore, more attention should be paid in controlling and managing air pollution in Urumqi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Sun
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 Xinjiang China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Urumqi, 830046 Xinjiang China
| | - Tayierjiang Aishan
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 Xinjiang China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Urumqi, 830046 Xinjiang China
| | - Ümüt Halik
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 Xinjiang China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Urumqi, 830046 Xinjiang China
| | - Florian Betz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Geography, University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Ostenstraße 14, 85071 Eichstaett, Germany
| | - Remila Rezhake
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830017 Xinjiang China
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12
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Zhang Y, Zhou R, Hu D, Chen J, Xu L. Modelling driving factors of PM 2.5 concentrations in port cities of the Yangtze River Delta. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114131. [PMID: 36150225 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 is one of the major air pollutants in port cities of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China. Understanding the driving factors of PM2.5 is essential to guide air pollution prevention and control. We selected 17 major port cities in YRD to study the driving factors of PM2.5 in 2019 and 2020. Generalized Additive Models were built to model the non-linear effects of single, multiple and interactions of driving factors on the variations of PM2.5. NO2, SO2 and the day of year are most strongly associated with the variation of PM2.5 concentration when used alone. Anthropogenic emissions play complicated roles in regulating PM2.5 concentration. Although the effect of cargo throughput (CT) on PM2.5 concentration is non-monotonic, higher PM2.5 levels are found to be associated with higher levels of SO2 and CT. This work can potentially provide a scientific basis for formulating PM2.5 prevention and control policies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Daoxian Hu
- Shenzhen International Maritime Institute, Shenzhen 518081, China; Hyde (Guangzhou) International Logistics Group Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510665, China.
| | - Jihong Chen
- Shenzhen International Maritime Institute, Shenzhen 518081, China; College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518073, China; Commercial College, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.
| | - Lang Xu
- College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
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13
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Demetriou E, Hadjistassou C. Lowering mortality risks in urban areas by containing atmospheric pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113096. [PMID: 35276194 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although studies collectively examining the traffic and residential heat pollutant emissions are abundant, research investigations dedicated to Cyprus are scarce. This investigation has simulated the levels of air pollutants, namely, CO, NOx, PM2.5, and PM10 and reconciled them with actual air quality measurements in Nicosia, Cyprus, during a 9-month period at an hourly resolution. To this end, several scenarios and cases were formulated to tackle emissions and minimise human mortality risks in the city. METHODS The GRAL dispersion model was used to project pollution levels. Nine different traffic scenarios were devised to estimate variations in concentration of PM2.5 and NOx under various policies, such as banning diesel passenger vehicles (PV), light duty vehicles (LDV), non-Euro 6 standards vehicles, stringent speed limits and a ubiquitous roll-out of electric passenger vehicles. Moreover, 4 distinct cases were analysed to year 2030 considering a fluctuation in traffic of ±20% whereas all vehicles conform to Euro 6 standards. Three additional policies examined the prohibition of diesel PV and LDV, 80% electric PV and outlawing fireplaces. Drawing on the findings of these scenarios and cases, the total cardiovascular and respiratory mortality rates at the capital of Cyprus, Nicosia, were deduced. RESULTS The most promising scenario in terms of curbing emissions was to ban non-Euro 6 vehicles and diesel PV and LDV which could contain average NOx concentration, in Nicosia, from 52.9 μg/m3 to 15.0 μg/m3. If this policy were to be implemented, it could have saved 70% of the premature deaths tied to NOx emissions. For particulate matter, banning fireplaces and abandoning non-Euro 6 vehicles could lower average concentrations from 18.3 μg/m3 to 13.1 μg/m3, saving at least 30% of the people poised to lose their lives from particulate matter risks. CONCLUSION Traffic and residential heat policies are not easy to implement. However, our study has demonstrated that the most effective policies for curbing NOx emissions would be to ensure that all vehicles abide with the Euro 6 standards and, concurrently, ban diesel passenger and light duty vehicles. Lastly, phasing out domestic fireplaces appears to be the most promising solution for containing particulate matter, in 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Demetriou
- University of Nicosia, Marine and Carbon Lab, Department of Engineering, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., Engomi, 1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - C Hadjistassou
- University of Nicosia, Marine and Carbon Lab, Department of Engineering, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., Engomi, 1700, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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14
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Gao A, Wang J, Poetzscher J, Li S, Gao B, Wang P, Luo J, Fang X, Li J, Hu J, Gao J, Zhang H. Coordinated health effects attributable to particulate matter and other pollutants exposures in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 208:112671. [PMID: 34999023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hebei Province, located in the North China Plain (NCP) and encircling Beijing and Tianjin, has been suffering from severe air pollution. The monthly average fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration was up to 276 μg/m3 in Hebei Province, which adversely affects human health. However, few studies evaluated the coordinated health impact of exposure to PM (PM2.5 and PM10) and other key air pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, and surface ozone (O3)). In this study, we systematically analyzed the health risks (both mortality and morbidity) due to multiple air pollutants exposures in Hebei Province. The economic loss associated with these health consequences was estimated using the value of statistical life (VSL) and cost of illness (COI) methods. Our results show the health burden and economic loss attributable to multiple ambient air pollutants exposures in Hebei Province is substantial. In 2017, the total premature mortality from multiple air pollutants exposures in Hebei Province was 69,833 (95% CI: 55,549-83,028), which was 2.9 times higher than that of the Pearl River Delta region (PRD). Most of the potential economic loss (79.65%) was attributable to premature mortality from air pollution. The total economic loss due to the health consequences of multiple air pollutants exposures was 175.16 (95% CI: 134.61-224.61) billion Chinese Yuan (CNY), which was 4.92% of Hebei Province's annual gross domestic product (GDP). Thus, the adverse health effects and economic loss caused by exposure to multiple air pollutants should be seriously taken into consideration. To alleviate these damages, Hebei's government ought to establish more stringent measures and regulations to better control air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifang Gao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Hebei Center for Ecological and Environmental Geology Research, Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization and Development of Water Resources, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - James Poetzscher
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shaorong Li
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Boyi Gao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Jianfei Luo
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Xiaofeng Fang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jingsi Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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15
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Weng Z, Wang Y, Yang X, Cheng C, Tan X, Shi L. Effect of cleaner residential heating policy on air pollution: A case study in Shandong Province, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 311:114847. [PMID: 35272159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coal-fired heating in winter is a primary source of air pollution in many countries. In northern China, the use of scattered coal for winter heating has led to severe environmental issues. In this study, we use a quasi-natural experiment in Shandong Province, China, to investigate the effectiveness of a cleaner heating transition policy. Specifically, we use a difference-in-differences approach to identify the effects of the cleaner heating transition policy on air pollution using high-resolution hourly data. Our findings indicate that implementation of the policy could effectively reduce air pollution by decreasing a PM2.5 by 7.32%, PM10 by 2.62%, SO2 by 3.98%, and NO2 by 4.67%. In addition, we used event study and a series of robustness checks to further support our findings. Notably, our findings indicate that implementation of the policy includes a spatial spillover effect, which differs according to the level of compulsory implementation and the distance to a city centre. Overall, our findings can help promote the application of a cleaner transitioning policy for the entire country and offer guidance for further policy development regarding the effective reduction of winter air pollution in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Weng
- Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Xuan Yang
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Cuiyun Cheng
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Xue Tan
- State Grid Energy Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102209, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
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16
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Zhao L, Zhao T, Yuan R. Scenario simulations for the peak of provincial household CO 2 emissions in China based on the STIRPAT model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151098. [PMID: 34743880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As household CO2 emissions (HCEs) are a key source of China's CO2 emissions, exploring the mitigation potential of HCEs is significant to achieve China's 2030 emission target. However, rare literatures analyzed the future evolution of HCEs from the provincial perspective. Here, we employ the STIRPAT model and build three scenarios (i.e., baseline, low and high scenarios) to investigate the trajectories and peak times of HCEs in 30 provinces up to 2040. The results show that 25 provinces can peak HCEs before 2030 in at least one scenario, while 5 provinces cannot achieve the 2030 emission target in any scenarios. Moreover, Guangxi and Hainan will maintain growth up to 2040 in all three scenarios. At the national level, China's household sector can achieve HCEs peak in all three scenarios. Further reduction of emission intensity helps national HCEs reach the peak around 2025 in the high scenario at 1063 MtCO2. The findings suggest that Guangdong, Jiangsu, Hebei, Henan, Zhejiang and Anhui are key provinces for future HCEs reductions, because they account for more than 40% of national HCEs in 2040 in all three scenarios. Energy efficiency improvement and clean energy applications will be effective for emission reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litong Zhao
- School of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tao Zhao
- School of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Rong Yuan
- School of Business Management and Economics, Chongqing University, 400045 Chongqing, PR China.
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17
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Meng W, Shen G, Shen H, Chen Y, Ma J, Liu J, Cheng H, Hu J, Wan Y, Tao S. Source contributions and drivers of physiological and psychophysical cobenefits from major air pollution control actions in North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2225-2235. [PMID: 35119844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
North China is among the most polluted regions in the country, and human exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) in this region has led to severe health consequences. The region has also benefited the most from emission reductions in recent years. It is of interest to understand to what extent and through which paths emissions from different sectors cause adverse health impacts. Here, we present the results of a full evaluation of the health benefits of emission control actions implemented in recent years based on segregated emission inventories with an emphasis on residential emissions. Two major causal paths, one from residential emissions to indoor air pollution, exposure, and premature deaths, and the other from nonresidential emissions to ambient air pollution and psychophysical impacts, were identified and quantified. From 2014 to 2019, both ambient (33%) and indoor (39%) PM2.5 decreased significantly, leading to decreasing trends in exposure (36%), premature deaths (10%), and psychophysical impacts (21%). The Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, the Clean Heating Campaign, and spontaneous residential shifts to clean energy contributed significantly to these reductions when the effects of other drivers, such as population and economic growth, were excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Meng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jianying Hu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wan
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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18
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Zhou X, Strezov V, Jiang Y, Kan T, Evans T. Temporal and spatial variations of air pollution across China from 2015 to 2018. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 112:161-169. [PMID: 34955200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO and O3, and air quality index (AQI) values across 368 cities in mainland China during 2015-2018. The study further examined relationships of air pollution status with local industrial capacities and vehicle possessions. Strong correlations were found between industrial capacities (coal, pig iron, crude steel and rolled steel) and air pollution levels. Although statistical and significant reductions of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO and AQI values were observed in response to various laws and regulations in industrial sectors, both particle and gaseous pollutants still had annual average concentrations above recommended limits. In order to further reduce air pollution, more efforts can be done to control traffic emissions caused by minicars and heavy trucks, which was revealed after investigating 16 vehicle types. This was also consistent with the apparent air quality improvement during the COVID-19 lockdown period in China in 2020, despite industrial operations being still active at full capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoteng Zhou
- ARC Research Hub for Computational Particle Technology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia.
| | - Vladimir Strezov
- ARC Research Hub for Computational Particle Technology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Yijiao Jiang
- ARC Research Hub for Computational Particle Technology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Tao Kan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Tim Evans
- ARC Research Hub for Computational Particle Technology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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Zhong X, Zhao Y, Sha J, Liang H, Wu P. Spatiotemporal variations of air pollution and population exposure in Shandong Province, eastern China, 2014-2018. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:114. [PMID: 35064834 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the characteristics and interannual variation of air pollution since the implementation of China's clean air actions, hourly in situ measurements of six gaseous and particulate criteria pollutants at 100 sites in Shandong Province were studied during 2014-2018. General decreasing trends in the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and CO were observed, while O3 increased continuously. In 2018, the annual average PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and CO concentration in Shandong was 50, 100, 35, 16 μg m-3, and 1.5 mg m-3, representing decreases of 39%, 30%, 24%, 73%, and 35% from 2014, respectively. These decreases occurred throughout the province. Seven "2 + 26" cities (in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounds) in western Shandong had higher average concentrations and greater reductions than other areas. In contrast, O3 concentration rose, with occurrences of the 90th percentile of all daily maximum 8-h averages increasing by 12% from 159 to 181 μg m-3, during 2014-2018. From May to September, O3 pollution dominated as the sole primary pollutant on non-attainment days, and PM2.5 contributed to more than 90% of polluted days in wintertime months. Population exposures were investigated based on high-resolution monitoring data and population distribution, and high exposure to pollution was displayed. The population-weighted exposure to PM2.5 in Shandong was 50 μg m-3, a decrease of 33%. Eighty-nine percentage of the provincial population was exposed to PM2.5 > 35 μg m-3, while for 99.2% of population in the seven "2 + 26" cities, PM2.5 exposure exceeded 50 μg m-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhong
- Wendeng Aquatic Technology Promotion Station of Weihai City, Weihai, 264400, China.
| | - Yanqing Zhao
- Mouping Economic Investigation Brigade of Yantai City, Yantai, 264100, China
| | - Jingjing Sha
- North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Haiyong Liang
- Wendeng Aquatic Technology Promotion Station of Weihai City, Weihai, 264400, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Wendeng Aquatic Technology Promotion Station of Weihai City, Weihai, 264400, China
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20
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Ding S, He J, Liu D. Investigating the biophysical and socioeconomic determinants of China tropospheric O 3 pollution based on a multilevel analysis approach. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2835-2849. [PMID: 33411122 PMCID: PMC7789902 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe tropospheric O3 pollution has swept across China in recent years. Consequently, investigation of tropospheric O3 concentration influencing mechanism is of significance for O3 pollution control in China. Previous studies have rarely detected combined impacts of natural factors and anthropogenic activities behind tropospheric O3 concentration in China at a national scale. Moreover, there is significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity of O3 pollution distribution in China due to the temporal and regional differences of socioeconomic and natural environmental condition in the vast territory. The targeted O3 control recommendations for different regions and seasons should be put forward in terms of the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of O3 concentration determinants. In this context, a three-level regression model integrating multi-scale biophysical and socioeconomic variables was proposed to explore the determinants of O3 pollution in China. The results showed that the tropospheric O3 concentration in the eastern and southeastern regions of China was strongly affected by meteorological conditions. In contrast, tropospheric O3 pollution concentrated in inland areas mainly depended on the emission intensity from anthropogenic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ding
- School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300 China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300 China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300 China
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Jianhua He
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079 China
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Dianfeng Liu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079 China
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079 China
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21
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Impact of Air Pollution (PM 2.5) on Child Mortality: Evidence from Sixteen Asian Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126375. [PMID: 34204659 PMCID: PMC8296171 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution in Asian countries represents one of the biggest health threats given the varied levels of economic and population growth in the recent past. The quantification of air pollution (PM2.5) vis à vis health problems has important policy implications in tackling its health effects. This paper investigates the relationship between air pollution (PM2.5) and child mortality in sixteen Asian countries using panel data from 2000 to 2017. We adopt a two-stage least squares approach that exploits variations in PM2.5 attributable to economic growth in estimating the effect on child mortality. We find that a one-unit annual increase in PM2.5 leads to a nearly 14.5% increase in the number of children dying before the age of five, suggesting the severity of the effects of particulate matter (PM2.5) on health outcomes in sixteen Asian countries considered in this study. The results of this study suggest the need for strict policy interventions by governments in Asian countries to reduce PM2.5 concentration alongside environment-friendly policies for economic growth.
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22
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Conibear L, Reddington CL, Silver BJ, Chen Y, Knote C, Arnold SR, Spracklen DV. Statistical Emulation of Winter Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations From Emission Changes in China. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000391. [PMID: 33977182 PMCID: PMC8095364 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000391#gh2231-bib-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure remains a leading public health problem in China. The use of chemical transport models to quantify the impacts of various emission changes on air quality is limited by their large computational demands. Machine learning models can emulate chemical transport models to provide computationally efficient predictions of outputs based on statistical associations with inputs. We developed novel emulators relating emission changes in five key anthropogenic sectors (residential, industry, land transport, agriculture, and power generation) to winter ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations across China. The emulators were optimized based on Gaussian process regressors with Matern kernels. The emulators predicted 99.9% of the variance in PM2.5 concentrations for a given input configuration of emission changes. PM2.5 concentrations are primarily sensitive to residential (51%-94% of first-order sensitivity index), industrial (7%-31%), and agricultural emissions (0%-24%). Sensitivities of PM2.5 concentrations to land transport and power generation emissions are all under 5%, except in South West China where land transport emissions contributed 13%. The largest reduction in winter PM2.5 exposure for changes in the five emission sectors is by 68%-81%, down to 15.3-25.9 μg m-3, remaining above the World Health Organization annual guideline of 10 μg m-3. The greatest reductions in PM2.5 exposure are driven by reducing residential and industrial emissions, emphasizing the importance of emission reductions in these key sectors. We show that the annual National Air Quality Target of 35 μg m-3 is unlikely to be achieved during winter without strong emission reductions from the residential and industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Conibear
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Carly L. Reddington
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Ben J. Silver
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | | | - Stephen R. Arnold
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Dominick V. Spracklen
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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23
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Conibear L, Reddington CL, Silver BJ, Chen Y, Knote C, Arnold SR, Spracklen DV. Statistical Emulation of Winter Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations From Emission Changes in China. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000391. [PMID: 33977182 PMCID: PMC8095364 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure remains a leading public health problem in China. The use of chemical transport models to quantify the impacts of various emission changes on air quality is limited by their large computational demands. Machine learning models can emulate chemical transport models to provide computationally efficient predictions of outputs based on statistical associations with inputs. We developed novel emulators relating emission changes in five key anthropogenic sectors (residential, industry, land transport, agriculture, and power generation) to winter ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations across China. The emulators were optimized based on Gaussian process regressors with Matern kernels. The emulators predicted 99.9% of the variance in PM2.5 concentrations for a given input configuration of emission changes. PM2.5 concentrations are primarily sensitive to residential (51%-94% of first-order sensitivity index), industrial (7%-31%), and agricultural emissions (0%-24%). Sensitivities of PM2.5 concentrations to land transport and power generation emissions are all under 5%, except in South West China where land transport emissions contributed 13%. The largest reduction in winter PM2.5 exposure for changes in the five emission sectors is by 68%-81%, down to 15.3-25.9 μg m-3, remaining above the World Health Organization annual guideline of 10 μg m-3. The greatest reductions in PM2.5 exposure are driven by reducing residential and industrial emissions, emphasizing the importance of emission reductions in these key sectors. We show that the annual National Air Quality Target of 35 μg m-3 is unlikely to be achieved during winter without strong emission reductions from the residential and industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Conibear
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Carly L. Reddington
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Ben J. Silver
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | | | - Stephen R. Arnold
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Dominick V. Spracklen
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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24
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Conibear L, Reddington CL, Silver BJ, Knote C, Arnold SR, Spracklen DV. Regional Policies Targeting Residential Solid Fuel and Agricultural Emissions Can Improve Air Quality and Public Health in the Greater Bay Area and Across China. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2020GH000341. [PMID: 33898905 PMCID: PMC8057822 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure is a leading public health problem in China. The majority of the total air pollution disease burden is from fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure, with smaller contributions from ozone (O3) exposure. Recent emission reductions have reduced PM2.5 exposure. However, levels of exposure and the associated risk remain high, some pollutant emissions have increased, and some sectors lack effective emission control measures. We quantified the potential impacts of relevant policy scenarios on ambient air quality and public health across China. We show that PM2.5 exposure inside the Greater Bay Area (GBA) is strongly controlled by emissions outside the GBA. We find that reductions in residential solid fuel use and agricultural fertilizer emissions result in the greatest reductions in PM2.5 exposure and the largest health benefits. A 50% transition from residential solid fuel use to liquefied petroleum gas outside the GBA reduced PM2.5 exposure by 15% in China and 3% within the GBA, and avoided 191,400 premature deaths each year across China. Reducing agricultural fertilizer emissions of ammonia by 30% outside the GBA reduced PM2.5 exposure by 4% in China and 3% in the GBA, avoiding 56,500 annual premature deaths across China. Our simulations suggest that reducing residential solid fuel or industrial emissions will reduce both PM2.5 and O3 exposure, whereas other policies may increase O3 exposure. Improving particulate air quality inside the GBA will require consideration of residential solid fuel and agricultural sectors, which currently lack targeted policies, and regional cooperation both inside and outside the GBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Conibear
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Carly L. Reddington
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Ben J. Silver
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | - Stephen R. Arnold
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Dominick V. Spracklen
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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25
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Progressing towards Environmental Health Targets in China: An Integrative Review of Achievements in Air and Water Pollution under the “Ecological Civilisation and the Beautiful China” Dream. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13073664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the positive effect of industrialisation on health and quality of life indicators across the globe, it is also responsible for the release of chemical toxins into the environment. Thus, the pursuit of economic development through industrialisation has equally nurtured numerous environmental disasters with accompanying catastrophic health effects. China is one of the countries with high carbon emissions, but new policy changes have resulted in massive gains in controlling environmental damage while enhancing the environment-related quality of life. This paper combines the six-step integrative review strategy with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) strategy to determine appropriate exclusion and inclusion criteria to explore the available stock of literature. We note that overall pollution in China fell by 10% between 2014 and 2019 whereas the average fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration of 93 micrograms per cubic meter reduced by 47% by 2019. Beijing exhibited the top 200 most polluted cities in 2019 after recording the lowest PM2.5 ever. All cities that implemented the 2012 Environmental Air Quality Standards reduced the average concentration of PM2.5 and sulfur dioxide by 42–68% by the end of 2018. Improvements in freshwater quality and a decline in water pollution levels were recorded despite increases in economic growth, urbanisation, energy use, trade openness, and agriculture, all of which are major stimulants of pollution. Deterring environmental tariff, tight ecological inspections, closing down of non-compliant producers, heavy investment in environmental control, and the ambitious five year-plan to revitalise renewable energy goals emanating from China’s ecological civilisation masterplan are responsible for these improvements in air and water pollution. China needs to work more aggressively to consolidate the gains already made in order to quicken the actualisation of the ecological civilisation and beautiful China dream.
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26
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Zhao S, Liu S, Hou X, Sun Y, Beazley R. Air pollution and cause-specific mortality: A comparative study of urban and rural areas in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127884. [PMID: 33182102 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution increases the risks of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and respiratory mortality across China. However, the urban-rural differences in the associations between air pollution and mortality have not been clearly identified. In this study, a distributed lag nonlinear model was used to examine whether the air pollutants-mortality associations vary between urban and rural areas. Then, we used logistic regression analyses to evaluate the air pollutants-mortality relations. Also, generalized additive models were simulated to evaluate the nonlinear curves. Our results showed that the relative risks of air pollution-related mortality were generally higher in rural areas, where PM2.5 pollution was the dominant factor (p-value < 0.05). Mortality risks for all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory will increase when average annual PM2.5 concentrations exceed approximately 38 μg/m3, 41 μg/m3 and 41 μg/m3, respectively, all of which exceed the annual Grade II standards. In urban areas, PM10-2.5 and NO2 were associated with mortality (p-value < 0.05). We proposed some area-specific strategies for controlling the NO2 pollution and PM10-2.5 pollution in urban areas and the PM2.5 pollution in rural areas to eliminate the gaps. Our findings identify that rural residents are more sensitive to air pollution than urban residents in China, and this result challenges previous assumptions about the more adverse effects of urbanization on residents' health in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shiliang Liu
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Hou
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yongxiu Sun
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Robert Beazley
- Department of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fernow Hall 302, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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27
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Estimating Health Impacts Due to the Reduction of Particulate Air Pollution from the Household Sector Expected under Various Scenarios. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emissions from the household sector are the most significant source of air pollution in Poland, one of the most polluted countries in the EU. Estimated health impacts of the reduction of these emissions under three scenarios are presented. The EMEP4PL model and base year emission inventory were used to estimate average annual PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations with spatial resolution of 4 km × 4 km. The change in emissions under each of the scenarios was based on data from a survey on household boilers and insulation. Scenario 1 included replacement of all poor-quality coal-fired boilers with gas boilers; Scenario 2 included replacement of all poor-quality coal-fired boilers with low-emission boilers but still using solid fuels; and Scenario 3 included the thermal refurbishment of houses with the worst insulation. Impacts on the following health parameters were estimated: premature deaths (PD), Chronic Bronchitis (CB), Bronchitis in Children (BiC) and Work Days Lost (WDL). The concentration–response functions recommended by the WHO HRAPIE project were used. The analysis was conducted for two regions: Lower Silesia and Lodzkie province. The largest reduction of health impact was observed for Scenario 1. For Lower Silesia, the annual PD decreased by 1122 (34.3%), CB by 1516 (26.6%), BiC by 9602 (27.7%) and WDL by 481k (34.7%). For Lodzkie province, the largest impacts were estimated as decreases in PD by 1438 (29.9%), CB by 1502 (25.3%), BiC by 9880 (26.8%) and WDL by 669k (30.4%).
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28
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Exploring the relationship between air pollution and meteorological conditions in China under environmental governance. Sci Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71338-7 10.1038/s41598-020-71338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractExtensive studies have been carried out on the impact of human activities on air pollution, but systematic investigation on the relationship between air pollutant and meteorological conditions is still insufficient, especially in the context of China’s site scale and recent comprehensive environmental pollution control. Here, we used a spatial interpolation technology to establish a set of data sets of pollutants and meteorological elements that are spatially matched at 896 stations in China to reveal the air pollutant-meteorological interactions between 2014 and 2019. We found that air pollution and meteorological elements have obvious seasonal and regional characteristics. Over the last few years, the concentration of most air pollutants in China has dropped significantly except for O3. The increase in O3 concentration was closely related to the decrease of particulate matter and NO2 concentration. The concentration of most air pollutants was affected by meteorological conditions, but the level of impact depended on the type of pollutants and varied across regions. The concentration of air pollutants at most stations was significantly negatively correlated with wind speed, precipitation and relative humidity, but positively correlated with atmospheric pressure. As the latitude increases, the impact of temperature on the concentration of air pollutants becomes more obvious. To effectively control air pollution, it is further urgent to reveal the relationship between air pollution and meteorological conditions based on long-term daily or real-time data.
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29
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Meng W, Shen H, Yun X, Chen Y, Zhong Q, Zhang W, Yu X, Xu H, Ren Y, Shen G, Ma J, Liu J, Cheng H, Wang X, Zhu D, Tao S. Differentiated-Rate Clean Heating Strategy with Superior Environmental and Health Benefits in Northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13458-13466. [PMID: 33095991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Residential heating using solid fuels contributes significantly to air pollution and has subsequent health impacts in China. To mitigate emissions, a clean heating campaign (CHC-1) covering 28 municipalities has been implemented. Although only a single penetration rate was initially planned by CHC-1 for all municipalities, outcomes in the different municipalities varied considerably. Recently, a second phase (CHC-2) has been launched for the remaining 128 municipalities in northern China with once again a fixed penetration rate set. Here, we quantified factors that affected the penetration rates of CHC-1, developed an intervention scheme with differentiated targets for CHC-2, and compared the environmental and health benefits of the fixed- and differentiated-rate strategies. We found that the penetration rates of CHC-1 depended on per capita income, terrain slope, and population density and that such relationships could be quantified using a piecewise regression model. This model was applied to develop a differentiated-rate strategy for CHC-2. It clearly evidenced that a differentiated scheme would be more environmentally beneficial. Although the same number of rural households can achieve clean heating under both intervention scenarios, the proposed differentiated strategy can prevent 30 000 (23 000-34 000) premature deaths associated with residential heating annually compared to the 26 000 (21 000-31 000) premature deaths prevented under the fixed-rate scheme. Differences among gender and age groups and the effects of urbanization and aging are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Meng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Yun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qirui Zhong
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenxiao Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinyuan Yu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haoran Xu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu'ang Ren
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xilong Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongqiang Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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30
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Browning MS, Lenox CS. Contribution of Offshore Wind to the Power Grid: U.S. Air Quality Implications. APPLIED ENERGY 2020; 276:115474. [PMID: 32848291 PMCID: PMC7443953 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Offshore wind is an established technology in Europe and Asia, but it has not yet gained market share in the United States. There is, however, increasing interest in offshore wind development in many coastal regions of the United States. As offshore wind grows in those regions it will displace existing and future electric generation assets, which will lead to changes in the emissions from the electric power sector. This research explores combinations of two electric sector drivers, offshore wind capital costs and carbon dioxide (CO2) caps, to measure the changes in the energy mix and quantify offshore wind's impact on electric sector emissions. An energy system modeling approach is applied, using a nested parametric sensitivity analysis, to generate and explore potential energy futures and analyze the air quality and greenhouse gas emissions benefits of offshore wind as an energy source. The analysis shows that offshore wind capacity was added due to cost reductions more than CO2 cap stringency, though both increased capacity additions. Capacity varied more by CO2 cap stringency at higher prices and less at lower prices. CO2 mitigation led to reductions in all five emissions investigated, regardless of offshore wind cost. Offshore wind-specific reductions were only consistent across all CO2 caps for CO2 and methane (CH4), though offshore wind-specific reductions were found for all emissions in the absence of CO2 caps. Results are presented nationally, analyzing the differences in adoption of offshore wind and how this technology provides a broader range of emission reduction options for the power sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan S. Browning
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Fellow, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 TW Alexander Dr., NC 27709, United States
| | - Carol S. Lenox
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 TW Alexander Dr., NC 27709, United States
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31
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Zhang M, Jordaan SM, Peng W, Zhang Q, Miller SM. Potential Uses of Coal Methane in China and Associated Benefits for Air Quality, Health, and Climate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12447-12455. [PMID: 32845142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
China is the world's largest producer and consumer of coal, but the country has recently set ambitious targets for cleaner energy sources. These include goals to capture and utilize methane from coal seams as a source of unconventional natural gas. We investigate the impacts of using coal methane to displace coal power plants and residential coal combustion across northern China. We compare the greenhouse gas emissions, air quality, and public health impacts of several scenarios for coal methane utilization. We find that China's existing goals would decrease the country's total carbon emissions by ∼2.3% (284 million tons CO2eq). Furthermore, these reductions are dominated by mitigated methane emissions and therefore confer a much larger climate benefit than would be expected from other forms of natural gas. Our results also indicate that the air quality and health impacts strongly depend on how the methane is utilized. Using the methane to displace coal-fired electricity would reduce annual mean ambient PM2.5 concentrations by up to >2.5 μg/m3 and prevent up to 9290 premature mortalities annually (95% confidence interval: 7862-9992). By contrast, utilizing coal methane in home heating yields smaller changes to ambient air quality (∼0.6 μg/m3), but improvements to indoor air quality could produce comparable reductions in premature mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21218, Maryland, United States
| | - Sarah M Jordaan
- School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington 21218-2625, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Wei Peng
- School of International Affairs and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802-1800, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Scot M Miller
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21218, Maryland, United States
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32
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Rosenthal J, Arku RE, Baumgartner J, Brown J, Clasen T, Eisenberg JN, Hovmand P, Jagger P, Luke DA, Quinn A, Yadama GN. Systems Science Approaches for Global Environmental Health Research: Enhancing Intervention Design and Implementation for Household Air Pollution (HAP) and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Programs. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:105001. [PMID: 33035121 PMCID: PMC7546437 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two of the most important causes of global disease fall in the realm of environmental health: household air pollution (HAP) and poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions. Interventions, such as clean cookstoves, household water treatment, and improved sanitation facilities, have great potential to yield reductions in disease burden. However, in recent trials and implementation efforts, interventions to improve HAP and WASH conditions have shown few of the desired health gains, raising fundamental questions about current approaches. OBJECTIVES We describe how the failure to consider the complex systems that characterize diverse real-world conditions may doom promising new approaches prematurely. We provide examples of the application of systems approaches, including system dynamics, network analysis, and agent-based modeling, to the global environmental health priorities of HAP and WASH research and programs. Finally, we offer suggestions on how to approach systems science. METHODS Systems science applied to environmental health can address major challenges by a) enhancing understanding of existing system structures and behaviors that accelerate or impede aims; b) developing understanding and agreement on a problem among stakeholders; and c) guiding intervention and policy formulation. When employed in participatory processes that engage study populations, policy makers, and implementers, systems science helps ensure that research is responsive to local priorities and reflect real-world conditions. Systems approaches also help interpret unexpected outcomes by revealing emergent properties of the system due to interactions among variables, yielding complex behaviors and sometimes counterintuitive results. DISCUSSION Systems science offers powerful and underused tools to accelerate our ability to identify barriers and facilitators to success in environmental health interventions. This approach is especially useful in the context of implementation research because it explicitly accounts for the interaction of processes occurring at multiple scales, across social and environmental dimensions, with a particular emphasis on linkages and feedback among these processes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Rosenthal
- Division of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Raphael E. Arku
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joe Brown
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Peter Hovmand
- Center for Community Health Integration, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Pamela Jagger
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Douglas A. Luke
- Center for Public Health Systems Science, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ashlinn Quinn
- Division of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gautam N. Yadama
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Exploring the relationship between air pollution and meteorological conditions in China under environmental governance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14518. [PMID: 32883992 PMCID: PMC7471117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies have been carried out on the impact of human activities on air pollution, but systematic investigation on the relationship between air pollutant and meteorological conditions is still insufficient, especially in the context of China’s site scale and recent comprehensive environmental pollution control. Here, we used a spatial interpolation technology to establish a set of data sets of pollutants and meteorological elements that are spatially matched at 896 stations in China to reveal the air pollutant-meteorological interactions between 2014 and 2019. We found that air pollution and meteorological elements have obvious seasonal and regional characteristics. Over the last few years, the concentration of most air pollutants in China has dropped significantly except for O3. The increase in O3 concentration was closely related to the decrease of particulate matter and NO2 concentration. The concentration of most air pollutants was affected by meteorological conditions, but the level of impact depended on the type of pollutants and varied across regions. The concentration of air pollutants at most stations was significantly negatively correlated with wind speed, precipitation and relative humidity, but positively correlated with atmospheric pressure. As the latitude increases, the impact of temperature on the concentration of air pollutants becomes more obvious. To effectively control air pollution, it is further urgent to reveal the relationship between air pollution and meteorological conditions based on long-term daily or real-time data.
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Xia H, Ding L, Yang S, Wu A. Socioeconomic factors of industrial air pollutants in Zhejiang Province, China: Decoupling and Decomposition analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:28247-28266. [PMID: 32415443 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to analyze and control air pollutant emissions effectively, on the basis of comprehensive consideration of three different pollution sources of industrial sulfur dioxide, industrial nitrogen oxides, and industrial smoke and dust, the Tapio decoupling model and LMDI decomposition model with six decomposition variables are constructed to compare the effects of socioeconomic factors on industrial air pollutant emissions in 11 cities in Zhejiang Province during 2006-2017. Then, a decoupling effort model is developed to analyze the effectiveness of the decoupling efforts taken at city level. This study found that (1) during the period of 2006-2017, the air pollutant emission reduction work in Zhejiang Province achieved remarkable results. More specifically, economic scale effect and population effect are the main factors for the increase of air pollutant emissions. And, the energy emission intensity effect and technological progress are the main driving forces for the reduction of three atmospheric pollutants, followed by the reduction effect of industrial structure and energy structure. (2) The environmental pollution problems of different air pollution sources in different cities are heterogeneous. (3) Eleven cities in Zhejiang Province have made significant decoupling efforts on the emission of three kinds of air pollutants, but there are some differences in the trend of the decoupling effort index of different pollution sources in different cities. In the future, illustrating by the example of Zhejiang, we should implement a "common but different" emission reduction strategy and emphasize pollutant emissions control during energy use in the efforts of further promoting the reduction of air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Xia
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Institute of Environmental Economics Research, Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
- School of International Business & Languages, Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuwang Yang
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Anping Wu
- School of International Business & Languages, Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
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Shang J, Zhang Y, Schauer JJ, Tian J, Hua J, Han T, Fang D, An J. Associations between source-resolved PM 2.5 and airway inflammation at urban and rural locations in Beijing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105635. [PMID: 32413647 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of research studies have explored the health effects of exposure to atmospheric particulate matter. However, limited quantitative evidence has linked specific sources of personal PM2.5 directly to adverse health effects. This study was conducted in order to examine the association between airway inflammation and personal exposure to PM2.5 mass, components, and sources among two healthy cohorts living in both urban and rural areas of Beijing, China. METHODS We conducted a follow-up study during the summer of 2016 and the winter of 2016/2017 among 92 students and 43 guards. 24-h personal and ambient exposure to PM2.5 and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were measured at least twice for each participant. Chemical components of 385 personal PM2.5 exposure samples were analyzed, and pollution sources were resolved by a positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model. We have constructed linear mixed effect models to evaluate the association between ambient/personal PM2.5 mass, chemical constituents, and source specific PM2.5 with FeNO after controlling for temperature, relative humidity, sites, season, and potential individual confounders. RESULTS Interquartile range (IQR) increase in household heating sources was associated with increased FeNO (2.72%; 95% CI = 1.26-4.17%) across two sites. IQR increase in roadway transport was associated with increased FeNO (9.84%; 95% CI = 2.69-17%) in urban areas; IQR increase in Secondary inorganic sources and Industrial/Combustion sources were associated with increased FeNO (7.96%; 95% CI = 1.47-14.4%% and 7.85%; 95% CI = 0.0676-15.6%, respectively) in rural areas. Personal exposure to EC, OC, and some trace elements (Se, Pb, Bi, Cs) were also estimated to be significantly associated with the increase of FeNO. In addition, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the effects of ambient and personal PM2.5 mass. CONCLUSIONS Although personal PM2.5 mass was not significantly associated with the health effects, airway inflammation can be linked to source-resolved exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Institute of Bishan Eco-Environment, Bishan, Chongqing, China.
| | - James J Schauer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jingyu Tian
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxi Hua
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China; Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Dongqing Fang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteoological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxiong An
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, Beijing, China
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Deng M, Li P, Ma R, Shan M, Yang X. Air pollutant emission factors of solid fuel stoves and estimated emission amounts in rural Beijing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105608. [PMID: 32155510 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Solid fuels used for heating and cooking in rural households cause a large amount of pollutant emissions. Actions are being taken to replace these solid fuels with cleaner energy carriers. However, the pollutant emission amounts from solid fuels over large areas have rarely been evaluated. In this study, we tested eight common heating stoves consuming bituminous coal chunk, anthracite coal chunk, and anthracite coal briquette; three honeycomb briquette stoves; and three traditional cookstoves consuming corn straw and wood in rural Beijing. Emission factors of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), were measured as 0.08-13.74 g/kg, 10.80-148.5 g/kg, 0.52-8.44 g/kg, and 0-0.85 g/kg, respectively, for coal heating stoves; 0.35-1.11 g/kg, 16.10-109.43 g/kg, 0.51-0.75 g/kg, and 0-1.98 g/kg, respectively, for honeycomb briquette cookstoves; and 5.90-11.79 g/kg, 28.96-50.23 g/kg, 1.52-2.46 g/kg, and 0-0.05 g/kg, respectively, for traditional biomass cookstoves. Combining emission performance and solid fuel consumption, the estimated annual PM2.5, CO, NOx, and SO2 emission amounts were 26.18 Gg, 394.07 Gg, 14.56 Gg, and 1.53 Gg, respectively. The results present useful information regarding the emission inventory of common solid fuels in rural Beijing on a city-scale. This study provides an example for future intervention projects and environment evaluation in the rural areas of other cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Deng
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengchao Li
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rongjiang Ma
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Transport Pathways and Potential Source Region Contributions of PM2.5 in Weifang: Seasonal Variations. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10082835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
As air pollution becomes progressively more serious, accurate identification of urban air pollution characteristics and associated pollutant transport mechanisms helps to effectively control and alleviate air pollution. This paper investigates the pollution characteristics, transport pathways, and potential sources of PM2.5 in Weifang based on PM2.5 monitoring data from 2015 to 2016 using three methods: Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT), the potential source contribution function (PSCF), and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT). The results show the following: (1) Air pollution in Weifang was severe from 2015 to 2016, and the annual average PM2.5 concentration was more than twice the national air quality second-level standard (35 μg/m3). (2) Seasonal transport pathways of PM2.5 vary significantly: in winter, spring and autumn, airflow from the northwest and north directions accounts for a large proportion; in contrast, in summer, warm-humid airflows from the ocean in the southeastern direction dominate with scattered characteristics. (3) The PSCF and CWT results share generally similar characteristics in the seasonal distributions of source areas, which demonstrate the credibility and accuracy of the analysis results. (4) More attention should be paid to short-distance transport from the surrounding areas of Weifang, and a joint pollution prevention and control mechanism is critical for controlling regional pollution.
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Guo X, Ren D, Li C. Study on clean heating based on air pollution and energy consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:6549-6559. [PMID: 31875290 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in northern China is relatively serious during the winter heating period, which attracts the attention of the state and government, especially in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. To further explore the issue of air pollutant emission and energy utilization in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei during the heating season, this paper establishes a panel data model which describes the long-term relationship between air pollutant emission, heating capacity, coal, and power consumption with the data from 2004 to 2017. Based on this, we draw the following conclusions: there is a positive relationship between winter heating capacity and air pollutant emissions, which indicates that the energy consumed by heating will produce atmospheric pollutants. However, the increase of electricity consumption does not necessarily reduce pollution, which means that replacing coal with electricity is not the best way to solve air pollution in heating season, but requires the coordination of multiple energy sources. In addition, there are obvious differences in the analysis results in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. For example, the impact of coal and electricity consumption on pollutant emissions in Beijing is quite different from that in Tianjin and Hebei. The local economic development and energy conditions should be fully taken into account when formulating policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Guo
- School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Hui Long Guan, Chang Ping District, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Energy and Low-Carbon Development, North China Electric Power University, Hui Long Guan, Chang Ping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Dongfang Ren
- School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Hui Long Guan, Chang Ping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Cunbin Li
- School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Hui Long Guan, Chang Ping District, Beijing, 102206, China
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Analysis of Spatio-temporal Characteristics and Driving Forces of Air Quality in the Northern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis of air quality is essential to underpin knowledge-based air quality conservation policies and funding decisions by governments and managers. In this paper, air quality change characteristics for the Northern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed using air quality indices. The spatio-temporal pattern of air quality was identified using centroid migration, spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial analysis in a geographic information system (GIS). A spatial econometric model was established to confirm the natural and anthropogenic factors affecting air quality. Results showed that air pollution decreased significantly. PM2.5, PM10, and O3 were the primary pollutants. The air quality exhibited an inverted U-shaped trend from January to December, with the highest quality being observed in summer and the lowest during winter. Spatially, the air quality showed an increasing trend from inland to the coast and from north to south, with significant spatial autocorrelation and clustering. Population, energy consumption, temperature, and atmospheric pressure had significant negative impacts on air quality, while wind speed had a positive impact. This study offers an efficient and effective method to evaluate air quality change. The research provides important scientific information necessary for developing future air pollution prevention and control.
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